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FLORA OF PENNSYLVANIA, 



AN© 



BOTANIST'S POCKET MANUAL, 



A GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS, ANALYTICAL TABLES, 



AND THE 



NATURAL ORDERS, 



mU3TRATED BY A FLORA OF PENNSYLVANIA, WHICH EMBRACES DESCRIPTION* 

OF MORE THAN NINE-TENTHS OF TnE INDIGENOUS FLOWERING 
WANTS OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATB3. 



By H. K NOLL, 



JJljilaMptjia : 

&IPPINCOTT, GRAMBO, AND COMPANY. 
LEWISBURG : 0. N. WORDEN, PRINT. 



185L 



Vt%3nfirt&A& 






Entered according to Act of Congress by . 

HEXRY K. NOLL, 

in the Clerk's Office of the district Court of Western Pennsylvania. 



B. M. EVEEHART, 
West Chester, Pa. 
1883. 



Not to be loaned on any condition. 



PREFACE. 



This volume has been prepared expressly as a convenient 
pocket manual for young Botanists as well as for those 
more advanced in the science. It contains a copious Glossary 
of Botanical Terms, Analytical Tables and the Natural Orders, 
illustrated by a Flora of Pennsylvania, in which are described 
all, or nearly all, the indigenous and naturalized flowering 
and filicoid plants of our State, together with some of the 
more commonly cultivated exotics of the gardens; arranged 
according to the Natural System now so generally adopted 
in botanical works. But, in order to secure all the advanta- 
ges of the Linnamn System, and to render analysis as simple 
as possible to the beginner, I have given a synopsis cf the 
genera, arranged under the respective classes aad orders of 
that system, describing the more prominent characteristics of 
each, with a reference to the number of the page where the 
genus and species are fully described in their respective 
orders, in the body of the work. 

In preparing the glossary, analytical tables, and arranging 
the natural orders my principal authorities have been " Gray's 
Botanical Text Book" and a work by the same author enti- 
tled u Botany of the Northern United States" — both American 
works of the highest merit. With few exceptions I have 
adopted the nomenclature of the "North American Flora' 1 
of Torrey and Gray, for our native and naturalized plants 
(so far as that flora now extends), and for our cultivated 
exotics, the nomenclature of the " Prodromus" of De Can- 
dolle, regarding these, as they truly are, standard works. 

In describing the genera and species together with their 
locality, I have consulted Beck's "Botany of the United 



IV PREFACE. 



States north of Virginia" Doctor Darlington's (t Flora 
Cestrica" Wood's "Class Book of Botany," Gray's "Botany 
of the Northern United States" and Barton's Botany and 
Flora." 

Such as this flora is, I now snbmit it to the public. That 
it will he found free from errors, I hardly expect. I have, 
however, prepared it with much care and study, having devoted 
untiringly to the study of botany, for several years, and to 
the preparation of this work, all the hours of leisure which 
my occupation as a mechanic permitted me to enjoy. In 
conclusion I have only to ask of those who may discover 
special imperfections in the work^ or who may be able to 
suggest additions important to be made, with descriptions of 
genera and species indigenous to our State not described in 
the present work, to communicate their suggestions to me, 
and should another edition be called for, I shall endeavor to 
rectify its imperfections to the best of my ability. 

EL K NOLL. 

Lewisbueg, March, 185L 



6nt**i»t-n/i{ 



BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 

1. "^The application of the rules of Systematic Botany 
to the natural plint, in order to ascertain its affinities, place, 
name, &c, is called botanical analysis. 

2. In order to be in a proper state for this kind of ex- 
amination, plants should be in full blossom, and fresh, that 
is, not withered or decayed. A good lens is requisite for the 
examination of the minute parts of the structure, or of the 
flower. 

3. The analysis of plants is a constant object ofpursiit 
with the practical botanist. Without this exercise, the 
study of authors will be of little avail. A more accurate and 
useful knowledge of a plant can be acquired in a few minutes, 
by a careful examination of the living specimen, or even of 
the dried, than by committing to memory the most elaborate 
descriptions found in books. During the flowering month, 
the learner will often in his walks meet with plants in blos- 
som, with which he is yet unacquainted. And he who is duly 
interested in his pursuit, will by no means fail to seize and 
analyze each specimen while the short hour of its bloom may 
last, and to store his memory with the knowledge of its names, 
habits, and uses. Thus, in a few seasons, or even in one, he 
will have grown familiar with nearly, or quite, every species 
of plants in his vicinity. 

4. Lst U3 now suppose the pupil in possession of a 
specimen of an unknown plant in full blossom. In order, to 
study it by the aid of authors, a point immediately requisite 
is its name. Now, having learned by examination the organ- 
ic and physiological structure of the flower, leaves, stems, &c, 
the experienced botanist, who has at his command the char- 
acters of all the Natural Families, will at once determine to 
which of them the plant belongs." 

5. But this is no^ to be expected of the pupil who is 
supposed to be yet, in a measure, unacquainted with the char- 
acters of the orders. He must be guided to the place which 
his specimen holds in the classification, by a longer course 

I* 



Vi ^ * &F COLLECTING AND PRESJbk^U PLANTS. 

of inquiry and comparison. For the assistance of the learner, 
therefore, and for the convenience of all, I have added a full 
series of Analytical Tables, in which the genera described in 
this work are arranged under the Classes and Orders of the 
Linnaean Artificial System. 

OF COLLECTING AND PRESERVING PLANTS. 

6. Students in botany should give an early and per- 
severing attention to the collection and preservation of ag 
many species of plants as they can procure. The advantages 
to be derived from such collections are great, and will afford 
an abundant compensation for all the labor required, either 
in refreshing the memory by reviewing them, or in institu- 
ting a more thorough examination at one's leisure. 

7. Such a collection of specimens of plants, preserved 
by drying under pressure between folds of paper, is termed 
a Herbarium, or by the more significant title Hortus Siccus 
(dry garden). 

8. A complete specimen consists of one or ni ore shoots, 
bearing the leaves, flowers, and fruit, and in some cases, as in 
herbaceous plants, a portion of the root should also be preserved. 

9. Specimens intended for the herbarium, should be 
gathered, if possible, in a dry day, and carried either in a 
close tin box, about 20 inches long and 3 or 4 in diameter, 
or in a strong portfolio, containing a quire or more of firm 
paper, with a few sheets of blotting paper to receive the 
delicate plants. They must be dried under a strong pres- 
sure, but not so as to crush the parts, between dryers com- 
posed of 6 to 10 thicknesses of paper, that will absorb 
moisture, which should be changed once or twice a day, un- 
til all the moisture is extracted from the plants — a period 
which varies from 3 to 10 days. All delicate specimens 
should be laid in folded sheets of thin and smooth bibulous 
paper, and placed between the dryers, and so transferred en- 
tire, from time to time without being disturbed, until per- 
fectly dry. 

10. Many plants prepared by the above method, will in 
most instances retain their colors almost as perfect as when 
first gathered, yet some plants, especially those of the en- 
dogenous structure, such as the Narcissus, Iris, &c, are 
very hard to dry so as to retain their coloring. I have 
found the following method to answer a very good purpose : 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



YU 



treat the specimens as above directed, and leave them in the 
papers for 1 or 2 days, then place them between several 
thicknesses of dry blotting paper, and pass over them with a 
hot iron, at intervals from 1 to 5 minutes, until dry, taking 
care to shift them into dry paper as soon as the paper around 
them becomes moist. 

334. The dried specimens are next to be arranged in 
their respective genera, orders, and classes, properly labelled 
with the names, locality, Sec, and laid either in separate or 
double sheets, or each species fastened with glue, or other- 
wise on a half sheet of good white paper. * These can be 
collected in folios sufficiently large to contain each natural 
order, or artificial class, and labelled accordingly on the out- 
side, received into the compartn nt of a cabinet, with close 
doors, and kept in a sufficiently dry place. 



* I have found the following mixture to answer a very good purpose for fasten- 
ing plants. Take of Gum Arabic 1 ounce. Izingla-s 1 ounce, dissolve them in 
% pint of water by boiling orer a gentle heat, after which add 1 ounce Tincture 
of Camphor,, incorporating them well by shaking; then spread some of it on a 
plate of glass large enough to receive the specimen intended to be fastened, lay 
it on the \ Qg it down so as to receive a coating all over the uuder sur- 

face, then transfer it to the paper where it is to be fastened, cover with 1 or 2 
thicknesses of dry paper and pass over it with a hot iron until dry. 



PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS OF 
OF AUTHORS. 



THE NAMES 



Adans. Adanson. 
A._'b. Agardh. 
Ait. Aiton. 
Am. Arnott. 
Bart. BartoD. 
Benth. Bentham. 
Berl. Berlandier. 
Bernh. Bernhardi. 
Brongn. Brongniart. 
Bigl. or Bw. Bigelow. 
Boehm. Boehmer. 
Bong. Bongard. 
Br. Brown. 
Cass. Cassini. 
Cav. Cavanilles. 
Chav. Chaviennea. 
Darl. Darlington. 
DC. De Candolle. 
Desf. Desfontaines. 
Desv. Desvaux. 
Dew. Dewey. 
Dill. Dillenius. 
Dub. Duhamel. 
Endl. Endlicher. 
Ehrh. Ehrhart. 
Ell. Elliot. 
Engel. Engelman. 
Forsk. Forskahl. 
Jrcel. Frcelich. 



Gaert. Gasrtner. 
Ging. Gi 
Gmel. Gmelin. 
Good. Goodenough. 
Grev. Grevilie. 
Grise. Grisebach. 
Gron. Gronovious. 
Iledw. Hedwig. 
Hoffm. Hoffman. 
Hook, laooker,. 
Huds. Hudson. 
Jacq. Jaequin, 
Joss. Jussieu. 
Lam. Lamarck. 
Lamb. Lambert. 
Lcc. Le Conte. 
Lindl. Lindley. 
L'Her. L'Heritier. 
Linn. Linnaeus. 
Lk. Link. 
Lehrn. Lehman. 
Mart. Martius. 
Mentz. Mentzel. 
Miehx. Miehaux. 
Mill. MiUer. 
Mirb. Mirbel. 
Mitch. Mitchell. 
Moench. Moenchausen. 
Mubi. Muhlenberg. 



Necs. Nees von E^enl-oofe. 
Nutt. NuttalL 

Pall. Palbs. 

Pav. Pavon. 

Pers. Persoon.. 

Poir.. Poiret. 

Ph. Pursh. 

Rani. Ra=n<er. 

Raf. Rafinesque. 

Rich. Richard. 

R. Br. Robert Brown, 

Salisb. Salisbury. 

Schw. Schwenitz. 

Schk. Schkuhr. 

Scop. ScopolL 

Ser. Seringe.. 

Sm. Smith. 

Spr. Sprengel. 

Sulliv. Sullivant. 

Sw. Swartz. 

Tavl. Tavlor. 

T. & G. Torrey & Gr^\ 

Torr. Torrey. 

Tourn. Tournefort. 

Traut. Trautvetter. 

Yaill. Vaillent. 

Wahl. Wahlenbeug. 

Walt. Walter. 

Willd. Willdentm-. 



GLOSSARY 

OP 

BOTANICAL TERMS. 



A, and ana, in composition; destitute of; tillate flowers distinct. 

as Apetalous, without petals. Androus ; refers to stamens. 

Abnormal ; different from the customary Angiospermous ; the seeds in a pod. 

structure. Angulate; having angles or corners. 

Abortion ; an imperfect developement of Annual ; living or enduring but on& 

any organ. year. 

Abortive ; not arriving at perfection. Annular ; having the form of a ring. 

Abrupt; terminating suddenly. Anomolous; not according to rule or sys- 

Abruptly-pianate ; a pinnate leaf, with no tern. 

terminal leaflet. Anophytes ; vegetables composed of pa- 

Acaulescent; stemless, apparently with- rencbyma alone. 

out astern. Anterior; same as inferior; applied to se- 

Accessary; additional, or supernumerary. pals, petals, or other organs which in, 
Accumkent ; hying against any thing ; ap- axillary flowers lie next" the tract, or 

plied to the radicle when it lies against outward. 

the edge of the cotyledons. Anther ; the knob-like tody, mostly borne 

Accro. r e ; needle-shaped. on the filament. 

Achcnium; a small dry indchiscent peri- Antheridia; applied to minute cylindrical 

carp. sacs or sterile flowers, cf cryptcgemoua 

Achlauiydcous ; without calyx and corolla. pknts. 

Acicular : bristle-shaped. Apetalous; destitute cf petals. 

Acinc, (Acinus): each separate grain of a Apex: the summit end, or point. 

collective fruit, like the raspberry. Aphyllous; without leave?. 

Acoty!clonous; destitute of cotyledons. Apocarpous: having the carpels distinct-., 
Acrogens: growing by the extension of Appendiculate; furnished with appendar 

the point. ges.. 

Aculeate: prickly. Appreseed; lying flat against. 

Acuminate; ending in a curved, tapering Approximate; growing, or situated near 

point. each other. 

Acute ; sharp, not rounded. Aquatic ; growing naturally in water, or 

Adclphia ; a fraternity. wet places. 

Adherent; sticking fast, or growing fast Arachnoid: resembling a spider's wqib. 

toi as adnale.. Arborescent; treelike. 

AlbUT.cn; the farinaceous, fleshy or hor- Arcuate ; curved or bent like a hew. 

ny deposit around the embryo. Areolae; little spaces, ciicumscribcd by 

Alburnum; sap-wood, meshes. 

Alternate: not opposite. Arid; dry or parched. 

Alveolate; havmgcells like a honey-comb. Aril, or Arillus ; a looso coaiirg cf scmo 
Amcnt; a crowded spike, with scaly kincsof reed, as the maceef the nutmeg. 

bracts. Ai i-tate : having awi r. 

Amentaceous; having am entr. Armed: having thorns or prickles. 

Amorphous ; having no definite form. Articulated ; .icinted. 
Amplexicaul; clasping the stem. Ascending; ruing frcm the ground ob- 

Anastomose; applied to branching vessels liquoly. 

wh : ch inosculate, or unite again like Assurgcnt; rising in a curve frcm a do- 
net-work, elined base. 
Anatropous; inverted. Attenuate; tapering gradually until it 
Ancipial ; T- )dged . becomes si end er. 

Andraeci'm; the staminate system. Auriculatc: ht.ving rounded appendage* 

Androgynous ; having staminatc and pis- at base, like cars. 



GLOSSARY. 



IS 



Awn ; a slender bristle-like process, com- 
mon on the chaff of grasses. 

Axil; the angle bet-ween a branch and a 
stem or leaf & branch, on the upper side. 

Axis ; a central stem, or any centre 
around which parts are arranged. 

Baccate ; berry-like. 

Banner ; the vexillum or upper petal in 

a papilionaceous flower. 
Barbs ; stiff hooked hairs. 
Bark ; the external covering of the 

stem. 
Beaked : tipped with a terminal process, 

like a bird's bill. 
Bearded ; beset with bristly hairs. 
Bell-shaped ; companulate. 
Berry ; a pulpy ralveless fruit, in which 

the seeds are imbedded. 
Bi ; in composition, twice, as — 
Bicarinate; 2 keeled. 
Biennials ; 2 yearly. 
Bifid : 2 cleft. 
Bifarious; 2ranked- 
Bifurcate ; 2 forked. 
Bilabiate ; 2 lipped. 
Binate ; in twos, twin. 
Bladdery ; thin and inflated. 
Blade ; the expanded surface of a leaf. 
Bloom ; a fine powdery coating on certain 

fruits, &c, as the plum. 
Brachiate , pairs of branches, spreading 

nearly at right angles. 
Bracts; floral leaves. 
Bracted, or Bracteate ; having bracts. 
Branchlets : small branches or subdivi- 
sions of branches. 
Breathing pores ; stomato. 
Bristles ; stiff hairs, straight or hooked. 
Bulb ; a subterranean bud. 
Bulbous ; bulb-bearing, or bulb-like. 
Bullate ; as if blistered. 

Caducous ; falling off very early. 

Caespitose ; growing in turf or tuft. 

Calcarate ; spurred. 

Calyciform; cup-like. 

Calyculate; with an accessary outer ca- 
lyx. 

Calyptra ; the cap or hood of the sporan- 
gia in mosses. 

Calyx; the outer floral envelope. 

Cambium; the soft layer between the 
bark and the wood. 

Campanulate ; bell-shaped,. 

Campjdotropous ; a curved ovule. 

Canescent; becoming white or hoary. 

Capillary or Capillaceous ; shaped like 
a slender thread or strong hair. 

Capitate; in heads. 

Capitulum ; a head. 

Capsule ; a dry and indehiscent pericarp, 
usually opening by valves. 

Carina; a keel. 

Carinate; keeled. 

Carpel; a little fruit, usually a partial 
pistil, or element of a compound pistil. 



Carpophore ; the central axis supporting 
the fruit in the umbelliferse. 

Cartalaginous ; hard and tough. 

Caruncle ; a protuberance or appendage 
at the hilum of a seed. 

Caryophylaceous ; a flower like the pink, 

Caryopsis ; a grain, as wheat, rye, &c. 

Catkin; see Ament. 

Caudate ; having a tail-like appendage. 

Caudex ; a stem or trunk. 

Caulescent ; having a stem. 

Cauline ; attached to the stem. 

Cell ; a hollow cavity. The cavity of an 
ovary or pericarp. 

Cellular tissue; a tissue composed of 
small bladders or vesicles . 

Centrifugal Inflorescence ; the flowering 
of a cyme. 

Centripetal Inflorescence ; the flowering 
of a corymb. 

Cephalotis ; headed, or head-bearing. 

Cernuous ; drooping or bending down. 

Chaff; the thin covering of the seeds of 
grasses, &c, or the flower bracts in 
compound flowers. 

Chalaza ; the points of union of the coats 
and nucleus of a seed. 

Channelled ; hollowed out like a gutter. 

Chartaceous ; with the texture of wri- 
ting paper. 

Chlorophyll ; the colored parenchyma of 
leaves. 

Cilia; hair-shaped appendages. 

Ciliate; fringed with hairs on the mar- 
gin. 

Cinereus; ash-gray. 

Circinate ; coiled or rolled up into a ring. 

Circumcissile ; cut round, opening trans- 
versely. 

Circumspection ; the general outline. 

Cirrhous ; having tendrils. 

Clasping ; where the base of a leaf part- 
ly surrounds a stem. 

Class ; the highest division of plants in 
a system. 

Clavate ; club-shaped, larger at one end, 

Claw ; the lower narrow end of a petal, 
by which it is affixed. 

Cleft; partially split or divided. 

Climbing ; ascending by means of ten- 
drils, leaves or aerial roots. 

Coadunate ; having united bases. 

Coarctate ; pressed together. 

Coccus; a separable carpel of a com- 
pound carpel. 

Cochleate ; coiled spirally, like a snail- 
Collateral ; side by side. [shell. 

Colored; any hue but green. 

Columella ; a solid axis of a pod. 

Column; the stamens or stamens and 
pistils combined. 

Coma ; a full tuft of hairs. 

Commissure ; the faee by which 2 car- 
pels cohere. 

Complete flower ; having both floral ea» 
velopes. 

Complicate ; folded up upon itself. 



GLOSSARY. 



Compound ; a -whole formed of similar Depressed ; flattened from above. 

parts. Dextrine ; a soluble form of starch. 

Compressed; flattened lengthwise. Di, in composition : two. a? — 

Conduplicate ; folded together so that Diadelphous ; having the filaments in two 

the sides are applied face to face. parcels. 

Cone; a collective fruit. See Strobile. Diandrous; hiring two stamens. 
Confluent; running together. Dichlamjdeus ; having both calyx and 

Conglomerate; clustered into a mass. corolla. 

Conjugate; in pairs. Dichotomous: 2-forked. 

Connate : united at base. Diclinous ; when the stamens and pistils 



Connectile ; the prolonga ' ion of a filament 

supporting the lobes of an anther. 
Connirent ; converging together. 
Contorted; twisted. 
Convolute; rolled up into a cylinder. 
Cordate ; heart-shaped. 



are in separate flowers. 
Dicotyle ing two cotyledon?. 

•us; double or twinned. 
Iidynamous; 2 long and 2 short eta. 

mens. 
] : spreading widely and loosely. 



Coriaceous; leathery or parchment-like. Digitate; finger-' 



us; having 2 . 
us; in twos. 
• : having the stamens on one 
i 
Dipetalous : of 2 pet 
Diphyllous; c 

: a leaf, or cerv 
tre of a compound flower. 



Cormophytes ; stem growin 
Corm; a solid bulb. 

us : horn-like in texture. 
Corniculate ; bearing a small horn. 
Cornate ; horned. 

: the inner floral envelope. 
Coronate : crowned. 
Corrugated: wrinkled. 
Cortes; the bark. 
Cortical; having bark or arising from Di 

the bark. 
Corymb: an umbel-shaped raceme. site rows. 

e; ribbed. ict; unconw 

Ions; seed-lea^ .spreading. 

Creeping; running along the surface, or Di . 
just under the surface of the ground. Divi ) or more parts 

carp; tbe seed-like double fruit of Dodocandrous ; . tens. 

Umbo] al; borne on the lack. 

Crenate; having round notches or teeth. Dorsal suture; outer seam of a carpel 



hairs. 

a pericarp, with a hard stone 
covered by a sarcocarp, as the 1'lum, 
Cherry, &c. 
Drupaceous; bearing drupes. 
Ducts; membraneous vessels or tubes, 

which do not unroll spirally. 
Duplicate; doubly. 
Duramen; heart-wood. 

E, Ex, in composition; destitute of,. 
a as— 



Crenulate; finely crenate. 

Crested or Cristate: having an appen- 

like the comb of a 
Crown : the pappus or coma on seeds. 
Cruciform, in the shape of a cross. 
Cryptcrramia : flowerless plants. 
Cuccullate : hooded. 
Cucurbitaceous ; gourd or melon-like. 
Culm.; the stem of the grasses. 
Cuneate or Cuneaform ; wedge-shaped. 
Cupule; the cup of an acorn. 
Curvinerved; leaf-nerves arising from 

prolongation of the petiole, instead of Ebracteate ; destitute of bracts. 

the base, 9§. Eared: having lobe-like appendages. 

Cuspidate; with a sharp rigid point. Echinate; beset with rigid prickR*. 

Cyathiform; cup-shaped, top-shaped and Elators; spiral threads in the thecse of 
Cymbiform; boat-shaped [hollow. Liverworts. 

Cyme: an umbel-like centrifugal inflo- Elliptical; longer than wide, rounded at 



each end. 
Elongated; longer than usual. 
Emarginate; with a n^toh at the apex. 
Embryo ; the future plant, contained in 

the seed. 
Emersed ; rising out of the water. 
Endocarp; the inner coat of a fruit. 



rescence. 

Decandrous : with ten stamens. 

Deciduous ; falling off. 

Decimate; turned to one side. 

Decompound ; several times divided. 

Decumbent ; lying on the ground. 

Decurrent; prolonged below the insertion. Endogen, Endogenous; inside growers. 

Decussate; crossed, in pairs alternately increasing by internal accretion-. 

Deflected; bent back. [crossing. Endostome; orifice of the outer coat of 

Dehiscence; natural opening of capsules. the nucleus. 

Deltoid; having a triangular outline. Enneandrous; having nine stamens^ 

Dentate; toothed. Ensiform; sword-shaped.. 

Denticulate; with small teeth. Entire; evenredged.. 



GLOSSARY. XI 



Ephemeral ; lasting but a day. Fruit ; the seed with its enclosing peri- 

Epicarp ; the outer skin of a fruit. carp. 

Epidermis; cuticle, outer skin. Frutescent; woody, or becoming woody. 

Epigvnous ; growing on the apex of the Fugacious ; falling away very early. 

y ar y. Funiculus; foot-stalk of the ovary or 

Epipetalous ; growing on petals. seed. 

Epiplrrtes; plants growing on other Funnel-shaped; a corolla with a tube, 

plants. Air plants. and a gradually expanding limb. 

in; Testa, outer coat of seed. Furcate; forked. 

Equitant; opposite leaves infolding each Furrowed; marked with longitudinal 

other, so as to alternately overlap each channels. 

others ed"-es. Fusiform ; spindle-shaped, like the Rad- 

Erose ; unequally sinuate, as if gnawed. ish. 
Etiolated; blanched. 

Exalbuminous; seed without albumen. Galea ; a helmet, the upper lip of a lahi- 
Exosens : outside growers, increasing by ate corolla. 

external accretions. Gamopetalous ; having one petal. 

Exostonie; orifice of the inner coat of the Gamosepalous ; having one sepal. 

nucleus. Geminate ; in r « 

Exotic; plants belonging to a foreign Genera, genus; ideal assemblages of near- 
country, ly related species. 
Exserted; projecting out beyond the ori- Geniculate; bent at a very obtuse angle, 

fi ce . Germ ; the growing point of a bud. 

Exstipulate: destitute of stipules. Germination ; the swelling of a seed and 

Extrorse ; turned outwards. the evolution of its embryo. 

Gibbous ; swollen or enlarged at one side. 
Falcate : shaped like a scythe or sickle. Glabrous ; smooth. 

Farinaceous ; mealy. Gland; a small collection of tissue proda- 

Fascicle; a contracted cyme. cing a secretion. 

Fasciculated ; in bundles or fascicles. Glandular ; furnished with glands. 

ate; flat-topped, applied to a clus- Glaucous; covered with a whitish, fine 
■ honey-coml [ter. powder, or lloom that rubs off. 

Feather: the plumose crown of seeds. Globose; globular, round like a ball. 
Feather- < the veins like a Glomerate; densely clustered. 

feather. Glomerule ; small heads forming a glume. 

Fertr 3 flowers. Glume ; the scales or bracts surrounding 

Fibre : any thread-lik the stamens and pis til sea. 

Filament :" that part of a stamen that sup- Gluten ; a tenaceous principle found in 

ports the anther. some seeds. 

Filiform: thread-like. Granulate : in the form of grains. 

Fimbriate: fringed. <3ymnospermotis; naked-seeded plant-?. 

; a' cleft, or split. Gymnospermia; an order of Itidynamia. 

ollow like a reed. <Jynaecium; the pistillate system of a 

Flabellilbrm ; fan-shaped. . flower. 

Flaccid ; las, or limber. Gynandrous ; when stamens are seated 

FlageBMorm; whip-like, on the pistil. 

Fleshy; thick, and containing a firm Gynaphore; a special stalk of the ovary. 

pulp. 
Flexuou? : bent or curved right and left Habitat ; the situation where a plant na- 

altematelv. rurally grows. 

Floccose: cohered with loose cottony tufts. Hairs; hair-like appendages to plants. 
Floral : relating to a flower. Halbert-shaped, hastate. 

Florets: the separate small flowers of a Hastate: shaped like a halbert. 

cluster or head. Head; flowers collected in a rounded 

Floriferous; bearine flowers. form. 

Flower; the stamens and pistils, and Heart-shaped; cordate. 

their envelopes. Heart-wood ; duramen, the inner layers 

Foliaceous : leaf-like in texture. of a stem. 

Foliate; with leaves. Helmet; the upper lip of a labiate flower. 

Follicle: a one-valved pericarp, dehiscing Hemicarp : half a cremocarp. 

longitudinally. Heptandrous ; having seven stamens. 

Foramen; the small aperture in the coats Heptagynous ; having seven styles. 

of a seed. Herb ; any plant not having a woody • 

Foveolate: pitted. stem. 

Fovilla : the fine dust in the pollen grains. Herbaceous ; not woody. 
Free; not adherent to any other organ. Herbarium; a collection of dried planfci. 
■Frond: stem and leaf confluent together, Hesperidium; an orange, or similar fruit. 

".peculiar -to cryptogamous plants. Heterogamous ; a compound flower, ■<$&& 



Xll GLOSSARY. 



the disk flowers perfect, and the rays Jointed; separating across by an articu" 

ligulate and pistillate, or neutral. lation. 

Heterotropous ; see amphitropous. Juga; pairs. 

Hexamerous ; a whorl of six parts. 

Hexandrous ; having six stamens. Keel : the lower petal of a papilionaceom 

Hexagynous ; having six styles. corolla. 

Hilum ; the scar or mark on a seed, left Keeled ; furnished with a projecting ridge 

by the detachment of the funiculus. along the under side, like the keel of a 

Hirsute: clothed with soft hairs. boat. 

Hispid ; bristly, beset with stiff hairs. Kidney-shaped ; reniform, much hollowed 

Hoary ; whitish from a scaly mealiness, at one side, and rounded at the ends. 
Homogamous; all the flowers of ahead Knot; anode or swelling joint. 

alike. 
Homotropous; having the same direction Labellum ; the lip-formed petal in orch> 

as the body to which it is attached. dous flowers. 

Hooded ; curved suddenly at the point. Labiate ; having lips. 
Hybrids ; crosses between allied species. Lacerated ; torn, cut into irregular seg- 
Hypocrateriform ; salver-shaped. ments. 

Hypogynous; stamens arising from be- Laciniate; slashed, deeply and irregu> 

low the ovary. larly cut. 

Lactescent; milky. 
Icosandrous ; having more than ten sta- Lamella; a thin plate. 

mens inseited on the calyx. Lamina ; a broad plate or expansion. 

Imbricated; lying over each other with Lanate, Lanaginous ; woolly. 

regularity, so as to break joints. Lanceolate; shaped like the head of a 

Imperfect ; wanting stamen or pistil. spear. 

Incised ; irregularly and sharply cut. Latex; the proper juices of plants. 
Incumbent : leaning upon, the radicle Lactiferous tissue ; the series of vessel* 

resting against the back of one cotyle- carrying the latex. 

don. Lateral; at the side. 

Incurved; bent inwards. Leaflet; oneof the small leaves of a coin- 

Indefinite; too numerous to be counted. pound leaf. 
Indehiscent ; not opening naturally. Leafstalk ; petiole. 

Indigenous; being a native. Legume; apod, a two-valved pericarp. 

Induplicat?; having the edges bent or Lenticular; resembling a double convex 

rolled inwards. lens. 

Indusium ; a thin membraneous cover- Liber ; the innermost layer of bark. 

ing, applied to the scale on the theea; Lignin; a vegetable principle found in 

in ferns. woody fibre. 

Inferior : towards the base or root. Ligule ; an appendage shaped like a 

Inflated ; enlarged, as if dilated by air. strap. 

Inflexed; incurved. Ligulate; strap-shaped, long and nafr- 

Inflorescence; the mode in which flowers row. 

are arranged on a branch. Liliaceous; having a corolla like a lily. 

Infracted; bent at so acute an angle as Limb; the spreading part of a petal of a 

to appear broken. monopetalous corolla. 

Infundibuliform; funnel-shaped. Line; the twelfth part of an inch. 

Innate; when an anther is firmly at- Linear; narrow and long. 

tached to the apex of a filament. Lineate; marked with lines. 

Insertion; the point of attachment or Lips; the pieces of a 2-labiatc (2-lipped) 

un'on. corolla. 

Interfoliaceous"; between the insertion of Lobes, Lobed; rounded divisions. 

leaves. Loculicidal; the deLLccnce of the com- 

Internrde; the space between nodes or poneut carpels of a compound fruit, b.y 

joints. the dorsal suture. 

Interrupts ; when organs of a different Loment; a jointed legume. 

size are interposed in a series. Lunate ; crescent-shaped. 

Interval; the channel on a cremocarp Lurid; of a dull, deathly hue. 

betw-en the ridges. Lyrate; pinnaUfid, having the upper eejj- 

Introduced ; not originally a native. ments largest. 

Introrse ; turned outward, 
inverted; when a part is in an opposite Mammilar; conical, with a rounded apox* 

direction to other similar parts. Marescent; withering — persistent. 

Involucel ; a partial involucre. Margin; the circumference or edge. 

Involucre; a whorl of bracts to an umbel Mealy; covered with a white powe'er. 

or head. Medullary rays ; the silver-grain of word* 

Isomerous; equal in the number of Membranous, or Membranaceous; iiut 
parts. texture or thinness of membrane* 



GLOSSARY. 109 



Mericarp; half a cremocarp, a fruit of Nucules; little nuts, or nut-like fruits. 

an umbelliferous plant. Nut ; a one-celled, and one-seeded fruit, 

Micrcpyle; foramen or scar of an ovule. arising from a two or more- celled and 
Midrib; the main rib of a leaf, extending seeded ovule. 

from tbe base to the apex. Nutant; nodding, partially drooping. 

Mitriform: having two terminal divisions, 

like a mitre. Ob; a particle, which, when prefixed to 

Monadelphous ; stameng united in one any other term, denotes the inversion 

set. of the usual position. 

Monandrous; having one stamen. Obconic; conic, with the apex downward. 

Moniiilbrm; necklace-shaped. Obcordats ; reversed heart-shaped. 

Monoearpoas; bearing but one fruit, or Oblanceolate ; with the widest part above 
bearing but once. ' the middle* and tapering gradually to 

Honochlamydeous; when the calyx only tbe 

is present. Oblique ; not symmetrical, one side as 

Monoclinous ; having the stamens and it were cut off obliqnely. 

pistils in t.he same flower. Oblong; much longer than broad. 

Monocotyledonous; having but one coty- Obovate; ovate, with the narrowest por- 

icdon. tion at baee. 

Monoecious; having stamens and pistils Ohovoid; inversely oveid. 

in differemt flowers, but on the same Obsolete; when a part is obscure, and as 
plant. if worn away. 

Monogynous; having but one style. Obtuse; blunt, rounded. 

Monopetalous; where the corolla is of Obsolute; where cue margin of a leaf in 
one piece. the bad is exterior, the other interior- 

Monophyilous: one-leafed. Oehrea; a cylindrical stipule. 

Monosepalous ; calyx in one piece. Oehrolcueous; whitish-yellow, cream- 

Monospermous ; one-seeded. color. 

Mueronate: having a rounded end. Octandrous ; having eight stamens. 

Multifid; maxy-cleft. Octogynous; h;.\ tylea. 

Multipartite; many-parted. Offset; a lateral branch, terminated by 

Multiple; a number containing another a cluster of leaves, and capable 0- tak- 
numbsr several times nithout a re- ing root. 

m tinder: as 9 is a multiple of 3. Oleaginous; oily, affording oil. 

Murieate, ha via >. short rigid excrescences. Opercular; opening by a lid fixed at one 
Muticous or Mutic ; pointless, awniess. slue. 

Mutilated; not produced in a perfect Operculum; th3 lid or covering of the 
form. theca in mosses. 

Opposite; standing directly against each 
Naked.; wanting a covering analogous other on < i of tbe stem. 

to that of other species;. Orbicular; having a circular outline. 

Napiform; turnip shaped. Grthotropous ; where an ovule is turned 

Natant ; swimming, floating. from its original directi 

Navicular; boat-shaped. Oval; longer than broad, the sides curv- 

Neck ; the crown of a root; the upper ing regularly from end to end. 

part of the tube of a corolla. Ovary; the germ or base of the pistil; 

.it'ereus; bearing honey. the young state of a perie&rp. 

Nectary; the part of a flower secreting Ovate; egg-shaped. [egg.. 

honey. Ovoid; having the outline of an entire 

Keedie-.>haped; linear, rigid, tape-ring to Ovule; the incipient form of a seed, cea- 

a point. tained iu an ovary. 

Nerved; having rib like fibres. 

Nerves; parallel veins or rib like fibres Palate; a large obtuse projection which 
ex-ten ling from above the base to the closes the throat of a personate flower. 
apex. Paless ; a chaffy-bract to a floret in eoma 

>!etted ; having reticulated fibres. compound flowers. 

Neuter or Neutral: having neither sta- Paleaceous; chaffy. 

mens nor pistils. Palmate; divided so as to ressmhle tbe 

Node; a knot or joint, the projection from band and fingers. 

which le aves arise. Pandtvriform ; fiddle-shaped. 

Nodding; inclining to one side, partly Panicle; an irregularly-branched racem*. 
drooping. * Panicled or Paniculate ; arranged in thd 

Nodi; no ies, knots joints. form of a panicle. 

Nodose ; having many nodi or joints. Papilionaceous; butterfly shaped; a form 
Normal; regular in structure. of an irregular polypetalbus corolla, 

Nucamentaccus; producing nuts. Papillose; pimpled, "having fleshy pro- 

Nucleus; kernsl, the subcanee of a seed tuberancos. [Sowers, 

cr cvuie. Pappu* ■ the seed down in compound 

J 



110 GLOSSARY. 



Parasitic; drawing support from another Pinnatifid; cut-winged, where the lamina 

plant. on each side of a petiole is deeply cleft . 

Parenchyma; common cellular tissue in Pinnules: the leaflets or subdivisions of 

a soft state. a bi-tri or multi-pinnate leaf. 

Parietal; arising from the inner wall of Pisiform; formed like peas. 

an organ. Pistil; the central organ of flowers cora- 

Parted; divided almost to the base. posed of style, stigma and ovary. 

.Partial; particular, not general. Pistillate: having pistils only. 

Partition; a dissepiment. Pith; the central spongy substance in 

Pectinate; divided like the teeth of a the centre of plants, composed of eel- 
comb, lular tissue. 
Ptdate ; finely palmate, like the foot of Placentas ; the line or body to which 

A bird. the ovule* are attached. 

Pedicel; a partial or secondary flower- Plaited; folded in regular layers. 

stalk. Plane; flat. 

Pedicillate or pedicslled ; having or be- Plicate; folded like a fan. 

ins; supported on a pedicel. Plumose ; resembling a feather, fringed 

Peduncle : a flower-stalk. [duacle. with hairs. 

P^duncled or pedunculate; having ape- Plumule; the incipient ascending axis. 
Pellicle: a vary thin stratum or coat. Poculiform ; cup-shaped. 
Pellucid; transparent, pervious to light. Pod; a pericarp of two valves; it may 
Pellucid-punctate: having punctures ad- be a Legume or Siliqne. [ovary. 

mitting the passage of light. Podosperm; funiculus, footstalk of an 

Peltate; shield-like, having a stalk or Pollen; the granules or dust contained 

support in the water. in anthers. 

Pencilled or pencillate; ending like a Pollen tube; a minute tube projected 

painters pencil or brush, from a pollen grain. 

Pendulous; hanging down. Pollinia ; masses of pollen. 

Pentagonal; having five corners er angles. Folydelphous ; having stamens united 
Pentagynous; having five styles, inmnvethan two sets. 

Pentandrons; having five stamens. Polyandrous; having many stamens at- 

Pentam rous: a whorl sf. five parts. taehed to receptacle. 

Pspo; an indehiscent fleshy, or internal- ralygamo-dioecious; having perfect and 

lv pulpy fruit, formed of three united imperfect flowers on distinct plants. 

carpels. Polygamous : having perfect or stami nate 

Perennial ; lastinc; from year to year, and pistillate flowers, or all those kinds. 

Perfoliate; where a stent perforates a leaf. Polygynous; having manv styles. 
Perforate; having holes and dots, at! if Polymorphous ; changeable, assuming a 

pricked. variety of forms. 

Perianth ; fioral envelopes. Polypetalpus : having many petals. 

Pericarp; the fruit seed case. P olyphy lions ; having many leaves, ap- 

Peridium ; a spore-case. plied to the ca'yx. 

porigonium; a perianth. Polysepalous; having many sepals. 

Parigyuiutn : a sac enclosing the ovary. Polyspermous ; having many seeds. 
Perigynous; inserted around the ovary. Pome; a pulpy or juicy fruit, formed of 
Pt-risperm; the albumen. a juicy or fleshy calyx; enclosing the 

Peristomes the fringed border of the carpels. 

theca in mosses. Parrected; extended forward. 

Permanent, persistent ; remaining for a Proefoliation : vernation, the arrange- 

long time/ meut of a leaf in a hnd. 

Personate ; masked; a form for a labiate Prcefloration ; aestivation, the arrange- 

fiower. ment of the floral envelopes in a bud. 

Petal ; the colored leaf of a flower. Preemorsc : as if bitten off. 

Petaloid ; resenrbUns a petal. Prickle ; a sharp appendage of the bark, 

Petiole; the loot-stalk of a leaf. not connected with the wood. 

Petioled or petiolate; with a petiole, not Priniine; outer coat of ovule. 

sessile. Prismatic; having several parallel fat 

J.^tiolule; the foot-stalk of a leaflet. sides, 

phanoiramous or phanerogamous; hav- Process; a protuberance or projecting 

ing visible stamens and pistils. part. 

Phyllodinm ; a leaf formed of a dilated Procumbent: lying on the ground. 

petiole. Proliferous; where leaves or flowers atIm 

Pilose: hairy, having slender hairs. from others. 

Piunal; the leaflets or divisions of a Prostrate: lying on the ground. 

pinnate l.-ff. Protruded; projecting out, exserted. 

Pinnate;, adeaf is pinnate when the leaf Pruiaose; covercred with a frost !;!;• 
lots are arranged in two flows on the meal. 

SiOu ..f * c.<;nniou petiole; winged. Pscudopinnat* ; fitlaoly a imperfectly pb*> 



GLOSSARY. Ill 



bate, not resolving at any tim? into Repluni: a pe r-istent platenUB, or m^h 
seperate leaflets, as the the Pea. Yetcli. - gin in certain seeds. 
Puberulent; covered with a minute' pu- Resupinate ; inverted. 

bescenee. Reticulate; netted. 

Pubescence; a general term for the hairy R'trofie-x ; bending in various directions. 
covering of plants. Retrorse'or rc-tfarsely; turned backward*. 

Pubescent : hairy, having hairs of any Retuse; when an apex is slightly indent* 

kind-. ed or hollowed out. 

Pulp . the soft, juicy, cellular substance Reversed : bent back towards the ba#e. 

found in berries and similar fruits. Revo'.ute; relied backwards. 

PuiveriUent: powdery. Rholzonia; a horizontal subterranean 

Pulvinate: cushion-like. stem. 

Punctate ; doited. Rhombcldal ; oval, but tomewhat angu- 

Puncticulate; having minute dots. lar at the middle, 

Purigent; sharp-pointed, or prickly at Rhomboid; when the midrib of a leaf 

the ap^x. ac rid. sends off marked lateral ones. 

Putam n : a nut-shell. Ribs ; parallel ridges or nerves extend- 

Pyramidal ; tapering upwards, ing from near tbe base to the apex. 

Pyriform : pear-shaped. Rigid; stiff, inflexible. 

Pytidium: a capsule with a transverse Rimose ; full of chinks or clefts, 
dehiscence, " Ringent; grinning; applied to a form of 

labiate flowers. 
Quadrangular ; four-cornered. Rcot ; the descending axis of a plant. 

Quaorifarious; in four rows or directions, Rooting; sending, out lateral roots, 
pointing or facing four ways. Rootlet ; a secondary root or fibre. 

Quadrifid; four-cleft. Rosaceous; having a corolla like a rose. 

Quaternate ; four together. Rostrate; beaked. 

Quinate; arranged in fives. Rostellate; with a small beak. 

Rosulate; arranged in the form of a 

Eac;me; an inflorescence having the Rotate; wheel-shaped. [rosette. 

flowers supported on pedicels along a Rugged or Rough ; eovered with email 

Tat his. asperities. 

Racemose: flowering in racemes. Rudiment; a term applied to an organ 

Rachis: the axis of inflorescence; or the that is imperfectly developed. 

general petiole in pinnate- leaves. Rufescent ; becoming reddish-orange or 

Radiant or Radiate: diverging from a rusty. 

common centre, furnished with rays. Rufous; reddish-brown or rust-cclorc-d. 
Radical; proceeding directly from the Rugose; wrinkled; having small folds or 

root. elevations. 

Radicle: secondary roots, rootlets. Rugolose ; finely wrinkled. 

Radicating; sending out roots at the Ruminated; when the albumen has a 

nodes or joints of the stem. wrinkled or folded appearance. 

Xameal ; belonging to the branches. Runcinate ; pinnatifid, with the divv- 

Ramenta: the scales or persistent remains sions pointing backward*. 

of leaves or other parts of the plant. Runner; a shoot producing leares and 
R amentaceous: covered with ramenta. roots at the end. 
Ramose ; branched, branching. 

Raphe; the ridge or part eonnc-cting the Saccate; having or resembling a small 

hilum and chalaza. Sagittate; arrow-headed. [sac. 

Raphides; minute crystals in the cellu- Salver-shaped; a monopetalous coroik), 

lar tissue. with a flat spreading limb. 

Ray; the outer florets of a compound Samara ; an indehiscent, winged pericarp, 
dower. Sap; the watery fluid absorbed by the 

Receptacle : the base ou which the parts sp ongioles of a plant, and affording it 

of fructification are seated. nourishment. 

Reclined or reclinate; inclined down- Sapwood; albumen, the outer layer. 
Recurved; bent downwards. [wards. Sarcocarp; the fleiihy or pulpy coat of a 
Red uplrcate ,' with the edges folded or pericarp, between the epicarp and exo- 

turned outwards. carp. 

Reflexed ; bent backwards. Sarmentose ; a running shoot, rooting at 

Regular; having the parts equal and its joints, 
uniform; as the divisions of the calyx Scabrous; rough. 

or corolla. Scales; thin membraneous processes, at- 

Remote ; distant. tached to the cuticle, Ac. 

Reniform; kidney-shaped. Scandant; climbing usually by tendrils. 

Repand ; spread, having a curved or Scape ; a radical peduncle, or Aotsc 

sinuous margin. stem. 

Replicate ; bent back en itself. Scarious ; dry and membraneous*. 



112 GLOSSARY. 



Scattered; irregularly and thinly ar- Sorus : a cluster of sporangia in fern?. 

ranged. Spadix ; an elongated spike, covered by 

8cions ; lateral shoots or offsets from the a spathe or modified tract. 

root. Span (measure) ; 9 inches. 

Scorpoid: an unilateral raceme, which Sparse; scattered. 

is revolute before expansion. Spathe : a kind of sheathing bract, a 

Scrobieulate : pitted. spadix or single flower. 

Scuteilate : shaped like a target or shield. Spatalate : shaped like a spatula. 

Secund: turned to one side, one-sided. Species: the lowest division of plants. 

Secundine : the second coat of the ovule. Spermoderm ; testa., outer coat of sred. 

Seed : the matured result of fecundation, Spike : flowers arranged on an elongated 

and designed to reproduce the species. rachis, with very short, or no pedicels. 

Segments; the parts into which a corol- Spikelet: a division of a spike. 

la. calyx. £c., are divided. Spindle-shaped; fusiform. 

Semi: half. Spine; a thorn, connected with the wood. 

Semi-Li valved; half divided into two Spinose; bearing spines. 

valves. Spiral - ? Lbraneous tubes, liav- 

Sepaloid : like sepals, not petal-like. ihg internally a spiral fibre or fibres. 

Sepals; the leaves of a calyx. )les; the extremities of root fibres, 

idal; when a pericarp opens by Sporangium; the case containing -spores, 

the opening of the ventral sutures, Spores; sporules : the organs serving as 

and a division of the dissepiments, moue plants. 

reus; bearing a septum. Sporidia; membranccus cases containing 

Septifragal ; when the dissepiments re- spores in the Fungi. 

main attached to the axis, separated Sporogens ; parasitic plants, haling flow- 

from the valves, as in the loculicidal eis, but propagated' by spores. 

dehiscence. Spur ; a process from the calyx or corol- 

Septum: a partition, la resembling a cock's spur. 

Sericeous; silky, covered with soft short Squainose; scaly. [sealfa. 

hairs. vallate; bearing small narrow 

Serrate; having teeth like those of a saw. Squarrose; ragged, scales or leaves stand- 

Serru] - rrate teeth are again mg out from a common axis. 

serrated, it also means finely serrate. Stamens; the fecundating organs of 

Sessile : where any organ is destitute of pb 

annate; having stamens only. 

: a bristle. Standard; banner, the upper petal of a 

Setaceous; bristle-like. illionaceous flower. 

Setiform; formed like a bristle. Stellate: star-like, spreading out in a 

Setose; bristly, having bristles or stiff radiate manner. 

hairs. Stem : the ascending axis of a plant. 

Sheaths; the prolongation of a leaf, Stemless ; unprovided with a stem. 

bract, Sec, down a stem, so as to en- Sterile; a staminate flower. 

clese-it. Stigma; the termirating organ on a 

d ; embraced by a sheath. pistil. 

Sheathing; surrounding by a convolute Stipe ; the stalk of a fern, fungus, or of 

base. Stipellate ; having stipelles. [apod. 

Shield-shaped; shaped like an ancient Stipelles; a stipule of a leaflet. 

shield. Stipitate; having a stipe: 

Shining: glossy, snicoih and polished. Stipulate; furnisl ed with stipules. 

Shrub: a small plant with a woody stem. Stipule; i ndoge or leaflet, at 

Sickle-formed; much carved, with sharp or near the insertion of the petiole.- 

edges. Stolon: a rooting branch or shoot. 

Silicic: the pod of a plant of the order Stomato: pore? in the epidermis. 

siliculoea. Striate : streaked with longitudinal lin«s. 

Siliculosa; an order of Tetr adynamia Strigose : clothed with short, rigid, ap- 

having pods almost as broad as long. pressed hairs. 

Silique; the pod of a plant of the order Strobile; a core, a kind of ament with 

siliquosa. woody scales, each of which is an open 

Siliquosa; an order of Tetradynamia, carpel. 

having the pods much longer than Strophiole; an appendage at the hilum. 

broad. of some seeds. 
Silky; clothed with soft and shining ap- Struma; a cushion-like swelling, a pro- 
pressed hairs. tuberance at the base of the carpel of 
8imple; undivided. [sions. some Mosses. 

Sinuate; having rounded sBallow inci- Style; that part of a pistil between the 

Sinn*; a rounded incision in the margin. ovary and stigma; it is often absent. 

Smooth ; having an even surface, Stylopodium ; the thickened base of soma 

Solitary; siDgk. styles. 



GLOSSARY. 113 



Suberose; cork-like. Tride-ntate; three-toothed. 

Sub-, a qualifying prefix, pignifying Ti-ifid: three cleft. 

poincwhat ; as Trifoliate ; three leaves together. 

8ub-cov-\a.t>\ somewhat hearkehaped ; s«5- Trifoliolate; three leaflets to^eth.r. 

rotund, somewhat round. Trigonous; 3-augled, 3-sided. 

Submersed; under wat-r. Trigynous; having three styles. 

Sabterraneus; growing beneath theearth. Trimerous; a whorl of 3 parts. 
Subulate; awl-shaped, tapering to a sharp Triquitrous; sinrp'y 3-angk-d, the 3 
Succulent ; juicy, pulpy. [point. sides concave. 

Sucker; a shoot. Tripinnate; 3 times pinnate. 

SufFrutieose ; slightly shrubby ; smaller Triternate; 3 time3 ternate. 

than a shrub. Trophosperm; a synonyms for the pla- 

Sulcate; grooved, marked with deep lines. centa. 

Superior; a calyx or corolla is superior, Trumpet-shaped; tubular, dilated at the 
when it is inserted on the upper part apex. 

of an ovary. Truncate ; as if cut off transversely. 

Supra-axillary.; appearing above an axil. Tube; the united part of a calyx or 
Burculose ; producing saen corolla. 

Suspended: an ovule hanging directly Tuber; a thick and fleshy subterranean 

downwards. stem of no regular form. 

Sutnral ; belonging to a carp 1. Tubercles; small knobs or tubers. 

Suture; a seam at the meeting of Wo Taberculate; warty, 
parts, the line of dehiscence of a carpel. Tunieated; coats 1. 

trjcal; when parts are in their Turbinate; top^shaped. 
normal proportions. Turgid ; swollen, thick. 

Byncarpoua; several carpels uniting in Twining; ascending spirally. 

one ovary. Two-ranked; rows- on opposite sldaSt 

Syngc d -Ions ; anthers united in a tub? . 

Synouymes; names of the same meaning. Umbel; an inflorescence, where the Bow- 
er-stalks diverge from the same point 
Tail ; a filiform process affixed to a seed. in a radiated manner. 
Tap-root; a conical root. U'mbellate ; bearing umbels. 

Tegnum ; the inner covering of a seed. Una or partial umbels. 

Tendril; an appendage by which a ciimb- Uin'cilicate; d^pre-'Sed in the centre. 

I \nt supports itself. Umbilicus , the hilum of a seed. 

Terete; cylindrical or tapering, but Umbonate; bossed. 

round. Unarmed; destitute of spines, prickle!*, 

Terminal; proceeding from the apex. U . i. \ke. 

Ternate; in -fold. * - bs; small plants with woody 

Testa ; the outer goat of* a set i !. sterna. 

Tetradynamous ; having 6 stamens, 4 of Undulate; wavy. 

wbi ib are longer than the others. Uaguiculate ; claw-like ; having a claw. 

Tetragynous; having 4 styles. Unguis; the claw of a petal. 

Tetram -rou--; in fours. ' Unilateral; one-sided. 

Tetrandria; having 4 stamens. Urceolate; urn-shaped. 

Thalamus ; a name for the receptacle of Urticle : a small bag or six;, a earyopaia 

the flowers, which does not adhere to the seed. 

Tballophytes; stemless, leafless. flowerb»es 
Thallus: the frond of Hepatica). [plants. Vagina; a sheath. 
Thecae; a spore-case. Vaginate; sheathed. 

Thorn: a spine or short process from the Valvate; having valves. 

woody part of a plant. ■ the pieces of a pericarp, whieh 

Throat; the orifice of a calyx-tube. separate naturally on ripening. 

Thyrsus; a condensed panicle. Variety ; a plant differing from the type 

Tomento3c; woolly with short der.ge of the spe-.-ies in minor particular*. 

hairs. Vascular plants; plants with spiral ves- 

Toothed ; having salient points not di- Vascular tissue. [sels. 

rected towards the apex of the leaf. Vaulted; arched, as the upper lip iu 
Top-shaped: inversely conical. seme labiate flowers. 

Tortuous ; irregularly bent or twistod. Veins : the o£bs of leaves. 
Torus ; a receptacle. Velutinous : velvety, clothed with a close-, 

Transverse; crosswise. soft, and dense pubescence. 

Tree; a large woody plant.. Velvety; as velutinous. 

Triadelphous; having stamens in three Venation; distribution of veins in a 
sets. Venose ; veiny. [leaf. 

Triandrous ; having three stamens. Ventral suture ; the suture opening to 

Tribracteate ; with three bracts. the axis of the flower. 

Trkhotomous ; three-forked. Ventrkose : inflated ; swelling out. 

J* 



114: GLOSSARY. 



Vernation; the arrangement of leaves Yoluble; twining. 

in the bud. 

Yerucose ; warty. Wand ; a small twig, a long rod. 

Yersatile ; lying horizontally. Wedge-shaped; obovate with straitieh 

Vertical; at right angle* with the earth. sides. 

Yerticel ; a whorl. Wheel-shaped ; when a corolla ha* a 

Verticellasttr ; a whorled cyme. spreading limb and a very short tub*. 

Verticellate; in whorls, bearing whorls. Whorl; flowers or leaves surrounding 

Yescicular ; bladdery, haying bladder- the stem in numbers. 

like cavities. Wings ; lateral appendages to leares. Ac, 

Yexillum ; the standard of a papillina- also the two skie petals in a papilliona- 

ceous corolla. ceous flower. 

Villous or Yillose ; clothed with long and Wood ; the solid part of plants, composed 

soft shaggy hairs. of cellular tissue, woody fibre, spiral 

Virgate ; wand-likcv vessels, &e. 

Viscid ; clammy, glutinout. Woody tissue; cells with firm and thiek- 

Yitt«; oil-tubes, longitudinal canals in ish walls, drawn out into tapering or 

the substance of the fruit of Umbel- slender tubes. 

iiftrow plant*, containing aromatic ciL Woolly ; clothed with long matted hair*, 



ANALYTICAL TABLES. 

BEING A 

Synopsis of the Genera described in this work, according 
to the Linmean Artiiicial System. 

WITH REFERENCES TO THE NATURAL . ORDERS AND PAGE, 



CLASS I. MONANDMA.— 1 Stamen-. 

Order I. Monogynta. — 1 Pistil.. 
* Flowers not glumaceous. 

PASS. 
HlPPURis. — Perianth adherent to the orary, the border entire. Stamen insert- 
ed on the edge of the calyx, — Aquatics with entire leaves in whorls, and 
minute flowers. 1L8 

Canxa. — Perianth unequal, scarcely Tip-shaded. Stamens petaloid, only one 
with half an anther on its edge. — Ilerbacf/ms tropical plants with trans- 
terse parallel veined leaves andshov:y flowers, 3§£ ■ 



** 



Flowers glitmaceous (Sedges). 



Hsmicarpha. — Perianth none. Style 2-cleft. — Lota tufted annuals with bristle- 

like leaves at the base, and many-flowered spikes. „ 89?" 

Speei83 of Cyptrus, Eriophorus, and Fimbristylis. Cyperaceau SfrS 

Order II. Digtnia.— 2 Styles or sessile stigmas*. 

* Flowers not glumaceous. 

Caluteiche. — Filaments slender. Stylea 2, awl-shaped. Fruit 4-lobed, 4-celled, 

naked. — Leaves opposite, entire. 314 

Butum. — Calyx 3 to 5-parted, becoming juicy and berry-like in fruit. — Leaves 

triangular or halbcrt-shaped, sinuate-toothed. 29ft 

* * Flowers glumaceous (Grasses). 

€inna — Spikelets 1-flowered, in a large compound terminal panicle. Stamen 

opposite the 1-nerved upper palese. 411 

Ukiola. — Spikelets several-flowered, very fiat, coriaceous. — Tufted from creep- 
ing rootstocks. 421 

AHDaopoaoN.— Spikelets 13^-flowered, la pairs. Panicles Biifcr. 481 



116 CLASS II. 



CLASS II. DIANDRIA.— 2 Stamens.. 



Pi*C, 



Ordeb I. Monogynia. — 1 Style or Stigma. 

* Flowers with only a calyx,; not glumaceous. 

Jraxixus. — Calyx small, 4-cleft. Fruit a samara or key. — Leaves pinnate. 895- 

* * Flowers with a ca J yx and corolla.. 

* Corolla polypetalous (of seperate petals). 

©HIOKANTHES.— Petals 4. long and linear. Stamens very short. Style very 
short, with a notched stigma. — Shrubs with while flowers in drooping 
recemes. 2£6. 

Cikc^a.— Pftr.lt 2. inversely heart-shaped. Stamens slender. — Uerbs. Leaves 

opposite. Flowers whitish in racemes. lift. 

** Corolla monopetalous (one-pe tailed), regular. 
fiKStrsTRiM. — Calyx 4-toolhed. Corolla i-loh >cl, funr mens on tha 

tube of the corolla. Style very short, with a I . — S/irubs 

with simple entire leaves and small white flowers in thyrsoid panicles. 264 

Stsixoa. — Corolla salver form, with the limb cleft ieto 4 deep obtu?e spreading 
segments. Stamens short, included within the tube. Capsule 2-celled. — ■ 
Oriental shrubs loiih simple entire leaves, aad while, lilac, or purplish 
fragrant flowers.. 296 

Jlsxrsms. — Cnlyx tubular 5 to IC-eTeft. Corolla salver-form, m ith a long tu^e 
and a fiat 5 to 10-cleft limb. — Eu.<hy or climbing shrubs, with opposite 
compound leaves and white or yellow flowers. 294 

* ** Corolla 1-petalled, 2-lipped or irregular, 
f Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla.. 

YiBOjriGA. — Calyx 4-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with a 4-eleft ppraieKng 

border, the 2 lower segments mostly narrow. Capsule .ob- 

tuse. — Herbs with blue flesh color or white flowers. 2*2: 

Leptaxbra. — Calyx 5-pavtod. Corolla tubular bell-shaped, with a 4-lobed 
border. Stamens and pistils at length much exserted. — Herbs with most- 
ly whorled leaves and white flowers in terminal racemes. 245 

S&atiot.a. — Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included. Style dilated or 2-lipped at 
the apex.— Low herbs with opposite sessile leav€s, and axillary 1-Jlowtred 
peduncles. 240. 

iLYSANTnus.— Calyx 5-parted. Upper lip of the corolla short, 2-lobed. Sterile 

Btamens 2, inserted on the throat and protruded. — Small smooth herbs. 241 

Hemianthus. — Calyx 4-toothed, equal. Coi-oila 2-lipped, the upper lip very 
short. Style short. Capsule globular, 1 celled. — A small annual, with 
crowded opposite leaves and minute flowers in their axils.. 241 

Diakthera. — Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lipped. Anthers 2-celled, the 
cells placed one lower down than the other. — Herbs growing in water, 
with narrow entire leaves, and purplish flowers.. 234 

ft Stamens inserted on the corolla or at its base. 

©atalpa.— Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corrolla bfdl-shape-d, ^welling, with an ir- 
regular 5-cleft border. Sterile filaments 2 ©r 3. — Trees with large heart- 
shaped leaves, and white flowers in terminal panicles. 2&Z 

"SfaBJCUL aria. — Calyx 2-parted. Corolla personate, the palate on the lower lip 
projecting. Stigmas bilabiate. Capsule globular, l-celled. — Immersed 
aquatics, with dissected leaves, and erect scapes^ bearing yellow or purplish 
flowers. 230 

%** * Corolla more or. less 2-lippcd. Stamens inserted on the tube of the oorolia. 



CLASS III. 



117 



Style 2-101)011 at the apex. Fruit 4 little seed-like nutlet3 ; surrounding the stylo 
in the bottom of the calyx. See Class 14. Didynamia. 

* * * Flowers glumaceous (Sedges). 

OYPERACE_E. Species of Cyperus, Fimbristylus, Rhyncospora, and ScUria. 395 

Order II. Digynia.— 2 Styles or sessile Stigmas. 

* Floicers not glumaceous. 

Blitum. — retals none. Calyx berry-like cr fleshy. 299 

A:.t:hia — Petals none. Calyx of 5 sepals. Secdl. 54 

Et.atixe. — Petals and sepals 2 or 3. Seels several- 4& 

* * Flowers glumaceous (Grasses). 

Aneoxaxtetjm. — Lateral flowers each of 1 awned paleae, neutral; the perfect 

one 2-androus. — Panicle contracted cr spike-like. 42r 

GRAMIInEJE. Species of Leersia, Brachyeiytrum, and GJyceria.. 40S 

Order III. Trigy?;ia. — 3 Styles or sessile stigmas. 

SPrRGULARiA.— S°pr.ls 5. Petal? o. entire. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded.— 

Leaves fleshy. Flavers small, reddish. 5ff- 

CLASS III. TRIAXDRIA.-S Stamens. 
Order I. Monogynia. — 1 stipe or sessile stigma. 



* 



Corolla b-lobed or parted. Leaves reticulate-veined '. 



Fedia. — "Border of the ea^-x 3 to G-trofhed and persistent or obsolete. Corolla- 
tubular. 5 lobed, regular. — Sterna forking. Leaves opposite. Flowers 
small, whitish*. 154 

* * Perianth Q-pai'ted. Leaves parallel-veined. 

* Flowers issuing from a spathe. 

Iai3. — Divisions of the perianth alternately refiexed. Stamens under the 3 

large petal-like stigmas^ — Flowers large, blue, white and yelioio. 365 

nras — 1 frfi ions of the perianth equal. sr reading. 8:arr..»r.r rnonodel- 
phous. Sty Iff short, with 3 stigmas. — Leaves gras y. Flowers m ostly blue. 309 

PAKDANTHUS. — Perianth regular. C-parted. Eilsmoats thread-lilie. Stigma 

straight or incurred. — Flowers yellowish, spotted with red. 370 

Caocr/3. — Spathe radical. Perianth funnel-form. Sticma 3-cleffc, convolute, 

crested. — Bulbous exotics, withwldie, yellow, blue and purplish flowers. 370 

Tigfjdia. — Perianth lobes oblong, upright-spreading, the alternate ones the 
broadest. Stamens monodeiphous: fibrnents uuited into a long tube. 
Style filiform. — Bulbous exotics with yellow and red spotted 'jlowers. 370 

IIiteraxthera. — Perianth salver-form, with a slender tube. Stamens dissimi- 
lar. — Creeping or floating herbs, with kidney-shaped leaves, and Hue or 
white flowers. SOI 

Scholtjrea. — Perianth salver-form. Stamens similar, with arrow-shaped an- 
thers. — A water plant with linear leaves, and yellow flowers. 3G2 

* * Flowers not spatheeeous. 

Comkbltxa. — Calyx and corolla, separate, irregulas. Stamens sometime* 6. 

Stigma single.— Flowers blue cr white^ 39£ 



IIS 



CLASS IV 



PASO. 

Xtris.— Calrx and corolla- separate, irregular. Stigmas Z.-^Flowers ydloic, m 

a terminal dense Jiedd. 394 

loscus. — Perianth 6-parted. entirely glumaceous, regular. 2SV 

t NATURAL ClcDEIl CTPEEACE^.— Proper perianth non?, or bristle-like; 
the o stam ns and single style invested in an imbricated perianth of 
glumes instead of a calyx. Fruit 1-seeded, — Leaves parallel-veined. && 

Order IT. Digynia. — 2 Pislik. 

Anychia.— Calyx 5 parted, greenish. Styles very short. Utricle 1-seed^d. — 

Flowers small, while. 54 

f K ATFR A L OE DE R GR A BIINE _T.— G rasses with us u ally holl ow sterna. closed 
at the joints, and alternate 2 ranked p&rallei-veiued Laves. — Stigmas 
feathery or hairy. 46$ 

Order III. Trigynia. — 3 Pistils. 

ftTELLAMA.— Calyxt-parted, Petals 5, 2-paned. Capsule 1-celted. 81 

Mollcgo. — Calyx 6-parted. Petals none. Capsule 3-celled. 3-valved, manv- 

seedexU * 53 

L~cni\. — Calyx 3-sepaled, vrith 2 outer bracts or sepals. Petals 3 inconspicu; 
ous. Styles scarcely any. Stigmas 3. — Flowers inmnepieitous, greenish or 
purplith. 41 

PAospinaca— Calyx-tube 3 rid ed, with a 3-parted limb. Fruit long 3-angled, 

3 ceiled, 3-seeded, nut-like. — Aquatic herbs. 11T 

CLASS IV. TETRANDRIA.— 4 Stamens, equal inUngth. 
Order I. Monogynia. — I Pistil. 



* 



Corolla Ai-pctallcd. Lmucs reticidate-veinevL 



Oorwus. — Calyx-limb minute, 4-toothed. adherent to the ovary. Petals oblong 

sprealiug. Drupe 2-celiei, 2-seeded.— Shrubs or herb:., with whiteftowers. 14-4 

Lcdwigia. — Calyx 4-lobed. Petals 4, equal, obcordate, oft*u small or wanting. 

Capsule 4-celLd, many-seeded. — F lowers often yellow, or updalous. H5 

** Corolla \-pekdled : ^-parted or lobed. Leaves reticulate. 

f Calyx free from the ovary. 

BjuturoJTiA. — Calyx 4 parted. Corolla deeply 4 cleft, norland-bearing. Stamens - 
short. Capsule -1-eellcd, nuny seeded.— Leaves scale-like. F lowers small 
yelloWish-wh ttc. 287 

Gcolaria— Calyx of 2 spreading leaf-like sepals* Corolla -tubular-bell-sbared, 
4-cleft. Stigjna 2 lipped. — Plant purplish green. Flowers whiiish or 
purplish, 2S9 

Plaktago. — Calyx 1- (rarely SVoarted. Corolla tubular, 4-eleft. with a reflexed 
border. Stamens mostly very long. Capsule 2-cclled. opening trans- 
verse'y.— Leaves radical, ribbed, i loivers whitish, in a bracted spike. 324 

EaTTnaj.A. — Calyx 4 or 5-psr£ed. Corolla funnel-form, with a slender tube 
an J 4 or 5-parted limb. — Leaves opposite. Flowers rose purple or reddish, 
cymose. 2fi9 

ff Calyx adherent to the ovary or its base. 

Hedvotis. — Calyx 4-lobed. persistent. Corolla funnel-form, salver-form, or 
wheel-abaped. the limb 4-parted. Stigmas 2.— Flowers blue or purplish, 
tingle or cluJered. 15* 



CLASS IV. 119 



Hitch3IXa.— Flowers united in pairs. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla'funnel-form, 
4-partel. spreading, bearded inside. Ovaries united. — Trailing herbs. 
Flowers rote-colored or whitish. Berries red, edible. 152 

C*?3ai-a:x*thc>. — Calyx small. 4-cIeft. Corolla tubular, slender, 4-toothed. 
Style much exserted; stigma capitate. — STirubs with opposite leaves, and 
white flowers in a cLnse globose head. 152 

BiP9AC"5. — Corolla tubular. 4-cleft, nearly regular. Stamens inserted on ths 
corolla. Fruit 1 seeded, crowned with the calyx. — Goarse Jierbs, ivith op- 
posite connate leaves, and bluish or ivhiiishjlowers in large oblong heads. 155 

* * * Corolla 1 or 5 parted, or none. Calyx 4 or 5 -parted. 

Scabiosa. — Involucre many leave 1. Calyx 5 part -cl ; with long bristly divisions. 
Corolla tabular. Filaments much exerted. — Leaves oppjsiti. Flowers 

purple pink or whiii.-Ji in heads. 155 

Ifsx&x. — Oal] Corolla narrow, bell-shaped, nearly equally olebed. 

Sracienj unequal. — A trailing evergreen with rose colored flowers in pairs. 118 

gcUrauiaoBBA. — Calyx constricted at the throat. Irlobed, with 2 or 3 scale? or 
bractirat the base externally. Petals none. — Leaves unequal* y pinn 
Fl wers small, in close spiked heads. 101 

Lr::'f- Corolla tubular, the throat clo " ' 1 " " the filaments 

miens often 5. Berry 2-celled.— .. men;/. at itmlug, with 

greenish-purple flowers. 254 

■oostmus — " ; spals !- or 5. unite! at the bass. Petals 4 or 5 roua led, spread- 
ing. Stamens vory short, inserted on the upper face ui'a flat 4 or 5-an- 
I disk. — Shrubs with 4 sided branches. 7S 

* * * * Floral envelope consisting < : f a siwjle pctaldlke peri- 
an ih . Lea ves para llel- ue in ed. 

Bmilactsa.. Sec. Maiaxthemch. — Perianth spreading. Stamens4. Berry 2- 

celled. — Flowers racemed, while. 375 

■■' — Flowers on a cyliadric spadiXi Perianth 4 to 6-s 'palled. Stamens 
4 to 6. — Flowers yellow, at the summit of the scape. Sp ithe radical, 347 

BxxPLOCAi&es. — Spathe hooded, shell-form, pointed. Spa lis roundi di. covered 
with flowers. Psriautft deeply 4-parted. Style 4 angled.^ Foetid herbs, 
with large veiny leaves, and nearly sessile spaihes. Zi$ 

Order ITL Digtnia.— 2 Pistils, 

* Corolla polypetalovA. 

Uamasielis. — Petals 4. strap-shaped. Stain ms S. the 4 alternate -srith the pe- 
tals, fertile. Capsuie nut-like, 2-celled. — Shrubs, or small trees, with 
yellow flowers. 131 

* * Corolla rndnopetalous. 

Gaxium — Calyx minute, 4-toothed. Corolla 4-parted. rotate. Stam2ns short. 
Fruit 2-fobed, 2 seeded. — Slender herbs, with <k-a7igled steins, and small 
flowers. 151 

CCSCSTA; — Corolla bell shaped, 4 or 5-cleft. Stamens 4 or 5. Capsule 2-celled, 

2 to 4-sceeded. — Ltajlezs. yrflowisli or reddish herbs. 273 

ilENTiAX v.— Corolla fuunel-f< rm. srurless. Capsule 1-secded. Stamens 4 or 5. 

Capsule many-seeded. — Herbs. 28T 

Order IV. Tetragynia. — 4 Pistils or sessile stigmas, 

* J^istils generate, free from the ca 7 yx. 



120 CLASS v. 



vxas. 
Fotohogeton. — Calyx 4-gepalled. Stamens uearly sessile. Fruit 4 nutlets. — 
Aquatic submersed herbs, with small greenish flowers on a spike, rising 
above the water. - 351 

Tulsa. — 3epa]g, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Carpels 3 or 4. — Small 

tufted herbs. 125 

* * l^isti/s combined into one, free from the calt/x. 

Sagina. — Sepals, petals, and pistils 4 or 5. Capsule 1-celled, several-seeded. — 

Small mailed herbs. 53 

Ilex.— Calyx and corolla 4 or 5-parted. Stamens and sub-sessile stigmas 4 or 

c. — Trees or shrubs with spinqse-dsntaie leaves. 222 

. CLASSY. PENTANDRIA.— 5 Stamens. 

Order X. Monandria.— 1 Pistil 

* Corolla 1-petalledj regular. 

t BOB AGIN AGE J3.--Hcrbs. chiefly rough-hairy. -with alternate entire leave*, and 
symmetrical flowers with a 5-pai ted calyx, a r« gul ir 5 lol ed * ( rolla, the 
stamens inserted on its tube, and a deeply 4-lobed ovary, terming in 
fruit 4 -eed-iike nutlets. 255 

1. Echium. — Corolla obliquely irregular! naked in the throat. Stamens un- 

equal exserted. — Flowers cyanic. 266 

2. Ltcopis. — Corolla regular, funnel-form, with a curved tube, and with 5 ob- 

tuse hairy scales in the throat. — F-loweis blue, 266 

5. Symphytum. — Corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped, 6-toothed; the throat closed 

with 5 awl-shaped scales.— JP/owers white and pink. 26C 

4. ONOSMODICM. — Corolla oblong or ovat«-tubular. with erect or converging 

lubes, and a naked throat. — Flowers yellowish^white, in spliced racemes. 267 

6. LiTHOSPBEMrM. — Corolla funnel-form. open. Stamens included. — Flowers 

white i i. leaf y-br acted spikes or racemes. 267 

6. MYOSOTIS. — Corolla salver-form, short, the throat half closed with obtuse 

scales. Stamens included on short filaments. — Flowers small, blue or 
white, in naked racemes, 268 

7. Mebtensia.. — Corolla tubular-bell-forca, elongated, with a wide spreading 

border: scales none. — Smooth kerbs, with showy purplish-blue or white 
flowers, in terminal racemes or clutters. 289 

8. E ;.— Corolla salver-form. Nutlets priekly-margined. — Rough 

hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue fiowers in bracied raoeuies. 269 

9. CtsoglosSOM. — Corolla funnel-form, the throat closed wifn 5 obtuse scales. 

Nutlets prickly all oyer. — Coarse herbs with white or purplish flowers, 
mostly inpariicled racemes. 2C9 

10. Bokago. — Corolla wheel-form, with acute segments, the throat closed with 

5 rays. — Rough herbs, with Hue flowers, in 1-sid.d clusters. 270 

11. AKCHUSA. — Corolla f unnel- form, vaulted : tube straight, orifice closed with 

[> prominent scales. Stigma emarginate. — Exotics, herbs with cyanic 
flowers. 270 

12. Pclmoxatua. — Calyx prismatic, 5-angled. Corolla funnel-form with a cyl- 

indric tube; orifice hairy in 5 lines alternating with the stamens — &e- 
otic herbs, with i*.odly blue flowers. 271 

•}• f HYDTXTII YLLACEiE.— Herbs, commonly hairy, v. ith mostly alternate and 
eut-lob. d or compound leaves, regular 5-parted and 5-androus blue or white 
fiowers, in one-sided cymes or r&c.steg yrbicJa are coiled from the apex 
when young.— Style 2-cleft. 271 



CLASS V. XXV 



PAGE. 

1. Htdrophyllum.— Corolla bell-shaped, the tube with 5 longitudinal ap- 

pendages. Stamens exserted. Ovary bristle-hairy.— Herbs ivith petioled 
pinnately orpalmately veined leaves, and cymose clustered flowers. 271 

2. Phacelia. — Cortlla open-bell-shaped. Capsule 4-seeded, the 2 placentoe 

linear. — Hairy herbs, with divided leaves and usually pale-blue flowers in 
forked racemes, 272 

I. Ccsmaxthus. — Corolla broadly-bell-shaped, without scales. Ovary 1-celled, 

hairy above. — Flowers white or pale-blue, in long bractless racemes, 273 

'4. Eutoca. — Corolla broadly-bell-shaped. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many- 
seeded. — Floioers blue or white. 273 

5. Nemophila.— Calyx 10-parted, the alternate lobes reflexed. Corolla flat- 
bell-shaped. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Capsule 4-seeded. — 
■Flowers blue or white. 273 

ft | POLE3IONIACEiE. — Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5- 
parted flowers, a 3-celled ovary and 3-lobed style. Stamens often un- 
equal or unequally inserted on the tube of the corolla. 27& 

1. Phlox. — Calyx somewhat prismatic, the segments erect Corolla salver- 
form, with a curved slender tube ; the stamens unequally inserted in its 
tube.— Flowers pink, purple, or white. 274 

£. PoLEJipxiUM. — Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla ball-shaped-rotate, with 
a short tube. — Leo.vesjiinnate. Flowers blue or white, in nearly bractless 
corymbs. 276 

3. Gilia. — Corolla somewhat funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted on the inner 

side of the corolla tube. — Leaves alternate, pinnalifid. Flowers blue, 
several-flowered,, in capitate clusters or panicles. 276 

4. IP05IOPSIS. — Calyx tubular and membranaceous. Corolla funnel-shaped, 

the tube much exserted. Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla. 
Leaves finely pinnalifid. Flowers orange, scarlet or reddish, in clustered 
panicles* 277 

t f ft CON YOVULACE.E.— Twining or -trailing herbs, with alternate entire or 
lobed leaves and regular 5-androus flowers.- Flowers usually large and 
showy, opening but for one day. Stamens inserted into the base of the 
corolla. 277 

1. Calystegia. — Calyx 5-parted, enclosed in 2 large foliacecus bracts. Cor»l- 

la bell-shaped-funnel-form, 5-folded, the border obscurely 5-lobed or en- 
tire. Stigmas 2. — Leaves heart-sha.ped or arrow-shaped. Flowers white 
or light-rose- color, on axillary, solitary peduncles. 277 

2. Covfulvuixs.— Calyx naked. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form, with a 

spreading nearly entire border. Stamens mostly included.— Floioers 
wJiite, pink, blue and purple. 27$ 

3. Qcamocht.— Sepals 5, mostly mucronate. Corolla tubular-cylindrical. 

Stamens exserted.— Leaves often pinnatifld. Floioers white, yellow, orange 
and scarlet, delicate. 279 

4. CrscuiA.— Plant yellow or reddish, with thread-like naked stems and small 

scales in place of leaves. 279 

j ftf! SOLON ACEiE.— Herbaceous or rarely shrubby plants, with alternate 
leaves, regular Smarted flowers on bractless pedicels, and the fruit a 2- 
celled (rarely 3 to 5-celled) capsule or berry. Corolla plaited or infolded. 
■Stamens mostly equally inserted on the corolla, Style and stigma 
eimple. 280 

1. NiCotiana.— Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, l-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or 

salver-form, mostly with a long tube. Capsule 2-celled.— Acrid herbs, 
with white flowers, tinged with green or purple. 280 

2. Datuiu.— Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, with a large 

and spreading 5-toothed plaited border.— Fank herbs, with large and 
showy flowers. 281 

K 



££n CLASS V. 



PAG3. 

>. -HroscTAMCs.— Calyx bell-shaped or dm-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla some- 
what irregular, with a 5-lobed plaited border. Capsule 2-celled opening 
by a lid — Earth herbs, with Lurid flowers. 281 

i. Xicaxdba.— Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, at length bladdery and inclosing 

the 3 to 5-celled dry berry.— S.nooth herbs. 252 

5. iPhysahs.— Calyx 5-cleft, at length enlarged and bladdery, and inclosing 

the 2-celled Berry. Corolla spreading beil.shaped. — Fijian green ish- 

yelloiv. 2S2 

6. Solaxoi.— Calyx 5 to 10-parted, spreading in fruit. Cerolla mostly wheel- 

sh&ped, with a very short tube. Stamens exserted, couverging around 
the style.— Herbs or shrubs. 283 

7. Airo pa.— Caiyx persistent, 5-clefc. Corolla bell-shaped. Berry globose, 2- 

celled, situated on the caiyx. — Exotics, with pale blue flowers. 2^1 

8. Lxc-itM.- Calyx 2 to 5-cleft. short. Corolla tubular, with a mostly 5-lobed 

spreading limb, the orifice closed with the beard of the niaments. Sta- 
mens 4 or -3. exserted.— Shrubs, somewhat climbing. 25-4 

9. Ca?siciS. — Cor jlla wheel-form, with a very short tube. Fruit a juiceless 

b«rry. 2 to i-ceiled, many-seeded.— Herbaceous or shrubby plants, peroaded 
by a he 2S4 

10. It.tuxia — Calyx-tube short, with a 5-cleft leafy limb. Corolla tunnel- 

form, with a eylindric tube, the limb in 5 unequal plaited lob^s. — Ejl 

herbs, with showy flowers. 2S5 

tttttfPr.IMULACE.?-.— la part herbs, usually low, with perfect regular 
.:--, the stamens inserted opposite the lobes of th« corolla on its 
tube, and a l-eeiie:l ovary, bearing several or maay seeds. 225 

1. PRIMULA.— Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla fuunel-form or salver- 

ped. Stamens included.— Stemless herbs, wti/i ttis leaves in a cinder 
from the root. 22G 

2. Dobooathbon.— Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the divisions rcSexed. - Corolla 5- 

parted, reflexed. Stamens exserted, united. Style exserted.— Smooth 
h clustered radical haves, end delicate white or purplish flowers 

in a terminal v.... 227 

3. LrmrACHiA.— Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with a very short tube, and o-parted 

iimb. Filaments often united into a ring at base. —Herbs, wiph a. ■:. 

or ro.ce.7ncd yellow flowers. " 227 

4. Axagalis. — Caiyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with scarcely any tube, 

tried. Filaments hairy. Capsule globose, th Jte a 

lid. many seeded.— Small spreading procumbent iierji. Leaves opposite 

Xtr whorltd. 22S 

5. Samolus.— Calyx o-cleft. the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Co- 

rolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, with sterile filaments in the sinuses.— Smooth 

herbs, with small white flowers in racemes. 220 

6. Hottcxia — Calyx 5-parted, with linear divisions. Corolla salver-shaped, 

b a short tube.— Aquatic herbs, with pectinate immersed leaves, and 
White flowers. 229 

ttttfttCAMPANULACEJE.— Herbs, with a milky juice, alternate leaves, 
and scattered flowers; the regular 5-lobed corolla be-ii-shaped. Stamens 
free from the corolla, distinct. Stigmas 2 or more. 20S 

1. Cam? axcla.— Corolla bell-shaped, or rarely nearly rotate. Stigmas 3 to 5. 

Capsule 3 to 5-celled, opening by lateral valves.— Flowers spleate or axil- 
lary, blue or white. 20S 

2. Specvlaria.— Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Filaments hairy. Stigmas 3. 

Capsule prismatic. 3- celled.— Low herbs, with Hue or white flowers. 209 



CLASS V. XXV11 



* * Corolla 1-pctaMed, regular or irregular. 

ttttttttCA PRIFOLI ACEM, in part. Shrubs or rarely herbs, often twining, 
with opposite leaves, no stipules, the calyx-tube coherent with the 2 to^ 
5-cellcd ovary. Stigmas 1 to 4. Fruit a berry, drupe or capsule. 115 

1. Lomcera.— Calyx 5-toothed. Coral la tubular or funnel form, often swelled 

at the base, irregularly or nearly regularly 5-lcbed. Stigma capitate.. 
Berry several-seeded.— Climbing or erect shvubs. Leaves of ten connate. 145 

2. Difrvit.i.a.— Corolla funnel-form, 5 lobed, nearly regular. Capsule oblong, 

2-cclled. 2-valved..— Low upright shrubs, with yellowi-h. fowers. 146 

3. TmosTEtM.— Calyx-lobes 5, leaf-like, persistent. Cor jlla tubular, swelled 

at the base, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stigma capitate, lobed. — 
Coarse hairy herb?, with the leaves connate aroundthe stem. 117 

4. SymphobjCaepus. — Calyx 4 or 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped, nearly regularly 

4 or 5-lobed. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla. 
Berry 4-celled, 2-seedcd. — Shvubs, with small whitish flowers in short 
spiles or clusters. 147 

Tinca! — Corolla salver-form, contorted; border 5-cleft, the tule oblique; orifice 

5-ygled. — Upright or trailing shrubs.. 2?0 

t&mwms. — Perianth funnel-forni» with a coutracted'tube, free from the ovary: 
limb plaited, entire, deciduous. Stigma globose. — Showy exotics, with 
opposite leaves, and white, red, yellow, and vouriegated fletvers. 302 

Mesyanthes: — Calyx 5-part< d. Corolla short-fnnnel-form, with a spreading 
equally 5-lobt-d limb, hairy within. Stigma I or 2-lobed. Capsule 1- 
celied.— Leaves 3 at Vie summit.. Flowers reddish, racemed. 288 

Livythr.-ea. — Calyx 4 or 5-partcd. Corolla funnel-form, with a slender tube, 
and 4 or 5 parted limb. Anthers after 1 flowering sp'rally twisted. Cap- 
sule linear, 1 or 2 celled. — Low herbs, with rose, purple, or reddish cymose 
flowers. 286 

Sabisatia. — Calyx 5 to 12 parted. Corolla rotate, 5 to 12-parted. Stamens 5 to 
12. Anthers at length involute. Stigmas 2, spiral. Carsule lcelled. — 
Herbs, with slender stems and handsome flowers. 285 

G'i:n'hana.— Calyx 4 or 5-cleft. Corolla 4 or 5-!pbed. regular, with folds on the 
s>nus< s or fringed on the throat or margins. Style short or none. Stig- 
mas 2. — Flowers solitary or cymose, showy. 287 

Spistxia. — Calyx 5-pa»ted, persistent, with f lander lebes. Corolla tubular- 
funnel- form, 5 cleft at the summit. Style slender, hairy above. Capsule 
short, twin. — llcibs. with showy flowers in spil.es or 1-sceded cymes. 154 

Ylrbascim.— Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla 5-)obed, open or concave, rotate, the 
lobes IK arly equal. Stamens often hairy, the anterior longer. Capsule 
globose, many-seeded. — Flowers in spikes or racemes. 225 

Azaija — Calyx 5-parted. often minute. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobcd, slightly- 
irregular. Filaments long, exserted, and usually declined, as well as 
the loag style.-— Upright shrubs, with shou>y flowers, in umbelled clusters. 216 

Lobelia.— Calyx 5 cleft. Corolla irregular, cleft on the upper side, 2-lipped : 
liiwoi; lip 3-cloft; upper lip of 2 rather erect lobes. Anthers cohering, 
and somewhat curved. Stigma 2-Jbbe<6 Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. 
Flowers blue, white or red. 206 

Cli stoma— Calyx, corolla. and stamens nearly as in Lobelia. Capsule silique- 

form. — Pi-ocumbent herbs, with minute leaves, and axillary solitary flowers. 207 

* * * Flowers b-petalled,. regular* 

Slvvtoxia. — Calyx 2-leaved, or 2-parted. Petals emarginate or obtuse. Sta- 
mens inserted on the claws of the petals. Style 3-cleft. — Small fleshyi 
herbs, with a pair of opposite leches } ,anda.looso raceme of white or redslish 
flowers. 56 



xxviiii class v. 



PAGE. 

Cdlastrcs.— Calyx minute. Petals sessile. Stamens on the margin of a cup- 
shaped disk. Pistil on the disk. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, erect, en- 
closed by a pulpy scarlet aril. — Climbing or twining shrubs, witJi alternate 

leaves. 72 

Ero^mius. — Sepals 4: or 5, united at the hase. Petals 4 or 5, rovinded; spread* 
ing. Stamens very short. Style short or none. — Shi'ubs, tenth 4rsided 
branches, and green or dark purple flowers. 73 

C^AXOTHrs. — Calyx 5-lofced. Petals hood-form, on slender claws. Filaments 
elongated. Fruit 3-lohed, dry and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe. 
Shrubby plants, with white flowers in little umbel-like clusters. 434 

Itea. — Calyx hell-shaped, 5-cleft. free from the ovary. Petals lanceolate, much 
longer than the calyx and stamens. Styles 2, united. — A shrub, ivith 
white flowers in simple spicate racemes. 129 

* * * * Flowers <£ or 5-petalledy regular. Fruit a dru-pe or 
oerry. 

THUS. — Calyx 4 or 5-toothed. Petals 4- or 5, cohering ai? the apex, deciduous. 
Stigma simple, sessile. Berry 2-celled, 1 to 4-seeded. — Shrubs, climbing 
by tendrils, with fragrant greenish flowers. 74 

Ampelopsis. — Calyx nearly entire. Petals 5, concave, spreading. Stigmas 
capitate. — Shrubby creepers, with digittate or cordate leaves, and cymose 
clusters of fioioers. ~Z 

Hhamxus. — Calyx urn-shaped, 4 or 5-clsft. Petals 4 or 5, shorter tba?. the 
sepals, sometimes very minute or wanting. Stamens 4 or 5. Style 2 to 
4-c-left. — Small trees or shrubs, with minute fioxoers. 7S ; 

Rises. — Calyx hell-shaped or tubular, 4 or 5-parted. Petals 4 or 5, smnll. in- 
serted into the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5, very short. Styles 2, 
distinct or united. — Shrubs, often with prickly branches. Fruit mostly 
ediUe. 119 

IJedera. — Calyx 5- toothed. Petals 5, dilated at the base. Berry 5-sceded. sur- 
rounded by the permanent calj r x. — Exotic shrubby, climbing or erect 
plants, with simple evergreen leaves, and greenish flowers. 1433 

* ** * * Flowers 2, 4 or 5-jpetatted, irregular. Seeds in- » 
capsule. 

Tiola. — Sepals 5, auricled at their base. Petals 5, unequal, the larger one 
spurred at the base, the 2 lateral equal. Stamens approximate, fila- 
ments distinct. Anthers connate. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. — Low 
herbs, with pretty flowers on angular, solitary peduncles. 37' 

SOLEA. — Sepals not auricled. Petals unequal, the lowest one 2-lobed and some- 
what gibbous at the base. Capsule somewhat 3-seeded. — Flowers green- 
ish, in the axils of the leaves. 40 

I.mpatiexs.— Sepals 5, the lower one spurred, the 2 upper united so as to appear 
like one. Fatal 3 2, unequal-sided and 2-lobed. Stamens short. Stig- 
mas 5, united. Capsule bursting elastically. — Li%rb$, with smooth succu- 
lent stems, xoith tumid joints. C4-- 

* * * * * * Floivers ivitha single corolladihe periantli. 

Gomandea.— Perianth bell-shaped or urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft, persistent. 
Anthers adhering to the lobes of the perianth by a tuft of thread.— 
Herbs, with alternate oblong and sessile leaves,. and greenish-white flowers, 
in terminal or axillary cymes. 31C 

Gomphrexa. — Bracts 5, colored, the 3 outer ones keeled. Sepals 5, villous. 

Disk cylindric, 5-toothed. Utricle 1-seeded. — Flowers in globose bracts. 302 

Celosia.— Sepals 3 to 5, colored. Stamens united; at base by a. plaited, disk. 

Style 2 or 3-cleft. — Ornamental erotics,. 302.. 



CLASS V. 



OrtDER II. Digynta. — 2 Pistils or sessile Stigmis. 
* Corolla 1-petaUeiL 

Gz.vtiasa. — Cilyt 4 or 5-claft. C>r>Ua 1 ir 6-eleft, usaaTly with, intermedial 
plaited folds, apoenlarjd at thj sini.ie*. Stylo short or noire: stigm.vs 
2' ; persistent. — Sitter herbs, with solitary orcyno<e showj jlowirs. 237 

Cuscttta. — Whole plant ydlow or red iish, with filifjroa naked stema, and small! 

scales instea I of leaves. 279* 

A?ocy.vum.— Calyx 5 parfcad. Corolla b;ll-shap?l. 5 cleft, the base furnished 
with 5 triangular scales, alternating with the lobes. Aaih-ra arro-.v- 
shaped. adhering to the stigiai. — Puants with milky acrid juice, opposite 
entire lexves, and small p%le fiyvoirs. — Apocynacae. 2S3 

\ ASCLEPIADACE.33; — Plants with milky ju'ec and opposite or whorlea entire 
leavj«, regular f- n >r »us fliwers, with a singular connection of th 'anthers 
with the stiguii, and cohesion of the pollen-misses into wax-like masses. 230 

1. AsC&spias. — Ca'yx and corolla refiexel, deeply 5 -parted. Crown of 5 hooded 

lobes, with or without an incurved horn rising from th? base of each. 230 

2. G>n'olobu' 3 . — Corolla rotate, 5-partel. Crown a small wavy-lobed ring. Pol- 

len-misses 5 pairs. — Taining, shrubby or herb ace jus plants, with greenish, 

or purplish Jiowers. 233 



**■ 



Corolla b-petalled. 



HsGCHBteA. — Calyx bell-shaped; coherent wilh the ovary below, 5 ; eleffc. Petals 
&, small, entire. Capsule with 2 b*aks, 1-celled. — IF-.rbs, with rjuud 
Iv.arl-Ji iped radical leaves, and greenish-white or purplish flowers. 127 

Pakax, — Poly .ram ous. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Styjes 2 or 3, short. Fruit a 2 
or 3 cdled, aivl 2 or o-se d -d drape, often fleshy. — Leaves p dm itely co.<»- 
pound. Flowers white, in a strife simple umbel on a lonj pedunsle. 143 

ff U.VIii^LLTFSU JE. — H rbiceons plan's, with hn'^v stem*, alternate, mostly 
cimp rind leav -s. with their p stio'es expanded yr sneathih ; at the basu. 
Flowers in uuibels. Fruit consisting of 2 coherent carpels. 131 

* Inner face of the seed flat or nearly so. 

1. IIydti^c otylh. — Flowers small white in simple xtmbe's or clusters. Fruit 

orbicular, flattened. — Leaves roundish, or kidney-form. lfl 

2. Chavzia. — Flowers few, in simple involu'rate umbels, white. Fruit glo- 

bular, with red vittae. — Leaves linear, fleshy. 132 

3. Sa.vxcula. — Flowers in irregular or compound umbels, greenish or yellow- 

ish. Fruit clothed with hooked prickles. — Leaves palmately lobed or 
parted. 1C3 

4. Datjcus. — Flowers in concave umbels, "nhite. Fruit smooth, the carpels 

strongly wiuged on the back and on the edge* — Leaves finely 2 or 3-pin- 
nate or pinnatifid. 233 

6. HsRACLr.CM. — Flowers white, the marginal somewhat radiant, in large fiat 

umbels. Fruit broadly wing-margined. — Leaves 1 or 2 ternately com- 
pounds 134 

t. Pastinaca. — Flowers yellow, in targe fiat umbels. Fruit wing-margined. — 

Leaves pinnately compound. 124 

7. AitCHANGEUCA. — Flowers greenish or white, in perfect umbels, with a man?- 

leaved involucel. Capsule 3- ridged on the back. — Leaves 1 or 2 pinnately 
compound. 15-1 

8. Thaspixtm. — Flowers yellow or dark purple. Fruit elliptical or cvoid : cap- 

sule 5-winged. — Leaves 1 to k-ternately compound. 135 

9. Zizia. — Flowers yellow, in perfect umbels. Fruit oval or somewhat twin, 

5-ribbed. — Leaves dissected. 138 

K2* 



XXX CLASS V. 



PAGE. 

10. Cicuta.— Flowers white, in perfect umbels. Fruit sub-globose, twin.— 

Leaves pi nnately or temately compound. 136 

11. Sum— Flowers whita, in perfect umbels. Fruit ovate-globose.— Leaves 

simply pinnate, with serrate leaflets. 137 

12. Cryptotj-nia.— Flowers white in compound umbels, with very unequal 

rays. Fruit oblong.— Leaves o-par ted. 137 

13. Aechemoka.— FJoWrs white. Fruit broadly winged.—- Leaves of '3 to 9 

linear or lanceolate leaflets*. 138 

11. Eepu: upxm.— Flowers yellow. Fruit ovoid-oblong. — Leaves simple, entire. 138 
CULTIVATED EROTICS. 

15. Carpm — Flowers white, in perfect umbels, with various involucres. Fruit 

oval, laterally compressed. — Leaves dissceird. 138 

16. Apium. — Flowers white, in perfect umbels. Fruit roundish, laterally com- 

pressed. — Leaves pinnaiely dissected. 139 

17. PriHPiJfELiA. — Flowers white, in compound umbels, without involucres. 

Fruit ovate, ribbed, with convex intervals.— Leaves pinnately many- 
parted. 135 . 

18. Fcr^icrLr?'. — Flowers yellow, in rerfcet umbels, no involucre. Fruit ■ 

elliptic-oblong.— Leaves biternattly dissected. 133 

** -Inner face of the seed hollowed out lengthwise, or the margins involute. 

19. Cirjrr.rrrYiLOT.— Flowers mostly white, in diffuse fe^-flowcred umbels. 

Fruit linear-oblong. — Leaves hi or tri-Urnate, with incisely cleft or toothed 
segments. 14C 

20. CsjTOEmzA— Flowers white. Involucre and involucels few-leaved. Fruit 

linear oblong, angled. — Leaves large, 2 or 3-ternatsly compi 140 ■ 

21. Comt-m.— Flowers white. Involucre 3 to 5-leaved. Fruit ovate, flattened 

at the sides. — Leaves large, oocompeund. . 141 

*"* * Feeds in-curved at base and aper. 

22. Ebigekia. — Flowers while- in a leafy brr.rtcd compound umbel. Fruit twin: 

carpels nearly kidntyforrn — Leaves 2 or Z-ternotely divided. 1*1 

23. CSoEiAEEjatJi. 1 — Flowers white, unilateral. Fruit globose. — Leaves lipin- 

naie. 142 

* * :'* Flowers with a swgle corolla-like perianth. 

CnEKCPCPirw.— Perianth 5 parted. rartially envelopingthe fruit. Utricle thin, 
membranaceous. — Lanes petiohd-, triangular or rhomboid. Flo-u-ers 
sessile, in small clusters. 298- 

% 

CLMCS. — Perianth hell-shaped. Fruit flat, winged, 1-seeded. — Trees, with rough 
leaves, and purplish or yeSowiStrflouers in lateral clusters preceding the 
leave*. 311" 

Celtis. — Polygamous. Perianth 5 to C-yartcd. persistent. Fruit a globular 
drupe, with thin flesh. — Trees or larye shrubs, with pointed leaves, and 
greenish axillary flowers. 312 

Sctekastets. — Utricle in the calyx tube: stamens on its throat. — Homely little 

needs, with obscure- greenish cluttered flowers,. 5S3 

rexTGCNi-v.— Stamens 4 to P. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Achenium lenticular. 

Herbs, with jointed sic:m. 303 

Beta.— Perianth 5-parted. Styles very short, erect, with acute stigmas. Seed ; 
reniform, embedded in the fleshy perianth.— Stems furrowed. Flcwen 
green in spikes or paniculate racemes. 300 



CLASS VI. XXX 1 



Order III. Trigynia. — 3 Styles or sessile Stigmas. 
* Corolla 5 petalled. 

JtHtra.— Calyx small, 5-parted. Totals 5, ovate, spreading. D^r.pe, dry. hairy. 

1-celled, 1-seeded. — Shrubs, sometimes climbing by rooting tendrils.- ' 6T* 

Stapiiylea. — Sepals 5, oblou?. Petals 5, with short claws. Capsule inflated. 

3-cellei; few -seeded. — S'irubs, wiihapposite pinnate leaves. ' 72 

Spf.rgui.aki v. — Capsule 1 celled, many-seed nC—Low herbs, ivilh fleshy opposite 

haves and small reddish flowers. 05 

Hypericum. — Capsule 1-celled, membranaceous. — Ilirls, with, entire dotted leaves ■ 

and yellow flowers. , 44' 



* Corolla 1-petalled, 5-parted. 



v"ii;rKxv:r.— Calyx 5-tcothed, persistent. Corolla rotate, spreading. Fruit a 
1-celled, 1-seeded drape. — Shrubs, or small trees, with ample leaves and 
white flowers in flat cymes. 1 45 * 

3.AMBCCU3. — Corolla iirn-shaped. Fruit a berry-like juicy drape, containing 3 
seeds. — Shrubby plants, with pinnate leaves, and numerous white fiawsisin 
cymes. 14S 

Order IV. Tetragyxia.. — i Styles or sessile Stiymas. 

?a?.na?sia. — Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Sterile stamens dipteral at tho 
base of the fertile. Stigmasl, sessile. — Flow-rs solitary, terminating the 
long naked scapes. 4C ■ 

.. — Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petal? 5. Styles 3 to 5, each 2- parted. — Low 
aquatic herbs, with thaleaves clothed with reddish 'jland-oearinij bristles. 4:1-. 

Order Y. Pentagynia.— 5 Phtils. 

Akalia. — Calyx with the margin very short, 5-tootherL Petals 5. spreading. 
Berry 5-cAled. — Low trees, shrubs or lierbs, with 2 or Z-ternately or pih.- 

\y compound leaves.- . 142' 

IftsoM. — Capsule sab-globose,- 10-valved, 10-celled. — Utrbs, ivilh simple and 

sessile leaves, and blue or yellowish flowers. CI - 

Svatics. — Calyx funuc-1-forra. 5 toothed. Petal; 5, united at base; — Salt-marsh 

plants, w it! tih id c radical leaves, and small flowers, in a compound corymb. 225 

Aemeeia. — Calyx tubular bell-shaped, 5-tingled. Petals 5, nearly distinct. — 

Leaves mostly linear, radical. Flowers rose-colored, or, a simple scape. 225 ; . 

Zanthoriz a. — Sepals and petals hypogyuous, distinct. Follicles membranaceous, 

compressed, 1-seeded. — Leaves pinnately divided. Flo wers dull purple . 11 1 

GLASS VI. HEX ANDRI A .—6 equal Stamens. 

Order I. Monogynia. — 1 Pistil. 

* Flowers with both calyx and corolla. Leaves reticulate- - 

veined.' 

Bbrberis. — Sepals 6, mostly with 2 bracteoles at the base. Petals 6, with 2 

glands upon their claws. . Berry 2 or 3-seeded. — Shrubs, with yellow wood. 16 ■. 

Leontice. — Sepals 6, naked without. Petals- 6, with a scale at base within. 
Style short. Seeds naked on their thick seed-stalk, resembling drupes. 
Strbs. 17 V 



xxxu class vr. 



PAG 3. 

Flomkiv. — Sepal* 3, loader than th? 3 peta^. Style 2-c'eft. Ovarie3 3. tuber- 

culate. — A smxll ajxiti;, with pinnaiely divided leaves. 66 

Prito?. — Flowers mostly dire nous or p ilyjcamoin. C ilyt minute 4 to 6-toothed. 
Corolla somewhat rotate, mostly 6 parted. Fruit a drupe, with 4 to 6 
seeds.— Shrubs. 222 

Qt5asdtiop3I3. — Sepals 4. sprealinr. Petals 4, unequal. PjI Iimar oblong, 

raised on a long stipe. — L;ives digittxte. Flowers racemei. 33 

€i30ME. — Petals 4, minute or rvm.l'.sh. Stamens 4 to 6. Vol sessile or stipi - 

tate. — Leaves simple or digittxte. F 'Lowers purplish. 30 

** Perianth in two rows. Leaues parallel-veined. 

Tsadksc anti \, — Oalyx 3 leaved. Petals 3. Filaments beard vl. Capsule 2 o? 

3-celled. — Leaves keeled. Flourzrs purple rose-cottr or to 'lite. 333 

Coars^LrsA. — Flcvers irregular. Stamens unequal, 3 of th^m fertile, one of 
which is bent inward: 3 of them sterile and smaller: filaments naked. — 
litems branching. 3X1 

* * * Flowers icith a sifhjie corolla-like perianth. Leaves 

parallel-veined. 

f IJLIACEiE — TI r bs. with parallel-nerved sessile or sheathing lenvop, regular 
perfect Bowers, with a patal-HKe 0-m sroua perianth five from tile 2 or 
^-celled ovary. Anthers attach jd by a point. Style single: stigma simple 
or 3 lobed. 374 

* Fruit a few seeded berry, 2 or 3-celled. — Not bulbous. 

1. ASPARAGUS. — Perianth G-parted'. — Sterns much branching. Leaves thread-like- 

or IrisUe-form. 374 

2. PoLYGOXAJrUM. — Perianth tubular. 6-eleft, bearing the stamens above the 
middle. — Flowers axillary, greenish. 375 

3. Skilacina, — Perianth 4 to 6-parted, spreading, the stamens borne on the- 

base. — Flowers white, in a terminal naceme. 37-5 

4. Clkntonia — Perianth 6-parted. bell-shaped the stamens at the base of the 

segments. — Flowers greenish, umbelled. 378 

5. Coxyallaeia. — Perianth G-partod, round hell-shaped. Stamens divergent. 

Flowers tokile, fragrant, in a. single raric. 377 

* * Fruit a few to many-seeded capsule, 3 celled.— IVot bulbous. 

6. HsMOBOGAELH. — Perianth funnel-form, lily-like. S'.am?ns declined. Seeds 

globular, black. — Leaves linear, keeled. Flowers yellow or 7 eddish. 371 

7. Foxkia. — Perianth- funnel betl-shapel, 6-parted. Stamens decline 1. Seeds 

very numerous, flat. — Leaves more or less he&r t shaped. Flower s white 
or bluish on, br acted scapes. 378 

8. Asphodelus.— Perianth 6-parted, spreading, with 6 valves covering the ov- 

ary. Capsule globular, many-seeded. — Exotics. 378 

f Boot bidbous. 

Jk Ornithogalum. — Style 3-aided. — Leaves linear, radical. Flowers corymbed 

white. 378 

10. Allium — Flowers umbelled from a spathe. — Strong-scented herbs, with most- 
ly radical leaves. 379 

XI. Hyacynthos — Perianth sub-globose or bell-shaped. — Exotics. Flowers 

mostly very fragrant. 480 

$2. Polyanthus. — Perianth funnel-form, incurved. Filaments inserted into 

the throat. Stigma 3- cleft.— Exotics. Flowers fragrant, white. 381 



CLASS VI. 



* * 



: Fruit a many-seeded 3-celled loculicidal capsule. — £ulbozts> 



13. Lilu'M. — Perianth funnel-form or bell-shaped, colored. — Stem leafy. Flow- 

ers large and showy. 381 

14. ERTTHROis'irM.— Capsule obovate-triangular. — Leaves 2, smooth, sheathing 

the base of the 1 -flowered scape. 382 

15'. Frittillaria. — Perianth bell-sbapad, with a broad base and nccteriferous 

cavity above the claw, of- each segment.— Flciucrs slicnvy, but ill-scented. 3S3 

16. Tuijpa.— Perianth bell-shaped. Stigma thick.— Leaves radical. Flower 3 

shoioy, solitary, on a scape. 383 

f f JSot bulbous. 

17. Yucca.— Perianth globular or bell-shaped. Style none. Seeds flat. — Ever- 

green herbs, with thread-margined leaves and numerous white flctvers, in 
a terminal panicle. 384 

ff AM A RYLLIDACEiF.— Chiefly bulbous a nd scape-tearing herbs, with linear 
flat radical leaves, and regular 6-androus flowers, mostly issuing from 
a spathe. 365 

T. Amap.ylt.is. — Perianth 6-parted. petaloid. St amens inserted in the throat 

of the perianth. — Flowers solitary, issuing from a 1 or 2-leaved spathe. 365. 

2. Agave.— Perianth tubular-funnel- fbrm, 6-par,tcd.— Leaves mostly thick and 

flashy, ichm-led around the base of the icgpe. 365". 

3. Hypoxis. — Spath 2-lecved. — Leaves grassy, linear. Flctcers yellow on, slen- 

der scopes. 366 . 

* Cultivated exotics. 

4. Galanthus. — Sepals 3. concave. Crown of 3 fmal! cmarginate petal-like 

segments .— 1 huer white, appearing in early spring. 3CCK 

5. KAP-Ciesus. — Perianth -with 6 regular spreading segments. Crown mon- 

iophylluSj bell-form, saher-foim or with the tube funnel-form. Stipm a, 
3 parted. — JTZeicers yellow', straw&olGr. or white, issuing fro:n a witherin g . 
sjathe, ' 363 

6. Liitojum. — Perianth regular, 6-parted, with equal spreading segments. — 

Fltwtrs numerous, white, issuing from a terminal spathe. 3C7 

L T vi T LAia.\. — Ferianth inferior, deeply 6-parted, erect; segments with a nccter- 
iferous cavity at base. Moments very short, growing to the linear an- 
thers. Capsule, 3-angIed or 3 lobed. — Flowers paleyelloio, mostly solitary. 384 

PKOSAr.TF.?.— Perianth 6-leaved, ball-shnped-spreaiincr. Stigmas short, recurved . 
Berry ovoid, tainted, 3 to 6-seeded, red. — Flci&ers grcenisli-ycilozv, termi- 
nal '.drot ping. 385-, 

gTRErTopu.-.— Perianth 6-leavcd, bell-shaped at the base, the 3 inner sepals 
keeled. Anthers arrow-shaped, 1 or 2-pointed, longer than the filament. 
Flotuers small, axillary, on threadlike peduncles. 386 

Aletris. — Perianth cylindrical, tubular-bell-shapcd, rough-wiinkledon the 
outside, 6-clt-ft at the summit. Style awl-shaped, deleft at the apex . 
— Leaves spreading clustered. Floivers whitish in a slender spiked ra- 
e«me>. 36^ 

©EONilpM.— Spach'x cylindrical, covered with flowers. Perianth of 4 to 6-trun- 
ca^e. concave sepals. Utricle 1 seeded. — Aquatic herbs, with a yellow 
spadix. 347. 

Poxteberia. — Perianth inferior. 6-cleft, 2-lipped, the fleshy persisteutibase inclo- 
sing thel-seeded fruit. Anthers, ayaj. blue. — Aquatic herbs, with violet- 
bluefloicers. 391; 

ACORUS. — Spathe leaf-like. Spadix cylindrie, covered with flowers. Sepals 6, 

distinct, concave. Utricle 1 to few-seeded. — Pungent aromatic herb s. 347 1 



XXXIV CLASS VI. 



* * * * Perianth single, glumaceous. Grass-like Herts. 

Juncus.— Perianth 6-leaved. Stamens 6. sometimes 3. Stigmas 3. Capsule 

3-celled, many-seeded. — Stems pithy. I lowers greenish or brownish. 3S9 

LuzriA.— Perianth 6-leaved". Magmas 3. Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded.— Leaves 

linear, eauitant. Flowers In a simple raceme. 3.89 

Order II. Digynia. — 2 Styles or sessile stomas. 

Polycoxoi.— Sepals 5. Fruit lenticular.— Stems jointed. Flowers small. 303 

Order III. Trigynia. — 3 Styles or sessile stigmas. 

* Perianth 5 or Q-parted, petal-like. Leaves netted- v eined . 

Polygonum. — Sepals 5. Achenium triangular.— Stems jointed. Flowers small. 3C3 

Kcmex— Perianth 6-leared, the 3 inner somewhat colored. Achenium trian- 
gular. — Coarse herbs, with greenish jlowffas. 306 

Smilas.— Perianth deciduous.— Shrubs or rarely herbs, often pric\ly. 372 

* * Perianth 6-parted. —Leaves paralhl-veined. 

\ MELA^XTHIEiE. — -Herbs with acrid poisonous properties. Stems simple or 
rarely pauicled. Perianth mostly persistent or withering avay, the di- 
visions mostly distinct. 3S6 

* Flowers polygamous. Anthers heart-shaped or kidnej'-shaped. 

4. Mei.anthjoi.— Perianth segments somewhat he- art-shaped: with 2 glands • 

at the base, and the stamens on the long claws.— Flowers cream-color, 
racemose. 386 

5. Yr.r.ATRor.— Perianth fn e from the ovary, the division* ohovate or oblong, 

longer than the stamens. — Leaves plaited, o-ranlcd. Flowers receme- 
panicUd. 387 

*"* Flowers perfect, raccmcd.or spiked. 

6. Amianthemtm.— Perianth free fiom the ovary, the divisions separate and. 

contracted at tile base. Anthers Heart-shaped. Styles filiform — Flow- 
era handsome. 387 

7. Hf.i.0R7A£. — Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong sepals. Anthers roundish-oval, 

blue. Styles revolute. — Leaves lanceolate. Flowers pule purple, in ev 
short dinse raceme, en a naleel scape. 388 

t f TRILLIACEJE.— Herbs, with simple stems, whorled net-Tcined leaves and 

rather lar^e terminal mostly solitary trimeious floweis. 373 

1. Trillium. — Serais ?, lanceolate, spreading. Petals 3. larger.. Berry 3 sided, 

2-celhd. — Low herhs, with a simple sti-m bearing at the top a whorl of 3 
broadly ovate leaves, and a terminal large jlowtr. 373 

2. 3Ti i)i cla — Perianth revolute, of 3 sepals and 3 p< tals.— Stem simple, with 

a whorl of 5 to 10 leaves near the middle and another of 3 smaller ones 
near Vie top. 374 

f f f OrKCAGTKEiF.— Marsh-herl s. with petiola-like leaves, without a blade, 

and the gre< nhh j erianth consisting ol 3 petals and 3 se?pals. 25*2 

1 . Trioi.ecniN.— Sepals and petals nearty alike, ovate, concave. Anthers oval; 

en thort filaments.— Flowers imall, greenish, in a spiled raceme. 352 

2. S CHEtCHZEKiA.— Serais and petals oblong, spreadirg. Anthers linear.— - 

Leave? grass-lile, sheathing (he s~itnple stem. Flowers few, in a loose ra- 
ct-me-j with- sheathing br<icts». 3*«L 



CLASS VII. AND VIII. XXXT 

* * * Flowers with neither caJj/x nor corolla. Leaves 
n&veined. 

Saurcrts. — Flowers whits, in a solitary spike. Scales 1-flowered.— Aquatic. 

Leaves heart-shaped. 313 

Order XIII. Polygynia. — Many pistils. 

Alism.v.— Sepals 3. green. Petals 3. — Aquatic herbs, with radical ribbed, leaves, 

and small -white or reddish floiucrs in a branched, panicle. 353 

CLASS VII. HEPTANDRIA.— 7 Stamens. 

Trisxtalis. — Calyx deeply G to S parted. Corolla deeply 6 to 8-parted, ^read- 
ing. — Leaves whorled at the summit. Flowers few, white, on solitary 
peduncles. 227 

JESOTLKS. — Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothecl. Petals 1 rarely 5, mora or less une- 
qual, with claw3. — Trues or shrubs, with 5 to 7-fuiiate leaves. 71 

Order II— IV. Di-Tetragynia. — IStyles or stigmas 2 to 4=. 

3 colored, moH^y 5. Ovary 1-celled. — Stems jointed. 303 

UfcMU3.— ^laments long and ?! n Jer. g jyles 2, -short. Frait a 1-celled 1-secded 

samara, winged all around. — Trees. 311 

SauREEUS. — Ovaries 3 or 4. Calyx and corolla none. — Aquatic herbs. 313 

CLASS VIII. OCTANDKIA.— 8 Stamens. 

Order I. Monogynia. 

* Corolla poli/pctalous, free. 

JsFFSRtONiA. — Sepal? 4. Petals S. Stigma peltate. — Scape simple, 1-flowered. 17 

Htpopitts — Sepals 4 or 5 colored. Petals lor 5, fleshy. — Parasitic tawny white 

herbs. 221 

** Corolla of 4 petals. 

f Petals on the summit of the adherent calyx-tube. 

RnBxlA. — Calyx-tube urn-shaped, narrowed at the apex, with a 4-cleft limb. 
Petals obovate. Aathers long, curved. — Leaves 3 to b-nerved. Flowers 
.cym ose, p u rpl ish . Ill 

Epilobiu.m. — Calyx-tube isid d, the limb 4-parted. Anthers short, fixed by 
the middle- Sfcigi :h 4 spreading lobes. . Seeus crowned with 

a tufc of hairs. — Herbs, with nearly sessile leaves. 113 

(Enothera. — Calyx-lobes 4, reflexed. Anthers mostly linear. Stigma 4-lobed 

■ or capitate. — H<.rbs, with mostly yellow flowers. 11^ 

Gaura.— Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, with a 4-cleft reflexed 

limb. Petals somewhat unequal. — Flowers rose-color or white. 11-5 

If Petals unequal. 

Caemospermum. — Sepals 4, the 2 outer smallest. Petals 4. each with an emar- 
ginate scale at the' base. Stamens unequal. Style trifid. — Climbing 
herbs, vjith bilernate leaves. TO 

* * * Corolla monopetalous. 

f Flowers with a corolla-like perianth . 

g THYMELACEJE.— Shrubs, with acrid and yery tough bark, entire leaves, 

.and .perfect flowers. 368 



XXXVI CLASS IX. AND X. 



PAGE. 

1. DmcA. — Perianth colored, tubular-funuel-shaped, the border wavy or ob- 
scurely 4-toothed. Stamens long and slender. Drupe oval. — Flowers light 

yellow, preceding the leavss. 30S 

2. Daphne.— Perianth 4 cleft, marescent ; limb spreading. Drupo 1-seelel. 

— Exotic shrubs, with the leaves from terminal buds andihe flowirs from 
lateral. 309 

ft Flowers with both calyx and corolla. 

Oxrcoccus. — Calyx superior, 4-eleft. Corolla 4-parted, with long revolute 
divisions. Anthers tubular, 2-parted. — Slender trailing shrubs, ivith 
ever gr eenleaves. 212 

Msn'ziesia.— Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 4-eleft, Corolla 4-eleft, globose. Cap- 
sule 4-celled, 4 valved. — Heath-like shrubs, with evergreen leaves. 215 

Vaccinium. — Calyx adherent to the ovary, 4 or 5-toothed. Corolla ovoid, bell- 
shaped, urn-shaped or cylindrical. — Shrubs. 210 

TaoP-XCLor.— -Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, colored, spurred. Petals 4 or 5, unequal. Fruit 
3 indehescent 1-seeded nuts. — Straggling or twining herbs, wit/i a pungent 
juice. 65 

Acer. — Polygamous. Capsule a double samara. — Leaves opposite. 69 

Order II. Digynia. — 2 Pistils or sessile stigmas. 

Aceb.— Calyx 5-lobed, or 5-parted. Petals 5 or more. Stamens 6 to 3. Samara 
2-winged united at base, 1-seeded. — Tre&s, with simple palmoddy-lobed 
leaves, and mostly polygamous flowers. 69 

Ulmcs .— Capsule a single 1-celled samara.— Trees, with alternate laaves. 311 

Order III. Trigyno..— 3 Pistils. 

Chrtsosplenioi.— Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, colored. Capsule inversely heart-shaped, 

many-seeded. — Low herbs, with fleshy leaves, and small flowers. 129 

Polygonum.— -Perianth mostly 5-parted, petaloid. Achenium triangular or 

lenticular. — Herbs, with jointed steins and small flowers. 303 

CLASS IX. ENNEANDMA.— 9 Starrier*. 
Order L Mqnogyhia. 

+ L AURACEJE. Aromatic trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves, and 

clustered flowers. 307 

Order III. Trigynia. — 3 Pistils. 

Rheum. Perianth colored, 6-sepalled, persistent. Stigmas multipid, renex- 

ed. Aehania 3-angled. Flowers fasciculate, in racemose panicles. 307 

CLASS X. DECANDRIA.— 10 Stamens. 

Order I. Monogynia. — 1 Style. 
* Flowers polypetalous. 

t Flower sir regular (mostly papillionaceous.) 

Baptisi.v. Petals 5, nearly equal. Legume stalked in the persistent calyx.— 

Herbs,xoith palmatdy Z-foliaU leaves, and racemed yeUow or blue flowers. 93 



CLA8S X. XXXV11 



PAGE. 

Ckbci3.— Petals with claws. Stamens unequal.— Trees, with simple round 

heart-shaped leaves and rose-colored flowers. 91 

Cassia.— Petals 5, unequal. Stamens unequal, 3 lower ones longest.— Herbs, 

with abr upi pinnate leaves and yellow fiowers. 94 

ft Flowers regular or nearly so. 

Decode*.— Petals and stamens on the tube of the calyx. 5 stamens very long, 
the alternate ones shorter.— Herbs, with opposite or whorkd leaves and- 
axillary clustered flown s. 112. 

Clbthra.— Corolla of 5 distinct petals. Style slender. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3- 

celled, 3-valved. —Shrubs, with alternate haves, and white fiovjers. 215 

E3dcm.— Stamens 5 to 10, exserted. Capsule 5-cellcd, 5-valved.— Low evergreen 

shrubs, with whiti flowers. 21S, 

PliOLA. — Petals converging. Filament3 awl-shapcd. Style. long, mostly de- 
clined. Stigmas 5. — Low smooth evergreen herbs. Leaves roundish. 
Flowers in a raceme. 219 

Chtsuphila. — Petals wide'y spreading. Filaments dilated and hairy in the 
m ddle. Style very short and top shaped, covered by a broad 5-crenate 
stigma. — Evergreen herbs, with fragrant white or purplish fiowers, co- 
rymbed or umbeiUd. 220. 

Omvhium in Class Monodelphia. Order Dccandria. 

fft Leafless herbs destitute of green. 

Hyi-opity^.— Corolla of 4 or 5 distinct petals. Stamen3 8 to 10. Stigma disk- 
like. — Flowers racemed. 221 

MtMTOTOOFA. — Corolla of 5 petals. Ant hers short.— A white herb, with a single- 

fljwar. 221 



* * 



Corolla monopetalous. 



"f acci-ticm. — Calyx adherent to the ovary, 4 or 5 toothed. Corolla ovoid, bell- 
shaptd. urn-shaped, or cylindrical, 4 or i-clefv Style er<ct, longer 
than the stamens. Berry globose. — Shrubs or undir-shrubs, with while or 
i-eadish flowers. 210 

Saclthekia. — Corolla evoid-tubular, tho limb with 5 small revolute lobes. 

Berry globular, red. — Spicy evergreen low lierbs, with white flowers. 212. 

Spiqka. — Corolla stiver-form, with a 5-parted border, and a long tube, villous 

within.— Trailing ever gr ten lierbs with pale, rose-color ed fragrant flowers. 213 

Asdromkda. — Corolla ovoid-cylindrical. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valvi?d, many-seed- 
ed. — Shrubs, with racemed or clustered flowers, 213, 

Eqodora. — Corolla irregular and 2-lipped; the uppor lip 3-lobed or 3-cleft, the 

lower 2-parted. Stamens declined. — A shrub, with pale pur pit fiowers. 215 

Shodddhxdkox. — Corolla mostly bell-shaped. Stamens and style mostly de- 
ciiued. — Shrubs, with glossy evergreen leaves, and large showy fiowers, in 
terminal corymbs or clusters. 217; 

Kaljtia.— Corolla between wheel^shaped and bell shaped, 5-lobed, with 10 de- 
pressions, which- hold' the anthers. Style straight. — Evergreen shrubs, 
with shovjg flowers in umbtl-like torymbs. 217V 

PTBB03PORA.— A leafless purplish-brown herb, destitute of green. Corolla ovate- 
urn-shaped, &-tooth^d. — Flowers in a roiceme. 220; 

Order II. Digynia.— 2 Styles or sessile Stigmas. 

SJtdrawgea. — Marginal flower3 often sterile and radiant. Petals ovate, sessile. 
Stamens 8 to 10. slender. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded, opening by a 
hole between the 2 persistent styles.— Shrubs, with opposite petivled leaves 
and numerous flowers in compound cymes, . ' **« 

LI 



XXXV111 CLASS XI. 



PAGS. 

Saxifsaga. — Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5, entire, with short claws. Capsule 
2-beaked. — Herbs, with duster edroot4eaves, and yellow white and greenish 
flowers. 127 

Mitelea. — Petals 5, inserted into the calyx, slender, pinnatifid. — Slender herbs, 

with round cordate leaves, and small greenish and white flowers. 128 

Ttarct.t.a . — Petals 5, with claws, entire, inserted into the calyx. Stamens long 

and slender. — Herbs, with radical cordate leaves and white floioers. 1-28 

Sapoitaeia. — Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Petals 5, with long claws. Capsule 

oblong, 1-celled, 4 toothed at the apex. — Flowers cymose clustered. 48 

Dianthus. — Calyx tubular, with scaly bractlets at the base. Petals 5, with 

long claws. — Ornamental plants, with very showy and fragrant flowers. 49 

Scleeanthus. — Sepals 5, united below in an-indurated cup, inclosing the lsecd- 

ed utricle. — Homely weeds. 66 

Order III. Trigtnia.— 3 Pibtils. 

SiLZJTB. — Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked. Petals 5, with claws, mostly crowned, 
at the orifice ; limb bifid. Capsule 3-celled at base, ope ning by t> teeth at 
the top. — Flowers solitary or in cymes. 47 

Stellasia. — Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, 2-parted. Capsule 1 celled, 3 or 4- 

valved. — Small grass-like herbs, with white floioers in forked cymes. 11 

Asesaeia. — Calyx 5 sepalled. Petal3 5, entire. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. — 

Flowers white. 62 

Order V. Pentagynia. — 5. Pistils. 

Lychnis. — Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Petals 5, with claws, 

limb slightly cleft. — Corolla sometimes crotoned. 60 

Ceeastium. — Calyx 5-sspallcd. Petals 5, bifid or emarginate. — Flowers white, 

in terminal cymes. §1 

Speegula. — Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, entire.:— Zeaves in whorls. Flowers 

white, cymose. 64 

Hollcoo. — Sepals 5, united at base. Styles short. — Homely herbs, with vcrticel- 

late leaves and small white solitary '.flowers. S3 

Qsalis. — Sepals 5, free or united at base. Petals 5. Stamens unequal, more 
or less monodelphous. — Herbs, with leaves of 3 invei sely heart-shaped 
leaflets. 63- 

Sedpm. — Sepals and petals 5, rarely 4. Carpels 5, many-seeded, with a little 

scale at the base of each. — Thiclc-le&ved lierbs, with cymose flowers. 125 

Pexthoeum. — Sepals 5, united at bass. Petals 5, or none. Carpels 5, united at 
the base into a 5-beaked, 5-celled capsule. — Upright herbs, with yellowish- 
green flowers. 1^8 

Poetulacca — Sepals 2, adherent to- the haaa of the cansule, which opens by a 

li<L— Fleshy herbs. 69 

Order X. Degagynia, — 10 Pistils. 

£arroLACCA. — Perianth 5-leared. Berry depressed, 10 celled, 10-seeded. &03 

CLAS3 XL DOD&CANDRIA.— 12 to 19 Stamens. 
Order L Monogynia. — 1 Pistil. 

JfQLAjnsiA. — Sepals 4, distinct, spreading. Petals 4, unequal, with claws.— 

Strong-scented herbs, with digittaU leaves. tiv. 



CLASS XII. XXXIX 



* Petals 5 to 9. (Stamens sometimes 6 to 20.) 

Podophyllum. — Sepals oval, caducous, Petals 6 to 9, obovate, concave. Berry 

large, ovoid, 1-celled. — Leaves 2, l-sided, podmately lobed. 16 

HoD3aNi.A..— Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stigma simple. — Bushy heath-Wee small 

shrubs. Flowers small, bright yellow. 41 

Lschia. — Calyx 3-sepalled, with 2 outer bracts or sepals. Petals 3. Stamens 3 
to 12. Stigmas 3. Capsule 8-celled, 3-valved. — Flowers very small, 
greenish or purplish. 41 

Fortulacca. — Calyx 2-parted. Petals 4 to 6, equal. Stamens 8 to 20. Style 

mostly 5-cleft — Fleshy herbs. 68 

Tali^um.— Sepals 2, ovate. Petals 5. Stamons 10 to 30 inserted with the petals 

into the torus. Style filiform, 3-clef fc.— Fleshy herbs. 57 

Ccphsa. — Calyx tubular. Petals very unequal, 6 or 7. Stamens in 2 sets. 

Stigma 2-lobed. — Herbs, mostly clammy. 113 

* • Corolla rnonodelphous. 

Sab-batia. — Calyx 7 to 11-parted. Corolla 7 to 11-parted, wheel-shaped. Style 

2-parted. Capsule 1-celled. — Flowers showy . 285 

Asarlm. — Perianth bell-shaped, with a 3-parted limb. Style united, bearing 

6 radiating crested stigmas at the apex. — Leaves kidney-shaped. 297 

Order IT — VI. Di-Hexagynia. — 2 to 6 Styles or Stigmas. 

niP3Ricrn.— Petals 5. Styles 3 to 5. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. — Flowers 

yellow. 44 

Elodea.— Sepals 5. Petals 5, oblong. Stamens 9 (rarely 12 to 15) in 3 parcels. 

Styles 3, distinct. — Flowers purplish. 4$ 

Reseda. — Sepals many. Petals 4 to 7, unequal, often cleft. Stamens 10 to 40, 

turned to one side. — Flowers very small. 36 

CLASS XII. ICOSANDRIA.— More than 10 Stamens 
placed on the calyx. 

KATURAL ORDER ROSACEA. 9€ 

f AMYGDALEiE. — Calyx entirely free from the solitary ovary, deciduous. 
Style terminal. Fruit a drupe (stone-fruit). — Trees or shrubs, with simple 
leaves, the bark exuding gum. 96 

1. Pruntjs. — Drupe oval or oblong, covered with a glaucous bloom, the stone 

flattish, smooth, 2 : edged. — Small trees. 96 

2. Cerasus. — Drupe globular, without a bloom ; stone round, smooth. — Trees 

or shrubs. 97 

3. Persica. — Drupe very fleshy, tomentose or smooth; stone somewhat com- 

pressed, acute, rugosely furrowed and.oerfbrated on the surface. — Small 
trees. 98 

4. Amygdalus. — Stone perforate and furrowed, ovate, compressed, one edge 

acute, the other broad, obtuse.— Shrubs, with reddish flowers. 99 

f f- ROSACEA proper. — Calyx free from the ovaries, but sometimes enclosing 

them in the tube. Pistils few to many. Fruit achenia or follicular. 99 

* Pistils mostly 5, forming few seeded follicles in fruit. Style terminal. 

5. Spir.&a. — Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundish, equal. Carpels 3 to 12, dis^ 

tinct, — Shrubs or herbs, with white or rose-colored flowers. OS 

6. GmuMfiA.— Calyx tubular, bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals 5 linear-lanceolate. 

Stamens 10 to 20. Carpels 6, distinct.-— Serbs, urith Z-Joliate incised leaves 
and whitish flowers. IS® 



Xl CLASS XII. 



PAOE. 

* * Pistils mostly numerous, forming seed like achenia or little drupes in fruit. 
•7. Agrimonia.— Petals 5. Stamens 12 to 15. Styles 2. Achenia 2, invested 

by tha hardened calyx. — Herbs, with yellow floivers. 101 

8. Sajtguisorba. — Calyx 4-cleft. Petals none. Stamens 4.— Herbs, with une- 

qually pinnate Uaves. 101 

9. Poterium.— Flowers monoecious. Calyx-1 imh 4-parted. Stamens 20 to 30. 

Style filiform. — Leaves unequally pinnate. 102 

10. Gbum.— Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Style long, persis- 

tent. Achenia hooked. — Leaves pinnate or lyrate. 102 

11. Waldsteixia.— Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5 to 10. Stamens many. Styles 5 to 

8. — Low herbs, with 3 to b-lobed or divided leaves, and small yellow flowers 
on bracted scapes. 'iOS 

'12. Baubarda.— Calyx deeply 5 or 6-parted. 3 of the divisions larger and 
toothed. Stamens numerous. 'Styles' 5 to 8. — Low herbs, ivith creeping 
and tufted stems, roundish heart-shaped leaves and white flowers. 103 

13. Rubus. — Stamens numerous, inserted into the border of the disk. Style 

nearly terminal. Fruit composed of many pulpy carpels, axcregated on 
a spongy receptacle. — Half shrubby plants, armed with pricldes. 105 

14. Rosa.— Calyx-tube urn-shaped, fleshy. Pistils numerous, in?erted on the 

hollow receptacle that lines the calyx-tube. — Prickly shrubs, with mid- 
pinnate leaves, and showy mostly red and white flowers. 105 

*'** Calyx open and flattish. Stamens and pistils numerous. Fruit of dry 
achenia, or immersed in the juicy receptacle. 

Potentilla. — Receptacle flattish, dry. Calyx 10-cleffc. Petals 4 or 5. — Herbs 

or rarely slwubs, with compound leaves, and solitary or cymose flowers. 433 

Frag aria. — Receptacle enlarged and juicy in fruit, bearing the minute achenia 
over its surface.— Zow; herbs, vAih runners, radical B-foliate leaves, and 
white flowers. 434 

ttfPOME^E. — Calyx-tube thick and fleshy in tru it (forming a pome) includ- 
ing and cohering with 2 to 5 ovaries. — Trees or shrubs, with alternate 
simple or compound leaves. 10£ 

15. Crat-igus.— Stamens 10 tola or many. Styles 1 to 5. Carpels long in 

fruit.— Thorny trees or shrubs. Flowers mostly white, in corymbs. 108 

16. Amalaxchier. — Stam»ns many. Styles 5. Pome 3 to o-ce\\ed.— Small trees 

or shrubs, with simple serrate leaves, and white flcivers in racemes. 103 

17. PVRUS.— Stamens numerous. Styles 2 to 5. Carpels thin in fruit, 2-seed- 

ed. — Trees or shrubs, with simple or pinnate leaves, and white or reddish 
flowers in cymose corymbs. 109 

■IS. Cydokia. — Stamens many. Styles 5. Pome 5-carpelled. — Shrubs, with 

simple leaves, and mostly solitary flowers. Ill 

Order I — T. Mono-Pentagynia. — 1 to 5 Pistils. 

'CPUiraA. — Stamens numerous, shorter than the petals. Style with numerous 
erect stigmas. — Stem composed ofjlat and bread fleshy joints, bearing 
clusters of bristles or spines. 119 

Dscodex — Calyx short, 10-toothed, 5 teeth longer and spreading. — Leaves 

whorled or clustered. Flowers axillary, purple. 112 

' Cuphea. — Petals 6 to 7, unequal. Stamens 12, in 2 sets.r^Lcaves opposite, 

entire. 113 

«€AliYCANTHU8.— Calyx-lobes imbricated in many rows, colored, leathery or 

■&wkj*-*-Shrubs, with dtdlpurph fragrant flowers. -Ml 



class xiii. xH 

PAG*, 

CLASS XIII. POLYANDRIA — Many Stamens in- 
serted on the receptacle. 

Order I. Monogynia. — 1 Pistil. 

Tiua.— Fruit leathery, globular, by abortion 1 celled, 1 or 2-seeded.— Trees, 

with cordite le ices, and small cymes of flowers. 61 

Hsuanthembm.— Sepals 5. the 2 outer smaller.— Herbs, with yellow flowers, 

oj ening only in sunshine. 40 

Act^a. — Sepals 4 or o. Petals 4 to S, spatulate. Horry many-seed. Stigma 

depressed.— Leaves ternutcly divided. Flowers white, racemed. 10 

Cikciifloa — Petals S to 8, sratuhte, ehieII, en claws, 2-Lorncd at the apex. 
Pistils 1 to 8, forming dry follicular carpels in fruit. — Fiovjers white in 
long slender racemes. 1-1 

Sarrac*n*ia. — Petals and ^sepals 5. Style umbrella-shaped. — Leaves pilcher- 

shape.d, inflated. Flowers large, -cm a scape. 19 

2* yitfH.ea.— Sepals 4. Petals numei-ous. Stigma surrounded with rays. — 

Aquatics, with showy white or rose-colored fragrant jlvwirs. 'it 

Ncphar. — Sepals 5 or 6, concave, colored within. Petals numerous, small and 
stamen-like. Stigma discoid, with permanent rays. — Leaves floating. 
Flowers yellow. 18 

Philadelphia.— Calyx 4 or 5-partetl. Petals 4 cr 5-petalled. Style 4-cleft. 

Capsule 4-celied, 4-valved. — Shrills, with opposite, leaves, andwhite flowers. 1 30 

t PAPAVARACE.E.— Herbs, with milky or colored juice, alternate simple or 
divided leave-, and regular flowers with fugaceou3 sepals. Flowers soli- 
tary on long peduncles, never blue. Sepals 2 or 3, falling off when the 
flower expands. Style short. 2C 

1. SAWaNARU.— Sepals 2. Petals S to 12, in 2 series.— A low herb, with 

th id: prostrate rootdocks, filled with scarlet jui<x . 20 

2. Mecoxopsi^— -Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Stigmas 4 to 6, -radiating.— Herbs, 

with a yellow juice, and pinnatifid leaves. 20 

3. Argemone.— Sepals 3. Petals 4 to 6. Stigmas 4 to 6, radiate.— Herbs, with 

prickly spines and yellow juice. 21 

4. Chelidomum. — Sepals 2, smooth. Petals 4. Stigma 2-lobed. — Herbs, with 

brittle stems, and yellow juice. 21 

5. Papaver.— Sepals 2, concave. Petals4. -Stigma sessile, united in a flat 4 

to 20-raycd crown.— Exotics. 21 

•6, EschscgoltzIa.— Sepals 2, cdhc-ringby their edges. Petals 4. Stigmas 4 to 
7, sessile. — Glaucous herbs, with 2 to Z-pinnatifid leaves, with linear seg- 
ments, and yellow flowers. 22 

See Hudsonia, Pcdoplryllum, Portulacca, Talinum, Hypericum, Eeseda and 
Cuphea in Class Dodocandria. 

Order II— XIII. Bi-Poxygynia.— -2 to many Styles or 
Stigmas. 

t RANUNCULACEJE. — Herbaceous plants, occasionally climbing, with usually 
palmately or ternately lobed or divided leaves, with half clasping 
petioles. 1 

1. Clematis.— Calyx 4 (rarely 5 to 8)-sepalled, colored, pubescent. Achenia 
numerous, bearing long plumose tails. — Perennial vines, withmosily com- 
pound and opposite leaves. -2 

-2. Anrmonb. — Sepals 5 to 15, petal-like, colored. Achenia mucronate. — Herbs, 

■with radical leaves, a 2 or 3-leaved involucre, and whitish flower*. ■£ 



fclii 



CLASS XIII. 



PASS. 

3. Hbpatica. — Involucre 3-leavcd, resembling a calyx. Petal3 5 to 9, disposed 

in 2 or 3 rows. Carpels many, without awns. — Leaves aU radical, 3- 
lobed. Flowers blue or whitish, simple. 3 

4. Thalictruk.— Sepals 4 or more, petal-like. Achenia 4 to 15. dry. tipped by 

the stigma or style. — Herbs, with 2 or 3 ternatdy compound, haves, and 
white or greenish flowers. 3 

5. Ra BDKGm.De.— Sepals 5. deciduous. Petals 5, or rarely more, -with a little 

scale at the base inside. Carpels numerous, in a gloro.^e or cylindrical 
head. — Herbs, with mostly radical leaves, and yellow flowers. 4 

6. Hydrastis. — Sepals 3, ovate. Carpels berry-like, numerous, in o globose 

head. — A low herb, with a single radical leaf, a simple hairy stem 2-leaved 
near the summit, and a single greenish-white flower. 7 

7. Caltea.— Calyx colored, with 5 to 10 roundish sepals. Pistils 5 to 10. — 

Smooth herbs, with round heart-shaped or kidney-farm leaves, and yeUow 
flowers. 7 

'8. Taoixius.— Sepals 5 to 15. petaloid. Petals 5 to 25, small, linear. Pistils 

many. — Leaves palmately parted. Flmoers large, solitary and terminal. 8 

9. Coptis.— Sepals 5 to 7. Petals 5 to 7. small, hooded. Pistils 3 to 7 on slen- 

der stalks. — Low smooth herbs, with radical leaves, a long yellow rhizoma 
and white /lowers. 8 

10. Aquiugia. — Petals 5, longer EhantheJS deciduous sepals, spurred, tubular. 

Pistils 5. with slender styles. — Herbs, with 2 or 3-ternately compound leaves, 
and large, showy, nodding flower s. 8 

11. DKLPniNrrM. — Upper sepals spurred. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair 
terminating in a tubular spur, enclosed in the calyx-spur. — Flowers blue, 

white, red or purple. Q 

12. Acoxitdm. — Upper sepals hooded, recieving the 2 long-clawed petals. — 

Leaves palmate or digitate. 10 

15. Actjea and 14 Cimicipdga in Order L Zanthoriza in Class T, Order V. 

16. Hellebores— Sepals 5. persistent, mostly greenish. Petals 8 to 10, very 

short, tubular, 2-lipprd. Stigmas 3 to 10. Follicles 3 to 10.— Flowers 
large, nodding, greenish. 15 

* Cultivated exotics. 

17. P.E0NIA — Sepals 5. unequal. Tetals 5. Stamens numerous, mostly chan- 

ged to petals. Stigmas double. Ovaries 2 to 5. — Flowers large and showy, 
terminal. 12 

IS, Adonis. — Sepa Is 5, appressed. Petals 5 to 15, with naked claws. Achenia 
in a spike, pointed with the persistent style.— Leaves finely divided. 
Flowers mostly red. 13 

19. Nigklla. — Calyx- of 5 colored sepals. Petals 5, 3-cleft. Styles 5. — Leaves in 

many linear subulate segments. 13 

ft Styles 2 to 5. — Herbs, or shrubs. 

Hypbricum. — Sepals 5, more or less united. "Petals 5. Capsule membranace- 
ous. — Leaves opposite, entire, punctate with pellucid dots. Flowers yellow. 44 

Ascyrdm. — Sepals 4, the 2 inner ones much smaller. Tetals 4. — Lew plants, 

w ith pale black-dcitid leaves and pale-yellow flowers. 46 

A.81MIITA. — Sepals 3, united at the base. Petals 6, in 2 rows, inner ones smal- 
lest. Pistils few forming large oblong pulpy fruit. — Shrubs, with dull- 
colored axillary and solitary flowers. 15 

Bhskda. — Sepals many. Petals 4 to 7, often cleft, unequal. Stamens turned 

to one side. — Herbs, with very small flowers. 36 

f f f Styles numerous. 

-Bagxolia— Sepals 3, deciduous. Petale 6 to 12, in concentric series. Stamens 
distinct, with short filaments and long anthers. — Trees or shrubs, with 
large firayrant flowers. 18 



CLASS XIV. 



PAoa, 
LraiODZXDEOX.— Sopal8 3, caducous. Petals 6, in 2 rows, forming a bell-shaped 

corolla. Carpels imbricated in a cone. — Large trees, with showy flowors. 14 

Bbasexia.— Calyx of 3 or 4 sepals. Petals 3 or 4. Carpels oblong, acuminate 
1 to 2-seeded — Aquatic herbs, with floating centrally peltate leaves, and 
solitary axillary flowers. 17 

Nelumbium. — Calyx petaloid, of 4 to 6 sepals. Petals numerous. Carpels nur 
merous. Seeds large, round. — Aquatic herbs, with peltate fleshy radical 
leaves, and very large yellowish-white flowers. 18 

CLASS XIV. DID YN AMI A.- 4 Stamen*, 2 longer than 
the other 2. 

Order I. Gtmnospermia. — Seeds apparently nahed. 

f LABIATiE. — Herbs, with square stems, opposite aromatic or strong-scented 

leaves, and a more or less 2-lipped corolla. 243 

* Corolla with the border -nearly equally 4 or 5-cle/S. 

1» LuOTHtrs.— Stamens 4, nearly equal. Corolla 5~lobed.— A clammy herb, 

with pale blue flowers. 249 

2. Mentha.— Stamens 4, distant. Corolla 4-lobed; lobes spreading.— Aromatic 

lierbs, and small pale-purplish flowers in close axillary whorls. 250 

3. Lycopus.— Stamens 2. Corolla 4-lobed ; lobes spreading.— Leaves sharply 

toothed or pianxtifld. Flowers white, whorled. 261 

4. Origanum.— Stamens 4, Corolla 4-lobed, the upper lobe or lip erect.— 

Flowers purplish, crowded in cylindrical or oblong spikes. 25 1 

•* Corolla evidently 2-lipped. 

6. Collinsonia.— Calyx 2 lipped. Corolla eloo sated, the pendent middle lobe 
of the lower lip much longer than the others, lacerato-fringed. Stamens 
2, much ex sorted.— Flowers yellowish. 2§2 

0. Hedsoma.— Calyx 2 lipped; the lower lip 2 cleft. Upper lip of the corolla 
flat, the lower equally 3-lobed. Stamens 2, erect, exserted. — Leaves 
small. Floiours pale blue. 252 

T. CuifnA.— Calyx equally 5-tootbed. Upper corolla lip flattish, the lower 
somewhat unequally 3-lobed. Stamens erect, exserted.— Flowers small 
white or purplish, in corymbed clusters. -53 

8. Blephilia.— Calyx short 2-lipped, the 3 teeth of the upper lip awned. Cor- 

olla dilate&at the throat, the lips oblong. Stamens 2.— Flowers paU 
bluish-purple, crowded in axillary and terminal globose whorls. 253 

9. Monarda.— Ca-lyx tubular-, 5-toothed. Corolla-lips linear, the upper invol- 

ving the filaments. Stamens 2:— Flowers large, showy' in a few capitate 
whorls. 253 

10. Salvia.— Calyx and corolla strongly 2-lipped. Stamens 2.— -Flowers usually 

large and showy. 25 1 

* * * Stamens 4, the upper pair longer. 

11. Cerdronella. — Stamens all ascending. Upper lip of the corolla flattish, 

the throat much enlarged. — Sweet-scented herbs, with pale purplish flowers. 255 

12. Nepeta. — Stamens all ascending. Upper corolla-lip more or less concave 

or vaulted. Anthers mostly approximate. 254 

IS. Dracocephalum. — Stamens all ascending under the upper lip. Upper calyx - 

tooth largest, ovate. Bracts awn-toothed. 256 

14. Lophanthus. — Stamens diverging, exserted, the upper pair curved d.owr.-- 

ward, the lower ascending. — Flower* small, crowded in terminal spikes. 25fi ; 

•** * Stamens 4, th* lower fair longer, 



XilV CLASS XIV. 



PAOB. 

15. Pycxaxthemum.— Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat:— 

Flowers whitish or JieshcAored. 257 

IS. THYMUS. -Calyx 2-lipped; woolly in the throat. Corolla short, slightly 2- 

lipped.— Low mostly diffuse herbs, with small leaves. 253 

* * * * * Stamens ascending in pairs, under the vaulted upper lip. 

17. Cujtopodium.— Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, more or less 2-lipped, 5-toothed. 

Upper corolla lip fiattish. — Floivers purplish, in capitate whorls. 253 

IS. M2U3SA.— Calyx naked in the throat, 13-nerved, 5-tocthed, more or less 2- 

lipped. — F loivers whitish, in loose one-sided clusters. 258 

19. Pp.unei.la. —Calyx 2-lippcd, the upper lip truncate. 3-t-oothcd, flat. Upper 

corolla-lip arched. — Flowers violet or flesh-colored, in clusters of 6. 259 

20. Scutellaria. —T^ips of the vaulted calyx entire. Upper corolla lip-arched, 

entire. — Bitter herbs, with axillary spiked or racemed flower*, mostly blue. 253 

31. Physostegia.— Calyx 5-toothed, inflated-bell-shaped after flowering. Upper 

lip of the inflated corolla somewhat spreading. — Flowers large and showy, 
flesh colored or purplish, in crowded spikes. 201 

22. Lamium.— Calyx 5-nerved, 5-toothed. Throat of the corolla inflated, lateral 

lobes truncate or with a tooth-like appendage.— Decumbent herbs, with 
axillary wliorled clusters of purplish flowers. 261 

23. Lsoxukus —Calyx 5-nerved, 5 toothed, the teeth awl-shaped, rigid or spine- 

like. — Upright herbs, with, cut-lobed leaves. 261" 

21. Galsopsis. — Calyx 5 to 10-awned. with 5 spiny pointed teeth. Throat of 

the corolla infl ited. — Herbs, with spreading branches. 2(M 

25. Stachys.— Calyx 5 tolO-floweved, 5-toothed.— Barbs with 2 to many-flowered 

whorls, approximated in terminal racemes or spikes. 2W 

20. Maurusium.— Calyx tubular, mostly 10-toothed. Stamens in the corolla- 
tube. — Whitish woolly hitler herbs, with whitish flowers. 2C3 , 
• ***** Stamens curved, ascending and much longer than the corolla. 

27. Trichoste.va. — Calyx unequally 5-cleft. Ccrolla-limb unequally 5 cleft, the 

lobes declined. — Herbs, somewhat clammy, with blue flowers. 253 

2S. Teucp.ium.— Calyx equally or unequally 5-toothed. Corolla deeply cleft 
between the - upper lobes, the stamens exserttd from the cleft.— Herbs 
d'rwny. 264" 

CULTIVA TED EXOTICS. 

29. Octmum. — Corolla inverted or sub-bilabiate, the 4 upper lobes nearly equal. 

Exterior fiiameuts with a process at their base. 264- 

30. Lavfndula. — Calyx tubular, nearly equal. — Shrubby odoriferous plants, 

with narrow rigid leaves and small white flowers. 2G4 

31: Rosmarinus. — Calyx ovate-bell-shaped. — An erect cvergresn shrub, with 

bright blue flowers, axillary and terrain d. 265 

32. Saturvja — Calyx 5-toothed, tubular 10-ribbed. — Leaves numerous, snail 

narrow. Flowers pink-colored, in axillary cymes. MB • 

'3. HregOPSUS. — Calyx 5-toothed. — Foliage delicate. Flowers bright blue, in or*- 

sided cymes. 265 

ft VERBENACEiE.— Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves and a more or less 
2-lipped irregular corolla. Fruit dry or drupaceous, usually splitting 
when ripe into a 1 to 4-seeded nutlets. 24T ; 

1. Verbena.— Calyx 5-toothed, tubular. Corolla tubular, often curved, salver- 

form, the bolder somewhat unequally 5-cleft. Style slender. — Herbs, 
with mostly alternately spicate bracted flowers, sometimes bracted or 
corymbed. 247 

2. Phryma.— Calyx and corolla 2-lipped. Style slender. Fruit 1-celled, 1- 

seeded.— Flowers small, purplish or rose-color, opposite. 248 

3.. Lippia.— Calyx and corolla 2-lipped. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded.— Heads of 

flowers on axillary peduncles. 343 . 



CLASS XIV. Xly 



Order II. Angiospermia. — Seeds in a distinct capsule. 

pass. 

tSCROPIIULARIACE^;.— Chiefly herbs with the stamens inserted on the 
tube of the 2-lipped or more or less irregular corolla. Fruit a 2 celled 
and usually many-seeded capsule or pod. Style single. 236 

2. Linaria.— Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular, with a palate, and a spur at 

the base on the lower side. Capsule opening by 2 chinks. — Herbs. 236 

3. Antirhincm. — Calyx 5-sepalled. Corolla gibbous (not spurred) at base, the 

throat closed by the prominent palate. Capsule opening by 3 pores. — 
Flowers sliowy, in leafy terminal racemes. 536 

* Stamens 4, with a 5th rudimentary scale or Sterile filament. 

4. Sckophularia. — Corolla inflated, globiilar or oblong, with a Short 'bOfde'r. 

Flowers greenish-purple, in loose cymes, forming a terminal panicle. 237 

5. Collinsia. — Corolla doeply 2-lipped, gibbous on the upper side, the middle 

lobe of the lower lip keeled-sao-shaped, inclosing the stamens. 237 

6. CasLONE. — Corolla tubular, inflated obove, the mouth a little open. Anthers 

woolly. — Leaves opposite, serrate. Flowers white or purplish. 237 

7. Pentstemon: — Corolla tubular, often ' enlarging above. Sterile filament 

long, bearded or nakcd.-^-F lowers showy, in thyrsoid panicles, -233 

** Stamens 4, without a rudimentary fifth. 

8. Paulo nia. — Corolla-tube long decimate, enlarged alxive.— -<4w ornamental 

tree, with very large leaves, and purplish flowers. 238 

9. Dioitaus. — Corolla bell- shaped, ventricose, in 5 subequal lobes.— Flowers 

lixrge, in showy racemes. 239 

10. Mimulus. — Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 6-toothod. Corolla tubular, the upper 

lip erector re fiexed-spreading, the lower spreading, 3-lobed.— Herbs, with 
squire stems, aud handsome flowers on solitary axillary peduncles. 239 

H. ITehpsstis. — Calyx 5-parted, unequal, the upper divisions broadest and 

often longest. Corolla short. — Frostrate or creeping. 240 

| Lobes of the corolla flat and open. 

15. Limosella. — Corolla open bell -shaped, deleft.— Small and creeping fleshy 

herbs, with single flowers. 24-1 

18. BCC3N3RA. — Calyx 5-toothod. Corolla salver-form, with a etraight or 

curved tub-j. — Flowers blue, t'?i terminal bracted spikes. 244 

19. Gsrardia.— Calyx 5-toothed or cleft. Corolla enlarged above.— ■FJotsm 

showy, purple or yellow* often in racemes or spikes. 244 

f| TJpper lip of the tubular corolla erect, arclied, including the 4 stamens. 

20. Castilleja. — Calyx cleft down 'the lower, and often also on the upper side. 

Lower corolla-lip very small.— Leaves entire or cut-lobed,' the floral ones 
colored red or yellow. 245 

21. ScnwALBEA.— Calyx 6-tootbed, very oblique, the upper tooth smallest.— 

Flowers dull yellow, in a loose spike. 246 

22. Pedicularis. — Pod -ovate or sword-shaped. — Leaves pinnatifid. Flowers in 

terminal spikes, yellowish or purplish. 246 

23. Melampyrum.— Calyx 4-eleft Corolla ringent or personate. — Flowers 

yellowish, remote, onesided, axillary. 247 

* * * Trees, shruls or herbs often twining or climbing. 

ffscWA. — Calyx bell-shaped, 5-too thed. Corolla funnel-form, 6-lobed, slightly 
irregular. Capsuie long an d narrow. — Trees or shrubs often climbing, 
•with digittate or. pinnate leaves. 232 

SXartynia — Calyx deleft. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped. Capsule at length 

with -2 long hooked horns.— Leaves subcorddte. FUnoers'large, "Tactnted. 233 

Mm 



xlvi CLASS XV. 

— — — , 

PAGE. 

Dipiericanthus. — Corolla funnel-form, the spreading limb nearly regularly 
and equally 5-cleft. Anthers arrow-shaped. — Flowers blue, or par pie, 
clustered. 234 

' 'Thtjnbergia. — Calyx double, 5-cleft, -with 2 bracts. Corolla bell-shaped, -with 
an inflated tube, and o-lobed limb. — Exotic climbing herbs, with shoicz 
axillary flowers. 235 

**** Herbs destitute of green foliage. 

Epiphegtjs. — Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla; the lower fertile, 

with the corolla minute and not expanding. 231 

Conopholis.— Flowers in a dense spike, scaly throughout. Corolla vfentricose, 

2-lipped. Stamens protruded. 231 

Aphtllon. — Flowers solitary on naked peduncles or «cs. pes. Corolla tubular. 

Stamens included. 232 

'CLASS XV. TETE ADYNAMIA.— 6 Stamens, 4 long 
and 2 short 

Order I. SitiCULpg^J,— Pod short and hroad. 

I. Thlaspi. 2. Capset.la. 3. Eriophqla, page 25. 4, Lipidilm. 5. Camelim*. 

6. Cochlearia paj.e 26. 

CULTIVATED EXOTIC*. 
T. Altsscm. 8, Lcnaria. 9. iBERis.page 27. 10. ISATI5. pag-> 2S. 

? OrDER -IT. SlLIOrUOS^.— Pod mostly long and narrow. 

II. Dentaria.— Silique harrow-lanceolate, with the long style.— Stem with a 

few dh ided leaves, and white-purple flowers. 2S 

12. Baebarea. — rod 4- n g]ed, and somewhat 2-edged. — Leaves lyrately pin- 

natifid. Flowers yellow. 29 

12. Nasttrtium. — Pod nearly terete, linear-oblong and curved upwards like 
a siliele. Seeds small, irregularly 2-rowcd in ca«-h eel), margin less. — 
Aquatic or marsh plants, with yellow or white flow t s, awl pinnate or 
pinnutifld haves. (The generic description on page 29 is wrong.) 29 

5.4. Arabis. — Ped linear, pltene;" seeds in a single row in each ceM.^Flowers 

white. 30 

15. Iodaxthus. — Pod linear, elongated, terete. Style thick. — Flowers violet- 
purple, in panicled racemes. 30 

16 Cabd amine.— Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically.— Flowers 

vjhite or purple. 31 

17. Sysimbrium. — Pod terete or rather -1 to 6-sided. — Floiccrs small, white &?■ 

yellow. £1 

18. Erysimum.— Pods columner, 4-sided. — Flowers yellow. 32 

19. Sinapsis. — Pods nearly terete, with a short beak. — Leaves lyra.te, pinnatiftd 

or incised. Flowers yellow. 32 

■20, -IIapkancs. — Pod elongated, transversely many-celled. — Flowers yellow or 

■puiplish. 83 

21. Cbeiranthus.— Pod terete or compressed. Stigma 2-lobed or capitate. — 

Flowers fragrant showy, pale-purple or orange- y el tow. 33 

CULTIVATED EATOTICS. 

22. Hesperis— Pod 4-eided, hedged or suhterete. Stigmas forked.— Flowers 

purple. 34 

23. Matthiola.— Pod' terete. — Herbaceous or stirubby pldnts, dothtd with a heavy 

pubescence. 34 

24. Bpassica.— Pod sub-compressed.— Flowers yellow. 34 



CLASS XVI. AND XVII. xlvil 

CLASS XVL M0X0DELPHIA.— Filaments combined 
in one set. 

Order I'll — V. Tri-Pentandria. — 3 to 5~ Stamens in 

one set: 

PACffi. 

Tiorima..— Spathe 2 leaved, keeled, 1-flowered. Perianth o-parted with oblong 
??„'m»nts. Stamms 3: filaments united into a long tuba.— Flowers 
larg*., very evanescent, yellow and red. 370 

rASSiFLim.— C\]yx 5-parted, colored, the theoat crowned with a double or 
triple fringe. Petals 5 or none. Stamens 5. their filaments situated on 
the stipe of the ovary. .Stigmas 3:— Climbing herbs or shrubs, vjith 
pilmaiely lobed leaves. 121 

Spirit— -Sepals, patiala and styles 5. Capsule 5 to 10-celled. 61 

Order X. Decandrta. — '10 Stamens in one set. 

Gsrantom. — Sepals and petals 5. regular. Stamens all fertile, the alternate 

ones longer, and with scales at the base. — P^ancles lj 2, .or Z-f+bwered. 62; 

Ox\i.i».— Sepals andpetals 5, Styles 5.— Leaves mostly Z-fo'iate. S3- 

3tt:.os-v.xthl3, page 83. Tsphrosia and Amorpea, page 90. Lupixcs, page 93. 

Order XEII. PoLYANDRIA. — Many Stamens in one set. 

1 MALVACE.fi.— Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves and regular 
flowers, wi th numerous stamens, monodel phous in a column. Pistils 
several . 57;- 

1. Malta, page 57. 2. Althza. 3. Hibiscus, page 58. 4: abctilo:?, pags bd. 
a. Sida. page 60, 

CLASS XVII. DIADELPHIA.— Filaments in 2 sets. 
Order VI. Hexandria.— 6 Stamens. 

+ PlTtf V1T VCE E. — delicate smooth h^rb*, -with compound dissected leaves, 

a:i I irregular flowers, wich I somewhat united petals. M 

1. D c-'.vtrv. — Sepals 2, sm-ali. Gorilla heart-shaped or 2-spurred. — Low 

siemiess perennials, with simple scapes. 23 

t. CaRTDius.— Corolla 1-spurred at the base, daeiduous. Style persistent. 

fruit a many -seeded pod.— F lowers in racemes. 25 

3. A.M.UMf*. — Corolla heart shaped, persistent, 4-lobad-at, the apex. — A climb-, 

ing gpgK. 24 

■i. F;;>:-i.-r.u-. — Corolla 1-spurred. Fruit small, globular* 24 

Order VIII. Octandria. — 8 Stamens iix.1 sets. 

PoLtaAiA.— Sepals. 5, persistent, 2 of them urn-shaped and colored. Petald 3 

to o, united to the stamens, the lower one keel-form. 76 

Order X. Becandria. — ID' Stamens in 2 sets (mostly 
9 and 1). 

7 LEol'MIN'OS/P. —Herbaceous plants, shrubs or trees, with alternate mostly 
compound leaves, and papillionaceous flowers. Pistil single. Fruit a 
lo-gume. 77 



0> 



xjviii class xvir. 



* Herbs with abrup t]f- pinnate leaves, the common leaf-stalk produced into s 
tendril or bristle. PtduncUs axillary. 

PAQE. 

1. Vicia. — Style bearded round the apex, or down the anterior side. 77 

2. Lathtrus. — Style bearded on the posterior side, flattened. 78 

3. Pisra. — Legume oblong, tumid, many-seeded. 80 

4. Cicer — Legume turgid, 2-eeeded .—Flowers while. *> 

5. Fara-.— -Legume large, coriaceous, somewhat tumid.— iJer&s, without' 

tendrils. 80 

** Twining or traili ng plants, with odd-pinnate leaves of 2 to seTeral leaflet?, 
destitute of tendrils.. % 

6. Phaskohj& — Keel spiral. — Leaves 3-foliate, stipellate. 81 

7. Apios. — Keel incurved, at length twisted.— Leaves 5 to T-foliate. 82 
8* Galactia. — Calyx 4-cleft. — Leaves pinnately tri-foliats. 92 

9. Czntrosema. — Calyx short, 5-cleft. with 2 bracteoles. Peduncles few-flow- 

ered. — Leav es pinnately trifoliate. 83 

10. Amphicarpa — Calyx 4 or 5-toothed. Peduncles many-flowered.— Leaves 

pinnately iri-foliate. 83 

11. Wistaria.— Calyx bilabiate. Wings and keel sickle-shaped.— Twining 

shrubby plants, with pinnate leaves, and blue flowers in racemes. 83 

**■-* Legume separating into 2 to several Leeeded joints. Leaves 3 to many- 
pinnale. 

12: iEscHYNOMEXT.— Stamens equally diadelphous (£;and;5). Legume several- 
jointed. — Leaflets numerous. 84 

13. HsDTSARuar.— Legume with many joints.— Leaves odd pinnate. 84 

14. Dbsmodium. —Stamens mostly diadelphous (9 and 1). Legume several- 

jointed.— Leaflets 2. Flowers purple or purplish. 85 

15. Lsspxdeza. — Anthers uniform. Legume of a single 1-scedcd joint, oval or 

roundish. — Leaflets 3. S7 

If. Sttxosa. nthus. — Stamens monodelphcus ; anthers cf 2 fcrm3. Logunio L 

or 2 jointed. — Leaflets 3. 83 

* * * * Herbs, shrubs, or trees, not twining, climbing or tendril-bearing. 

IT. AsTRAGAtus.— Legume partly or quite 2-celled. — Herbaceous or shrubby. 

I/eaves odd-pitinate. S3 

18. Robinia.— Style bearded. — Trees or shrubs, withprickly spines pinnate leaves, 

and showy racemose flowers. 89 

13. Tkphrosi A.— Stamens monodelphous or scarcely diadelphous— Silky hoary 

h&hSf with odd-pinnate leaves, and white and purplish flowers. 90 

20. Amorpha. — Stamens mrmcdelphous merely at the base. Petal ore. — 

SJirubs, with odd-pinnate leaves. 90 

21. Trifolicm.— Flowers in dense heads.— Leaves trifoliate. CO 

22. Mkui-otbs.— Flowers in spiked racemes. — Leaves pinnately trifoliate. S2 

2j. M s&icaoo.— Flowers racemed or spiked. Legume more or less spiral. — 

Leaves trifoliate. 92 

24. Crotalaria.— Legume inflated, oblong.— Leaves .simple. Flowers yellow. 93 

25. Lcpint/s.— Stamens monodelphous. — Leaves palmately 5 to lb-foliate. S3 
***** Stamens distinct. Corolla truly papillioaaceou* 

26. BAPTI3IA— Legume stalked in the persistent calyx, inflated.— Leaves 3- 

foliate. £3 

27. Crrois— Trees with simple rcundid heart-shaped le&vz&.—Flcuers rcse- 

Qoiorsd., 94-. 



CLASS XVIII. xlix 

CLASS XVIIL SYNGEXE3IA.— 5 Anthers united in a 

tide. 

, PU38,. 

Qos. The plant? of this class, with a few exceptions, have 5 anthers united into 
a single tube. The flowers are in; heads inserted upon a common re- 
ceptacle, which is surrounded by an involucre; being usually kuown as 
Compound Flowers. They form the Natural order Composite. 155 

f TUnur/iFLORdE.— Corolla of the perfect or disk flowers, tubular, regular, the 
limb 5-clefr or lobed ; the lirulate or ray-flowers when present either 
pi^tiil.tt-^ only or neutral (with neither stamens or pistils), and occupy- 
ing the border. 15<J 

* Heads discoid (without ray-Jlowers) ; the flowers all alike r 
perfect tubular; branches of the style slender thread-form, 
or bristle-form. 

* Flowers violet or purple. 

Vans m v. page 1-16. Ei.;:p:ta>-tip:;s, page 156. 

** Heads discoid or radiate r branches of the style mucR 
elongated, obtuse or club-shaped. — Leaves mostly opposite. 

* IT', ids without ray-flowers. Flowers all alike, tubular, blue, purple or whiti. V 
hot yellow. 

Ihaxrih- paa«e 157. Ivr-v-v-. P . 153. MiK-vXiv, p. 158". Cosxltmgm, p. 158. 

ECPATORIUM. p. J59. 

**JI 'ils raliatc (w'.th ray-flo-rers); flowsrs dissimilar, ar dioecious purplish 
yellow. 
N0^T)1?MV, p. tBl. TtJSSIT.AOO. p. lift. 

*** Heads radfafo, rarely discoid ; branc-hes of the style 
more or less flattened and linear: — Cenves motfly alternate. 

* II a I: radiate; rays white,- re Hi h. blue or purple, very nrely yellow. 
A.?T3i. — Heals many-flovrer.'d. Disk yellow, often changing to purple. 1C3" 
G'AIATK .'.>.. P. toS. E^IfJi^OV. p. V7. 0'PI.-1PV.P?US. V). 168. BOT/KESIAj p. 169;. 

BEKKricvRp-Js. p. 169. Calustephus. p. 170. Dvauv, p. 170. 

* * Fl^id: radiate ; rays yellow, rarely whitish. 

S~)LiDACn. — II>ads few. or many-flowered, small. — Flowers expanding in the 

autumnal mmthz. 171 

CaRT3"!P?is. — II a Is many-flowored.— F lowers large, golden yellow, terminating 

the brayiches. 17 t 

Intia.— Iliads mady-flowered; large. — Lt-aves large. 175 

ECLIPTA. — Heads mauy-Rowerel. small, with minute flowers. 175 

**'* Heads discoid; flowers purplish. 
Pucohev. — Heads many-llowcred; in corymbs. 175 

#*** Heads radiate or discoid; branches of the styh* 
linear, hairy or hisped at the apex, which is either truncated 
or produced in a conical or elongated appendage. 

* II a<ls radiate; flowers yellowish or greenish; sometimes manjecious. .* 
Pit.T:.t\iv. — Leaves opposite, largo. 176^ 
S:LPain.M. — Head- large, with yellow flowers. 177 

4?MBROSTA. — Heads monoecioup, the fertile at the base, and the sterile at the top 
of-The- spike?.— Ccx/m -wads, uith loled or dissected leaves, and incon- ^ 
gpicuouijl'nnert. 1T.T, 

Mm* 



CLASS XVIII. 



PAGE. 

Xaxihium.— Fertile and sterile flowers occupying different heads on the same 
plant:; tha fertile clustered below ; the sterile in short spikes or racemes 
abov«.— Coarse plants. 1"^ 

***** Heads radiate or rarely discoid ; the disk flowers 
always perfect and fertile j receptacle chaffy ; anthers black? 
ish, without tails at the base. — Leaves mostly opposite. 

* Rays conspicuous, mostly large.' 

HSLI9PSI3, p. 179. R3D3ECKIA, p. 179. Lepachys, p. 180. HlLLOTHUS, p. 180. 

* * Rays yellow or orange-colored, rarely red, white or purple, or sometimes- 
wanting: 

C0RE0P3I8, p. 132. ZlNXIA, p. 183. TaGETSS, p. 18i ACTIXOXIiRIS, p. 131 

Bidkxs, p. 135. Verbesixa, p. 1S6. 
f Pappus composed of several distinct chaffy scales. 

Hslexium. — Leares decurxent on = the angled steins. — Heads terminating the 

branches, 
**""* Bays- white.. Leaves much dissected. 
Maklta, p. 187. Asthkmis, p. 1S7. Achillea, p. 188. Lsucaxthl'mum, p. 133. 

Pyrethrum, p. 1S9. 

* *# * Ornamental exotics, with white, yellow, red and purple rays. Leaves lofced 
Chrysanthemum, page 189; 

Mi ft* * Rzads mostly disseid, fertile or heterogamoue ; -flenvtrs yellow or whitish. 
f Leaves bipinnate or finely dissected:. 
Taxacetum, p. 189- Artemisia, p. 190. 
ff Leaves entire, white woolly ■.. 

QXAPHVLIUM, p. 191. AXTEXNAr.IA, p. 131'. FlLAGO, p. 192. 

****** Heads mostly discoid. Pappus soft and axillary. Leaves mostly si- 
ternate. IF lowers whitish or yellow, rarely scarlet. 

BSSCHTHITBS, p. 192. C.VOALXA, p,193. SeNICiO, p. 19±. Arxica, p. 195.; 

*■*■■**** Heads ovoid, discoid, rarely radiate, froiaoga- 
ZH0U3- (rarely dioecious), heterogamouSj with the marginal 
flowers in a single series-. 

* Flowers mostly purple, blue cr whitish. rarely yellowish. Leaves often covered 
with sharp prickki. 

Bentatjbsa, p. 195". Cirsicm, p. 196. Oxopordox, p. 193. Lappa, p. 158. 
Cnicus, p. 199. 
** Exotics with yellow, orange, or rarely white or purplish flowers 
Calendula, p. 199. Carthamus, p. 199. Xeraxthoium. p. 200. 

f fLIGTJLIFLOREiE.— Slowers all perfect, w ith ligolate (strap-shaped) corolla..?' 
throughout. rage 20G k . 

* Branches of the style slender, obtuse, uniformly hairy.. 
Merbs, with a milk y j 'idee r and autema-le leaves,. 

* Flowers blue, cr purplish^ 

CxcaoEiUM, p. 290. Mulgedium, p. 204. Tragopogox, p. 205'. Catax.yxche, p. 2V?. 

* * Flowers yellow. Leaves radical, lyrate, toothed or pinnatia 1. 
Sr:gha, p. 201. CrxraiA, p. 201^- Leoxtoc&x, p. 201-. Taraxiccm, p. 203. 

* * * Flowers yellow, cr rarely whitish or purplish. Stems leafy, mire or less 

C:meia, p. 201. Hieracium, p. 202. Na bulls, p. 292. Lacicca, ?, 204. Sox- 
CHOSjjp.. 205. Tragopogox, p.. 20a; 



CLASS XIX. li 



Order I. Monogynia. — Floiccrs separate, not compound. 



■A'l 



VlOLACEJS, — Flowers polypetalous, irregular. Style club-shaped. 3d 

Impatiens.— Flowers polypetalous, very irregular. Stigraa sessile,' f-i 

L iBH I v.— Corolla mouopetalous, irregular. Style 1 . 2 5 
Apocyxum.' — Corolla monopetalou?, regular. Stigma f.' 



v !*• 



CLASS XIX. GYNANDHIA.— Sta.mena situated upon 
the style or column above the germ. 

Orders Monandrja and Diandbia. 

■ OUCHTPACE.-K— Perennial often sternJsss herbs, with simple parallel veined ' 

entire IfeaTes, and 'irregular 6-incrous liow-ors-. 353' 

I. A-ntlrcr single. 

* Pollen cohering in definite (4) waxy masses, without any connecting tissue >r 
tail-like prolongation. 

+ Plant* gre*n and with leave.*. Sepals sprroch'ni) ; h'p-Jt&t-. 
1: MtCBOSTYTL'S. — Lip arrow or heart-shape a.~ Column minute, round: 356 

_'. LTPARJ3. — Lip entire, dilated. Co'umn elongated, margined at the apex. 336 

ft Plants tawny er purplish, nearly (eaffiss. 
3. Cosai.t.orriza.— l':lp with" n spur or pt ejection at the base adherent to the 

ovary. Anther terminal. 3e7' 

i; Aplf.ciriIiI. — Lip spuviess, free, raised on a claw. Anther rather lateral. 

** Pollen coh'Tijt',' in'def;aite-(2 t>l) -sra-xy masses, furnished with an clastic 
prolongation, iturtt-; green. 
5. Tipularia. — Lip long-spurred underneath. — Flowers racernedl' 358* 

* * * Pollen cohering in very numerous grains which are collected on a cobVveb- 
iike tissue into 2 large masses and a-fixeA-to fcft'e glands of the stigma. 

6. Or.cnrs. — -Anther-cells contiguous ami parallel. Olands of the stigma con- 
tinued in a littie pouch famed of a fold ormood of the ?tigma. 35&' 

T. GvMX.\Dr.N:A.— Anther-cells con tig raoos and parallel ; glands naked. 8o9 ■ 

8. Pi.ataxth£t;a.— A"ijther-oeUs widely seperat'd at the base: glands naked. 359^ 

***FbWen powdery, in numerous minute and angled -'loosely cohering graiLa ■ 
(fbriaing 2 or 4 masses). Anther cerjiin-al, forming a lid overahe ttigmtt, 

f Pollen-masses 4, angled. 
3. Arktkusa. — L:p bearded, united at the base to the linear column. 3'V 

f f Pollen-masses 2. 

10. Pcgonia. — Lip more or less crested, free. Column club-shaped. 361 

11. Calopogox.— Lip bearded, stalked, posterior. Column incurved. 301 
Iff Anthers more or less parallel, with the stigma or column erect. 

12; Spirantebs. — Lip nearly entire, channelled, pointless, aaeending.. 362 

13. Gjodybra. — Lip entire, inflated sac-like below, strap-poiufeed, 3oi 

24. Listeria. — Lip flat, spreadiugor pendulous, 2 lobed, 3G& 

It Anthers 2. 

15. Cvpripei>iuii.— Lip inflated, slipper-form, 363: 

Order Y. Pentandria. — 5 Stamens situated' upon the 
Styles. 

J;scL£riADAcr-£.~ Calyx and corolla regular, hypogyaous; 2803 



Si CLASS XX. 



ORDER V£ — XII. HCX-POEYAXDRIA. 

Amjto^ociiivcz^.— 0^1yxepi,'y'.ious: corolla none. Fruit 7-cellel. 237 

CLASS XX. MOXiE^IA.— Vim-manl PUtiU inseperiztc 
jiowers on the same PtanL 

Order I. aFonandrta, — 1 Stamrm. 

Esms L— Flowers bursting from the side of a floating fr'cm 1. 3 18 

ZA^yicnELi.v— Floors axillary, sessile: the fertile of 2 to 5-pi-tils. — ■ Sub- 

merged aquatics. 350 

Ec*r*nar>i\.. — Flowers in a enpshnpel involucre. Fertr'e flower politarf, cen- 
tral, oi» a long peduncle. Styles 3, usually. 2-cloit. Ovary 3 cell -d. 31'5 

Order II— til. B'i-Triandria,— 2 to 3 Stamen*. 

PonovTEMi-M. — Stamsns affixed to a cam man pedicel. Stigmas set Bile, recuned. 3l'4 

* Stamen* aggregated in a common spike or head: 

TV:>riA.— Flowers all in a spUce, Intermixed with down. 313 

Si> ISO ISICM,— Ffowers in heads, naked, the fertile braeteJ. C13 

* * Stamen* in the axils ct braotfti 

Cvri ; x. — Aehenium lenticular or triangular', inclosedin a °ic. 403 

Sclsria. — Afchenium globular, crustareous or bony, naked: 402 

Tai 'Saccti.— Grain inclosed in cartilaginous glumes, sunk in the joints of the 

spike. 4,3 

* * * Stuminaie Jloufcn in amenta. 

Coa?T >m\. — Nutlets 1 under ea.h bract of the burr-liko catRin. — Low i,hrubs. 

Leaves pinnatijid. 327. 

* * t* Stuminaie Ji twers in' remote spikes or panicles. Leaves parallel-veined. 
7/..V. — Styles very long, filiform, pendulous. 432 
Gcix.— Staminate flowars in remote spikes.. StyJo 2 parted; 431 

Order IV. Tetraxdrta. — 4 or sometimes 8 JStomcns; 
* Trees or shrubs. Fertile Jiowers in aments or spikes* 

BsTULA. — Stigmas 2. thread-like, be .'oming a broadly winged and scale-Eke 

nutlet or small samara; 32f' 

&LNUS. — Sterils-aments- long and droopift?. ScalKw of the am.-nt thick and 

woody in fruit, coherent below and persistent. 2*23 

JJdrvs. — Style 2: Aehenium ovate, compressed,' covered by the succulent 

berry-like calyx. 335- 

Br.oc.-tsoxf.rn \. — Pistillate araesta globes?. Ovaries- becoming fleshy, club- 
shaped. Style lateral. 335 

MACLURI. — Ovaries numerous, forming a corn-pound globose fruit, composed of 

l-seed.'d, compressed, weJge-form carpels. Style 1, filiform. 330 

Buxcs. — Sterile flowers : calyx 3-leavel. Petals 2. Fertile [lowers: calyx 4- 

sepalled. Petals 3. Styles 3. — Evergreen shruhs. 31S- 

• Herbs. 

UancsJ5.— Herbs (often stinging) with watery juice, and flowers in spike", 

hoods or panicles. Stylo, single or none.. 337 > 



class xx. liii 



PAGE. 

Amaranthus.— Calyx dry and scarious. Styhs 2 or 3, filiform. Utricle open- 

iug all rouDd, 1 -seeded.— 1> lowers spike-clustered. 3C0 

** Aquatic herbs. 
Myriophytaum — Flowers spiked. Stnmens 4 or 8. Sepals and petals adherent 

to the 4-celled nutlet.— Aquatic herbs. 117 

E&i0CAiru>r<r.— S»pal* and- petals ffeo. Capsule ^-celled, 2-aeedid. Stigmas 2.— 

Leaves linear. 30£- 

ORDER Y. Fentandria. — 5 Stamens. 

A-MARAXTnua. — Calyx dry and scarious. — Coarse w.eedy herbs, ivith minute spike- 
clustered Jlowers. 200 

Order VI. Hexandria. — 6 Stamens. 

Zizajtia. — Stamiuate and Distillate flowers in 1-flowered spikelets in the eamo 

panicle.— L'ar-gs and often Seed-like vkxtzr -grasses. 40$ ? 

O'llDER YII. P'OLYANDRTA. — Mtny S'anwu. 

Liquidamber. — Styles 2. Capsule 2-boaked, 2-celkd, several-seeded. — Trees. 

Leaves deeply 5 to 1-U>btd. 333 

riATANUs.— Stylo 1. Nutlets club-s ht-ped, l-celkd, 1-eecdccL— IS ets. Lccvcs 

palmatrhj-lobed. 3St 

* * Stamiriate flowers mostly in aments. Trees or shrubs. 

f^CU PULIFER.fi!.— Trees or shrubVwitri alternate straight-veiled lexven, do- 
cidur us stipules, the sterile flowers in amenta or clusters, and the fertile 
solitary or clustered, furnished with an involucre which forms a cup or 
covering to the 1-celled, 1-seeded nut. S2CK 

* Fertile flowers scattered or few in a cluster. 

1. Q-jercos. — Involucre 1-flowered, of many imbriaatcd small scales, forming 

a cup around the base of the acorn. ^20" 

2. Castanea. — Involucre 2 or 3 -flowered, forming a prickly hurr, inclosing 1 

td3 leathery nuts, opening by 4 valves. ^23 

3. F.vors. — Invqlucre 2 flowered, somewhat prickly, 4-valved, inclosing 2 

sharp'y 3-ang!ed nuts. 32i 

4L Corylds.— Involucre 1 or 2-flowered. formed of 2 or 3 confluent scales, 

which bi-co'ne leafy, much enlarged and eut-tcm at the apex, inclosing , 

a bony nut. *-* 
** Fertils. jlowers ciustered in a kind of anient. 

5*. Carpixus. — Involucre a sop-rate open leaf. 325 

6. Ostrt.v. — Involucre a bladdery bag, 1-flowered. 325* 

tfJUGLA^DACE/E.— Trees with alternate unequally pinnate leave". Fruit 
a kind of dry drupe with/ a bony endocarp (nut-shell), containing a 
large 4-!obed seed. SI 3 

ftf Stamens 12 to many. — Herbs. 

Ceratophy:.lum.— Calyx herbaceous. Achenium horned.— Aquatic herbs, with 

whorled finely dUs'-cted leaves. 313- 

Sagittaria.— Sepals and petals 3; free.— Leaves mostly sagittate. Flowers 

wh:tish. .- 354 

f ff f AR ACE jE.— Plants with acrid or pungent juics», simple or compound 
leaves, and with .he Mowers crowded on a spadix, usually surioundjd 
by a spathe. Ben-y 1-celled; 34-S* 

* Spadix surrounded by a spathe. 

2} Aj«m.— Flowew.nakvd, covering the base enVj-,o£ the spadix. 2i£-, 



HT GLASS XXL 



PA5S. 

2. Peltaxdra.— Flowers naked covering,the whole spalix ; apatho long and 

convolute. 348 

a. Cu.LA..— Flowers mostly perfect, naked, coverinur the sp&dix; 6pathe open 

and spreadiug. — Leaves heart-shap&d long petioled: 3*3 

Order VIII. M'ONODELPITIA. — Stamens united by their 
filaments. 

Phtixaxtftos.— Stamrms 3, much united. Stigmas 6. Capsule 3 lobed. 3- _ 
celled; 3-seeaed. 317 

A-: IT.TPHA — -Stamens 8 to tS, united at the base. Styles 3, cut-fringed; 317 

3&D03TE mum. —Stamens 2, rarely 3. Styles or stigmas 2.— Aquatics, growing 



on stems. 



314 



_-.:c:"t-j.— Stamens numerous. Styles 3, 2 parted.— Herbs, with peltate-palmate 

lea vesi 3 -' $•- 



Ftowers naked in the axils of sales, forming am&nts. 



f-eONIFBRJE.— Trees or shrubs, with resinous juicy, cud mostly with, ever- 
green subulate or needle-shaped leaves v 339 = 

1. Pixus.— Leaves in clusters of 2'to5in. a sheath, persistent. o'A'j- 

2. Abiss. — Leaves all scattered, persistent. 340' 
T. L vtux. — Leaves many in a cluster, deciduous. £41 

* Fruit consisting of a colored strobile or sort of drupe. 

t, Tn"M. — Jtfuit of few imbricated ohlong scales.: — Leaves scale-like, closely 

uninicaitd on the fattened branches. 342 

3. CCF&3SS03. — Fruit of several shield-form tlvckened scales united in a 

woody one. — Leaves scale-line or aw'-shaped, appressed. 342 

0. Taxodium. — Fruit as in Cupressus. — Leaves linear, 2-ranked, deciduous. 343 

". Taxih. — Ovule erect* encircled at the base by an annular disk, which forms 

a berry-like cup around the z^d:— Leaves -l-ranLed persistent. 344 

Order IX". Syngenesla. — Stamens competed by their 
anthers. 

* Fruit an acheniuni. 

Xyntuium.— Stnminate and fertile fiov/ers in seperate involucres, the latter a 

2-celled .buvr. -T3 

Ambbisia. — Statnihate and fertile flowers in seperate involucres, the latter nut- 
like, 1 called. 177 

* * Fruit a flesh/ carpel (Pepo). 

Cucurbitxcs.'P. — JIerbin.CP.ons; mostly succulent- vines with tendrils, and al- 
ternately palniately veined leaves. Fruit a pepo, more or less succulent. 121 

jl. Sicvis. 2. Eghim isttlus. 3. Melotiirh, page 122. 4. M/amordica, 5. Ct- 
cu.Mlja, page 123. 6. La^exaria. 7. Cocukbita, page 124. 

GLASS- XXI. DI(E"CJIA. — Stomens and Pistils in seperate 
flowers and on different plants. 

Order I — V. Mono.Pentandria. — Stamens I to 5. 

* Stamens 1. 
N\'.;a3.— Flowers axillary, sessile, without a perianth.— Submersed aquatics 3&Q. 



CLASS XXL Iv 



PA.G3. 

** Stamens 2, sometimes 1 to 6. , 

Salix.— Sterile and fertile flowers bcth in aments, naked. Stamens 1 to 6.— 

Trees or shrubs. 323 

Fiuximus.— Calyx small. 4-cleft. Style single. StuitjR 1 tc 2 seeded samara — 

Trees, with, pinnate Leaves. 295 

***Stcmsns 3 or 4. 

TALd&HEaiA. — Capsule cylindrical, l-'eslleU, m-my-peeded. Stamens mostly 3. 

Submersed aqu dies, with loivg grass'-lilce Leaves. 3cS 

Carex. AciiE.vifM in a sac. 403 

Vdicvx.— Anthers sessile on the calyx-lobes. B.-rry 1-celled, 1-seeded. — J yel- 
lowish green parasitic plant. 311 
* * * * Stamens mostly 5 ('sometimes 4.) 

N.:Gr>oo.— Fruit a double samara. — Shrubs. Leaves compound. 70 

MYRICA. — Fruit a dry -drupe. -Flowers in short a-ments. Filaments -2 to 3, 

somewhat united.— Shrubs. 323 

TJ..t:ca.— Fruit an achenium. Flowers spiked or panicled. — Herbs. 337 

pY.rci.vr.iA.— Style 1. Fruit pear-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded.— A low straggling 

shrub. 310 

Nt.sa.^ — Fruit an oval or oblong berry-like drupe, 'with a grooved endoearp. 

— Trees, with smooth and thinmg leave.-:. 309 

OAHtfABfttsar.— Calyx of4 sepal.- folding round the achenium.— Ercci or tivurii j 

herbs, with a watery juice. 336 

Acnida.— Calyx 3 to 5-sepalled. Achenium 3 to 5-ang!cd, crustaceous. — Serbs. 

Leaves lanceolate, aewtnim .'■; . 239 

Xanthoxylum. — Sepals 5 ; petal-like. Pistils 3 to 5. Carpels-thiekish,2 valved. 

Seeds black an I sh\oia^.—Fragra)it shrubs. 66 

Fte.li.7-. Tetv.ls 3 to 5. Stamens 3 to 5. Stigm is 2. Fruit a 2-celled samara, 

winged all around. — Shrubs frith 3 to o-foliate leaves. C 

Order VI. Hexanbrta. — -6 $tdmcn&. 

■Bumex.— Achenium 3-angular, covered by the inuer sepals. — Sour herbs. '307 

* Climbing or twining. 

•fsMiLAX.— Perianth of 6 equal spreading segmmts. Stigmas 3, thii-k. Berry 

1 tj 3- seed j 1. — Shrubs or rarely -herbs, climbing by tendrils on the petioles. 3~-2 

Dioscorea. — Pap°ule 3-celled, 3-w inged, 3-seeded. — Climbing herbs.icith more or 

less he ir t-sh iped leaves. 37 1 

* * Herbs, with parallel-veined radical-leaves. 

■Cham.e r.naiM. — Perianth of 6 persistent sepals. Styles 3, linear-club-shaped. 

vAjatharg. yellow; P^-Miow&rs yellowish.-whxte, in a ling slender raceme. 3§8 

6rder ViTL ! 0ct-Polyandria.— 8 to many stamens. 

* F lowers with calyx and corolla,. 

Meniepermvm. — Sepals and petals 4 to 5, distinct. Drupes 1 to 4. — Twining or 

climbing shrubs. Leaves pa&nate ur.pelLate. 15 

** * Calyx regular \: petals none. 

•j- LATTRACEJE. — Aromatic trees- or-shrubs, with alternate leaves. Calyx petal- 
like, G-parted. Stamens 9. Drupe free. :3W 

1. Sassafras. — Drup3 ovoid, supported on a fleshy club-shaped pedicel.— Trees. 308 

1, Benzoin. — Drupe ebovoid, the stalk not thickened. — Shrubs. 308 

* * * Calyx and corolla none. 

r-OFL'Lus.— Flowers inaments. Stamens 8 to 40. Capsule 1-celled — Trees, -with 

more or less heart-shaped leaves. 332 



hi CLASS XXII. 



* * * * F lowers with a b-parted perianth. 

Udoka.— Spathe bifid, 1-fiowered. Stamsns 9, 4 of them inferiaT.-^Submerged 

Aquatics. 354 

Ohdeii X. Moxodelphia. — Stamens united by their fila- 
ments. 

'* Flowers in a 7cind of slxort ament : -ovules naked on the 
scales. Evergreen trees or shrubs. 

Tascs. — Soale6 empty at the tape of the naked cup-shaped berry. 3 44 

Jukipehus.— Scales of the fertile aments 3 to 6, forming asort of drupe. 313 

CLASS XXII. POLTGAMIA. 

* Stamens 1 to 3. Flowers ghanaoebus. 

Gbamine*.— Nos. 45 ANDRCPCGtfN. 42 Panioum. 46-SjaaKuif. 

* * Stamens 2. Flowers with a calyx c/r naked. 

Fraxinus.— Fruit a 1 to 2-secded samara. — Trees. Leaves pinnate. 295 

Calutuciie— -Fruit nut-like, 4 lobed, 4-celiod, 4 seeded. £14 

***SUm?nsZ to S. 

CHKKOPOmACEfi. — Calyx herbaceous, inclosing the achenium. 298 

Ulktjs.— Samara rounded, broadly -winged. Calyx 4 to 9-cleft— Trees. 311 

CEM13.— Drupe free from the 5 to 6-parted calyx. Styles 2.— Irees or large 

si-rubs. 312 

Nyssa.— Drupe coherent with the calyx-tube. "Style 1?— Trees, with smooth and 

shhiing leaves. 3C9 

Brotcsdhetia— Style lateral. Crrries becoming £ efhy, club-shaped^ promi- 
nent. — An ornamental exotic trie, with dewny entire cr loled leaves. 335 

Glbmtschia. — Sepals, petals and stamens 3 to 5. — Trees, with twice pinnate 

leaves. 95 

Tanax. — Petals ar.d ftamens 5. Styles 2 or 3. Fruit a 2 to 3-seeded drupe. — 

Jltrbs, with paimatrly compound leaves. 143 

WrtSB. — Berry 2-celled, 4 seeded. Stamens 4 to 5, opposite the petals: — Shrubs, 

climbing by tendrils. 74 

Fejnos. — Stamens mostly 6, Corolla rotate, usually C-parted. Fruit a drupe 

with 6 smooth nutiels. — Shrubs. 222 

Ni.KOPANTnr.8 — Calyx a minute ring. Petals 5, oblong linear. Stamens 5. 

Stigmas 3 or 4, sessile. Fruit a globose red berry. — Shrubs. -223 

Ptelea. — Samara winged all round, orbicular, 2-celled. — Shrubs. €7 

Mslanthium. — Stamens 6, on the claws of the 6-parted perianth. Styles 3. — 

Leaves parallel-veined. 3&6 

Veratf.cm. — Stamens 6. Styles 3. — F lowers dull colored. £87 

* * * * Stamens 8 to many. 

Diospiros.— Berry 4 to 8 celled, 4 to 8-sccded. Stamens 8 and 16. — Shrubs or 

trees- 223 

Usora.— Ovary l-eelled. -Stamens 9. Spathe 2-cleft, axillary, -1 flowered.— 

Submersed aquatics. 364 



FLORA OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



SERIES I. 



PH.ENOGAMIA, OR FLOWERING PLANTS. 

Plants composed of cellular tissue, woody fibre, ducts, 
and spiral vessels, bearing proper flowers, with stamens and 
pistils, and producing seeds which contain an embryo, radicle 
and cotyledons. 

Class 1.— EXOGENS OR DICOTYLEDONS. 

Stems composed of distinct bark and pith with an inter- 
vening layer of woody fibre and vessels, increasing in diameter 
by the annual deposition of new layers between the old wood 
and the bark, which are arranged in concentric zones and 
traversed by medullary rays. Leaves mostly with reticula- 
ted veins, and falling off by an articulation. Sepals and 
petals in fives and fours, and very rarely in threes. Embryo 
with two or more cotyledons. 

Sub-class 1. — Angiospermous Exogens. 

Ovules produced in a closed ovary, and fertilized by the 
action of pollen through the medium of a stigma. Embryo 
with two cotyledons. 

Division 1. — Polypetalous Exogens. 
Floral envelopes consisting of distinct petals and sepals. 

Order 1. RANUNCULACEJE.— Crowfoot Family. 

Herbaceous plants, occasionally climbing^-rarely shrubs, luith an acrid colorless 
juice, and usually palmately or ternately lobed or divided leaves, without stipules, alter- 
nate, with half -clasping petioles. 

L 



RANUNCULACE^:. 



Calyx of 3 to 15, (usually 5) distinct, mostly deciduous, sepals. Corolla, Petals 
3 to 15 (sometimes irregular or absent,) hypogynous. Stamens indefinite in num- 
ber, distinct, rarely few, hypogynous. Pistlts numerous. Fruit, either dry pods, 
or seed like achenia, or berries, 1 to several soeded. Seeds solitary or several, ana- 
tropou-s, with a minute embryo and fleshy albumen. 

1. CLEMATIS. Linn. Virgin's Bower. 

Gr. klama, a tendril ; climbing by tendrils, or twining petioles. 

Calyx 4 (rarely 5 to 8) sepaled, colored, pubescent. Pe- 
tals none, or shorter than the sepals. Filaments numer- 
ous. Anthers linear. Achenia numerous, in a head, 
bearing the persistent styles in the form of long plumose 
tails. — Perennial vines climbing by the leafstalk ; stems some- 
what woody ; leaves mostly compound and opposite. 

1. C. Virginiana, L. Common Virgin's Bower. 

Stem c i nbing; leaves ternatc; leaflets cordate, ovate, acuto, coarsely toothed or 
lobed ; flowers often dioecious, paniculate. 

A common hardy climber in hedges and thickets, flow?ring in July and August. 
Fl voters white, numerous borne in panicles on axillary peduncles. Sepals 4, oval, 
oblong, obtuse. Fruit furnished with long plumose feathery tails. 

2. C. VlORNA, L. Leather Flower. 

Stem climbing; leaves p'naately divided; segments entire, or3-lobed, ovate, acute; 
floral ones entire. Calyx companulate ; sepals very thick and leathery, acuminate, 
conn; rent, reflexed at the apex:. 

Woods ; June, July. Stem 10 to 15 feet in length, cylindrical, pubescent, purple, 
finally shrubby. Leaves opposite, pinnat-dy decompound, consisting of S — 12 leaf- 
let?. Flowers axillary, purple, nodding, on peduncles £ — 6 inches long, with a pair 
of small, simple, entire leaves near the middle. Fruit with very plumose tails, 
from 1 — 2 inches long. 

Atragene, DC, Involucre none : Sepals 4 : petals several, minute. 

3. C. VERTICILLARIS, DC. Whorl-Jcaved Virgin s Bower. 

Stem climbing by the leafstalks; Leaves in fours,, ternatc ; Leaflet; stalked^ 
ovate, pointed, entire or a little toothed, sometimes slightly heart-shaped; Peduncles 
1-flowerod ; Sepals very large, acute. 

A handsome climber in highland woods and rocky hills, rare, sometimes cultiva- 
ted. May, June. Stem ascending trees 10 — 15 feet by means of its twisting petioles. 
From each of the opposite buds in spring there arise two ternatc leaves with long, 
stalked Leaflets, and a peduncle winch bears a blui-h-purple flower. Sepals thick 1 
inch or more long and nearly % wide. Flammts about 24, outer ones (petals) 
dilated, spatulate, tipped with imperfect anthers. 

2. ANEMONE. Linn. Wind flower. 

Gr. anemos, wind ; because the flowers are supposed to open when the wind blows. 

Sepals 5 to 15, petal-like, colored. Petals none. Sta- 
mens numerous, much shorter than the sepals. Ovaries 
many, free, collected into a roundish or oval head. Invo- 
lucre remote from the flower, of 3 divided leaves. Ache- 



RANUNCULACEiE. 



NIA mucronate. — Herbaceous perennials with radical leaves, 
a 2 — 3 leaved involucre at the base of the flower-stalks, and 
whitish flowers, 

1. A. NEMOROSA, L. Wood Anemone, 

Stem low, simple, smooth, 1-flowercd. Leaves ternats ; leaflets undivided, or with 
the middle-one 3-cleft, and lateral ones 3-parted, incisely dentate, those of the invo- 
lucre similar, petiolate. Sepals oval or elliptical. 

Var. quinquifoUa D C, Lateral leaves of the involucre 2-parted to the base. 

Margin of woods. April and May. A delicate vernal species. Stem or scape 4 — 8 
inches high. Flowers 1 inch in diameter. Stpo.ls 4. — 7, white or purplish. Carpels 
15 — 20, oUong, with a hcoked beak. 

2. A. Pennsylvania, L. 

Stem dichotomous ; leaves 3 to 5 parted; segments 3-cleft. lobes oblong, incisely 
toothed, acuminate ; involucre 3-leaved ; involncels 2-leaved, sessile ; sepals 5, obvate ; 
carpels hairy, in a globose head. 

Shores and rocky places. June, August. Stem 12 to 18 inches high. Flowers 1 
to 1% inch m diameter, borne on naked peduncles. Sepals white and membrana- 
ceous. 

3. A. Virginian A, L. Thimble Weed, 

Leaves tcrnate; segments oval-lanceolate, 3-cleft, acuminate, cut serrate, the lateral 
2-parted, those of the involucre similar ; sepals 5, acute ; peduncles elongated ; 
compels densely wooly, in an ovoid oblong head. 

Wocds and meadows ; common. June, August. Stem 20 to 30 inches high ; the 
Upright peduncles 6 to 12 inches long. Flowers % of an inch in diameter. Sepals 
greenish-white, silky beneath, 2 narrower than the oiheis.Fruit woolly, in heads 
one inch long. 

3, HEPATICA. Willd. Liverleaf. 

Gr. Jiepar, the liver; from a fancied resemblance of its leaves. 

Involucre 3 leaved, simple, resembling a calyx, 1 -flow- 
ered. Sepals petaloid 5 — 9, disposed in 2 or 3 rows. Ova- 
eies many. Carpels without awns. — Leaves all radical, 
heart-shaped and % -lobed, thickish and persistent through the 
year ; the new ones appearing later than the flowers. Flowers 
single, on hairy scapes. 

1. H. triloba, Willd. Liverwort, Liverleaf. 

Leaves cordate, 3 to 5 lobed ; lobes entire. 

Var. 1. Ootusa, Pursh. Leaves 3-lobed ; roundish, obtuse. 

Var. 2. Acuta, Pursh. Leaves 3 to 5 lobed ; lobes spreading, acute. 

Wcods and rocky places ; common. This neat little plant is cne of the earliest 
harbingers of Spring. April and May. Perennial. The root consists of numerous 
fibres. Flowers generally blue, but frequently purplish and white: becoming 
double by cultivation. 

4. THALICTRUM. L. Meadow Rue. 

Sepals 4 or more, petaloid, greenish, caducous. Petals 
none, Achenia 4 — 15 dry tipped by the stigma or short 



RANUNCULACEiE. 



style, grooved or ribbed, or inflated. Seeds suspended. 
Perennials wiih2 — Z-ternately compound leaves; the divisions 
and the leaflets stalked. Flowers in corymbs or panicles ; 
often polygamous. 

*Stem4eaves forming an involucre at the summit like Anemone; root tuberous; 
stamens shorter than thepetaloid calyx. 

1. T. anemonoides, Miclix. Rue Anemone. 

Boot tuberous ; radical leaves biternate ; leaflets subcordate, 3 toothed : floral leaves 
petioled, resembling an involucre ; floivers few, in a simple umbel ; petaloid calyx 8 
to 10 leaved. Anemone thalictroides, L. 

Woods. April and May ; common. A pretty plant ; the flowers resembling those 
of Anemone, but the fruit that of Thalictrum. Stems or scapes 4 to 8 inches high ; 
often several frani one root. Flovjers white or purplish, 1 inch in diameter. Sepals 
twice as long as the stamens. 

* * Stem-leaves scattered, 3 to 4 times compound ; root fibrous; stamens longer than 
the sepals. 

2. T. Cornuti, L. Meadow Rue. 

Stem-leo.ves without general petioles, decompound; leaflets roundish-obovaie or 
oblong, 3-lobed at the apex, the lobes acutish ; glaucous beneath, with the nerves 
scarcely prominent; peduncle longer than the leaves. Floivers in very compound 
large panicles ; dioecious or polygamous; carpels nearly sessile, acute at each end, 
strongly ribbed, twice as long as the style. 

Wet ground. June and July. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, branching. Leaves very 
variable in form, deep green above, paler glaucous smooth or pubescent beneath. 
Filaments slightly club-shaped; anthers oblong. 

3. T. dioicum, L. Early Meadow Rue. 

Leaves all with general petioles; decompound, very smooth; leaflets rounded, 
and obtusely lobed, glaucous beneath ; flowers in compound panicles, dioceious or 
polygamous; peduncles as long as the leaves; carpels, oblong,, sessile, strongly 
ribbed. 

Banks of streams. April and May. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers white or 
purplish. Filaments much longer than the sepals. Anthers yellowish. 

4. T. rugosum, Ait. Rugose-leaved Meadow Rue. 

Leaves superdecompound ; leaflets prominently veined beneath, cuneate-obovate 
and ovate-oblong, 3-lobed at apex, the lateral ones often entire ; flowers mostly 
dioecious, rather crowded ; filaments filiform. 

Along shaded swampy riTulets ; common. June and July. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, 
branching, striate smooth. Leaves pinnately decompound. Flovjers in rather 
crowded panicles. Sepals white, elliptic oblong, small. Carpels obovoid-oblong, 
acute at each end, beaked with the persistent style. 

Obs. This may prove to be only a variety of T. Cornuta, to which it bears much 
general resemblance. Pre f. Hooker considers them not specifically distinct. 

5. RANUNCULUS. Linn, Crowfoot. Buttercup. 

Lat. rana &frog; the aquatic specie3 growing where frogs abound. 

Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5 (rarely 10), with a little 
scale or nectary at the base inside. Stamens and ovaries 
numerous. Carpels ovate, somewhat compressed, pointed^ 



BANUNCULACE^I. 



arranged in a globose or cylindrieal head. — Herbaceous an- 
nual or perennial plants. Leaves mostly radical, though 
cauline at the base. Flowers solitary or sometvhat corymbed } 
yellow, rarely white. 
* Petals white, claws yellow ; carpels transversely rugose-striate. 

1. R. aqtjatims, L. White Water Crowfoot. 

Stem floating, filiform ; leaves all submersed, divided into capillary diverging seg- 
ments : petals obovate, longer than the calyx. 

Ponds and flowing water. June— August. Rather rare. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, 
slender, weak, round, smooth, jointed. Leaves dichotomously divided into numer- 
ous hair-like segments, roundish in outline, and }4 to 1 inch in diameter. Flowers 
small, white or yellowish. 

**Flawas yellow: leaves undivided : compels smooth, ovate, collected into a round- 
ish Mad : perennial. 



2. R. Flammula, L. Spearivort. 



Stem declinate; leaves smooth, linear-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, subentire, 
lower ones petiolate, upper ones nearly sessile; peduncles opposite to the leaves. 

Ditches and swamps. July — Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet long, more or less decumbent, 
rooting at the lower joints. Leaves 3 to 6 inches in length, % to 1 inch wide, entire 
or with a few teeth, thickened at the acute summit. Flowers solitary, of a golden 
yellow color, on peduncles 2 to 3 inches long. Whole plant yellowish green. 

3. R. reptans, L. Creeping Crowfoot. 

Stem creeping, slender, jointed ; joints 1-flowered. Leaves linear or lanceolate, 
entire, lower ones tapering into petioles. 

Gravelly or muddy banks of rivers and ponds: common. June — August. A 
slender, delicate species. Stem 6 to 12 inches long, round, rooting at the joints. 
Leaves fleshy y 2 to 1 inch long, mostly narrow and acute at one end. Flowers yel- 
low, small, borne on axillary peduncles. Fruit very smooth. 

4. R. pusillus, Poir. Puny Crowfoot. 

Stem slender, erect, or decumbent ; leaves petioled ; lower ones ovate, roundish, 
or subcordate, entire and sparingly toothed; upper ones linear-lanceolate, obscure- 
ly toothed, scarcely petioled ; pedicels opposite to the leaves, solitary 1-flowered ; 
carpels smooth, with a minute, blunt point. 

Wet grounds. June — August. Stems 6 to 12 inches high, branched. Flowers 
small, pale-yellow, on long peduncles. Petals 1 to 5, often 3, scarcely longer than 
the calyx. Stamens 5 to 10. 

*** Leaves divided. 

5. R. ABORTIOUS, L. Small-flowered Crowfoot. 

Smooth ; stem simple or branching ; radical leaves, petiolate, cordate-orbiculate, 
crenate, sometimes 3-parted; stem-leaves ternate, 3 to 5 cleft, with linear-oblong 
nearly entire segments ; upper ones sessile; sepals longer tb an the petals, reflexed; 
carpels in a globular head, tipped with a very short recurved beak. 

Woods and wet grounds. May and June. Per. Stem a foot high, simple or 
branching, smooth. Leaves variously dissected, mostly smooth, ]/ z to 1% in. in 
diameter, on petioles 3 to 5 inches long ; lower ones pedate. Flowers small, yellow. 

6. R. sceleratus, L. Celery-leaved Croufoot. 
Smooth; stem, branched; lower leaves 3-parted, segments lobed, petioled; stem' 

L* 



RANUNCULACE^E. 



leaves 3-lobed, lobes oblong, linear, entire or crenately incised ; sepals reflexed ; 
carpels small, numerous, in cylindrical heads. 

Wet ditches. May— August. Per. Stem a foot high, thick and hollow. Flowers 
small, numerous, pale yellow. Mead sometimes an inch in length. Juice very 
acrid. w 

7. R. REPENS, L. Creeping Crowfoot. 

Stem branching from the base ; leaves ternate ; leaflets wedge-form, 3-lobed incisely 
dentate; central one petiolate; peduncles furrowed; calyx pilose, spreading; petals 
oboyate, larger than the spreading calyx; carpels with a straight point strongly 
margined. 

Moist or shady places. May— August. Per. Very variable in size, commencing 
to flower by upright stems 1 to 2 feet high, increasing by long runners. Flowers 
middle size, bright yellow. Petals often emarginate. Leaves hairy on the veins, 
dark green. Petioles long, hairy. 

8. R. Pennsylvanicus, L. Pennsylvaman Crowfoots 

Stem erect, and with the petioles covered with stiff sr re ading hairs ; leaves ternate, 
villous, segments subpetiolate, acutely 3-lobed, incisely serrate; calyx reflexed, 
rather longer thau the small petals; carpels pointed, with a short straight beak, 
collected into an oblong head. 

Wet places : common. July and August. Per. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, usually 
much branched. Flowers small, pale yellow. Carpels viscid, nearly allied to the 
next species, but distinguished by its oblong heads of carpels, shorter style, and 
much smaller flowers. 

9. R. hispidus, Mich. Hairy Crowfoot. 

Stem erect, branched, and with the petioles covered with stiff spreading haire - 
leaves ternate or 3-parted; leaflets or segments acutely loled; pubescence of the 
pedicels appressed ; calyx hairy, at length reflexed ; carpels in a globose head, mar- 
gined, compressed, smooth; style short and straight. 

Wet grounds. June — August. Per. Stem IS inches high, very hairy. Lower 
leaves on long petioles; upper cues nearly sessile ; leaflets nearly all tetioled, 3-cleft 
or 3-parted, alternate at base. Floivers numerous, Jarge, bright, yellow. 

10. R. recurvatus, Poir. Wood CroufooL 

Stem erect and with the petioles clothed with shading hairs; leaves S-parted, 
hairy; segments oval, subinciscd, the latcial ones 2-lobcd; calyx reflexed ; petals. 
lanceolate; carpels crowned with a .'harp, hocked style. 

Shady woods and damp places. May — July. Per. Stem 12 to 15 inches high, 
sparingly branched, often dichotcmcus at the fummit. Lower leaves somewhat 
ovate at base, en petioles 2 to 6 inches long which Lies hcathingattase; tppercnes 
subsessile and 3-parted quite to the base. Flowers small, pale yc-ilow, on short 
peduncles. Whole plant pale green. 

11. R. FASCICULARIS, Muhl. Early Croufoot. 

Stem erect, I ranched, clcthcd with appressed hairs; leaves en lcrg petioles, pu- 
bescent, pinnately divided, the lobes oblong, obovate, lrinnatifled; calyx villous, 
sprerding, shorter than the petals ; carpels oibicular, ciowned with a slender subu- 
late style, collected into a subgloboee head. 

Woods and hills. April and May. Per. Led a fa:-icle of fleshy fibres. Stcm6U> 
12 inches high. Badical leaves on petioles 3 to 8 inc hes long, so divided as to appear 
almost pinnate; vppcr ones 3-paiied, nearly sessile. Flcuers large: petals yellow^ 
cuneate-cbovate, with a scale at the base as broad as the transparent claw. 

12. R. bulbosus. L. Bulbous Croufoot. 

Stem erect, ha'ry, bulbous at the base; leaves ternate, or quinate-pinnate; leaflets 
3 to 5 parted; segments trifld or incised; peduncles sulcate; calyx reflexed, hairy; 
compels tipped with a very short beak ; collected into a very globose head. 



RANUNCULACEJE. 



Meadows and pastures. Introduced from Europe. May — August. Per. Stem 
9 to 15 inches high, hollow, thickened at the base into a sort of bulb. Leaves ap- 
pearing as if pinnate. Petals deep yellow and shining, 5 to 7 cuneate-obovate, some- 
times obcordate. Flowers more than an inch broad< 

13. R. acris, L. Buttercups Crowfoot. 

Hairy; stem erect; leaves 3 to 5 parted ; the divisions all sessile and 3-cleft or 
parted ; their segments cut into linear or lanceolate crowded lobes ; peduncles terete, 
not furrowed; calyx spreading, hairy ; petals obovate, not longer than the spread- 
ing calyx ; carpels roundish, smooth, compressed, terminated by a short, recurved 
beak. 

Meadows and pastures ; common. Introduced frcm Europe. June — Aug. Per^ 
Stem 1 to 2 feet high, round, hollow, mostly hairy. Leaves 1 to 3 inches in diame- 
ter. Flowers large, golden yellow, shining; becoming double by cultivation. Gar- 
den Buttercups. 

6. HYDRASTIS. Linn. Yellow Root. 

Gr. htidor, water ; from its growing in moist places. 

Sepals 3, ovate, petaloid, caducous. Petals none 
Stamens and ovaries numerous. Carpels berry-like, nu- 
merous, aggregated in a globose bead, terminated by the 
style, 1 — 2 seeded. — A low perennial herb, sending up in 
early spring, from a thick and knotted yellow root-stalk, a 
single radical leaf and a simple hairy stem which is 2-kaved 
near the summit, and terminated by a single greenish-white 
flower. 

1. H. Canadensis, L. Yellow Puccoon, Golden-seal. 

Leaves rounded, 2 to 6 inches wide, palmately 3 to 5 lobed ; loles acute, doubly- 
serrate. 

Rocks, woods, northern sides of hills; rare. May. Chester Co., Darl. Lancaster 
C J. Abundant along the'Alleghenies. Flcwer solitary, on a peduncle about 1 inch 
long. Sepals fleshy, pale rose color. Fruit fleshy purplish, about the size of a large- 
raspberry. The root affords a juice of a fine yellow color, used by the Indians for 
staining skins and clothing. 

7. CALTHA. Linn. Marsh Marigold, 

Gr. l-alathos, a basket; in allusion to the form of the flower. 

Calyx colored, with 5 — 10 roundish sepals, resembling 
petals. Petals none. Stamens numerous, shorter than 
the sepals. Pistils 5 — 10 with no style. Follicles com- 
pressed, spreading, many seeded.- — Smooth perennials with 
round and heart-shaped, or kidney-form, large leaves, and 
showy yellow flowers. 

1 C. palustris, L. Marsh Marigold, Golden Cowslip. 

Stem hollow, furrowed ; leaves cordate, round, or kidney-ehaped, crenate ; fiowers 
large, pedunculate; sepals broad oval. 
Swamps and wet meadows ; common, April and May. A beautiful plant with 



8 RANUNCULACEiE. 



large flowers of a golden yellow in all their parts. Stem 6 to 10 inches high, ereet, 
somewhat succulent, dichotomously branched above. Leaves large and shining. 
Used as a potherb in Spring. 

2. G. ELABELLlFOLlA, Pur. Fan-leaved Marsh Marigold. 

Stem procumbent, many-flowered ; Uaves dilatcd-reniform ; lobes widely spread- 
ing, coarsely and acutely toothed; peduncles, axillary, solitary-flowered; sepals 
obovate; capsules uncinate. 

Sand spring on Pokono mountain. Pursh. July and August. Stem a foot high. 
Flovjers yellow, middle sized. Allied to C. natans found in Canada and in Siberia. 

8. TROLLIUS. Linn. Globe Flower. 

€term. trol ovtrollen, globular; alluding to the form of the flower. 

Sepals colored 5 — 10 — 15, deciduous, petaloid. Petals 
5 — 25, small, linear, tubular at base. Stamens numerous, 
much shorter than the sepals. Pistils many. Follicles 
numerous, sub-cylindric, sessile, many-seeded. — Smooth pe?'- 
ennials with palmately parted leaves, and large solitary 
terminal flowers. 

1. T. laxus, Salisb. American Globe-flower. 

Leaves palmate, deeply cleft, cut dentate ; sepals 5, oblong, spreading ; petals 15 
to 25, shorter than the stamens, inconspicuous. 

Deep swamps and wet grounds ; rare. May — July. Stem a foot or more high. 
Flcnvers terminal, large, yellowish, or orange colored. Follicles about 10, crowned 
with the persistent style. 

This is the only American species. Probably often mistaken for a species of 
Mammcidiis. 

9. COPTIS. Salisb. Gold Thread. 

Gt. Icopto, to cut; in allusion to the numerous divisions of the leaves. 

Sepals 5 — 7, colored, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5 — 7 
small, cucculate. Stamens numerous 20 — 25. Pistils 3 — 
7, on slender stalks. Follicles 3 — 7, membranous, 4 — 8 
seeded. — Low smooth perennial herbs with radical leaves, and 
a long, slender, creeping rhizoma. 

1. C. trifolia, Salisb. Gold thread. 

Leaves 3-foliate ; leaflets wedge-shaped, obovate, obtuse, toothed or obscurely 3- 
lobed ; scape 1-flowered; petals much smaller than the sepals. 

Swamps and boggy places: common. May — July. Stem subterranean, extensive- 
ly creeping, golden yellow, bitter and tonic. Leaves evergreen; scape 4 to 6 inches 
high, slender, bearing a single white, starlike flower. 

10. AQUILEGIA. Linn. Columbine. 

Lat. aquila, an eagle; the spurs or nectaries resembling the claws of that bird. 

Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, 
with a short spreading lip ; produced backwards into long, 



RANUNCULACE.E. 



tubular spurs, much longer than the calyx. Stamens 30 — 
40. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Follicles 5, erect, 
many seeded. — Perennials, with 2-S-ternately compound leaves, 
the leaflets lobed, Flowers large and showy, terminating the, 
branches, nodding. 

1. A. Canadensis, L. Wild Columbine. 

Smooth ; divisions of the leaves 3-parted, rather obtuse, incisely dentate ; sepal3 
somewhat acute, a little longer than the petals; spurs straight ; longer than the 
limb. Styles and stamens exserted. 

A beautiful plant growing in rocky places; common. April — June. Stem 1 to 2 
feet high, branched above. Flowers terminal, nodding, scarlet without and yellow 
within, 1 to 2 inches long. Fruit upright. More delicate and graceful than- the 
cultivated. A. vulgaris of Europe. 

2. A. vulgaris. Common Garden Columbine. 

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, leafy, many flowered ; leaves nearly smooth, glaucous, biter- 
nate; spurs incurved. Flowers purple ; becoming double by cultivation, and vary- 
ing in color, through all shades from purple to white. June. 

11. BELPHINUM. Linn. Larkspur. 

Gr. delphin, a dolphin ; from the shape of the upper sepal. 

Sepals 5, irregular, colored; the upper one produced into 
a spur at the base. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair ter- 
minating behind in a tubular, necteriferous spur, enclosed in 
the spur of the calyx, the lower pair with short claws. Sta- 
3Iens numerous. Pistils 1 — 5, mostly 3, forming many 
seeded follicles in fruit. — Showy herbs with palmately cut or 
divided leaves. Flowers in terminal racemes, blue, red, or 
purple : never yellow. 

1. D. azureum, Mich. Azure Larkspur. 

Pubescent or nearly smooth. Stem erect; leaves Z to 5 parted, many cleft, lobea 
linear; racemes erect; petals shorter than the sepals, densely bearded at the apex; 
flowers on short pedicels ; spur ascending. 

Woods and uplands ; rare. May. Per. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slender, sometimes 
softly pubescent. Flowers large, blue and whitish. 

2. D. exaltatum, Ait. Tall Larkspur, 

' Stem erect ; leaves flat, 3 to 5 cleft beyond tbe middle ^ lobes wedgeform, 3-cleft at 
the apex acuminate; lateral ones often 2-lobed; raceme erect; spur straight, as 
long as the calyx; capsules 3. 

Rich soil : Western parts of the State. June and July. Per. Stem 2 to 3 feet 
high. Lower leaves 4 to 5 inches broad. Flowers of a brilliant purplish blue, borne 
on panicled wand-like racemes ; many-flowered. 

3. D. tricorne, Mich. Three-horned Larkspur. 

Leaves deeply 5-parted, divisions 3 to 5 cleft; segments linear, acutish: petals 
shorter than the sepals, lower ones 2 cleft, densely bearded inside ; spur ascending, 
straight, as long as the calyx ; carpels 3, spreading in fruit. 



10 RANUycULACRX. 

Uplands. W. Penn. April and May. Per. Stem 6 to 18 inches hieh. Leaves 
roundish in outline, on long petioles. Racemes loose, 6 to 12 flowered. Flowers 

■i. I>. coxsolida, L. Common Larkspur. 

Stem erect, smoothish, divaricately branched: fencers few, in loose raceme*; 
pedicels longer than the tracts : carpels smooth. Annual Native of Europe. JuIt. 
Flowers blue. 

XDiFLORrM. Large-flowered Larksjn 

es palmate, many parted; lobes linear, distant; pedicels longer than the 
; : petals shorter than the calyx. A superb perennial species from Siberia. 
Flowers double, or single, in racemes : dark brilliant blue, tinged with purple, 

6. D. ELATUM. Ba 
Leoxes downy, 5-lobed; lobes euneate at base, trifid, cut dentate; spur inflexed. 
re of Siberia. Stem -5 to 6 feet high. Flowers blue, and at a distance re- 
sembling a bee in form. 

12. ACOXITUM. Linn. V XE . 

Gr. alone, a cliff or rock; in allusion to its place of growth. 

7 irregular, colored, upper our larger 

than the others, Pet 

converted into a sac or short spur at the summit. Styles 
3 — 5: Follicles 3 — o. maj — :- 

mate or digitate haves, and showy fl: terminal sj 

1. A. UNCEN -All. At 

Stem, slender, weak, climbing, -with diverging branches. Leaxes palmate cr 
lobed. with oval-lanceolate, cut dentate divisions : helmet obtusely conical, rostrate ; 
tpw inclined, somewhat spiral. 

Mountains and rich shady soils along streams : rare. August. Stein 5 to 6 feet 
long, supporting itself upon adjacent bushes, Leares leathery, dark green. - 
inches wide. Flowers huge, purple, 3 or 4 near the summit of each branch. 

2. A. RECLiyAiuM. Gray. 

A white flowered species ; is doubtless to be found in our ; 



13. ACTAEA. Linn. Bane-bei 

Gr. alte, the elder: on account of its resemblance to that plant. 

Sepal? 4 — 5. deciduous. Petal- 4 — ; . ?patulate, irogui- 

:Taxe>'s numerous, dilated at >ve : a>t a its i-l?bed. 

Pistils singer: ; - sessile, depressed 2-lobed. Fruit a 

many-seeded berry Sbeds smooth, flattened, and packed 

horizontally in 2 rows. — _ nately di 

minal racemes of white floxc 

1. A. RUBRA. Willd. Red Baneberry. 
Leaves twice and thrice ternate ; raceme hemispherical: petals acute, shorter than 
the stamens ; pedicels of the fruit shorter than the peduncle. Berries ovoid- oblong, 
shining red, many-seeded. 



RANUNCULACE^E, \\ 



Rocky woods. May. Stem about,2feot high. Leaves very largo when full grown. 
Flowers white. Berries red in racemes 3 to 4 inches long ; pedicels slender, 1 inch 
long. 

2. A. ALBA. Big. White Baneberry. Cohosh. 

Leaves twice and thrice tcrnafce; raceme oblong; petals equal to the stamens, 
truncate at the apex; pedicels of the fruit as large as the peduncles. Berries few- 
seeded. 

Woods. May. Plants 1 to 2 feet high, bearing 2 compound leaves, and a cluster 
of white flowers. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, half as wide. Jtaccme 1 to 3 inches 
long, I 1 /, thick, at length purple. Berries milk white tipped with red, smaller than 
in A. rubra. 

14. CIMICIFUGA. Linn. Bugbanb. 

Lat . cimex, a bug, and fujo, to drive away. 

Sepals 4 — 5, falling off soon after the flowers expand. 
Petals 3 — 8, spatulatc, small, on claws, 2-horned at the apex* 
Stamens numerous. Pistils 1 — 8, forming dry follicular 
carpels in fruit ; carpels 1 — -8, many seeded. Style, short. 
— Perennials with ternately divided leaves, and white fetid 
flowers in long slender racemes. 

1. C. RACEMOSA. Ell. Black Snaheroot. 

Leaves tsrnately decompound; leaflets ovate-oblcng, inciscly toothed; racemes 
very loir:;; patals '2, fork-d. slender; styh 1; capsufo follicular, dry, dehiscent, ovate, 

Rich v, clant. July and August. Stems 3 to 8 feet huh, terminated 

with long, ganicled racemes of white inonogynous flowers. Petals 4 to f , small. 
Stamens about 100. Eaceme plume-like, G to 12 inches long. Ecct knotted, medi- 
cinal. 

2. C. Americana. Michx. American Buglanc. 

Smooth. Leaves trlternate, segments ovate, terminal one wedge-form at the base; 
3-parted, or 3-cleft and incised; petals concave, sessile, 2-Iobcd, ncctcriferous at 
base; pistils 3 to 8 ; seeds flat, scaly. 

High mountains. August. Sew 3 to 6 feet high. Flowers smaller than in C. 
rae&mtsa ; in a long panicle of racemes. Follicles mostly 5, abruptly beaked, G to 8 
seeded. 

15. ZANTHOBIZA." Linn. Yellow Boot. 

Gr. zantlios, yellow, and riza, a root. 

Calyx deciduous, 5-sepaled. Petals 5, of 2 roundish 
lobes, raised on a pedicel. Stamens 5 — 10. Ovaries 5 — ■ 
15, beaked with the styles, 2-3 ovuled. Follicles membra- 
naceous, compressed, 1 seeded. — A low plant with shrubby 
shoots : stem and bark yellow and bitter. Leaves pinnately 
divided. Flowers polygamous } dull purple, in compound 
drooping-raxillary racemes. 

1. Z. apiifolia. L'Her. 

Leaves pseudo-pinnate or ternate; leaflets 5> sessile, inciscly lobed and dentate, 



12 RANUNCULACE-E. 



Banks of shady streams in mountainous districts. April and May. Per. Stems 
clustered 1 to 3 feet high. Racemes many flowered. Flowers purple. FotticUs 
spreading % in c fl Jong. 

16. HELLEBORUS. Adans. Hellebore. 

Gr. helien, to cause death ; and bora, food ; on account of its poisonous properties. 

Sepals 5, persistent, mostly greenish. Petals 8 to 10, 
very short, tubular, 2-lipped. Stamens numerous. Stigmas 
3 to 10, orbicular. Follicles 3 to 10, slightly cohering at 
the base, many seeded. Seeds elliptical.— Perennials, with 
coriacious, divided leaves, and large, nodding flowers. 

1. H. VIRIMS. L. Green Hellebore. 

Smooth; radical leaves pedately divided. Stem leaves few, palmately parted 
nearly sessile ; peduncles often in pairs ; sepals roundish, ovate, acute. A European 
plant, naturalized. Stem about 1 foot high. Flowers large, pale green, appearing 
in early spring. March and April. 

CULTIVATED FJTOTICS. 

17. PJEONIA. Peony, 

Sepals 5, unequal, leafy, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens 
numerous, mostly changed to petals by -cultivation. Ovaries 
2 to 5. Style none. Stigmas double, 'persistent. Follicles 
many seeded. — Perennials with fasciculate roots; biternate 
haves ; and large, showy, terminal, solitary flowers. 

1. P. officiaxams. Comrnon Peony 

Stem erect, herbaceous ; lower leaves bi-pinnately divided; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, 
variously incised. Fruit downy, nearly straight. Native of Switzerland, May 
and -June. This splendid flower has long been cultivated in every part of Europe, 
and in this country. The double red variety is the most common. The white, is 
truly beautiful. 

2. P. 4.XBIFL0HA. White-flowered Peony. 

Leaflets elliptic-lanceolate, acute, entire, smooth. Follicles recurved, smooth. 
Native of Tartary. Whole plant dark-shining-green, and smooth. Flowers white, 
fragrant, smaller than the last. Calyx brown, with 3 green sessile bracts at base. 
Varieties numerous, with single and double white and rose-colored flowers. 

3. P. Moctas. Chinese Tree Peony. 

Stem shrubby ; leaflets oblong-ovate, glaucous, and somewhat hairy beneath ; 
terminal-one 3-lobed ; ovaries 5, distinct, surrounded by a very large disk. Native 
of China. Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Leaves large, on long stalks. Flowers very 
large, fragrant, and always doubled in cultivation. Disk very large. 

18. ADONIS. Linn. 
Sepals 5, appressed. Petals 5 — 15, with naked «laws. 



MAGNOLIACE^. 13 



Achenia in a spike, ovate, and pointed with the hardened, 
persistent style. 

A. atjtum^alis. Pheasant's Eye. 

Stem, branching; haves pinnately parted, with numerous linear segments. Floxe- 
■*rs crimson, 5 to 8 petaled. Carpels crowned with a very Bhort style, and collected 
into an ovate or sub-cylindrical head. Annual. 

19. NIGELLA. Linn. 

Calvx of 5 sepals, colored. Petals 5, 3-^left. Styles 
■5. Capsules 5, follicular, convex. — Annual European 
herbs, with leaves in many linear and subulate segments. 

1. N. Damascesa. Fennel Flower. 
Leaves twice and thrice pimiatifid, as finely cut as those of the fennel. Ficiven 
5n a leafy involucre, terminal; solitary encompassed and overtopped by a circle of 
leaves divided like the rest, white or pale blue, sometimes double ; anthers obtuse ; 
Carpels 5, smooth, 2*celled, united as far as the ends into an ovoid-globose capsule. 
A hardy annual of the gardens. June — August. 

2. N. sativa. Nui meg Flower. 

Stem slightly furrowed, erect, branched. Leaves divided as in the last, with the 
divisions much more linear. Flowers naked, terminal on the summits of the 
branches. Anthers obtuse. Capsule with hard short points. From Egypt. June 
— September. 

Order 2. MAGNOLIAGEJE. 

Trees or shrubs with the leafluds sheathed by membraneous stipules'; alternate 
coriaceous, entire leave', marked with minute transparent dots, and solitary, far?, 
.perfect, showy, often fragrant flowers. 

Sepals 3 to 6, deciduous, colored. Petals 3 to 27 in several rows. bypogynou"-, 
imbricate in aestivation. Stamens indefinite, distinct, hypogynous, in several rows 
at the base of the receptacle. Ovaries numerous ; style short ; stigm a simple. Fruit 
either dry or succulent, consisting of numerous carpels, arranged upon an elonga- 
ted axis. Seeds solitary or several, attached to the inner suture of the carpels. 
•Bark aromatic and bitter. 

1. MAGNOLIA. Linn. 

In honor of Prof . Afagnol, a French botanist. 

Sepals 3, deciduous. Petals G- — 12, in concentric series. 
Stamens indefinite, distinct, with short filaments and long 
anthers, opening inwards. Pistils aggregated and cohering 
in a mass, together forming a fleshy and rather woody cone- 
like fruit ; each carpel opening on the hack at; maturity, from 
which the seeds are suspended, when mature, by a long slen- 
der funiculus. — A magnificent genus, consisting mostly of 
•large trees, with luxuriant foliage, and large fragrant flowers. 
M 



14 ANONACE^E. 



1. M. GLAUCA, L. Swamp Laurel. Sicect Bay. 

Leaves oval, glaucous beneath, petiolate ; flowers 9 to 12-petaled ; petals obov&te, 
tapering to the base ; cone of fruit small, oblong. 

Swampy places : southern parts of the State. July and A ugust. A shrub or tree 
10 to 20 feet high, with a smooth whitish bark. Flowers terminal, on thick pedun- 
cles, white, 2 to 3 inches broad, very fragrant. Leaves ycry pale beneath. 

2. M. ACUMINATA, L. Cucumber Tree. 

Leaves deciduous, oval, acuminate, pubescent beneath; 2>ctals Q to 9, oblong, 
somewhat obtuse ; cone of 'fruit small, cylindrical. 

Rich damp words. June and July. A noble forest tree 60 to 90 feet high, per- 
fectly straight. Leaves thin, 5 to 10 inches long. Flowers 5 to 6 inches in diameter, 
bluish, or yellowish-white, glaucous externally. Cones of fruit 2 to 3 inches long, 
■when green resembling a young cucumber. 

3. M. Umbrella, Lam. Umbrella Tree. 

Leaves deciduous, cuneate-lanceolate, acute, silky when young; sepals 3, reflexed; 
petals 9, oval-lanceolate, acute, the outer ones reflected; cone of fruit large, conical, 
oblong. 

Mountain woods; rare. May and June. A small tree with irregular branches. 
Leaves 16 to 20 by 6 to S inches; often appearing whorled at the apex of the flower- 
ing branches, in the form of an umbrella. Flowers terminal, white, 7 to S inches 
ifi diameter. Fruit 4 to 5 inches long, of a fine rose color when ripe. 

4. M. Frazerii, Walt. Frazers Magnolia, 

Leaves deciduous, spatulate-obovate, auriculate at the base ; sepals B spreading ; 
petals 9, oblong attenuate at the base. 

Allegheny mountains, head waters of the Susquehanna, (Pursh) ; rare. April 
and May. A fine tree 30 to 40 feet high. Leaves 8 to 12 inches long, mostly green 
and smooth on both sides, or slightly glaucous beneath, somewhat rhomboid; auri- 
cle narrow, rounded. Flowers about 4 inches in diameter, pale greenish-whit*. 
Fruit oral-oblong, rose-colored. Torr. & Gray. 

2. LIRIODENDRON, Linn. Tulip Tree. 

Gr. leirion, a lily; dendron a tree. 

Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 6, in 2 rows, making a 
"bell-shaped corolla. Carpels imbricated in a cone, 1 to 2 
seeded; seeds attenuated at apex in a scale. — Lar<je trees 
with showy and fragrant flowers. 

1. L. Tulipifera, L. Tulip Poplar. 

Leaves alternate, 3 lobed, (the middle lobe truncate) ; flowers large, solitary, with 
2 large caducous bracts at the base; sepals obovate-oblong, spreading, and at length 
falling off; petals lance-obovate-. 

Woods throughout the State. June and July. One of the largest trees of our 
forest* ; 50 to 100 feet high, from 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Leaves dark green, smooth, 
on long petioles. Flowers 4 to 6 inches in diameter, greenish yellow, stained with 
reddish orange below the middle. There are two varieties : one called Yellow 
JPaplar, which ia highly valued for cabinet use ; Hickory Pojrtar, which is distin- 
guished from the other by its less furrowed bark and tougher) whitish wood. 

Order 3. AN0NACE2E. 

Trees or shrubs with naled buds and rto stipules ; alternate, entire, simple-feather- 
veined leaves, large, solitary, axillary, green or brown flowers, and an acrid aromatic 
fetid bark. 



MENISPERMACE^. 15 



Sbpals 3 to 4, persistent, usually partly cohering. Petals 6, in 2 rows, valvatr, 
hypogynous coriaceous. Stamens indefinite, densely crowded, covering a large 
hypogynous disk; filaments short: anthers adnate. Ovaries numerous, closely 
packed; styles short; stigma simple. Fruit dry or succulent, consisting of a 
number of carpels in a mass, sometimes fleshy or pulpy. Seeds anatropous. 

ASIMINA, Adam. Papaw. 

Name from Asiminier, of the Trench colonists. 

Sepals 3 ; united at the base. Petals 6, in 2 rows, 
spreading, ovate-oblong; inner ones smallest. Stamens 
numerous in a globular mass. Pistils few, forming large 
and oblong pulpy several-seeded fruits. — Shrubs or small 
trees, with alternate entire leaves emitting an unpleasant odor 
when bruised, and dull colored axillary and solitary flowers. 

1. A. TRILOBA. Torr & Gr. Pajpaw, Custard Apple. 

Leaves oblong, crenate, acuminate, and with the branches smoothish ; flowers 
on short peduncles ; outer petals roundish-ovate, 8 or 4, as long as the calyx. 

Banks of streams. Along the Susquehanna. April and May. A small tree, 10 
to 20 feet high. Flowers solitary, lateral, appearing in advance of the leaves, dark 
brownish purple, 1 to 2 inches wide. Fruit about 1 inch thick, and 3 inehes long, 
ovoid-oblong, 8-seeded, yellowish, fragrant ; eatable, ripe in October. 

Order 4. MENISPERMACE2E. 

Sltrubs twining or climbing, with palmate or peltate, alternate, entire, simple leaves ; 
"having small, usually polygamo-diaitious flowers in panicles or racemes ;■ sepals and 
petals confounded in one or several rows, each of which is composed of 3 or 4 parts ; 
deciduous. 

Stamens distinct or monodelphous, equal to the number of the petals and opp* 
tite to them; or 3 or 4 times as many. Anthers adnate. Ovaries usually- 
Bolitary, sometimes 2 to 4 each with one style, distinct, or- rarely united. Fruit a 
irupe, globose-reniform. Seeds bent into a creseent or ring ; embryo curved like 
the seed ; albumen sparing. 

MENISPERMUM. Linn. Moonseed. 

Gr. mene, the moon; sperma, seed; from the crescent form of the seed. 

Sepals and petals arranged in fours, 2 or 3 rowed. 
Sterile Fl. stamens 12 to 20. Fertile Fl. pistils 2 to 
4. Drupe berried, roundish, reniform, with a single lunate 
nut or seed. — Sterile find fertile flowers often dissimilar. 

1. M. Canadense, L. Moonseed. 

Stem, climbing ; Haves peltate, the petioles inserted near the base, roundish cor- 
date, obtusely angled, mucronate ; panicles axillary ; petals 4 to 8 small. 

Banks of streams. July. Root Per. Stem round, 8 to 12 feet long. Leaves 4 to 5 
Inches in diameter, generally 5 angled, smooth, pale beneath, on petioles 3 to 5 
inches long. Flowers in axillary clusters, small, yellow, tinged with purple. 
Berries black, resembling grapes. 

Var. lobatum, has the leaves lobed. 



16 BERBERIDACE^. 



Order 5. BERBERIDACEflS. 

Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves, exstipidate, simple or compound; with solitary, 
racemose, or panicled flowers. Sepals 3 to 6. imbricated in 2 rows. Corolla hypogy- 
nous. Petals 1 to 3 times as many as the sepals, and opposite to them. Stamens as 
many or twice as many as the petals, and opposite to them. Otart solitary, 1-celled, 
simple ; style rather lateral; stigma orbicular. Fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds ono 
or few, attached to the bottom of the cell, or many attached to a lateral placentas 

1. BEKBERIS, Linn. Barberry. 

Arabic Berberis; name of the fruit, 

Sepals 6, mostly with bracteoles at the base. Petals 
6 with 2-glands upon their claws. Stamens 6; filaments 
flattened; anthers 2-lobed; lobes on opposite edges of the 
connectile style. Stigma circular, depressed. Fruit a 1 to- 

3 seeded berry. Seeds erect, with a crustaceous integument. 
— Fine hardy shrubs, with yellow loood and inner bark. 

1. B. Canadensis, Pursh. American Barberry. 

Branches verrucose-dottcd, with short triple spines; leaves spatulate-oblong, 
romotely serrate with somewhat bristly teeth ; racemes sub-corymbose, four-flowered *, 
petals emarginate; berries sub-globose or oval. 

Allegheny mountains. May. Leaves alternate at base but nearly sessile, margin 
serrulate with 6 to 8 distant mucronate teeth. Bacemes 5 to 8 flowered, nodding. 
Floioers and fruit as well as the leaves smaller than in B. vulgaris. 

2. B. vulgaris, L. Common Barberry^ 

Leaves scattered on the young shoots of the season, mostly small, and with sharp - 
lobed margins, or reduced to sharp triple spines ; simple, closely serrate, with 
bristly teeth ; racemes many-flowered, pendulous ; petals entire ; berries oblong. 

Roadsides and fields. Native of Europe, naturalized. April and May. A shrub 

4 to 6 feet high. Leaves alternate, iy 2 to 2 inches long, ^as wide. Floivers in 
pendulous racemes, pale yellow. Stamens irritable, springing violently against th« 
stigma when touched. Berries red, very acid. The bark of the root dyes yellow. 

2. PODOPHYLLUM. Linn. May Apple. 

Gr.pous, a foot; and phuUon a leaf; the leaf resembling a web-foot. 

Sepals 3, oval, obtuse, caducous. Petals 6 to 9, obo- 
vate, concave. Stamens 9 to 18, with linear anthers. 
Stigma large, sub-sessile, peltate, persistent. Berry large, 
ovoid, 1-celled, somewhat fleshy, not dehiscent. Seeds nu- 
merous. — Loiv perennial plants, with creeping rootstalks, and 
thick fibrous roots. 

1. P. pellatum, L. May Apple. Wild Mandrake. 

Flowering stem erect, 2-parted, bearing 2 1-sided leaves, with the stalk fixed near 
the inner edge, palmately lobed ; flowerless stems terminated by a large, round, 7 
to 9 lobed leaf, peltate in the middle like an umbrella; flower solitary, in the fork 
of the petiole, pendulous. 

Woods : common. May. Stem a foot high. Flower white, 2 inches in diameter. 
Fruit ovoid, 1 to 2 inches long ; ripe in July ; yellow, with the flavor of the strawberry. 



CABOMBACE.S. 17 



3. JEFFERSONIA. Bart. Twin-leaf. 

In honor of Thomas Jefferson. 

Sepals 4, colored, deciduous. Petals 8, spreading, in- 
curved. Stamens 8, with linear anthers. Stigma peltate. 
Capsules obovate, stipitate, semicircularly dehiscent. Seeds 
many, arillate at the base. — Perennial smooth plants with 
matted fibrous roots, and simple naked, 1-flowered scapes. 

1. J. diphylla, Barton. Twin-leaf. 

Scape 8 to 14 inches high ; leaf binate, petioled ; flower terminal, solitary ; #cp- 
»vle large, coriaceous; seeds shining, oblong. 

A singular plant, flowering in May : not common. Rhizoma horizontal. Petiolet 
radical, bearing at the top a pair of binate leaves, placed base to base, and broader 
than they are long, ending in an obtuse point; glaucus beneath. Scape as long as 
the petioles. Flowers large, white. Capsule openintr, half round, with a persistent 
lid. 

4. LEONTICE. Linn. Lion's Foot. 

Gr. leon, a lion; the leaf resembling in outline a lion's foot. 

, Sepals 6, naked without. Petals 6, bearing a scale at 
the base within. Stamens 6, opposite the petals. Pistils 
gibbous. Style short. Stigma minute. Ovary bursting 
at an early stage by the pressure of the 2-erect enlarging 
seeds, soon withering away ) the spherical seeds naked on 
their thick seedstalk, looking like dm res; the fleshy integu- 
ment blue, the solid albumen horny. 

1. L. thalictroides, L. Pappoose-root. Blue Cohosh. 

Smooth; lower leaf triternate; upper one biternate; leaflets oblong ovate, and 
coneate-obovate, mostly 3-lobed at the apex; flowers paniculate; peduncle from the 
base of the upper petioles. 

Rocky wools. May. Per. Stem 1 to 2 fe.-t high, round. 2-parted, one of which 
is a 3-ternate leaf-stalk, the other bears a 2-ternats leaf and a racemose panicle of 
greenish fiowers. 

Order 6. GABGMBACEI2. 

Aquatic plants with floating, entire, centrally peltate leaves; and solitary, axiUary 
flowers. Sepals 3 to 4, colored inside. Petals 3 to 4, alternate with the sepals. 
Stamens definite or indefinite; anthers innate. Pistils 4 to 18, forming little 
club-shaped indehiscent pods, tipped with the indurated style ; stigma simple. 
6eeds globular pendulous. 

BEASENIA. Schreber. Water Shields. 

Caltx of 3 to 4 sepals. Petals 3 to 4. Stamens 18 
to 36. Carpels oblong, acuminate ; 1 to 2 seeded. P*rm- 
mal herbs. 

M* 



18 NELTJMBIACE.E AND NYMPHS ACE^. 

1. B. PELTATA, Pursh. Water Shield. Water Target. 

Leaves alternate, long petioled, centrally peltate, oral, floating on the water, 
smooth and shining above ; flowers on long, slender, axillary peduncles, floating on 
the surface. 

Lakes and ponds. Often in company with the white water-lily. June and July. 
Whole plant covered with a viscid jelly. Flowers purple, one inch in diamete. . 

Order 7. NELUMBIACEJE.— Water Beans. 

Aquatic herbs with peltate, fleshy radical leaves, arising from a prostrate rhizoma. 
Plowers large, solitary, on long erect scapes. Sepals 4 to 5. Petals numerou*, 
oblong, in many rows. Stamens numerous, arising from within the petals, in sev- 
eral rows; filaments petaloid; anthers adnate. Pistils distinct, numerous, form- 
ing acorn-shaped nuts, and separately imbedded in cavities of the enlarged top- 
shaped receptacle. Seeds solitary, filled with the large, highly developed embryo. 

NELUMBIUM. Juss. Sacred Bean. 

Prom the Ceylonese name, Nelumko. 

Calyx petaloid, of 4 to 6 sepals. Petals numerous. 
Carpels numerous. Seeds large, round, solitary. — Peren- 
nials. * 

1. N. luteum, Willd. Water Chinquipin. 

Leaves orbicular, alternate, centrally peltate, very entire; anthers with a lin*« 
appendage. 

Rivers and stagnant waters : abundant in the ditches of meadows bordering the 
Delaware, below Philadelphia. June. Leaves a foot, or more, in diameter. Fedun- 
des yen- long, more or less scabrous. Flowers 5 to 10 inches in diameter, yellowi*&- 
whitc. Seeds eatable. 

.Order 8. NYMPH2EACES!.— Water Lilies. 

Aquatic herbs, with round or peltate floating leaves, and solitary showy flowers from 
a. prostrate rool-stallc. Sepals and petals numerous, imbricated, gradually passing 
into each other. Sepals persistent. Petals inserted upon the disk surrounding the 
pistil. Stamens numerous, inserted above the petals into the disk; filahei«s 
petaloid ; anthers adnate. Disk large, fleshy, surrounding the ovary more or leja. 
Ovap.t with radiating stigmas. Fruit many-celled, indehiscent : seeds numerous, 
attached to the spougy placenta? and enveloped in a gelatinous aril. 

1. NYMPHiEA. Linn. Water Lily. 

Dedicated by the Greeks to the "Water Nymph. 

Sepals 4, at the base of the disk. Petals numerous, 
inserted on the torus at its base. Stamens numerous, grad- 
ually transformed into petals. Stigma surrounded with rays. 
Pericarp many celled, many seeded, depressed, globular, 
covered with the bases of the decayed petals. — Perennial* 
with showy white } rose-colored } or Hue flowers. 



SARRACENIAC2E. 19 



1. N. ODORATA, Ait. White Pond-Lily. 

Leaves floating, orbicular-cordate, very entire; nerves and veins prominent; 
ttigma 16 to 30 rayed; rays incurved. 

Ponds and sluggish streams. Susquehanna. June, July. One of the lovliest of 
flowers ; possessing beauty, delicacy and fragrance in the highest degree. Fhizoma 
thick, in mud where the water is from 1 to 5 feet in depth, sending up leaves and 
flowers to the surface. Leaves 4 to 6 inches in diameter, dark shining green above, 
el eft at the base quite to the insertion of the petiole. Sepals colored within. Petals 
very delicate, 1 to 2 inches long, white tinged with purple. Filaments yellow. 
Flowers 3 to 4 inches in diameter, very fragrant. 

2. NUPHAR. Smith. Yellow Water Lilt. 

Sepals 5 or 6, oblong, concave, colored within. Petals 
numerous, small and stamen-like; compactly inserted with 
the stamens into an enlargement of the receptacle at the base 
of the ovary. Stigma discoid, with prominent rays. Per- 
icarp many-celled, many-seeded. — Perennials, with yellow 
flowers, and floating leaves. 

1. N. AD vena, Ait. Yellow Pond- Lily. Spatter Dock. 

Leaves erect or floating, on half cylindrical petioles, heart-shaped at the base, ob- 
long, or rounded ; sepals 6 ; petals numerous, small ; stigma 15 to 20 rayed ; /rwwt 
furrowed. 

Ponds and ditches ; mostly in shallow water : common. June — August. Leasts 
large dark green, shining above. Flowers rather large and globular in form, erect, 
on a thick rigid stalk. Three outer sepals, yellow inside; three inner, entirely 
yellow, as well as the petals and stamens. 

2. N. lute A, Smith. Small flowered Yellow Water-Lily. 

Leaves floating, cordate, oval ; lobes approximate ; petioles 3-sided, aeute angled ; 
stigma 16 to 20 rayed. 

Ponds: common. June. Sepals very obtuse. Petals much smaller, truneate. 
Confounded by some of our botanists with the next species. 

3. Kalmiana, Ait. Kalms Water-Lily. 

Leaves cordate, submersed, with approximate lobes; petioUs terete; ealya 5- 
leaved; stigmas incised, 8 to 12 rayed. 

In Water. July, Aug. Leaves andjloicers small ; upper leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 
1% to 3% inches wide : lower leaves 3 to 4 inches in diameter. Dr. Bobbins. Beek. 
•ray considers it a variety of iV. Lutea ; to which it is certainly closely allied. 

Order 9. SARRAGENIACJE.— Pitcher Plants. 

Herbaceous plants growing in boggy places, with hollow pitcher form, or trwfo&ft- 
lihaped radical leaves; with the petiole and lamina articulated at th$ summit. Charac- 
teristics, those of the typical genus. 

1. SAERACENIA, Tourn. 

In honor of Dr. Sarrazin, of Quebec 

Calyx of 5 sepals, with 3 small bractlets at the base ; 
colored, persistent. Petals 5 ; oblong or obovate ; incurved, 



20 PAPAVERACEiE. 



deciduous. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Stigma very 
large, peltate, persistent, covering the ovary and stamens, 
in the form of an umbrella, petal-like, 5 angled, 5 rayed; 
the 5 delicate rays terminating under the angles in as many 
hooks. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many seeded. — Pere- 
nials, yellowish, green and purplish. Flowers large, solitary 
on scapes, 

1. S. PURPUREA, L. Side-saddle Flower. Huntsman's Cup. 

Leaves (ascidia) pitcher-shaped, inflated, contracted at the mouth, curved, 
ascending, broadly winged on the inner, (or upper) side ; hood erect, open, round, 
beart-shapad. 

Sphagnous swamps. Bear Meadows, Centre Co. Blackhole Valley, Lycoming 
Co. June, July. A singular plant bearing curious pitcher-shaped leaves, from 
6 to 9 inches long, hollow, swelling in the middle, with a wing-like appendage 
extending the whole length inside, % to 1 inch wide, and extended on the outside 
of the mouth into a kind of a blade, covered above with reversed hairs ; usually 
half filled with water and drowned insects. Scape 14 to 20 inches high, terete, 
smooth, supporting a single, large, purple, nodding flower, which is almost aa 
curious in its structure as the leaves. 

Order 10. PAPAVERACEiE. 

Serbs with milky or colored juice, alternate, simple or divided leaves, vrithotsl 
itipules ; and regular flowers with fugacious sepals; polyandrous, hypogynous; 
baving a 1-celledpod with 2 or more parietal placenta. Elowers solitary, on long 
peduncles, never blue. Sepals 2, rarely 3, falling off when the flower expand*. 
Petals 4 to 12, spreading, imbricate in the bud, deciduous. Stamens numerous, 
16 or more, distinct, rarely polydelphous. Ovary solitary; style short ; stigmas 2, 
or if more, stellate upon the flat apex of the ovary. Pruit either pod-shaped or 
capsular. 

1. SANGUINAKIA. Linn. Bloodroot. 

Lat. sanguis, blood : in allusion to the color of its juice. 

Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 8 to 12, in 2 series, spatu- 
late-oblong, the inner narrower. Stamens about 24. Style 
Bhort ; stigma 2-lobed or connate. Capsule pod-like, oblong, 
1-celled, 2-valved, ventricose; valves deciduous: Seeds 
numerous, with a large crest. — A low perenial with thick 
prostrate rootstocks filled with a red-orange acrid juice. 

1. S. Canadensis, L. Blood-root. Red Puccoon. 

Leaves radical, reniform or cordate, with roundish lobes, separated by roundi*h 
sinuses. 

Open woods and rocky places : common. April, May. A smooth pretty plant 
Bending up in early spring a scape about 6 inches high, with a single white flower 
appearing in advance of the single large glaucous leaf. Flowers quadrangulai 
in outline, scentless, and of short duration. 

2. MECONOPSIS, DC. 

Q*. mekcn, a poppy; and optis, appearance: resembling tlie poppy. 



PAPAVERACE^. 2 1 



Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Stamens many. Style 
short, distinct; stigmas 4 to 6> radiating, convex, free. 
Capsules obovate, 1-celled, opening by 4 valves at the 
apex. — Perennial herbs with a yellow juice and pinnatijied or 
pinnately divided leaves. 

M. diphyllum, DC. Celend,ine Poppy. 

Leaves pinnately divided, glaucous beneath; segments 5 to 7, ovate-oblong, 
Binuate; stem leaves 2, opposite, petio late; pedicels aggregated, terminal; capsuk 
4-valved, ecbinate. 

Woods. Alleghany mountains. May. Stem a foot high. Leaves large, 8 by 6 
inches, on petioles about the same length. Peduncles about 3 inches long, 
1-flowered. Flowers deep yellow, 2 inches broad. 

3. ARGEMONE. Linn. 

Gr. argema, a disease of the eye, which this plant was supposed to cure. 

Sepals 3, roundish, acuminate. Petals 4 to 6. Stamens 
many. Style scarcely any : stigmas 3 to 6, radiate; Cap- 
sule ob-ovoid, opening at the top by valves. — Herbs with 
prickly bristles and yellow juice. Annual or biennial. 

A. Mexicana, L. Horn Poppy. 

Leaves repand-sinuate or pinnatifid, with spiny teeth ; flowers solitary, erect, 
axillary ; calyx prickly ; capsules prickly, G-valved. 

Banks of streams. June, July. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, branching, armed with 
prickly spines. Leaves sessile, 5 to 8 inches long. Flowers yellow, about 2 inches 
in diameter. Probably introduced. 

4. CHELIDONIUM. Linn. Celendine. 

Gr. chelidon a swallow : flowering about the time when swallows appear. 

Sepals 2, glabrous. Petals 4, suborbicular, contracted 
at the base : stamens numerous 24 to 32, shorter than the 
petals. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule silique-form, slender, 
smooth, 2-valved, the valves opening from the bottom : Seeds 
several, crested. — Perennial herbs, icith brittle stems } and 
acrid yellow juice . 

C. majus, L. Common Celendine. 

Leaves pseudo-pinnate, glaucous; segments ovate, crenate lobed ; pedicels soma- 
■what umbellate ; petals elliptic, entire, flowers in umbels. 

A pale green juicy plant growing in waste places. Introduced from Europe 
Naturalized. May — Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched. Flowers yellow, verj 
fugacious, borne in thin axillary, pedunculate umbels. 

5. PAP AVER. Linn. Poppy. 

Celtic papa, pap; being added to the food of children to induce sleep* 

Sepals 2, concave, caducous. Petals 4. Stamens many. 



22 FUMARIACE^l. 



Stigmas sessile, united in a flat, 4 to 20, radiated crown, 
resting on the summit of 1 the ovary and capsule. Capsule 
obovoid, 1-celled, opening by minute valves under the margin 
of the stigma. — Exotic herbs, mostly biennial, with a white 
juice abounding with opium. 

1. P. dubium, L. Field or Corn Poppy. 

Leaves pseudo-pinnate ; segments lance-obleng, pinnatifidly incised, sessile, deeur- 
rent ; Stem hispid with spreading hairs ; peduncles "with appressed bristly hairs ; 
opals hairy ; capsule obovoid-oblong, smooth. 

Sparingly naturalized in cultivated grounds. June and July. Stem about 2 
feet high. Flowers light red or scarlet. Native of Europe. 

2. P. somniferum, L. Common Poppy. 

Smooth and glaucous: leaves clasping, incised, and dentate, wavy; sepals 
smooth; capsule globose. Native of Persia. Common in cultivation. Scarcely 
naturalized. Stem 1 to 3 feet high ; Leaves 4 to 8 by 2 to 3 inches, with rather obtuse 
dentures. Flowers large brilliant white, red and purple : sometimes very double. 

3. P. Rheas. Common Red Poppy. 

Stem many-flowered, hairy ; leaves incisely pinnatifid ; capsules smooth, nearly 
globose. Distinguished from the last species chiefly by its more finely divided 
leaves and globular capsules. Floivers very large and showy, of a deep scarlet 
red, sometimes variable. Cultivated. 

6. ESCHSCHOLTZIA. 

In honor of Eschsclioliz, a German botanist, known by his researches in California 

Sepals 2, cohering by their edge, caducous. Petals 4. 
Stamens many, adhering to the claws of the petals. Stig- 
mas 4 to 7, sessile, 2 to 3 of them abortive. Capsules 
pod-shaped, cylindric 10-striate, many seeded. — Animal, 
glaucous herbs with a colorless juice, 2 to 3 pinnatifid leaves 
with linear segments, and showy yellow flowers on solitary 
peduncles. 

E. Douglasii, Hook. California Poppy. 

Stem branching, leafy ; torus obconic ; calyx ovoid, with a very short abrupt 
acumination. Petals bright yellow, with an orange spot at the base. 2 inches 
broad. Native of California and Oregon. Common in cultivation. 



2. E. Californica, Hook. 



Stem branching, leafy; torus funnel-form with a much dilated limb; calyx 
obconic, with a long acumination; flowers orange-yellow. From California. Culti- 
vated. 



Order 11. FUBXARIACEJE. 

Delicate smooth, herbs, with watery juice, compound dissected leaves, and irregular 
ficrwers. Flowers irregular, purple, white, or yellow. Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 
4, cruciate, hypogynous, very irregular. Stamens 6, in two sets of 3 each, placed 
opposite the larger petals, hypogynous> their filaments more or less united ; the 






FUMARIACE/E. 23 



middle anther of each l-celled ; the lateral ones 2-celled. Ovary superior, 1-celled • 
style filiform ; stigma with 2 or more points. 

DICENTRA. Bork. Wrongly Diclytra or Bielytra, 

Gr. dis, twice ; and Icentron, a spur : in allusion to the two spurs. 

Sepals 2, small. Petals 4 j the two outer equally 
spurred, or gibbous at the base. Stamens united in 2 sets 
of 3 in each. Stigma 2-crested or 2 horned. Filaments 
slightly united. Pod 2-valved, 10 to 20 seeded. — Loin stem- 
less perennials ; with ternately compound leaves, and simple 
scapes, bearing racemose nodding flowers. 

1. D. Clccularia, DC. Dutchman's Breeches. 

F.ooi bulbiferous; scape naked; raceme simple, 1-sided, 4 to 10 flowered; wing 
of the inner petals short; spurs divergent, elongated, acute, straight ; poiiceU 
2-bracted. 

Rich woods, shady ravines and hills. April and May. A smooth handsome 
plant. Bulbs consisting of clusters of little grainlike tubers inclosed in a sheath. 
■Leaves radical, multifid, somewhat triternate, smooth, with oblong linear segments. 
S:ape slender, 6 to 10 inches high. Flowers scentless, nodding, white, tinged with 
yellow and purple. 

2. D. CanaDENsE, DC. Squirrel Corn. 

Scjpe naked; raceme simple, 4 to 6 flowered; spurs short, rounded; wing of tha 
inner petals projecting beyond the summit. 

Rich woods. May. Rhitoma bearing a number of roundish tubers, about the 
size of peas, and of a bright yellow color. Leaves having the segments longer and 
narrower than in the preceding species. Flowers white, tinged with purple, very 
fragrant, 3 to 1 on a scape 6 to S inches high. 

3. D. EXIMIA, DO. Choice Dicentra. 

Divisions and lobes of the leaves broadly oblong ; scape naked ; raceme compound* 
clustered ; corolla oblong, 2-gibbous at the base, crest of the inner petals project- 
in?; beyond the summit. 

Rocks, along the Alleghanics. April — July. A larger plant than the others, 
blossoming all summer. Leaves 10 to 15 inches high, with 4 to S cymes, ea&h 
with 7 to 10 reddish-purple, nodding flowers. Often cultivated. 

2. CORYDALIS, DC. 

From lorudalis ; the Greek name of Fumitory. 

Sepals 2, small. Petals 4 ; one of which is spurred at 
the base, deciduous. Stamens 6, diadelphous : filaments 
in 2 equal sets by their broad bases which sheath the ovary, 
Pod 2-yalved, many-seeded. Seeds crested. — Flowers w 
racemes. Biennials. 

1. C. attrea, Willd. Golden Corydalis. 

Stem branched, diffuse; leaves glaucous, doubly pinnate, lobes oblong-linesr» 
acute; bracts lanceolate or ovate, acuminate, toothed, opposite the leaves, ac4 
terminal; spur incurved, pods terete, pendant: seeds with a scolloped eresti 



24 crucifer^:. 

Shady rocks. April— August. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, with finely divided 
leaves. Flowers bright yellow and showy. Pods 1-inch long. 

2. C. GLauca, Pursli. Pale Corydalis. 

Stem erect, branched : leaves glaucous, decompound; segments cuneate, trifld; 
bracts oblong, acute, shorter than the pedicals; spur short and rounded ; pods 
«rect, slender, elongated; seeds with a small entire crest. 

Rocky woods: common, May — July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 1 to 3 
inches long; the lower ones on long petioles. Flowers whitish, tinged with 
yellow, and flesh color. 

3. ADLUMIA. Raf. Climbing Fumitory, 

In honor of Mr, John Adlum, a distinguished cultivator of the vine. 

Sepals 2, minute. Petals 4, united in a spongy mono 
petalous corolla, persistent, and with 2 protuberances at the 
base; 4-lobed at the apex. Pod 2-valved, few seeded.^- 
A climbing biennial vine, with 2-pinnate leaves, cut-lobed 
delicate leaflets, and numerous panicles of drooping flowers. 

A. cirrhosa, Raf. Alleghany Vine. Mountain Fringe. 

Woods and rocky hills. July — Sept. A slender climber 8 to 15 feet long. 
^Leaves pinnately divided ; the midrib twining like a tendril. Floivers in compound 
•axillary racemes, pale violet or nearly white. 

FUMARIA, Linn. Fumitory. 

Lat. fumus, smoke: from its disagreeable smell. 

Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4, unequal, one of them 
spurred at the base. Filaments in 2 sets, each with 3 
anthers. Fruit small, indehiscent, globular, 1-seeded. — - 
Branclied annuals, with finely dissected compound haves, and 
close racemes or spikes. 

F. officianaLIS, L. Common Fumitory. 

Leaves bi-pinnate, leaflets lanceolate, cut into linear segments; raceme loose; 
'sepals ovate:lanceolate, acute, shorter than the corolla. 

Near cultivated grounds. May — July. Stem 10 to 15 inches high. Tlotctri 
rose-colored. Introduced from Europe. 

Order 12. GRUCIFERJE, 

LTerbs with a pungent watery juice, often accompanied by an etlurial oil ; and 
cruciform tetradynomous flowers': leaves alternate: fruit a silique or silicle. 
Flowers yellow or white, rarely purple or red : without bracts, generally in 
racemes. Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, regular, their claws inserted into the 
receptacle, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs forming a 
cross. Stamens 6, of which 2 on opposite sides are shorter, solitary, and opposite 
the lateral sepals. Ovary, superior, 1-celled: stigmas 2. Pod usually 2-celled, 
2-valved, 1 or many-seeded, indehiscent, or opening by the valves. Seeds attached 
in a single row, by a cord to each of the placenta?, generally pendulous, withcu* 
.albumen. Embryo with the 2 cotyledons variously folded on the radicle. 



CRUCIFER.E. 25 



Section I. SILICULOS.ZE. Pod short and broad. 
1. THLASPI. Linn, Penny Cress. 

Gr. thlao; to compress or flatten: on account of the flattened siliclea. 

Calyx equal at the base. Petals equal. Silicle short, 
flat, eniarginate at the apex, many-seeded ; valves, bract-form, 
winged on the back; cells 2, many seeded. Cotyledons 
accumbent. — Annual herbs with undivided leaves and white 
or purplish floiuers. 

1. T. arvense, L. Penny Cress. 

Leaves oblong-sagitate, coarsely toothed, smooth; silicle (pouch) roundish-ob- 
ovate, shorter than the pedicel, its wings dilated longitudinally: stigma suhsessile. 

Cultivated stony fields. June. Stem a foot high, erect, and somewhat branched. 
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide. Flowers small, white in terminal racemes. 
The plant has a disagreeable flavor of garlic. 

2. T. tuberosum, Nutt. Tuberous Penny Cress. 

Leaves rhomboid-ovate, obscurely dentate, smooth and sessile; radical ones 
petiolate ; silicle suborbicular. April and May. Stem 4 to 5 inches high. Flcnvers 
rather large, rose-colored. 

2. CAPSELLA. DC. Shepherd's Purse. 

Iiminutive of capsa, a chest or box: in allusion to the fruit. 

Calyx equal at base. Silicles triangular, wedge-form, 
obcordate, compressed laterally • valves carinate, not winged 
on the back. Style short. Seeds many. Annual. Flowers 

white. < 

C. Bursa-Pastoris, DC. Shepherd's Purse. 

Radical leaves pinnatifid, hairy; cauline ones oblong, more or le&s toothed, 
t agitate at base. 

Cultivated grounds. April — Oct. A troublesome weed. Stem 6 to 12 inches 
high. Flowers small, in racemes, which are finally 3 to 12 inches long. Intro- 
duced from Europe. 

3. ERfOPHILA. DC. 

Gr. er, eros, spring; and phileo, to love : in allusion to its early flowering. 

Calyx equal. Petals 2-parted. Stamens without teeth. 
Silicle oval or oblong; valves flat. Seeds many, not mar- 
gined. — Annual. Floivers small. 

E. vulgaris, DC. Whitlow Grass. 

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, aeute subserrate, hairy : scape naked : petaU bifid : 
ttigma sessile : silicle flat, oval, shorter than the pedicel. 

Fields. March — May. Scape, 2 to 6 inches high. Flowers minute, white. Pouck 
on long pedicels. 



26 CRUCIFEK^. 



4. LEPIDIUM. Linn. Pepper-grass. 

Gr. lepis, a scale; in allusion to the form of the pouch. 

Calyx equal at the base. Petals entire, ovate. Fila- 
ments without teeth. Silicles laterally compressed, orbicu- 
lar-ovate, or oval; septum very narrow, crossing the greater 
diameter; valves carinate, dehiscent: cells 1-seeded. Seeds 
somewhat 3-angled. Cotyledons incumbent, rarely accum- 
bent. — Annual or biennial herbs, with white flowers. 

1. L. Virginicum, L. Wild Pepper-grass. 

Stem, branched ; radical leaves pinnatifid ; stem leaves linear lanceolate, serrate, 
smooth; stamens 2 to 4; silicles orbicular, emarginate, shorter than the pediceL 

Dry fields and roadfides. May — Sept. Stem a foot high, branched above. 
Flowers small, white. Pouch about 2 lines long. 

2. L. sativum, L. Pepper-grass. Tongue-grass. 

Leaves variously divided and cut ; branches without spines : silicles orbicular 
■winged. A pleasant anti-scorbutic cress : often cultivated for the table. Stems 1 
to 3 feet high, very branching. Silkies 2 to 3 lines broad, very numerous. Native 
of the East. 

5. CAMELINA. Crants. False Flax. 

Gr. l-aviai, dwarf, and linon, flax: on account of its resemblance to flax. 

Calyx equal at the base. Petals equal. Filaments 
without teeth. Silicle ob-ovoid or sub-globose, obtuse, 
entire, mucronate with the persistent style. Seeds numerous, 
oblong, not margined. — Annual. Flowers yellow. 

C. SATIVA, DC 

Leaves lanceolate, saggitate, sessile, roughish; silicle inflated, margined; cotyledons 
incumbent. 

Cultivated grounds : common in flax fields. May, June. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, 
panicled above. Flowers numerous, in corymbose panicles, small, yellow. 
Pouches large, on long slender pedicels. Introduced from Europe. It has been 
fancied by some to be a sort of degenerate flax. 

6, COCHLEAEIA. Linn. 

Lat. cochlear, a spoon : in reference to its concave leaves. 

Calyx equal at the base, spreading. Petals entire. 
Stamens without teeth. Silicle oblong or ovoid-globose, 
with ventricose valves. Seeds numerous, not margined. — ■ 
Flowers white. Perennial. 

C. Armoracea, L. Horse-radish. 

Radical leaves on long petioles, oblong, crenate : caulhie long-lanceolate, serrate 
or entire, se?sile; silicle elliptic. 

Waeti grounds. Naturalized. June. Foot large, fleshy, very pungent to the 
taste. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Flowers white in elongated racemes. Native of 
Europe. Extensively cultivated. 



CRUCIFER^. 



27 



CULTIVATED EXOTICS. 

7. ALYSSUM. Linn. 

Gr. a, privative : lussa, rage : supposed by the ancients to allay rage. 

Calyx equal at the base. Petals entire; some of the 
stamens with teeth. Silicle orbicular or oval, with valves, 
flat or convex in the centre. Seeds 1 to 4 in each cell. 
Perennial. 

A. saxatile. Rock Alyssum. Madwort. 

■ at the base, subcorymbose : leaves lanceolate, entire, downy ; 
ovate-orbicular, 2-seeded ; seeds margined. An early flowering garden annual . 
Mative of Candia. Stem 1 foot high. Flowers numerous; yellow, in closo corym- 
bose clusters. 

A. mahittmum, Lam. Sweet Alyssum. 

Stem somewhat shrubby and procumbent at the base : leaves linear-lanceolate, 
acute, somewhat hoary: pods oval, smooth. A bw et-scented garden plant, with 
fine leaver and small white flowers. June — Oct. ttivi 1 foot high. 

8. LXJNAHIA. Linn. Honesty. 

Lat. tuna, the moon: from the broad round siliclcs. 

Sepals somewhat bi-saccate at the base. Petals nearly 
entire. Stamens not toothed. Silicle pedicellate, ellip- 
tical or lanceolate, with flat valves ; funiculus adhering to 
the dissepiments. 

1. L. biejotis, DC. Honesty, 

Stem erect: leaves cordate, with obtuse teeth; sUicles oval, obtuse at both ends. 
A biennial plant. Native of Germany. Stems 3 to 4 feet high. Flowers lilac- 
eolored. Naturalized near Philadelphia. Nutt. 

2. L. rediyiya. Satin Flovjer. 

Stem erect, branching: leaves ovate, cordate, petiolate, mucronately serrate: 
eilicles lanceolate, narrowed at each end. A pretty perennial from Germany. 
Steal 2 to 3 feet high. Flowers light purple. 

9. IBERIS. Linn. Candy-tuft. 

Petals, the two outside larger than the two inner. Siu- 
CLES compressed, truncate, emarginate ; the cells 1 -seeded. — 
Ornamental garden annuals. 

1. I. i'mbeiiata. Purple Candy-tuft, 

Herbaceous, smooth; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate; lower ones serrate; 
Sip per ones entire. Siliclcs umbellate, acutely 2-lobed. A pretty border flower, 
Native of South Europe. June, July. Stem 1 foot high. Flewers in simple 
terminal umbels. This species as well as the rest is remarkable for having the % 
#ut«r petals larger than the 2 inner ones. 



28 crucifer^e. 



1. saxatilis. Rock Candy-tuft. 

Shrubby : leaves linear, entire, somewhat fleshy, rather acute, smooth or ciliata. 
Flowers white, in corymbs. Stems nearly 1 foot high. April— June. Native of 
South Europe. 

10. ISATIS. Linn. 

Silicle elliptical, flat, 1-celled, 1-seeded, with boat-shaped 
valves, which are scarcely dehiscent. 

1. I. tinctoria, L. Woad. 

Silicles wedge-form, acuminate at the base, somewhat spatulate at the end, 
very obtuse, 3 times as long as broad. Native of England ; cultivated for the 
sake of its leaves, which yield a dye that is substituted for indigo. May — July. 
Stem 4 feet high. Leaves large, broad, clasping the stem. Flowers yellow, large f 
in terminal racemes. 

Section 2. SILIQUOSiE. Pod mostly long and narrow. 
11. DENTAKIA. Linn. Tooth-wort. 

Lat. dens, a tooth; on account of the tooth-like scales of the root. 

Sepals converging. Silique (pod) narrow-lanceolate^ 
with a long tapering style : valves flat, nerveless, revolute, 
opening elastically : placentae not winged. Seeds in a single 
row, not margined : funiculus slender. — Herbaceous plants 
with perennial roots, divided leaves, and white or purplish 
flowers. 

1. D. lactniata, Muhl. Common Toothioort. 

Stem leaves 3, verticillate, on short petioles, ternate ; leaflets 3-parted segments 
linear, entire, coarsely toothed or pinnatifid; lateral ones lobed; root moniliform, 

Woods and rocky places near streams. April and May. Stem 6 to 12 inches 
high, simple. Leaves usually in a whorl about half-way up. Flowers in loos© 
terminal racemes, pale, rose-colored, or white. Petals cuneate-obovate, attenuated 
below. Pod about 1 inch long. Root consisting of a chain of 3 or 4 nearly tooth- 
less-oblong tubers, of a pungent taste. 

2. D. diphylla, Mich. Pepper Root. 

Stem leaves mostly 2, on short petioles, ternate : leaflets ovate oblong, unequally 
and coarsely toothed or laciniate. 

Woods and wet meadows. May. Stem 6 to 12 inches high. Leaves large, opposite 
or nearly so, above the middle of the stem. Flowers racemed, large white, the 
petals much larger than the calyx. Root-stock large, beset with teeth, with a 
pungent, aromatic taste. Pod about an inch long. 

3. D. MAXIMA, Nutt. Great Toothioort. 

Leaves 2 to 7, alternate, on long petioles, ternate ; leaflets ovate, obtuse, coarsely 
toothed and incised, often 2 to 3 cleft; lateral ones lobed; axils naked; racemes 
lateral and terminal. 

Woods; rare. June. Stem often nearly 2 feet high. Flowers in racemes, pftW 
purple. Root-stock a string of strongly toothed tubers. 



CRUCTFERJE. 29 



4. D. heterophylla, Nutt. Dwarf Toothwort. 

Radical leaves on long petioles, deeply and obtusely lobed, lobes crenately den- 
tate, with abruptly mucronate teetb ; stem leaves 2, rarely 3, alternate, petiolate, 
ternately divided; segments linear-lanceolate, entire or rarely toothed, rough- 
edged. 

Woods. June. Root-stoclc moniliform, obscurely toothed. Stem 8 to 12 inehee 
high. Corymbs with about 9 pale purple flowers. 

12. BABBABEA. E. Brown. Winter Cress. 

Anciently called the Herb of Saint Barbarea. 

Sepals erect, sub-equal at base. Pod 4-angled and some- 
what 2-edged ; valves concave-carinate, awnless at the apex. 
Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. — Perennials 
or biennials with yellow flowers, and lyrately -pinnatifid leave*. 

B. vulgaris. E. Br. Winter Cress. 

Smooth ; lower leave* lyrate, the terminal division round ; upper leaves obovate ; 
cut toothed, or pinnatifid at the base ; pod 4-sided, tapering into a slender style. 

Moist places and roadsides. Common. May — Aug. Per. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, 
smooth, branched above. Flowers in dense raeemes, small yellow. Probably 
introduced. 

13. NASTURTIUM. E. Brown. Cress. 

Lai. rtasus tortus, from the effect of these acrimonious plants upon the nose. 

Sepals erect, sub-equal at base. Pod 4-angled and some- 
what 2-edged ; valves concave-carinate, awnless at the apex. 
Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. — Perennials 
or biennials with yellow flowers, and lyrately-pinnoXifid leaves. 

1. N. PALUSTRE, DC. Marsh Water Cress. 

Low tr leaves lyrately pinnatifid; upper ones pinnately lobed, amplexicaul, lobes 
confluent, dentate, smooth; petals as long as the calyx; pods ovoid-oblong varying 
to ovoid, obtuse, turgid, tipped with a very short style. 

Wet places , along streams. July. Steyn 18 inches high, mostly erect, branched, 
obtusely 2-angled, and striate above. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, more or less pin- 
natifid, sm loth, except a few cilias at the baie. Flawzrs racemose, minute, yellow. 
2\*I short; turgid. 

2. N. HISPIDUM, DC. Hisped Water Cress. 

Stem upright, rough-hairy ; leaves pinnatifidly lobed, or runeinate-pinnatifid ; 
lobes rather obtusely toothed ; pod ovoid, tumid, pointed with the distinct stj'le, 
scarcely more than half as long as the calyx ; petals scarcely as long as the calyx. 

Banks of streams. July, August. Stem angular, 2 to 4 feet high, much 
branched, with many paniculate racemes above, Leaves 3 to 6 inches long. 
Flowers minute, yellow. Silicles 1 line long on pedicels twice their length. 

3. N. sylvestre, Br. Creeping Water Cress. 

Leaves pinnately divided ; segments lanceolate, incisely serrate, the upper ones 

entire ; petals longer than the calyx ; pods oblong, slightly uneven ; style, very short. 

Banks of the Delaware near Philadelphia. July. Root creeping. Stem a foot 

N* 



30 crucipek^:. 



high, angular, branched. Flowers larger than in the preceding. Introduced from 
Europe. 

14. ARABIS. Linn. Wall Cress. 

Said to have derived its name from Arabia, its native country. 

Sepals erect. Petals unguiculate, entire. Pod linear, 
plane j valves flat, 1-nerved in the middle. Seeds in a single 
row in each cell, usually margined or winged. — Annual and 
biennial plants with ichite flowers. 

1. A. Canadensis, L. Sickle Pod, 

Stem haves sessile,. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; the lower, toothed; pedicels 
S-times as long as the calyx, pubescent, reflexed in fruit ; petals twice the length of 
the calyx, oblong-linear ; pods pendulous, subfalcate, veined : seeds winged. 

Rocky situations. May — Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, round, smooth* 
Leaves 1 to 3 inches long. J^ as •wide, sessile and clasping. Flowers in long terminal 
racemes, small, white. Pods long, drooping, resembling a sickle blade, 

2. A. lyrata, L. American Rock CreFs. 

Stem diffusely branched, low: stem leaves linear or spatulate, entire, smooth and 
glaucous ; radical leaves lyrately pinnatifid, often pilose : pedicels somewhat spread- 
ing ; petals twice the length of the calyx ; pods erect, spreading, with a short, 
straight style; seeds marginless. 

Rocky hills. April — June. Stem 8 to 12 inches higli, often many united at the 
base. Foot-leaves numerous, rosulate, 1 to 3 inches long, % as wide, petiolate. 
Flowers middle size, wbite or rarely pale purple. 

3. A. l^vigata, DC. Smooth Wall Cress. 

Erect, smooth and glaucous ; radical leaves obovate and oblong, tapering to a 
petiole, sinuate-dentate ; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, amplexicaul, sparingly cut- 
toothed or entire : petals scarcely larger tban the calyx; pods long and narrow, 
re-curved, spreading and pendulous. 

Rocky places. May. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, round, smooth, simple, or branched 
above. Root-leaves often purplish, % to 1]4 inch long, half as wide, with acute 
teeth. Floivers white, few, small, in corymbed racemes. Fed 2 inebes long, very 
narrow. 

4. A. hirsuta, DC. Hair?/ Wall Cress, 

Erect, branching; leaves dentate, pubescent, or scabrous; radical ones ovate- 
oblong, tapering to a petiole ; stem leaves ovate, lanceolate, sagittate ; pedicels as 
long as the calyx: pod straight, erect. 

Low, rocky grounds. Not common. May, June. Stem 6 to 12 inches high ; 2 or 
more from the same root; round, hairy at the hase, dividing into slender parallel 
branches. Leaves scarcely dentate, ses?iJe, with heart-shaped or sagittate bases. 
Flowers small, greenish white. Fod 1 to 2 inches long. 

15. IODANTHES. Torr. & Gray. False Rocket. 

Gr. iodes, violet colored; and a?tthos s flower. 

Pod linear, elongated, terete. Seeds in a single row in 
each cell, margined. Style thick. Stigma capitate. Claws 
of the violet-purple petals longer than the calyx. — A smooth 
perennial } with shov-y flowers in panided racemes. 



CRTJCIFER^. 31 



I. HESPERIDOIDES, T. & Gr, 
Leaves ovate oblong, toothed, pointed ; the lower sometimes lyrate-pinnatifid- 
Banks of rivers. Western Pa. May, June. Stem 1 to 3 feet high. Petals % 

hich long, spatnlate. Pods 1 to 2 inches long, slightly curved upwards, longer 

than the spreading pedicels, knotty, rather fleshy. 

16. CAKDAMINE. Linn, 

Kardamon, an ancient Greek name of Cress: 

Calyx a little spreading. Pod linear, flattened usually 
opening elastic-ally; valves nerveless. Seeds in single rows 
in each cell, ovate, not margined. — Mostly perennial plants 
with white or purple flowers. 

1. C. niRSETA, L. Hairy Cardamine. 

Mostly smooth. Leaves pinnate, with 5 to 13 leaflets, or lyrately pinnatifld; 
leaflets of the radical ones petioled, mostly rounded ; those of the stem ovate or 
linear, toothed or entire ; petals twice as long as the calyx, oblong-cuneate ; stigiaa 
minute, subsessilc. 

A variable biennial, common in wet places. May — July. Stem 6 to 16 inches 
high. Leaves hairy or smooth, \S 2 to 1 inch long. Flowers snialL white. Fed 
•bout 1 inch long, 12 to 18-seeded. 

2. C. rhomboidea, DC. Sjjring Cress. 

Foot tuberous : stem-leaves ovate-rhomboid, somewhat petioled ; ror,t-!cavej round 
or cordate, all somewhat angled or sparingly toothed ; pods linear-lanceolate* 
pointed with a slender style, tipped with a conspicuous stigma; seeds round* 
oval. 

Wet meadows and springs. Per. April — June. Stem 9 to 12 inches high, erec^ 
smooth, simple. Flowers in terminal racemes, large, white or reddish. Pods % to 
1 inch long. 

3. C. ROTUNDIFOLIA, Mich. Round-leaved Spring Cresx, 

Root fibrous; stem weak, pro-um^ent : leaves sub-orbicular, sub-dentate, eincoth, 
petioled; pod spreading, slender, with a long style. 

Wet grounds near springs. Per. July. Stem, 6 to 15 inches high, decumbent 
Flowers in terminal racemes, white or yellowish, half the size of the preceding., 
Fody 2 to% inch long. 

17. SISYMBRIUM. Linn. Hedge Mustard. 

An ancient Greek name of some plant of this family. 

Calyx mostly spreading,, equal at the base. Petals un~ 
guiculate, entire. Pod terrete, or rather 4 to 6 sided, ses- 
sile upon the disk, the valves 1 to 3 nerved. Seeds in a 
single row in each cell, oblong, marginless. — Annual herbs 
with small white or yellow flowers. 

1. S. officinale, Scop. Hedge Mustard. 

Leaves runcinate and with the stem hairy. Flowers in along raceme; pod subtt- 
late, closely pressed to the stem. 
Waste places. Introduced. May — Sept An unsightly branched wesd. 1 W J 



32 CRUCIFER^. 



feet high. Flowers yellow, very small, terminating the raceme which becomes 1 to 
3 feet long, environed by the appressed sessile pods. 

2. S. Thalianum, Hook. Mouse-ear Hedge Mustard. 

Radical leaves obovate or oblong, entire or barely toothed ; stem leaves lanceolate, 
sessile ; pods ascending, rather longer than the pedicels. 

Rocks and sandy fields. April and May. Stem 6 to 15 inches high, slender, 
terete, with slender erect branches. Leaves mostly in a radical cluster, 1 to 2 inches 
long ; those of the stem y 2 to 1 inch long, denticulate, ciliate. Flowers small, white. 
Probably introduced. 

3. S. CANESCENS, Nutt. Hoary Hedge Mustard. 

Leaves 2-pinnatifid, the divisions small and toothed ; petals scarcely exceeding the 
calyx ; pods in long racemes, oblong or rather clavate, not longer than the spreading 
pedicels. 

Banks of streams. Rather rare. May. Stem slender, 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers 
very small, pale yellow. Pedicels spreading with the pod, often erect. A very 
variable species, often hoary pubescent. 

18. ERYSIMUM. Linn. Treacle Mustard. 

Gr. eruo. to draw blisters. 

Calyx erect, closed. Pols columnar, 4-gided; stigma 
capitate. Seels in a single row in each cell, oblong, niar- 
ginless; cotyledons often obliquely incumbent. — Chiefly 
biennials with yellow flowers. 

1. E. cherianthoiles, L. Wormseed Mustard. 

Leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed, minutely roughish ; pods erect, spreading, 
twice as long as the pedicels; stigma small, nearly sessile. 

Along streams : rare. Introduced. .July — Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erec^ 
branched, roughish. Flowers yellow, in long terminal racemes. F*d about 1 inch 
long, pointed with a short style. 

2. E. Arkansanum, Nutt. Western Wall-flower. 

Minutely roughish hairy ; stem simple ; leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed ; 
lower ones runcinate-toothed ; flowers racemose corymbed at summit. 

A fine plant with showy flowers resembling the Wall-flower. Native of the 
Western States, cultiyated in gardens. June and July. Biennial. Stem 1 to 3 
feet high, slender. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, % to }4 inch wide. Sepal* straw-color. 
Petals large bright orange-yellow. Siliques 3 inches long, 4-angled, sub-erect. 

19. SINAPIS. Linn. Mustarl. 

Gr. sinapi, which is said to come from the Celtic nap, a turnip. 

Sepals equal at the base, spreading. Petals ovate, with 
straight claws. Pols nearly terete, with a short beak ; 
valves bearing nerves. Seels globose, 1-rowed. — Annual 
or biennial European plants, with yellow flowers, and lyrate, 
pinnatifidj or incised leaves. 

1. S. nigra, L. Black Mustard. 

Lower leaves lyrate or lobed ; upper linear-lanceolate, entire, smooth ; pods smootk 
aaid even, somewhat 4-sided, appressed to the stem, tipped with a Blender style. 



CRUCIFERiE. 33 



Fields and waste places : partly naturalized. June and July. Stem 2 to 6 fet * 
high. Flowers yellow. Pods very numerous, nearly 1 inch long. Seeds numeroua, 
nearly black, used as a condiment. 

2. S. ALBA, L. White Mustard. 

Leaves pinnatifid, or lyrate, the terminal lobes large, nearly smooth ; pods mostly 
hispid, spreading, scarcely as long as the sword-form beak. 

Cultivated ; sometimes spontaneous in old fields. June and July. Stem 2 to S 
feet high. Flowers corymbose, yellow, rather large. Seeds large, pale yellow* 
Used as a condiment, and much esteemed in medicine. 

20. RAPHANUS. Linn. Radish. 

Gr. ra, quickly; andphaino, to appear; from its rapid growth. 

Calyx erect. Petals obovate, unguiculate. Pods trans- 
versely many-celled or dividing into several j oints, the lower 
often seedless and stalk-like j the upper necklace-forni, with 
no proper partition. — Annuals or Biennials. 

1. R. Raphanistrum, L. Wild Radish. Charlock. 

Leaves simply lyrate ; pod terete, jointed, smooth, becoming in matury l-celled, 
longer than the style ; seeds 3 to 8. 

Fields and waste places. Introduced. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, hispid. 
Flowers yellow, about as large as the common radish. 

2. R. sativa, L. Garden Radish. 

Lower leaves lyrate, petiolate ; pod torose, terete, acuminate, scarcely longer than 
the pedicels. A well known cultivated salad root from China. Stem 2 to 4 fee* 
high, very branching. Fltwers white, tinged with purple. 

21. CHEIRANTHUS. R. Brown. Wall-Flower. 

Arabic Jcheyry ; and anthos, a flower. 

Calyx closed, 2 of the sepals gibbous at the base. Pe- 
tals dilated. Pod terete or compressed. Stigma 2-lobed 
or capitate. Seeds in a single series, ovate compressed. — 
Showy perennials, with lanceolate or ovate slightly toothed 
leaves, and handsome fragrant flowers in jpanicied clusters or 
racemes. 

1. C. hesperidoides, T. &. Gr. Rochet Wall-Flower. 

Smooth; lower lea ves lyrate-pinnatifid ; upper ovate-lanceolate, unequally and 
sharply serrate ; pedicels as long as the calyx ; limb of the petals obovate, entire. 

Banks of streams. Western Pa. May — July. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, simple or 
branched. Leaves thin, 3 to 5 inches long, % as wide, those of the stem scarcely 
petiolate. Floioers in terminal axillary racemes, pale purple, small. Pods 1}4 
inches long. Per. 

2. C. cheiri. Wall Flower. 

Stem somewhat shrubby at the base ; leaves entire or slightly dentate, lanceolate, 
acute, smooth ; branches angular ; petals obovate ; pod$ erect, acuminate. A popu- 
lar garden flower from South Europe, admired for its agreeable odor, and its han& 
*om© corymbose clusters of orange or yellow flowors. Per. 



34 cruciferte. 



CULTIVATED EXOTICS. 

22. EESPERIS. Linn. Rocket, 

Qr.hesperis. evening; when the flower is most fragrant. 

Calyx closed, furrowed at the base, shorter than the 
claws of the petals. Petals bent obliquely, linear or obo- 
vate. Pol- 4-sided, 2-edged or sub-terete. Seeds not mar- 
gined. Stigmas forked, with the points converging. — Per- 
ennials. 

1. H. :\iATRo>-A:Lis. Rocket. Sky Rocket. 

Stem simple, erect; leaves lanceolate, ovate, denticulate; petals emarginate nuv 
eronate ; pedicels as long as the calyx. A fine garden perennial. Steyn 3 to 4 feet 
high. Flowirs purple, sometimes douhle and white. Said to be found native 
about Lake Huron. 

2. H. aprica. Siberian Rocket. 

Stem a foot high, erect, simple, pubescent ; leaves oblong obtuse, entire, cilliate- 
hispid; pedicels as long as the calyx. Flowers purple. May and June. From 
Siberia. 

23. MATTHIOLA. R. Brown. 

In honor of P. A. Matthiola. physician to Ferdinand of Austria. 

Calyx closed, 2 of the sepals gibbous at the base. Pe- 
tals dilated. Pods terete. Stigmas connivent, thickened 
or connate at the back. — Herbaceous or shrubby oriental 
plants, clothed with a hoary stellate pubescence. 

1. AT. a.-ssvvs. Ten Wsek Stock. 

Stem herbaceous, erect, branched, 2 feet high; leaves hoary canescent, lanceolate, 
obtuse, subdentate ; pod sub-cylindrical, without glands. A fine garden flower 
from South Europe. Flowers variegated. 

2. M. i^cAirus. Purple July Flower. 

Stem shrubby at the base, erect, branched, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, 
entire, hoary-canescent. Fods sub-cylindrical, truncate and compressed at the 
apex, without glands. Flowers purple and crimson. A popular garden flower, na- 
tive of England. 

24. BEASSICA. Linn. 

Celtic oresic; the cabbage. 

Sepals equal at the base, (mostly) erect. Petals obo- 
vate. Filaments without teeth. Pod sub-compressed; 
valves concave, with a central vein. Style short, subterate, 
obtuse. Seeds globose in a single (sometimes double) row, 
—Flowers yellow. 



CAPPARIDACEiE. 3£ 



1. B. campesthis. Cale. 

Leaves somewhat fleshy and glaucous: the upper one cordate-amplexicaul, acw- 
minate. Stem 1}4 to 3 feet high, round, smooth above, with a few scattered reversed 
hairs below. Racemes 1 to 2 feet long. Corolla yellow, nearly % inch in diameter* 

b. Rutabaga. Swedish Turnip. 

Root tumid, napiform, sub-globose, yellowish; growing to an enormous Biofc 
Cultivated for cattle. Native of Sweden. 

Order. 13. CAPPARIDACEiSI, 

Herbaceous plants or shrubs, without a true stipule, but sometimes with spines A» 
their place. Leaves alternate, petioled, undivided or palmate. Flowers cruciform, 
solitary or racemose. Sepals i. Petals i. or even S, imbricated or none, cruciate, 
usually unguiculate and unequal. Stamen's 6 to 12. or some multiple of 4. Disk 
hemispherical or elongated. Ovaev stipitate, of 2 united carpels. Styles united 
into one. Stigma discoid. Frcit either ped-shaped and dehiscent, or fleshy and 
indehiscent. Seeds many, kidney-shaped, without albumen. 

1. GYXANDROPSIS. do. 

Gr. Gynandria, a Linnean class : opsis, appearance. 

Calyx of 4 sepals, spreading. Petals 4, unequal. 
Stamens 6 ; filaments adnate below to the linear, elongated 
torus, its whole length. Pod linear-oblong, raised on a long 
stipe which rises from the top of the torus. — Leaves digitate. 
Flo:.- . ned. 

Cr. PENTAPHYliLAj DC Five-leaved Gynaridrppsis. 

Mid He leaves petiolate, 5-foliate; floral and lower ones S-foliate; leaflets obovaie, 
entire or denticulate. 

Cultivated ground?. July. Annual. Stern 2 feet high, viscid, simple. Flowm 
of a very irregular structure, white in long terminal racemes. Petals obovate wtUi 
very long capillary claws. Pod 2 inches long, linear, on a long fcct-stalk. 

2, POLANISIA. Raf. 

Gr.polus, many or much, and anisos, unequal-. 

Sepals 4, distinct, spreading. Petals 4, unequal, with 
claws. Stamens 8 to 32, unequal. Receptacle not elon- 
gated. Pod stalkless or nearly so, above the stamens, linear 
or oblong, veiny, turgid, many-seeded. — Strong scented an- 
nuals with glandular or clammy hairs, and digitate leaves. 

P. grateolens, Raf. Strong scented Polanisia. 

Viscid, pubescent; leaves ternate; leaflets elliptic-oblong; flowers axillary, 
solitary; stamens 8 to 12; capsule oblong lanceolate, alternate at the base. 

Gravelly banks of streams. June — Aug. Stem 1 foot high, branching, striate. 
Flowers in a corymbose raceme, yellowish-white and purple. Whole plant more o» 
lees viscid and fetid. 



3 6 RESEDACE.2E AND VIOLACE^. 

3. CLEOME. Linn. 

Sepals sometimes united at the base. Petals 4 7 minute 
or roundish. Stamens 4 to 6. Pod subsessile or stipi- 
tate. — Herbs or shrubs with simple on digitate leaves, and 
racemed or solitary flowers. 

C. PUNGENS. Spiderwort. 

Glandular pubescent. Stem simple, and with the petioles covered with prickles ; 
leaves 5 to 9 foliate, on long petioles : leaflets elliptic, lanceolate acute at each end, 
obscurely denticulate ; bracts simple ; floivers racemed ; sepals distinct ; petals on 
filiform claws ; stamens 6, twice as long as the petals. A common garden plant 
with curious purple flowers. July and August. 

Order 14. RESEDACEIE.— Mignionettes. 

Herbs with unsymraetrieal spilced, racemose, small flowers, and alternate leaves. 
Calyx not closed in the bud; sepals somewhat united at the base, unequal, green. 
Petals lacerated, unequal. Stamexs 8 to 20 on the disk. Torus hypogy nous. Pod 
3 to 6 lobed, 3 to 6 horned, 1-celled with 3 to 6 pointed placentae, opening at th* 
top long before the seeds are full grown. 

BESEDA. Linn. 

Lab resedo, to calm ; the plants are said to relieve pain. 

Sepals many. Petals 4 to 7, often cleft, unequal. 
Stamens 10 to 40, turned to one side. — Annual herbs with 
very small flowers. 

1. R. Ltjteola. Dyei-'s Weed. 

Leaves lanceolate, entire with a tooth on each side at the base ; calyx 4-cleft ; 
petals 4 ; the upper one 3 to 5 cleft ; the two lateral 3-cleft ; the lower one linear 
and entire ; pods depressed. Scarcely naturalized ; flowering through the season. 
Stem 2 feet high. Floivers greenish yellow, arranged in a long spike. Used for 
dying yellow. 

2. R. odorata. Mignionette. 

Leaves entire, 3-lobed ; sepals shorter than the petals. A well known and uni- 
versal favorite of the garden; native of Egypt. Stem procumbent. Flcwers very 
fragrant. 

Order 15. VI0LAGE2E. 

Herbs with simple leaves usually alternate, sometimes opposite, stipulate, and aecH- 
lory nodding flowers with a somewliat irregular, 1-spurred corolla of b-petals, 5 hypo- 
gynous stamens pointed by their anthers, and a 1-celled 3-valvedpod with 3 parietal 
platenta>. Sepals 5, persistent, slightly united, elongated at the base, the two la- 
teral interior. Petals twisted, imbricate in the bud. Stamens with short and broad 
filaments, prolonged beyond the anther cells, and more or less coherent over the 
stigma; two of the stamens with spurs or appendages which are received into tiw 



VIOLACEiE. 37 



spur of the corolla. Style club-shaped ; stigma 1-sided, cucculate. Fruit a 3-valved 
capsule. Seeds numerous ; albumen fleshy. 

1. VIOLA. Linn. Violets. 

The ancient Latin name of the genus. 

Sepals 5, a/uriculed at their base. Petals 5, unequal, 
the larger one spurred at the base ; the 2 lateral equal, oppo- 
site. Stamens 5, approximate ; filaments distinct ; anthers 
connate, the lobes diverging at the base. Capsule 1-celled, 
3-valved ; seeds attached to the valves. — Low herbaceous per- 
ennial plants, acaulescent or caulescent. Peduncles angular, 
solitary , \-flov:ered recurved at the summit in an inverted 
position. (Often producing concealed apetalous flowers during 
the whole summer.) 

* Stemless : leaves and scapes from subterranean root-stocks : perennials. 
1. Flowers blue : leaves undivided. 

. 1. V. CUCCULLATA, Ait. Hood-leaved Violet. 

r Smoothish; I '.aces cordate, cuccullate at the base, toothed, veined; 'stipules small, 
linear, fringed ; lateral pctils bearded : spur short, obtuse. 

Lew grounds, meadows, &e, ; common. April — June. Leaves on long petioles, 
strongly hearth-shaped or triangularly kidney-shaped, rolled at the base, into a 
hooded form. Flowers light blue or purple, with somewhat 4-sided scapes. Petals 
twisted. Whole plant variable. 

2. V. sagittata, Ait. Arrow-leaved Violet. 

Smoothish or ha.'ry ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, sagittate-cordate, sub-acute, often 
hastate at the base, serrate or crenate-dentate : petals oblong, ovate, all except the 
lower one, bearded ; spur short, very thick and sac-like. 

Gravelly fields : common. April and May. Leaves varying from oblong-sagittate 
to triangular-hastate on margined petioles, acute or not. Flowers middle sized, 
purple, on scapes 3 to 5 inches long. Var. emarginata Nutt. Leaves almost trian- 
gular, lacerately toothed at the base ; petals emarginate or bidentate. 

3. V. oyata, Nuft. Ovate-leaved Violet. 

Leaves ovate, crenate, ciliate, abruptly decurrent on the short petiole, mostly 
roughish, pubescent; lateral petals bearded ; stigma a little beaked. 

Dry hills. April and May. Leaves numerous, mostly hairy on both sides, some- 
times nearly smooth, % as wide as long, acute or not, upper ones lacinate-dentate. 
Segals ciliate, oblong-ovate, deeply emarginate behind. Petals entire, veiny, obo- 
vate, the lateral ones with dense white beards. Spur broad. 

4. V. SORORIA, Willcl. Bearded or Kindred Violet. 

Leaves orbicular, or roundish-cordate with the sinus often closed, crenate-serrate, 
mostly pilose, th'ckish, purple beneath, flat lying on the ground ; lateral petals 
densely bearded, lower one somewhat beajded, upper one naked : stigma depressed, 
with a deflexed beak. 

Dry hills, open woodlands. April and May. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, mostly 
orbicular or sub-ren:form. Scapes few, about as long as the leaves, smooth, with 
small subulate opposite bracts below the middle. Sepals lance-oblong, rather 
obtuse. Corolla reddish blue ; petals obovate, entire. Capsule smooth. (Darling- 
ton's F. C.) ' 





38 VIOLACEiE. 



5. Y. elliptica. Elliptic-leaved Violet. 

Leaves elliptical-oblong, crenately toothed or entire, somewhat pilose ; flowers on 
elender scapes. 

Gravelly hillsides; rare. May and June. Leaves % to \y 2 inches long, % as 
■wide, on slender petioles 2 to 4 inches long. Scapes few^" slender, 4 to 6 inches long 
with 2 small opposite subulate bracts above the middle. Flowers smaller than in 
tho preceding species, pale blue. Lateral and lower petals densely bearded, and 
profusely marked with white lines. 

2. Leaves divided. 

6. Y. pedata, L. Bird's-foot Violet. 

Leaves pedate, nearly smooth, from 5 to 7 parted; segments linear-lanceolate, ob» 
tuse or acute, 1 or 2-toothed, or somewhat 3-lobed at the apex, tapering downwards ; 
siipid&s radical, pectinately lacerated ; petals beardless; spur very short; stigma 
large, obliquely truncate ; beak obscure. 

Dry hills or sandy woods. May and June. Root premorse. Scapes 2 to 5 inches 
high, several from the same root. Flowers large, pale blue, scmetimes almost 
white; petals rounded at the extremities. This handsome species presents several 
varieties — one with variegated flowers, tho 2 upper petals intensely velvety purple, 
and fully as handsome as the finest Pansy. 

7. Y. palmata, L. Palmate Violet. 

Pubescent ; Uaves reniform-cordate, palmate or hastate-lobed, variable ; the inter- 
mediate one always larger ; stipules lanceolate, eubciliate ; lateral petals densely 
bearded; spur short; stigma capitate, recurved. 

Moist woodlands and low grounds ; common. May. Scapes several, 4 to 6 inches 
high, often pilose with 2 small lanceolate bracts below the middle. Eootdock scaly. 
The early leaves are ovate, entire ; the later and perfect are often purple beneath, 
variously lobed and cleft. Petals purple or bright blue, entire, veiny, white at the 
base ; upper ones smaller ; lateral ones densely bearded and marked with blue 
#tri«. 

3. Leaves undivided. Flowers white, the lower petals veined with purple. 

8. Y. lanceolata, L. Lance-leaved Violet. 

Leaves very smooth, narrow, lanceolate, attenuated at each end, sub-serrate ; 
$epals lanceolate, acute, smooth ; petals beardless, nearly equal. 

Swamps and wet meadows. April and May. Rhizoma creeping. Leaves narrow, 
Mid with the stalk 3 to 5 inches long. Petioles half round. Flowers small, white* 
inodorous. Upper and lateral petals marked with violet lines. 

9. Y. primul^efolia, L. Primrose-leaved Violet. 

Leaves oblong-ovate, mostly acute, sub-cordate and somewhat unequal at the 
base, decurrent on the petiole, crenate-serrate, smooth above; sepals lanceolate; 
petals obtuse, lateral ones sometimes sparingly bearded and striate ; stigma capitate 
and rostrate. 

Wet grounds; rare. May. Intermediate between V. lanceolata and V. blanda* 
Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, and an inch or more wide, about as long as the scape. 
Flowers white, odorous, on sub-4-sided stalks. 

10. Y. blanda, Willd. White Sweet Violet. 

Leaves broad-cordate, remotely serrate or crenate, minutely pubescent, sinnfi 
jounded ; petals ovate, obtuse, nearly beardless ; stigma depressed, acutely mar- 
gined. 

Wet meadows; common. April and May. Leaves close to the earth, nearly 
round, % to 1% inches in diameter, flat and thin. Flowers small, white streaked 
trith purple, very fragrant. 

4- Flowers yellow. 



VI0LACE2E. 39 



11. V. rotundifolia, Mich. Round-leaved Violet. 

Leaves round-ovate, heart-shaped, slightly crenate, appressed to the ground; 
lateral petals bearded and marked with brown lines, lower ones smaller; spur very 
ehort. 

Eocky woods. May. Scape 1 to 3 inches high. Leaves 1 inch broad at flowering, 
increasing to 3 or 4 inches in summer. Flowers pale yellow, middle sized. 

** Perennials with stems. 

5. Leaves undivided : flowers yellow or yellowish white. 

12. V. pubescans, Ait. Downy Yellow Violet. 

Softly pubescent ; stem elongated, erect ; leaves very broadly heart-shaped, den- 
tate, more or less acuminate; stipules large, ovate, somewhat toothed ; spur ex- 
tremely short; lower petals veined with purple. Yar. 1., eriocarpa, is large, 
villous pubescent ; capsule densely villous. Var. 2., scabriusada. is smaller, slightly 
pubescent, and brighter green; stems decumbent; pods smooth or woolly. 

Rich woods; common. May. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, generally solitary, some- 
what angular. Peduncles rather shorter than the leaves, axillary, solitary, with 2 
eubulate bracts. Flowers middle sized, yellow; lateral petals slightly bearded; and 
with the lower ones striped with dark purple. 

13. Y. hastata ; Mich. Halbert-leaved Yellow Violet. 

Nearly smooth ; stem erect, simple, leafy above ; leaves on long petioles, cordate- 
lanceolate or hastate, acuminate; lobes obtuse, dentate; stipules minute, ovate; 
spur very short; lower petal dilated, sub-3-lobed ; lateral ones slightly bearded. 

Mountains and pine woods. May. Stem 6 to 10 inches high. Peduncles shorter 
than the leaves. Floivers yellow. 

14. Y. striata, Ait. Striped Violet. 

Stem assurgent, angular, smooth; leaves alternate, heart-shaped, finely serrate, 
Often acuminate; stipules large, oblong-lanceolate, strongly fringe-toothed; spur 
thickish, much shorter than the petals ; stigma recurved, sub-pubescent. 

Wet grounds. May. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, half round. Leaves 1 to V/ 2 inches 
wide, on petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Peduncles axillary. Flowers large, yellowish- 
white : lateral petals densely bearded; lower one striped with dark purple. 

6. Flowers pale blue, or purplish. 

15. Y. rostrata, Muhl. Long Spurred Violet. 

Stem diffuse, erect; leaves smooth, roundish-heart-shaped, serrate; the upper 
&cute; stipules large, lanceolate, serrate-cilliate ; petals obovate, beardless; spur 
longer than the corolla. 

Shaded hillsides. June. Stem 4 to 8 inches high, smooth. Floivers large, pala 
blue, with a very long spur similar to that of the larkspur, by which this species is 
readily recognized. 

16. V. Muhlenbergh, Torr. Spreading Violet. 

Stems ascending, at length with creeping branches, smooth ; leaves round, heart- 
ehaped, or the lowest kidney-shaped, crenate ; the uppermost slightly acuminate ; 
stipules large, lanceolate, fringe-toothed ; spur tapering, about half the length of the 
petals ; petals obovate, obtuse, the lateral ones bearded ; stigma rostrate. 

Shaded wet places. May and June. Stem 6 to 8 inches high. Flowers middl©- 
eized, pale purplish. 

17. Y. Canadensis, L. Canadian Violet. 

Upright; leaves heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, lower ones on long petioles j 
stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire ; sepals subulate-lanceolate ; spur very short; stiamti 
ghort, pubescent. 



40 CISTACE./E. 



Shady woods. May — Aug. Stem 9 to IS inches high, usually simple. Flowers 
large, blue without, paler within; upper petals marked with blue lines; lateral 
ones bearded. Flowering all summer. 

18. V. tricolor, L. Pansy-Heartsease. 

Stem angular, diffuse; leaves oblong-ovate; lower ones oblong cordate, deeply 
cronate; stipules runcinately pinnatifid or lyrate, the terminal segments as large aft 
the leaves ; spwr short and thick. 

Gardens, where its pretty flowers are earliest in spring and latest in autumn. 
Flowers variable in size ; the 2 upper petals purple ; the 2 lateral white ; and witb 
the lower striate at base ; all yellow at base. 

V. ODORATA. Sweet Violet. 

Native of Europe. Flowers dark purple, very fragrant: double by cultivation* 

2. SOLE A. Gingens, DC. Green Violet. 

In honor of Win. Sole, author of an Essay on Mentha. 

Sepals scarcely equal, carinate, not auricled at the base ? 
decurrent into a pedicel, at length reflexed. Petals unequal, 
the lowest one 2-lobed and somewhat gibbous at the base. 
Stamens cohering, the lower 2 bearing a gland above the 
middle. Capsule somewhat 3-sided. Seeds 6 to 8, very 
large. — A homely perennial with greenish-white flowers in the 
axils of the leaves on short pedicels. 

1. S. CONCOLER, DC. Green Violet. 

Stem simple, erect ; leaves crenate-lanceolate, sessile, irregularly toothed above J 
peduncles short, 2 to 3 flowered : flowers small, greenish ; calyx nearly as long as the 
petals : spur none. 

Shady woods ; rare. April and May. Delaware and Franklin counties, and 
western parts of the State. Stem 2 to 4 feet high. 

Order 16. CISTACEJE. 

Herbs or low shrubs, with regular flowers, distinct hypogynous stamens, and a 
1-cdled 3 to 5 valved pod. Leaves entire, opposite or alternate, usually feather- 
reined. Flowers white, yellow, or red ; very f ugaceous, in 1-sided racemes. Sepals 
b, persistent, unequal; the 2 external small-like bracts, sometimes wanting. Pe- 
tals 3 to 5, usually fugacious, convolute in the opposite direction from the calyx. 
Stamens indefinite, hypogynous, distinct ; anther innate. Style single or none, in 
the bud. Ovules few or many, on slender stalks, with the orifice at the apex. 
Fruit capsular 1-celled, 3 to 5 valved, with as many parietal placentas borne on t&o 
middle of the valves. 

1. HELIANTHEMUM. Tourn, Kock-rose. 

Gr. helios, the sun; dnthos, a flower. 

Sepals 5, the 2 outer smaller, twisted in aestivation,, 
Petals 5 ; or rarely 3, sometimes abortive ; crumpled in the 



CISTACEJE. 41 



bud, fugacious. Stamens many. Style short or none; 
stigma 3-lobed, scarcely distinct. Capsule strictly 1-celled, 
triangular, 3-valved, opening at the top ; seeds angular. 
Flowers frequently of 2 sorts ; the primary or earliest ones, 
with large petals, numerous stamens, and many-seeded pods ; 
secondary or later ones much smaller, and few-seeded pods. — 
Serbs with perennial roots, and yellow flowers, which open in 
sunshine, and cast their petals by the next day. . 

1. H. Canadense, Michx. Rock Rose. Frost Weed. 

Stem, at first simple, erect., cr ascending; leaves oblong cr somewhat lanceolate, 
acute. hairy, alternate, without sti] 

Sandy or gravelly dry soil. June — Aug. Stem about 1 feot high. leaves % to 
1 inch long. V4 as wide, entire, sub-sessile. Primary or terminal flowers large, few 
or solitary, cin peduncles as long as the flowers; petals large bright yellow ; second- 
ary flowers axillary, very small, nearly sessile, solitary or somewhat clustered, on 
ghort leafy branches ; the petals very smali or none; the outer sepals usually want- 
ing. Late in autumn, chrystals of ice shcot from the cracked Lark ; hence the 
common name. 

2. LECHEA. Linn. Pikweed. 

In honor of John Leche, a Swedish botanist. 

Calyx 3-sepalled, with 2 outer bracts or sepals, persist- 
ent. Petals 3, inconspicuous, lanceolate. Stamens 3 to 
12. Style scarcely any. Stigmas 3, scarcely distinct. 
Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved ; placentae nearly as the valves, 
roundish, each 1 to 2-seeded. — Inconspicuous perennial 
branching plants, with very small greenish orpvjplishflovjers. 

1. L. major, Michx. Large Pin weed. 

Hairy; stem erect, simple, producing slender prostrate tranches frcm the tase ; 
leaves oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, pilose, alternate and opposite, or sometimes 
whorlcd ; panicle short, leafy ; f.oiccrs densely crowded in panicled clusters ; ped'eds 
ghorter than the globose depressed (very small) pods. 

Dry woods and fields. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect. Flowers small, trown, 
in racemose clusters. 

2. L. MINOR, Lam. Smaller Pin weed. 

Stem slender, upright or diffusely branched, nearly smooth; leaves linear-lanceo- 
late, acute; leafy shoots densely tufted at the base; panicle leafy, its L ranches 
elongated ; flowers loosely racemed; pedicels mostly longer than the globose pods. 

Dry hills.' July — Sept. Stem S to 12 inches high, often decumbent at the base. 
Stem-leaves )A D y /+ i ncn alternate, sparingly ciliate and resolute at tbe marg:n ; 
those of the long slender branches minute. Flowers larger than in L. major. Pt~ 
tals brownish-purple, cohering at the apes. Capsules also larger than in the 
preceding. 

3. flUDSONIA. Linn. 

In honor of Wm. Hudson, author of "Flora Anglica." 

Calyx 5-parted ; segments unequal ; the two outer ones 
0* 



42 DROSERACE^. 



minute. Petals 5. Stamens 9 to 30. Style straight, 
filiform. Stigma simple. Capsule oblong enclosed in the 
calyx, 1 -celled, 3-valved, 1 to 6-seeded. — Bushy heath-like 
little shrubs with verg numerous branches, and minute awl- 
shaped or scale-like persistent leaves, and numerous, small f 
shoicy, bright-yellow flowers. 

1. H. eriocoides, L. Heath-like Hudsonia. 

Downy but greenish; stem sub-erect; branches elongated; leaves filiform, awl- 
shaped, loose; ftoivers on slender naked stalks; sepals acutish. 

Dry sandy woods ; rare, May and June. Stem 4 to G inches high, much branched. 
Leaves small persistent. Flotvers small, yellow, with about 15 stamens. 

2. H. tomentosa, Nutt. Downy Hudsonia. 

Hoary and downy; leaves oval or oblong, close pressed and imbricated; Jlowert 
aggregated, sessile ; calyx sub-cylindrical, with obtuse segments. 

Sandy soil; rare. June. Stem ascending, much branched. Flowers yellow, 
smaller than the preceding. Stamens 9 to 18. "Whole plant eilvery-gray and 
tomentose. 

Order 17. BR08ERAGEIE, 

Bog herbs mostly stcmless, often covered with glandular hairs ; alternate leaves, of- 
clustered at the base of a scape, tapering into apetiole, rolled up from the apex to the 
base in vernation. Sepals 5, persistent, equal. Corolla of 5 nearly equal petals. 
Stamens 5 to 15 ; anthers turned outwards. Styles 3 to 5, either wholly distinct, 
or slightly connected at the base, bifid or branched. Fruit a capsule 1 to 3 celled, 
3 to 5 valved, usually many-seeded, sometimes ariled. 

1. DROSERA. Linn. Sundew. 

Gr. droscs, dew ; the glands exuding a dew-like secretion. 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Styles 
3 to 5, each 2-parted. Capsule superior, globose or ovoid, 
1 to 3 celled, 3 to 5 yalved, the valves bearing the numerous 
seeds on the middle, for their whole length. — Low perennial 
aquatic herbs, with the leaves clothed icith reddish gland- 
bearing bristles. 

1. D. rotundifolia, L. Round-leaved Sundew. 

leaves all radical, orbicular, abruptly narrowed into the spreading hairy petioles, 
fringed with purple cilia, pilose above ; scape erect, bearing a terminal and mostly 
simple 1-sided raceme, nodding at the apex, so that the fresh blown flower is 
always the highest. 

Sphagnous Swamps. July and August. A singular plant at once distinguished 
by the reddish glandular hairs with which the leaves are beset. Scape 4 to 8 inches 
high. Flowers small whitish. 

2. D. longifolia, L. Long-leaved Sundev). 

Leaves spatulate-oblong, erect, spreading, tapering into the long rather ere©* 
naked petioles ; scape declined at the base ; seeds oblong, not arillate. 



HYPERICACE.3E. 43 

Swamps; rare. July and August. Scape 3 to 6 inches long, usually curved to 
one side at the base. Flowers yellowish white 5 to 9 in a raceme, twice as large a» 
tn the preceding. 

3. D. filiformis, Raf. Thread-leaved Sundew. 

Lexves very long and filiform, nearly erect, with no distinction between the blade 
and the stalk, glandular the whole length ; scape longer than the leaves, many- 
flowered, simple or bifid. 

Sandy Swamps. Aug. and Sept. Scape S to 12 inches high. Leaves 6 to 16 
lache3 long. Flowzrs purple, few, in a 1-sided raceme. 

Sub-order. PARNASSIE^. 

Smooth herbs with slightly perigynous stamens, an outer 
series of them sterile and in clusters, imbricated petals and 
4 sessile stigmas opposite the parietal placentae. Leaves 
alternate, not coiled in the bud. — Consists of the following 
genus of doubtful affinity. 

2. PARNASSIA. Linn. 

From Mount Parnassus ; on account of the beauty of this plant. 

Calyx deeply 5 cleft, Petals 5, veiny, spreading, rather 
persistent, with a cluster of somewhat united sterile filaments 
at the base of each. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. 
Stigmas 4, sessile. Capsule 4-valved, 1-celled. Seeds 
very numerous, arillate. — Perennial herbs with chiefly entire 
radical leaves, and solitary flowers terminating the long naked 
scapes. 

P. Caroliniana, Michx. Grass of Parnassus. 

Badical leaves cordate, orbicular-ovate on long petioles; stem leaf sessile, clasp- 
ing; sterile filaments in 5 clusters, 3 in each, distinct to near the base, surmounted 
with little yellow spherical tips ; petals more than twice as long as the calyx, 
marked with many greenish transparent veins. 

Wet banks : Limestone, Montour Co. Xot common. Aug. and Sept. Scape 12 
to 18 inches high. Leaves about 7-veined, usually but one on the stalk low down 
and clasping. Flowers solitary, large, yellowish-white. An elegant and interest- 
ing plant. 

Order 18. HYFERXGAGEJE. 

Herbs or shrubs with opposite entire dotted leaves and no stipules, regular hypogp- 
nous flowzrs, ivith many or few stamens collected in three or more clusters, or bundle*. 
Flowers perfect, mostly yellow, with cyniose inflorescence. Sepals 4 to 5 persistent, 
imbricated in the bud. Petals 4 to 5 mostly deciduous with a twisted aestivation 
and oblique veins. Stamens usually numerous and cohering at base in three ot 
more parcels. Capsule 2 to 5 (rarely G to 7,) lobed, with as many persistent styles 
■which are at first sometimes united, 1-celled with 2 to 5 parietal placnetse. giBM 
very numerous, small, without albumen ; embeto straight. 



44 HYPERICACEJE. 



I. HYPERICUM. Linn. St. John's Wort. 

Sepals 5, more or less united at the base, mostly equal, 
leaf-like. Petals 5, oblique and often without equal sides. 
Stamens numerous or few united or clustered in 3 to 5 par- 
cels without interposed glands. Styles 3 to 5, distinct, or 
united at base, persistent. Capsule membranaceous, 1 or 
3 to 5-cellecl. — Herbs or shrubs with opposite entire leaves, 
punctate with pellucid dots, and yellow flowers ; solitary, or 
in, cymose panicles. 

* Stamens 20 to 100. Styles 3 to 5. Flowers mostly terminal, laryc, yellow: herla- 
ceous perennials. 

1. H. pyramldatum, Ait. Giant St. John's Wort. 

Stem square, branching above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, somewhat clasp- 
ing, acute, smooth, pellucid-punctate ; sepals ovate-lanceolate; ttylcs free, as long 
as the stamens ; seeds numerous. 

Eiver banks and hills. July, Aug. A large Cowering perennial species, 3 to 5 
feet high, scarcely angular, eincoth. rigid and herbaceous. Flowers \ x / 2 inches in 
diameter, showy, few or solitary at the ends of the branches. Stamens capillary 
100 or more. Capsules 1 inch long, tipped with the 5 styles ovoid-ccnical. 

2. H. CORYMBOSUM, Muhl. Spotted St. John's Wort. 

S tern erect, punctate ; leaves clasping, oblong-oval, obtuse, covered with black 
dots ; sepals ovate, acute ; petals oblong. 

Shady woods and wet meadows. June, July. Stem 1}/ Z to 2 feet high, black 
punctate. Leeivcs 1 to 2 inches long. Flowers small, numercv.s, rale yellow, in 
a compact panicle or corymb. Petals nearly 3 times as long as the serais, with 
oblong black dots. Styles 3, longer than the stamens. Stigmas orange red. 

3. H. ellipticum, Hook. Elliptic St. John's Wort. 

Stems square, simple, cymose at summit; leaves elliptical, obtuse, closely sessile, 
(scarcely punctate; cymes nearly leafless, few-flowered, depressed; sepals very 
unequal, spreading; styles 3, united nearly to the top; capsules ovoid-globose. 

Moist grounds. July. Stem 10 to 20 inches high, colored at tase. leases 1 inch 
long, somewhat erect. Floioers orange-yellow. Petals acutish. Stir, mas minute. 
Pods purplish. 

4. H. perforatum, L. Common St. John's Wort. 

Stem 2-edgec 1 , branched, and corymbed; leaves elliptical-oval, obtuse, and with the 
sepals pellucid-punctate; flowers panicled; sepals lanceolate % as long as the 
petals; styles '3, diverging. 

June — August. A pernicious plant introduced from Europe, but thoroughly 
naturalized, growing in pasture fields, much to the annoyance of farmers. Stems 
1 to 2 feet high, with opposite spreading branches, erect, round, with 2 opposite, 
elevated Hues extending between the nodes. Flowers numerous, deep-yellow, and 
id terminal panicles. 

** Stamens 20 to 100. Styles more or less united. Shrully perennials. 

5. H. adpressum, Barton. Viinged St. John's Wort. 

Stem 2-winged above, shrubby at base; leaves linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, 
fessile with pellucid punctures; cyme 10 to 20-flowercd, naked; sepals very une- 
qual, 14. as l° n o as t ne oblong-obovate petals; styles united; capsules 3-celled. 

Swamps. July, Aug. Stem 2 feet high. Flowers in compound cymes about % 
lo«h in diameter, with very numerous stamens. 



HYPERICACE.&. 45 



6. H. NUDIFLORUM, Michx. Raked St. John's Wort. 

Slem shrubby at base, 4-angIed, -winged above; leaves ovate-oblong or lance-oval 
obtuse, sessile; cymes compound leafless; sepals linear-oblong, shorter than the 
ovate petals : styles united. 

Wet grounds, rare. Aug. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, with numerous 4-sided branches, 
leaves thin, about 2 inches long, with minute reddish dots. Flowers small, and 
rather loose in the cyme. 

7. H. prolificum, L. Shrubhy St. John's Wort. 

Stem shrubby, smooth, branching; branches 2-angled; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 
mostly obtuse, narrowed at base,, revolute on the margin pellucid-punctate J 
flowers numerous in simple or compound clusters. 

Banks of streams. July. A highly ornamented shrub 2 to 4 feet high, with 
much compre.sxl branches. Leaves 2 inches long, % inch wide. Floicer s large, 
orange-yellow ; peduncles generally 3-flowered, the intermediate one nearly sessile. 

* * * Stamens 5 to 20 rarely 30. Styles short, distinct. Low anal slender annuals* 

8. H. MTJTILUM, L. Small St. John's Wort. 

Stem erect, much branched, smooth, square ; leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, heart- 
ehaped, clasping, 5-nerved; cymes leafy ; petals shorter than the lanceolate sepals; 
capsules ovate, conical. 

Damp sandy soils. June— Aug. Stem 6 to 12 Inches high, leafy to the top. 
Flowers very small pale-yellow, solitary in the divisions of the stem. 

9. H. Canadense, L. Canadian St. John's Wort. 

Stem square, erect, branched ; leaves linear, or narrowly-lanceolate, attenuate to 
the base, rather obtuse; panicle elongated, forked; sepals lanceolate, very acute, 
longer than the petals. 

Low grounds, common. June — Aug. Stems 6 to 12 inches high. Leaves pellu- 
cid, and dotted with black. Flowers small, yellow. Capstile longer than the calyx 
and of a reddish color. 

10. H. Sarothra, Michx. Orange-grass. 

Stem and branches filiform, square; .'eaves minute, awl-shaped, scales appressed; 
flowers mostly sessile and scattered along the erect branches ; pods slender, very 
acute, 1-celled. 

Sandy fields and hills. June — Aug. Stem 4 to S inches high, much branched. 
leaves vpry small. Flowers very small, yellow. Stamens 5 to 10. Capsule brown. 

2. ASCYRUM. Linn. St. Peter's Wort. 

Gr. a. privative, and sluros, roughness; the plant being smooth to the touch. 

Calyx 4-sepalled, 2 outer ones smaller. Petals 4 cadu- 
cous. Stamens many, scarcely united at base. Styles 2 to 
4, mostly distinct. Capsule strictly 1-celled, 2 to 3 (rarely 
4) Yalved. — Low, rather shrubby plants with pale black-dotted 
leaves and nearly pale-yellow Jlowers. 

I. Crux Andrews, L. St. Andrew's Cross. 

^Sc us much branched at base and decumbent; leaves narrowly obovate-oblong, 
contracted at the base ; flowers solitary or cymulose, on short pedicels ; outer sepal* 
ovate, inner ones very minute ; petals linear-oblong ; styles 2, at length distinct. 

Randy fields. July. Stems 8 to 24 inches high, 2-edged above, thickly clothed 



46 ELATINACE^. 



■with leaves, which are variable in width. Flowers pale yellow on very short pedi- 
oels. Petals scarcely exceeding the outer sepals, approaching each other in pairs 
over them, in the form of St. Andrew's cross. 

3. ELODEA. Adans. 

Gr. Elodes, growing in marshy places. 

Sepals 5, equal, somewhat united at base. Petals 5 
deciduous, equal-sided, oblong. Stamens 9 (rarely 12 to 
15), in 3 parcels which alternate with 3 orange colored 
hypogynous glands. Styles 3 distinct. Capsule 3-celled 
oblong. — Perennial herbs, growing g in marshy places, with 
pellucid punctate leaves, and small close clusters of purplish 
flowers in the axils of the leaves and at the summit. 

E. VntGiNiCA, Nutt. Virginian Elodea. 

Leaves oblong, closely sessile or clasping by a broad base, very obtuse ; filaments 
united below the middle, with 3 in each set. 

Marshy places, common. July — Sept. Stem 10 to 18 inches high, erect, branch- 
ing, of a purplish hue. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide, upper ones lanceo- 
late, lower oblong ovate, all very obtuse, pale beneath. Floioers few, reddish- 
yellow. Petals about twice as long as the calyx. Glands ovoid, orange-colored. 
Qapsule ovoid-oblong, acutish. 



Order 19. ELATINACEJE. 

Small marsh annuals, with opposite leaves, membraneous stipules, and axillary 
flowers. Sepals 2 to 5 distinct, or slightly coherent at base, persistent. Petals 
hypogynous, alternate with the sepals. Stamens as many or twice as many as the 
petals. Styles 2 to 5, very short or none ; stigmas capitate. Capsules 2 to 5-celled. 
Seeds numerous, without albumen. 

ELATINE. L. Water Wort. 

Gr. elate, fir ; its minute leaves resembling those of the fir tree. 

Sepals 2 to 4, persistent. Petals 2 to 4, hypogynous. 
Stamens 2 to 8. Style or sessile capitate stigmas, 2 to 4. 
Pod 2 to 4-celled, several-many-seeded, margins of the valves 
not introflexed. — Small marshy plants with minute axil- 
lary flowers like Chiclcweed, but the seeds as in St. John's 
wort. 

E. Americana, Arnott. American Wdterwort. 

Dwarf tufted ; leaves cuneate-obovate, obtuse ; flowers sessile, sepals, petals, sta- 
mens and sessile stigmas 2, sometimes 3. Seeds 6 to 8. 

Edges of ponds and streams. July — Sept. Stems rooting and creeping in the 
mud, forming patches. Leaves % inch long, entire. Flowers solitary, very mia- 
Hte, white, 



CARYOPHYLLACE.E. 47 



Order 20. C ARYOFHYLLAGEJE.— The Pink Family, 

Herbaceous plants with opposite entire leaves, stems with swelled joints, and symme- 
trical 4 to b-mzrous flowers. Sepals 4 to 5 either distinct or cohering in a tube, 
persistent. Petals 4 to 5 unguiculate, inserted upon the pedicel of the ovary, or 
without claws inserted on the outside of a fleshy disk, sometimes none. Styles 2 
to 5. Seeds attached to the base or central column of the 1-celled, or 2 to 5-celle£S 
capsule, numerous, rarely five, the embryo coiled round mealy albumen. 

Sub-order I. SILENEiE. The proper Pink Family. 

Sepals united in a tubular calyx. Petals with long 
claws. Stamens 10, and with the petals borne on the stalk 
of the many-seeded capsule. Stipules none. — Flower* 
mostly shoicy. 

1. SILENE. Linn. 

Gr. sialon, saliva; in allusion to tbe viscid secretion on the stems and calyx Of 
many species. 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Petals 5 
unguiculate, mostly crowned at the orifice • limb bifid. Sta- 
mens 10. Styles 3. Capsule 3-celled at base, opening by 
6 teeth at the top. Embry'O coiled. — Flowers solitary or in 
clustered cymes. 

* Calyx inflated ; flowers panicked, while. Pereinial. 

1. S. STELLATA, Ait. Starry Campion. 

Stem erect, branching, pubescent; leaves in whorls of 4, ovate-lanceolate tape*- 
pointed, smooth; flowers in panicles; calyx bladder-like, pubescent, bell-shaped. 

Shaded banks and woods. July, August. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, slender seme* 
what 4-sided. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, J/j as wide, tapering to a long point sessile. 
Calyx pale-green with mere deeply colored veins. Flowers white, borne on a largo 
open pyrimidal panicle. Petals cut into a fringe at the apex, crownless. 

2. S. NIVEA, Muhl. White Catchfly. Snowy Campion. 

Stem divaricate and dichotomous above ; leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong, 
acuminate, minutely puberulent ; calyx obtuse, bell-shaped, inflated, reticulated, 
Bubpilose; pzteds 2-cIeft with a small bifid crown, reflexed; claws exserted beyond 
the calyx, nearly naked; apsides stiped. 

"Islands in the Susquehanna, near Columbia; Muhl." June, July. Stem 1 to 
2 feet high, smooth and slendor. Leaves opposite, 2 inches long, and % an inch 
wide. Flowers white, remote, solitary, dichotomal and terminal. 

•* Calyx not inflated, elongatidor club-shaped. Petals crowned, red or rose-colored : 
perennials. 

3. S. Pennsylvania, Michx. Pennsylvania Catchfly. 

Fwcw&y-pubeseenfc; siems numerous; radioed leaves somewhat cuneate; those of 
the stem long linear; petioles hairy; flowers in somewhat 3-forked panicles ; calyx 
long, tubular; pitils slightly emarginate, sabcrenate. 

Gravelly hillsides. May, June. Per. Stems numerous, tufted, 6 to 10 inch*» 
high. Calyx club-shaped. Petals wedge-form, bright purple or nearly white. 



48 CARYOPHYLLACE^. 



4. S. VlRGlNICA, Linn. Virginia Catch fly. 

Ttsai-pubescent ; stem mostly erect, branching; leaves lanceolate; loiter ones on 
long petioles, with long cilia? at base ; flowers in panicles, petals with long claws, 
broad bifid crowned. 

Open Woods. May, June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, single. Flowers few and 
loosely cymose, large and showy. Calyx oblong-cylindrical, soon cbconical. Petals 
large, red, oblong, 2-cleft. Stamens and pistils exsertcd. 

5. S. Catesbaii, Walt. Catcsby's Catchfly. 

Branching: leaves broad lanceolate ; flowers in panicles; calyx clavate, colored; 
petals wi'.h long claws; limb bifid with two lateral teeth; lobes acute. 

Southern part of the State, not common. June. Stem a fcot high. Flowers 
crimson. 5howy, Considered by soma botanists as a variety of <S. Virginica. Botll 
De Candoile ai_d Hooker consider it distinct. Bjck. 

*** Calyx not inflated ; petals crowned: annuals. 

6. S. Anterrhina, L. Snap-dragon Catchfly. 

Nearly smooth; stem erect; lezves lanceolate, acute, subciliate, upper ones linear; 
Jlowers small paniclcd; calyx ovoid, smooth; pdals small, obcordate, slightly 
crowned. 

Dry hills. June, July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, nearly smooth with some of the 
upper intervals viscid, simple or branching above, somewhat leafy. FUwzrt 
email white or pale purple, only expanding towards evening. 

7. S. nocturna, L. Nocturnal Catchfly. 

Stem branched, pilose below; leaves pubescent, long ciliate at base; lower one* 
spatulate; upper, lance-linear; Jlowers appressed to the stem in a dense 1-sided 
spike ; calyx cylindrical, nearly smooth, reticulated between the veins ; petals nar- 
row 2-parted. 

Introduced and sparingly naturalized. July. Flowers white greenish beneath, 
small. 

8. S. NOCTIFLORA, L. Might-flowering Catchfly. 

Viscid pubescent; stem erect, branching; loiozr leaves large and spatulate; upper 
Ones linear-lanceolate, acuminate ; calyx cylindrical ventricoso with long sut-ap- 
prcssed teeth. 

Cultivated grounds. Introduced and naturalized. July. Stem tall, 1 to 3 feet 
high. Flowers ratber large, white or purplish, expanding only in the evening and 
in cloudy weather, solitary in the forks, peduncled ; calyx round, inflated, thj» 
alternate veins vcinlcted. Petals rather large 2-parted. 

9. S. Armeria, L. Sweet- William Catchfly. 

Smooth, glaucous: stem branching glutinous below each joint; leaves ovate- 
lanceolate; flowers in corymbose cymes; petals ob-cordate, crowned with the awl» 
shaped scales. 

Escaped from gardens. Native of Europe. July — Sept. A popular garden flower. 
Stem 1 to \}/ 2 feet high. Flowers numerous crimson and purple. Culyx elongated 
club-shaped. 

2 SAPONARIA. Linn. Soapwort. 

Lat. sapo, soap ; the mucilaginous juice has been used as a substitute for soap. 

Calyx tubular, 2 to 5, toothed, naked at base. Petals 
nnguiculate, claws equalling the calyx. Stamens 10. Styles 
2. Capsule oblong, 1-celled, 4-toothed at the apex.—' 
Flowers cymose clustered. Petals sometimes crowned. 



CARYOPHYLLACEiE. 49 



1. S. officinalis, L. Common Soapwort. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, ribbed, acute or obtuse ; flotvers large, in a fasciculated 
panicle; calyx cylindrical, slightly downy ; petals crowned. 

Naturalized in waste places. July — Sept. A stout plant, 1 to 2 feet high, with 
large flesh-color, purple or pink flowers; mostly double. Native of Europe. 

2. S. Vaccaria, L. Cow-herb. Fly-trap. 

Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves smooth, ovate-lanceolate, partly clasping. Flower* 
in paniculate cymes. Calyx pyramidal, 5-angled, smooth. Petals not crowned, pale- 
led. Oapsttle 4rtoothei. Seeds globose, black. Introduced from Europe. 

CULTIVATED EJTOTICS. 

3. DIANTHUS. Linn. Pink. 

•r. Dios anthos, the flower of Jove ; alluding to its pre-eminent beauty and fragrance. 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, with 2 to 4 opposite imbricate 
scales at base. Petals 5, with long claws. Stamens 10. 
Styles 2, tapering, with tapering revolute stigmas. Cap- 
sule cylindrical, 1-celled, 4-valved at the apex. Seeds ho- 
rizontal. Embryo barely curved. — Ornamental plants, of 
well known beauty and value in cultivation, with very showy 
and fragrant flowers. 

1. D. Barbatus. Sweet William. 

Leaves lanceolate ; flowers aggregate fascicled ; scales of the calyx ovate-subulate, 
»e long as the tube. An ornamental garden flower of the easiest culture. Stem 
10 to 15 inches high. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, % to 1 inch wide, narrowed to the 
elasping base. Flowers in fastigiate cymes, red or whitish, often variegated. May 
■ — July. Perennial. 

2. D. Chixexsis. China Pink. 

Stem, branched; leaves linear-lanceolate; flowers solitary; scales linear-leafy, 
spreading as long as the tube. Native of China. A beautiful species, easily distin- 
guished by its leafy, spreading scales, and its large toothed or crenate petals. The 
ground color of the flowers vary from white to deep red, but the manner in which 
these are combined is most wonderful, variegated and striped, sometimes with black 
or deep velvety crimson, almost exceeds any attempts at imitation. — Biennial. 

3. D. plumarius. Pheasant's- Eye. Single Pink. 
Glaucous; stem 2 to 3 flowered; flowers solitary; calyx-teeth obtuse; scales ovate, 

very acute ; leaves linear, rough at the edge ; petals many-cleft, hairy at the throat. 
Native of Europe. Perennial. From this species, probably, originated those beau- 
tiful pinks called "Pheasant's-Eye," of which there are over 300 varieties in cultivar 
tion in Europe. Flowers white and purple. June — Aug. 

4. D. superb us. Superb Pink. 

Leaves linear-subulate ; flowers fastigiate; scales short, ovate, mucronate; petals 
gashed in a pinnate manner. Native of Europe. Perennial. A singularly beau- 
tiful and highly fragrant species. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branching and spread- 
ing, with many flowers. Petals white, and gashed beyend the middle, and hairy at 
the mouth. July — S«pt. 
P 



60 CARY0PHYLLACE2E. 



5. D. coRTOPHrLius. Carnation Pink. 
Leaves linear-subulate channeled, glaucous ; flowers solitary ; scales very short, 
ovate ; petals very broad, beardless, crenate. Stem 1 to 2% feet high, branched. 
Flowers white and crimson. This species is supposed to be the parent of all the 
splendid varieties of the carnation, known as the Bizarres, Picotees. Flakes, Ac* 
over 400 are now enumerated by florists. July — Aug. Per. 

4. LYCHNIS. Tourn. 

Gr. litknos, a lamp ; some cottony species, having been used as lampwicks. 

Calyx tubular, naked at the base, 5-toothed. Petals 5 
unguiculate, limb slightly cleft. Stamens 10. Pistils 5. 
Capsule 1-celled or half 5-cellecl, scarcely stalked, opening 
at the top by 5 or 10 teeth. Embryo coiled in a ring. — 
Corolla sometimes crowned. 

1. L. Githago, Lam. Corn Cockle. 

Hairy ; stem dichotomous ; pedicels elongated ; leaves linear ; calyx longer than 
the corolla; petals entire not crowned. 

Grain fields. Introduced. June and July. Annual. A well known pale-green, 
handsome weed. Stem 18 to 30 inches high. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, ^ to % 
inch wide. Flowers large, dull purple, on long naked stalks. Seeds roundish 
angular, purplish-black. 

2. L. Chaicedosica. Scarlet Lycluiis. 

Smoothish ; flowers fasciculated ; calyx cylindrical, clftvate, ribbed ; petals 2-lobed. 
Per. A fine garden flower, native of Russia. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, with dark- 
green, ovate-lanceolate leaves, and large dense, terminal, convex fascicles of deep 
scarlet flower?. There are some varieties with white flowers, and double. June 
and July. 

3. L. corokarta, DC. Mullein Pink. Rose Campion. 
Yillose; stem dichotomous; peduncles long, 1-flowered; calyx com p an ulate, veined. 

A popular perennial garden flower, native of Italy. Whole plant covered with 
dense wool. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers large, purple. There are varieties 
with white, red, and double flowers. 

4. L. Feoscucula. Ragged Robbin. 

Stem ascending, dichotomous at summit; flowers fascicled; calyx companulate, 
10-ribbed ; petals in 4 deep linear segments. Native of Europe. A handsome per- 
ennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, rough angled, viscid, above. Leaves lanceolate, 
smooth. Flowers pink, very beautiful, generally very double, with a brown 
angular smooth calyx. June — Aug. 

Sub-order II. ALSINEJE. The Chickweed-Family. 

Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals without claws in- 
serted at the base of the sessile ovary ; stamens inserted on 
the margin of the disk, which often coheres with the calyx ; 
opposite the sepals when not more numerous than they. — 
Low herbs without stipules. 



CAltYOPIIYLLACEiE. 51 



5. STELLAEIA. Linn. Stitchweed. 

Lat. Stella, a star: from the stellate or star-like flowers* 

Calyx of 5 sepals, connected at base. Petals 5, 2-part- 
ed. Stamens 10 ; or by abortion 3 to 8. Styles 3 ; some- 
times 4. Capsule superior 1-celled, 3 to 4 valved ; valves 
2-parted, membranaceous. Seeds usually numerous. — Small 
grass-Wee herbs, in moist, shady places. Flowers white } in 
forked cymes. 

1. S. MEDIA, Smith. Common Chichweed. 

Stem procumbent; spreading, with an altercate, lateral, hairy line; leav-es very 
smooth, orate or lanceolate, the lower on hairy petioles ; petals 2-parted, shorter 
than the calyx; stamens 3 to 10. Annual or biennial. 

Roadsides, fields, and around dwellings. March — November. Stems prostrate, 
branched, brittle, round jointed, and leafy. Peduncles axillary and terminal, hairy 
tleflexed in fruit. Flowers small, white. Introduced. 

2. S. pubera, Michx. Oval-leaved Stitchivort. 

Pubescent ; stem decumbent, spreading, marked with 2 opposite hairy lines ; leaves 
all sessile, ovate-oblong, acute, ciliate ; pedicels filiform, forked ; petals deeply 2- 
cleft, longer than the calyx. Pei\ 

Shaded rocky places ; rare. April and May. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, diffuse 
and forked. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long. }/£ as wide. Flowers large, axillary and 
terminal, on thread-like pedicels with 10 stamens, and 3 styles, deeply bifid. 

3. S. LONGIFOLIA, Mubl. Long-leaved St itch wort 

Smooth ; stem erect, branching above, weak, square ; leaves linear, acutish at 
both end?, spreading : cymes naked and at length lateral, pedunclcd, many-fiowered, 
the slender pedicels spreading; petals 2-parted, becoming longer than the calyx ; 
<alyx 3-ncrvcd. 

Grassy places: common. June. Per. Stem 8 to 15 inches high, often with 
rough angles. Flowers white. Stamens 8 to 10. 

4. S. SCREAMS, BigL Northern StitcJiwort. 

Stem spreading, angular, 2-forked ; leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, 1-nerved ; petals 
shorter than the calyx, or sometimes wanting; styles generally' 4, capsule ovate- 
oblong, much longer than the calyx ; seeds smooth. 

Shaded swamps. June— Aug. Annual. A spreading flaccid plant with sterna 
4 to 15 inches long. Cymes diffuse, both terminal and axillary. Leaves slightly 
•connate. Petals white, deeply cleft. 

5. S. AQUATICA, Pollieh. Water Stitdncort 

Nearly smooth; stem decumbent ■; leaves oblong acute, veined; sepals lanceolate, 
very acute, 3-veined: petals 2-cleft, as long as the calyx; styles 3 ; eapsiik ovoid as 
long as the calyx. Per. 

Swampy springs. May. Stem 6 to 12 inches long, weak, decumbent, prolonged, 
bearing the naked few-flowered sessile cymes lateral. Flowers white, incon* 
*picuous. 

6. CERASTIUM. Linn. Chickweed. 

Gr. keras, a horn; in allusion to the form of the capsule. 

Calyx 5 (rarely 4) sepalled. Petals 5, bifid or ema?- 



52 CARYOPHYLLACE^;. 



ginate. Stamens 10, sometimes 4 or 6, the alternate ones 
short. Styles 5. Capsule superior, cylindrical or oblong, 
opening at the apex by 10 teeth ; many-seeded. — F lower t 
white in terminal cymes. 

* Petals about as long as the calyx ; pods long and curved, 

1. C. VULGATUM, L. Mouse-ear Chickweed, 

Hairy, pale green, seldom clammy, in tufts ; leaves ovate or obovate, obtuse ; 
flowers in sub-capitate clusters ; sepals lanceolate, acute, in fruit as long as the 
peduncles ; petals oblong, emarginate, scarcely longer tban the calyx. Annual. 

Waste places, fields and bills. May — Aug. Stem 6 to 10 incbes high, sub-erect. 
Flowers white, the petals appearing in 10 segments. Capsule oblong, tapering, 
twice as long as the calyx. Introduced from Europev 

2. C. viscositm, L. Clammy Mouse-ear Cliiclaceed. 

Hairy viseid, spreading, deep green; stems numerous, erect; leaves lanceolato 
oblong, rather acute ; flowers in loose cymes ; sepals oblong-orate, obtuse, in point 
shorter than the peduncles ; petals oblong, emarginate, scarcely larger than the 
calyx. Biennial. 

Fields and waste grounds. May — Aug. Stem 6 to 12 inches high. Leaves % to 
% inches long, y z as broad; root leaves somewhat spatulate. Flowers white. 
Probably introduced. 

* * Petals much longer than the calyx. 

3. C. nutans, Raf. Nodding Chickweed. 

Viscid and pubescent; stem erect, slender grooved, diffusely branched; leave* 
lance-linear, elongated, distant ; panicle much elongated, divaricate, many-flowered, 
with long filiform pedicels ; petals oblong, bifid, at the tip, twice as long as the 
calyx ; capsule nodding on the stalks, curved upwards, 3 times as long as the calyx. 

Moist places. June. Annual. Stem 8 to 20 inches high, branched from the 
base. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long y± as wide. Flowers white, terminal, in a loose 
diehotomous panicle. Whole plant pale-green. 

4. C. oblongifolium, Tourn. Oblong-leaved Chickweed. 

Stem ascending, villous, many-flowered; leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate, mostly 
obtuse ; peduncles clammy-hairy ; petals obovate, 2-cleft, twice as long as the oblong 
obtuse sepals ' f capsule twice as long as the calyx. 

Rocky places. May, June. Per. Stem 6 to 10 inches high, stout. Leaves % to 
1 inch long, % as wide, tapering from base to an acute or obtuse apex. Floweri 
larger than either of the foregoing, white, 7 to 15 in a 2 or ^forked cyme. 

5. C. ARVENSE, L. Field Chickweed. 

Stem ascending or erect, tufted, downy, slender, naked and few-flowered r leave* 
linear-lanceolate, obtuse, the lowest spatulate, more or less hairy ; peduncles elon- 
gated; petals more than twice the length of the calyx; capsule oblong, scarcely 
longer than the calyx. 

Dry or rocky places. May, June. Perennial. Stem 4 to 8 inches high. Leaves 
% to V/i inches long, very narrow. Flowers white, rather large, 2 to 3 on termi- 
nal pedicels. Petals deeply cleft. 

7. ARENARIA. Linn. Sand Wort. 

Lat. arena, sand ; in which the species mostly grow. 

Sepals 5 ; rarely 4. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10 ; 



CARYOPHYLLACE^!. 53 



or fewer by abortion. Styles 3, opposite the outer sepals. 
Capsule 3-valved, 1-celled, many-seeded, dividing from 
above. — Flowers terminal, solitary or cymose, perfect, white. 

1. A. stricta, Michx. Upright Sandtcort. 

Erect, or spreading from a small root, smooth ; leaves subulate-linear, with many 
others clustered in the axils ; cyme diffuse, naked, many-flowered ; sepals orate, 
very acute, 3-ribbed, % as long as the petals ; capsule ovate. 

Rocks and dry banks. May, June. Stems 8 to 10 inches high. Leaves % to % 
inches long, very narrow and acute. Flowers white. Per. 

2. A. serpyllifolia, L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. 

Boughish, diffusely branched; leaves orate, acute, sessile, subcilliate; sepals 
hairy, lanceolate, pointed, 3 to 5-nerved, longer than the oval petals ; capsule ovate, 
6-toothed equalling the calyx. 

Sandy fields. May — Aug. Annual. Stems numerous, downy, with reflexed 
hairs, 3 to 8 inches high. Flowers white, on terminal and axillary peduncles. 
Introduced. 

3. A. LATERIFLORA, L. Side-flowering Sandwort. 

Erect, sparingly branched, minutely pubescent ; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse ; 
petals twice as long as the sepals. 

Shady gravelly banks and woods ; not common. June. Per. A slender upright 
tpecies. Stem 5 to 10 inches high. Leaves % to 1 inch long, y 2 as wide, on very 
short peteoles. Peduncles terminal and lateral, 2 (rarely 3 to 4) flowered, one of 
the pedicels with 2 bractioles, near the middle. Flowers white, % inch bread. 
&iptuk ovoid, obtuse ; valves 2-cleft. Mahringia of Beck and Torrey. 

8. S AGIN A. Linn. Pearlwort. 

Lat. sagina, food or nourishment, which fattens. 

Sepals 4 to 5, united at base. Petals 4 to 5, undivided 
often indistinct or none. Stamens 4 to 10. Styles 4 to 
5, alternate with the sepals. Capsule 4 to 5-valved, 1-celled, 
many-seeded. — Small matted herbs, with thread-like or awl- 
shaped leaves and minute solitary flowers. 

1. S. procumbens, L. Procumbent Pearlwort. 

Stem procumbent, smooth, branched; '.eaves linear-mucronate ; petals much 
shorter than the calyx. 

Borders of springs and streams. May— July. Perennial. Stems 2 to 4 inches 
high, diffuse and rooting at the lower joints. Leaves thread-form narrowly linear ; 
lower ones connate. Peduncles solitary, longer than the leaves. Flowers small, 
white and greenish. Stamens 4 to 5. Petals shorter than the calyx. 

2. S. APETALA, L. Annual Pearlwort. 

Stems erect, or procumbent only at base, slightly pubescent; leaves subulate; 
flowers alternate. 

Sandy fields. May, June. Annual. Stems numerous, filiform, 2 to 4 inch*s 
high. Leaves almost bristle-form. Pedicels elongated, ascending. Sepals *nd 
sUunms 4. Petals 4, very minute or none. 

9. MOLLUGO. Linn. Indian Chickweed. 

Sbpals 5, united at base. Petals none. Stamens 3 to 
P* 



54 CARYOPHYLLACE^, 



5, sometimes 10. Styles 3, short. Capsule 3-valved, 
3-celled, the partitions breaking away from the many-seeded 
axis. — Low homely annuals, with apparently verticillate leaves } 
and small ivhite solitary flowers. 

M. verticillata, L. Carpet-weed, 

Stems prostrate, dichotomous ; leaves cuneaform or spatulate ; pedicels 1-flowered, 
etubuinbellate. 

Cultivated grounds, pavements, &c.; common. June — Sept. A small prostrate, 
annual. Stems 4 to 12 inches long, spreading in all directions. At every joint 
stands a whorl of wedge-shaped or spatulate leaves of unequal size, usually 5 in 
number. Flowers few, solitary, on short slender stalks, small, white. 

Sub-order III. ILLECEBREiE. Knot-wort Family, 

Small weeds differing from Alsinese only in having scar> 
rous stipules, flowers with inconspicuous petals, the upper- 
most leaves rarely alternate, and the 1-celled pods sometimes 
1-seeded. 

10. ANYCHIA. Michx. 

Gr. onux, the finger nails ; a supposed remedy for the whitlow. 

Sepals 5, scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the 
back, greenish. Petals none. Stamens 2 to 3, rarely 5. 
Styles 2, very short. Utricle 1-seeded, enclosed in the 
sepals. — Small annual herbs, with many times forked branches f 
stipulate leaves, and minute white floicers. 

A. dichotoma, Michx. Forked Chickweed. 

Stem erect or spreading, dichotomously brauched ; leaves varying from lanceo- 
late to elliptical, somewhat petioled ; flowers solitary, terminal and axillary. 

Dry soils. July, Aug. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, round, slender, pubescent 
above with forked filiform branches. Leaves small, those of the stem opposite, the 
branches alternate. Flowers very minute, in the forks of the stem greenish. A 
variable plant. 

11. SPERGULA. Linn. Spurrey, 

Lat. sperrjo, to scatter ; from the dispersion of the seeds. 

Sepals 5, nearly distinct. Petals 5, large, entire. Sta- 
mens 5 to 10. Styles 5. Capsules ovate, 5-celled, 5-valved, 
the valves opposite the sepals. — Annual herbs, with narrow 
stipulate leaves in whorls, and cymose white flowers. 

1. S. arvensis, L. Corn Spurrey. 

Leaves awl-shaped-linear, numerous in the whorls, with minute interposed sti- 
pules, often clustered in the axils; flavers in a compound cyme, slender, stalked. 

Grain-fields, and sandy places. June — Aug. Introduced. Stem 8 to 12 inches 
high, swelling at the joints. Leaves narrow. Cyme forked, the terminal (central) 



P0RTULACACE.&. 55 



peduncles bending down as the fruit ripens. Petals white, longer than the calyx. 
Capsule twice as long. Seeds numerous with a narrow margin, 

12. SPERGULAKIA. Persoon. 

Sepals 5. Petals b, entire. Stamens 2 to 10. Styles 
and valves of the many-seeded capsule 3, or if 5 the valves 
alternate with the sepals. — >Low herbs, with fleshy opposite 
leaves, scaly membranous stipules, and small red or rose colored 
flowers. 

S, RUBRA, Pers. Common Sandwort. 

Stem prostrate, pilose much branched ; leaves narrow, linear, or filiform, some- 
what fleshy, shorter than the interncd?s; sepals lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, 
Bcarious on the margin; seeds compressed, roughish, not margined. 

Sandy fields, near brackish water. June — Sept. Annual. Stems 3 to 10 inches 
long, at first erect at length diffuse, smooth or pubescent. Leaves variable in 
length and form. Flowers small, red, axillary and solitary, in terminal leafy 
cymes or racemes. A very variable plant. Arenaria rubra of Linn, 

Sub-order IV. SCLEHANTHE^]. 

Small diffusely branched plants, with opposite leaves, 
without stipules and small flowers. Sepals united into an 
indurated tube surrounding the utricle ; the stamens inserted 
at the throat, 

13. SCLERANTHUS. Linn. Knawel. 

Gr. slderos, hard, and anthos, flower, from the hardened calyx tube. 

Sepals 5 united below in an indurated cup, inclosing the 
1-seeded utricle. Petals none. Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 
2 distinct. — Homely and inconspicuous little weeds, with ob~ 
scure greenish clustered flowers. 

S. ANNUUS, L. Annual Knawel. 

Depressed tufted. Stems spreading, slightly pubescent; leaves awl-shaped, some- 
what united at the baste : flowers nearly sessile; stamens 10; calyx of the fruit 
spreading, acute. 

Waste places and sandy fields, introduced. July. Annual. Stems numerous, 
much branched in a dichotomous manner, forming tufts, 3 to 6 inches in diameter, 
Flowers very small, green in axillary leafy clusters. 



Order 21. P0RTULACACEE2. 

Succulent or fleshy herbs, with alternate or opposite entire leaves, destitute of proper 
ttipules, and usually ephemeral flowers. Calyx mostly of 2 sepals. Corolla of 5 
petals. Stamens 8 to 20. Styles 3 to 6 united below, stigmatic along the inner 
side. Capsule 1-celled. Seeds attached to a central placenta; albumen mealy, 



§6 P0RTULACEJ3. 



1. PORTULACA. Tourn. Purslane. 

Sepals united to the ovary below, 2 -parted. Stamens 8 
to 20. Style mostly 5-cleft, Capsule globular, many- 
eeeded, opening transversely, the upper part (with the upper 
part of the calyx) separating like a lid. — Low herbaceous 
fleshy annuals, with scattered leaves, and some species with 
showy brilliant flowers expanding only in sunshine. 

1. P. oleracea, L. Common Purslane. 

Leaves wedge-form, obtuse, fleshy, smooth ; axils geniculated, naked ; flowers 
aesaile; stamens 10 to 12. 

Gardens, and cultivated grounds; common. May— Aug. Stem fleshy, much 
branched and spreading, smooth. Leaves and stems of a reddish-green color. 
Flowers in clusters, axillary and terminal, small, pale-yellow. Introduced. 

2. P. PILOSA, Scarlet-flowered Purslane. 

Stems ascending, much branched; tranches sub-erect, enlarged upwards; leaves 
linear, obtuse, the axils villose with long woolly hairs ; flowers terminal, sessile, 1 
or few together, surrounded by an irregular circle of leaves and dense tufts of 
wool; pefaZs obovate ; stamens about 15. A very delicate popular garden plant 
with 6howy crimson and scarlet flowers, 1% inches in diameter. Native of S= 
Africa. 

2, CLAYTONIA. L. Spring-beauty. 

In honor of John Clayton, a botanist of Virginia. 

Sepals 2, ovate or roundish, persistent. Petals 5 emar- 
ginate or obtuse. Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the 
petals. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 1-eelled, 3-valve'd, 2 to 
5-seeded. — Our species are small, fleshy, delicate perennials, 
tending up simple stems, in early spring, with a pair of 
opposite leaves, and a loose raceme of pretty flowers. 

1. C. VlRGlNlCA, L. Virginian Spring-beauty. 

Leaves mostly 2, linear, or lance-linear, elongated and attenuated into a petiole 
below; raceme simple, loose, at length elongated; peduncle slender, nodding; petals 
obovate, mostly emarginate or retuse. 

Low moist grounds. March — May. Tubercle as large as a hazle-nut, deep in the 
ground. Scape 6 to 8 inches long, weak with a pair of opposite narrow leaves, 3 to 
» inches long. Flowers 6 to 10 rose-colored, with deeper colored veins. 

2. C. CAROLINIANA, Michx. Spring-beauty. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oval, somewhat spatulate, or abruptly decurrent into 
• petiole; peduncles slender, nodding; sepals and petals very obtuse. 

Woods and rocky hills ; common. April, May. Hoot a compressed brown tuber- 
ale, buried at a depth into the ground, equal to the height of the plant. Eoot- 
Itames very few, if any, spatulate. Stem weak, 4 to 8 inches high, with a pair of 
opposite leaves half-way up. Flowers in a terminal cluster, white with ft slight 
Ifego of rod and beautifully pencilled with purple lines. 



MALVACEAE. 5f 



3. TALINUM. Adans. 

Sepals 2, ovate, concave, deciduous. Petals 5, sessile. 
Stamens 10 to 30, inserted with the petals into the torus. 
Style filiform, 3-cleft at the apex. Capsule sub-globose, 
3-celled at the base, when young, 3-valved, many-seeded.— 
Fleshy perennials. 

R. teretifolium, Pursh. Cylindrical-leaved Talmum. 

Stem simple or branched, short and thick ; leaves subulate, crowded at the summit 
of the stem, on short branches : peduncles long and naked ; flowers in a dichoto- 
mous cyme. 

Rocks, Chester county. Dr. Darlington ! June — Aug. Boots a few coarse fibre* 
from the base of a short thick firm but somewhat fleshy perennial stem. Branches 
1 to 3 inches long. Leaves lto 2 inches long, incurved, cylindrical, fleshy. Bractg 
orate-lanceolate, small. Peduncles 5 to 8 inches high. Flowers small, bright* 
purple, expanding only for a day. 

Order 22. MALV ACEffi.— Mallow Family. 

Herbs or s1irubs,with alternate stipidate leaves, and regular flowers, with numerous 
ttamens, monodelphous in a column. Flowers axillary, showy, often with an involu- 
eel at the base. Sepais generally 5, more or less united at the base, persistent 
Petals 5, cohering by their short claws with the tube of filaments. Staheks 
indefinite, monodelphous : anthers 1-celled bursting transversely. Pistils several, 
with the ovaries united into a ring, or forming a several-celled capsule. S&3DS 
with little albumen. Embryo curved. 

1. MALYA. Linn. Mallow. 

Gr. malaise, soft; on account of the soft mucilaginous properties. 

Calyx 5-cleft, with a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like 
an outer calyx. Carpels many, 1-celled, 1-seeded arranged 
circularly. — Flowers perfect. 

1. M. Americana^ Muhl. American Mallow. 

Leaves ovate, crenate; stipules oblong-linear; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. 

Southern part of the State. Annual. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, sparingly 
branched, clothed with white hairs above. Leaves hairy on the veins beneath, 
nearly smooth above. Petioles 1 inch long. Bracteole bristly. Carpels hispid, in 
a depressed, globular head. Petals yellow, twice as long as the calyx. T. & Q. 

2. M. rotundifolia, L. Low Mallow. 

Stem prostrate; leaves reundish-cordate, obtusely 5 to 7-lobed, crenate, long: 
petioled; flowers axillary; corrola twice the length of the calyx, notched at the end. 

Cultivated grounds: common. June— Oct. Per. Boot fusiform. Stems numer- 
ous, a foot or more long. Peduncles axillary, aggregate. Petals pale pink wrfch 
darker veins, deeply notched at the end. Fruit depressed, composed of the numer- 
ous carpels arranged circularly. Extensively naturalized. 

3. M. sylvestris, L. High Mallow. 

Stem erect, branched, hairy ; leaves large roundish, with 5 to 7 somewhat acute 
lobes; flowers axillary, 3. to 4 together ; peduncle* and pitiokt hairy ; petals ob-W9- 
$ate, 3 times 9$ long ae the calyx. 



58 MALVACE2E. 



Waste places, escaped from gardens, sparingly naturalized. June — Oct. Per. 
Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Flowers reddish purple, with veins of a darker hue. Whole 
plant emollient and mucilaginous. Native of Europe. 

4. M. CRISPA, L. Curled or Crisped-leaved Mallow. 

Stem erect; leaves angular-lobed, dentate, crisped, smooth; flowers axillary, bos- 
eile. A tall, straight, simple, erect plant from Syria, Gardens, almost naturalized. 
Stem 5 to G feet high. Leaves large, roundish, margin abundantly crisped and 
curled. Flowers small, inconspicuous, white. June, August, 

5. M. moschata, L. Mush Mallow. 

Stem erect ; radical leaves reniform, incised ; stem leaves many-parted, the seg- 
ments linear ; peduncles and calyx hairy. Native of Britain. Stems 2 feet high, 
branched. Flowers large and handsome, rose-colored and white. The whole plant 
emits a musk-like odor in favorable weather. July. Perennial. 

2. ALTHEA. Linn. Hollyhock. 

Gr. allJiea, to cure. 

Calyx 5 -cleft surrounded at base by a 6 to 9 cleft invo- 
lucre. Carpels inany, 1-seeded, indehiscent, arranged circu- 
larly around the axis. 

1. A. officinalis, L. Marsh Hollyhock. 

Stem erect: learns ovate, or slightly beart-shaped, toothed, sometimes 3-lobed, 
clothed with velvety down ; peduncles axillary, many-flowered, much shorter than 
the leaves. 

A European plant, cultivated in gardens and in some places naturalized. Aug. — 
Sept. Per. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, erect, firm, very downy. Leaves alternate. 
Flowers large, axillary and terminal, pale purple. Medicinal. 

2. A. rosea, Cra. Hollyhock. 

Stem erect, hairy ; leaves cordate, 5 to 7 angled, rugose ; flowers axillary, sessile. 
Native of China. Annual and biennial. Flotvers large, with numerous varieties 
of single, double and semi-double flowers of various shades of coloring, as white, 
crimson, dark red, purple, brownish-black, yellow, straw-color, &c Cultivated in 
gardens. 

3. A. FICIFOLIA, Cav. Fig -leaved Hollyhock. 

Stems erect, hairy; leaves palmate, 7-lobed beyond the middle, lobes oblong, 
obtuse, angularly toothed. Native of the Levant. Cultivated for ornament. 
Flowers large, orange-colored. 

3. HIBISCUS. Linn. 

Calyx 5-cleft, or 5-toothed, surrounded by a many-leaved 
involucel. ANTHER-bearing column prolonged, the apex 
generally divided into 5 slender styles bearing the 5 globular 
stigmas. Capsule 5-celled, 5 or many-seeded, opening into 
5 valves which bear the partition on their middle.- — Herbs or 
$hrubs } usually with large and showy flowers. 



MALVACEAE. 59 



1. H. Moscheutos, L. Marsh Hibiscus. 

Herbaceous, simple, erect; leaves ovate, pointed, toothed, the lower 3-lobed, 
whitish-tomentose beneath, somewhat scabrous-pubescent above; peduncles and 
petioles often united ; calyx tomentose. 

Borders of marshes, near Harrlsburg. Aug. Per. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, stouk 
Leaves 4 to 6 by 3 to 4 inches, often with 2 lateral lobes. Flowers large, 5 inches 
in diameter, pale rose-purple, or white with a crimson centre. Showy. 

2. H. MiLiTARis, Willd. Halbert-leaved Hibiscus, 

Smooth; lower leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobed; upper leaves halbert* 
form, the short lateral lobes approaching at the base, the middle one prolonged and 
acuminate; peduncles slender; fruiting calyx inflated ; seeds hairy. 

River banks. Aug. Per* Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Flowers pale rose-colored, with 
a purplish centre 3 to 4 inches in diameter. 

Cultivated for ornament. 

3. H. Syriacus. Syrian Hibiscus. 

Leaves cuneaform, ovate, C-Iobed, dentate ; pedicels scarcely longer than the peti_ 
oles; involucel about 3-lcaved. A beautiful, hardy, frce-flowei'ing shrub from Syria, 
6 to 10 feet high. Flowers in the different varieties purple, red, white and striped, 
both single and double. July. Sometimes erroneously called " Rose of Sharon." 

4. H. trionum. Flower of an hour. 

Somewhat hairy; upper leaves deeply 3-parted, with lanceolate divisions, the mid* 
die one much the longest ; lower leaves undivided, dentate ; calyx inflated, rueinbra. 
naceous, with bristly ribs, o-winged at the summit ; seeds rough. Annual. Native 
of Italy. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Floivcrs numerous but soon withering. Petals of 
a rich chlorine yellow, the base deep brown, one variety has flowers 2 inches in 
diameter, continuing expanded nearly all day. 

5. H. COCCINEUS, Walt. Scarlet Hibiscus. 

Very smooth; leaves palmate, 5-partsd; looes lanceolate, acuminate, remotely 
serrate alone ; corolla expanding; capsule ovoid, smooth. A splendid fiower, native 
of Georgia, sometimes cultivated in our gardens. Root perennial. Stem herbaceous, 
5 to 9 feet high. Flowers of a bright carmine red. Petals slender at the base, 4 to 
5 inches long. Column still longer, slender and terete. July — Oct. 

6. H. Manihot, L. Hand-leaved Hibiscus. 

Leaves palmatcly divided into 5 to 7 broad-linear, acuminate, scarcely dentate 
lobes; peduncles and involucel hispid; involucel bracts 5 to 7, ovate or lanceolate, 
acutish. persistent, entire ; calyx split on one side ; capsule densely hirsute, acumi- 
nate. Native of the Western States. A beautiful perennial plant, 3 to 5 feet high. 
Leaves cordate, the looes 5 to 10 inches long, y 2 to 1% wide, separated to near the 
base, about as long as the petioles ; Pieth largest near the summit. Flowers sulpher- 
yellow, purple in the centre. Petals 2 to 4 inches long. July, Aug. Per. 

4. ABUTXLON. Tourn. Indian Mallow. 

Calyx 5-cleft, without an involucel, often angular. 
Styles 5 to 15. Carpels 5 to 15 arranged circularly, co- 
herent, spreading at the summit, where each splits open along 
the inner edge. Seeds about 3 in each carpel. — Flowers in 
the axils of the heart-shaped leaves, 



'60 TILIACE^!. 

1. A. Avicenn^e, Graertn. Indian Mallow. Velvet Leaf. 

leaves roundish-heart-shaped, acuminate, dentate, velvety-tomehtose ; pedum' 
(£i shorter than the leaf-stalks, solitary ; carpels about 15, 3-seeded, beaked, the 
beaks splitting in two. 

Waste grounds. Introduced from India; naturalized. Annual. July, August. 
JSem 3 to 5 feet high, with spreading branches. Flowers in the axils of the leaves^ 
orange-yellow, near 1 inch in diameter. 

5. SIDA. Linn. 

Calyx 5-cleft, without an involucel. Styles 5 or more, 
'the ripe fruit separating into as many 1-seeded carpels, each 
splitting open at the top, arranged circularly. 

1. Flowers perfect. Stigmas terminal, minutely capitate. 

1. S. SPINOSA, L. Prickly Sida. 

Stem rigid, branched from the base, minutely pubescent ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
toothed, with the tubercles at the base spiny ; pedicels axillary, solitary, shorter 
than the stipules and petioles; fruit separating into five 2-beaked carpels, opening 
between the beaks. 

Waste places, roadsides ; common. July and August. Annual. Plant bushy, 
1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 1 inch long and % as wide, mostly obtuse at each end. 
Pttils obovate, yellow, of short duration. 

2. S. NAPiEA, Willd. Smooth Sida. 

Stem slender, smooth ; leaves palmately 5-lobed, smooth ; lobes oblong-linear, acu- 
minate, coarsely toothed ; carpels 10, acuminate, awnless. 

Shaded rocky places; rare. July. Per. Stems angular, 3 to 5 feet high. Leavts 
on short petioles, cordate ; lobes 2 to 4 inches long, % to % wide. Floral leaves 
much smaller. Peduncles axillary and terminal, long and slender, somewhat 
leafy, the divisions somewhat 4-flowered. Flowers nearly % inch in diameter. 
Fttals white, twice as long as the calyx. 

2. Nap.sa. Clayton. Flowers dioecious : styles stigmatic along the inside. 

3. S. dioica, Willd. Dioecious Sida, 

Leaves palmately 7 to 9 lobed ; lobes lanceolate, incisely toothed ; peduncles many- 
flowered, bracteate, sub-corymbed ; staminate flowers entirely destitute of pistils ; 
the fertile with a short column of filaments but no anthers ; carpels 8 to 10, point- 
lees in a roundish depressed head. 

8tony grounds ; not common. July — Sept. Per. A tall and roughish herb. 4 
to 5 feet high, with very large 7 to 9-parted lower leaves, with the pointed lobes 
pinnatifid cut and toothed, and small white flowers in panicled clustered co- 
rymbs. 

Order 23. TILXACEIE.— Linden Family. 

Trett or shrubs, with simple, stipulate, alternate leaves and axillary flowers, usuaUg 
perfect. Sepals 4 to 5, deciduous, valvate. Petals 4 to 5, entire, hypogynoua, 
rarely wanting, imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous, usually polydelphous ; 
aitthbrs 2 celled. Disk often with 4 to 5 glands at the base of the petals. Ovabt 
of 2 to 10 united carpels ; styles 1 ; stigmas as many as the carpels. Fruit capn*- 
kur, S to 5 celled ; sebds solitary or numerous, with fleshy albumen. 



LINACEJE. 61 



1. TILIA. Linn. Linden. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate-oblong. Stamens nu- 
merous ; filaments cohering in 5 clusters with each other, or 
free. Pistil with a 5-celled ovary, and 2 half-anatropous 
ovules in each, a single style, and a 5-toothed stigma. Fruit 
a sort of woody globular nut, becoming 1-celled and 1 to 2 
seeded. — Fine trees with heart-shaped leaves and small cymes 
of flowers, hanging on an axillary 'peduncle which is united 
to a leaf-like bract. 

1. T. Americana, L. Basswood. 

Leaves deeply cordate, abruptly acuminate, acutely serrate, coriaceous, smooth ; 
flowers in cymes; petals truncate at the apex, crenate; style as long as the petals; 
fruit ovate, somewhat ribbed. 

Rich woods. June. A fine tree from 60 to 70 feet high, the trunk straight and 
naked more than half this height, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Leaves 4 to 5 by 3 
to 4 inches; those of the young shoots often more than twice this dimension. 
Bracts yellowish, linear-oblong. Flowers yellowish-white, honey -bearing, fragrant. 
The wood is white and soft, and much used by cabinet and coach makers. 

2. T. laxiflora, Michx. Loose-flowered Linden. 

Leaves cordate, gradually acuminate, serrate, membranaceous, smooth; flowers 
in loose panicles; petals emarginate; styles longer than the petals ; fruit globose. 
Near the sea coast. May. Shrubby or arboreous. A very distinct species, though 
jnerally confounded with the former. Pursh. Beck. 

3. T. alba, Michx. White Linden. 

Leaves obliquely-cordate, abruptly acuminate, whitish and thinly pubescent 
beneath, with veins of the same hue, smooth and bright green above, acuminately 
serrate ; petals emarginate; scales spatulate ; styles nearly smooth. 

Woods and mountains. June. Trunk 30 — 40 feet high, 1 to 1% feet in diame- 
ter; branches with a smooth silvery bark. Leaves 3 to 5 often 8 inches in diameter, 
slightly oblique, and with reddish hairs in the axils of the veins beneath. Flowers 
larger and whiter than in the other species. 

4. T. Europea, L. European Linden. 

A common ornamental tree, which is planted along the streets of our cities, is 
easily distinguished from our native species by the absence of the petal-like scales 
among the stamens. 

Order 24. LINAOEJE. 

Herbs with regular hypogynous flowers, tetramerous and pentamerous throughout, 
strongly imbricated calyx and convolute petals. Sepals 3 to 5, persistent. Petals as 
many as the sepals, unguiculate. Stamens as many as the petals, and alternate 
with them at the base into a hypogynous ring, which is often toothed. Ovart of 
as many cells as sepals and styles ; stigma capitate. Seeds solitary in each cell, 
compressed, suspended. 

1. LINUM. Linn. Flax. 

Sepals, petals, stamens, and styles 5. Capsule of 5 
Q 



62 GERANIACE^B. 



united carpels and only 5 celled, with 2 seeds hanging from 
the summit of each j but each cell is incompletely or com- 
pletely divided into two by a false partition which projects 
from the back of the carpels, thus becoming 10-ceiled. 
Seeds ovate compressed, mucilaginous. — Herbs with a fibrous 
bark, simple and sessile entire leaves, alternate or often oppo- 
site, without stipules, and terminal corymbose or panicled 
flowers. 

1. L. Virginianum, L. Wild Flax. 

Radical leaves ovate and spatulate ; those of the stem linear-lanceolate, alternate ; 
flowers small, scattered on the corymtose or panicled branches, oh Very short pe- 
duncles, tnrned to one side ; sepals ovate, pointed, smooth. 

Woods and fields. June, A ug. Biennial or pe,r. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slender, 
gmooth, leafy, terete. Leaves % * n ch long, % wide, with 1 distinct vein. JFlowera 
4 to 6 lines in diameter, yellow, on short pedicels. Sepals 1-veined. 

Variety diffusum. WooJs. Stem angular, diffusely branched; branches and lan- 
ceolate leaves spreading ; jlowzrs very small, yellow. Wet places, along ditches. 
Quite different in habit. 

2. L. usitatissimum, L. Common Flax. 

Stem branching above ; leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, acute ; panicle corym* 
bose ; sepals ovate, acute, 3-veined at the base ; petals crenate ; capsule roundish, 
acuminate. 

Cultivated and somewhat naturalized about fields. June, July. Annual. Stem 
1 to 2 feet high. Leives distinct 3-veined. Flowers large, purplish-blue. A useful 
plant, from the strong fibres of the bark linen is manufactured, and the seeds yield 
Knseed oil, so extensively used in mixing paint, printer's ink, &c. 

Order 25. GERAMAGEK— Crane's-bill Family. 

Plantt with mostly rejidar, Jtypogynous, pentamsrous Jlowcrs, imbricated sepals, 
and convolute petals. Leaves opposite (at lea t the lowir ones), mostly stipulate, 
petiolate, palmately-veined. Flowers on peduncles, terminal or opposite the loaves, 
sometimes axillary. Sepals 5, persistent, veined, one sometimes saccate or spurred 
at base. Petals 5, unguiculate, l.ypogycous or pcrigynou?. Stamens usually 
monoielphous, hypogynous, 2 or 3 timo3 as many as the petals. Fruit formed of 
carpels cohering around the axis, having a membranaceous pericarp and termina- 
ted by an indurated style, which finally curves upward carrying the pericarp with 
it. Bseds solitary, without albumen. 

1. GERANIUM. Linn. Crane's-bill. 

Gr. geranis, a crane ; the beaked fruit resembling a crane's bill. 

Sepals and petas 5, regular. Stamens 10, all fertile, 
the alternate ones longer, and with nectariferous scales at tho 
base. Carpels with long awns, at length seperating elas- 
tically from the summit to the base ; awns smooth internal- 
ly. — Herbaceous plants, rarely shrubby at base. Peduncles 
1, 2 or 8 flowered. 



0XALIDACEJ3. 63 



1. Gr. MACULATUMj L. Spotted Geranium. Crane's bill. 

Stem somewhat angular, erect, dichotomous, setosely pubescent; leaves 3 to 
8-parted; lohes wedge-shaped and entire at base, incisely serrate above; radical 
leaves on long petioles, upper opposite; on short petioles ; sepals mucronately awned ; 
petals entire. 

Open woods ; common. May, June. Per. Stem 10 to 20 inches high. Leaves _ 2 
to 3 inches in diameter, cleft % way down, 2 at each fork. Flowers mostly in 
pairs on unequal pedicels, large, purple. Root powerfully astringent. Medicinal. 

2. Gr. pttsilluMj L. Small-flowered Geranium. 

Stems procumbent, slender, minutely pubescent ; leaves rounded, kidney-form, 
© to 7-parted, the divisions mostly 3-cleft; peduncles short, 2-flowered; sepals awnr 
less, about as long as the emarginate calyx* 

Sandy soils. May — July. Stems 1 foot long, much branching, covered with short 
deflected hairs. Leaves opposite, divided almost to the base. Peduncles axillary, 
forked, bearing 2 purplish-red flowers, much smaller than the preceding. Intro 
duced. Annual. 

3. Gr. Carolinianum, L. Carolina Crane's bill. 

Stem diffusely branched; leaves deeply 5-parted; lobes incisely toothed 3 to 5-cleft; 
peduncles crowded towards the top ; petals notched, as long as the calyx ; carpel* 
hairy. 

Fields and hills. May — July. Stems pubescent, diffuse, 8 to 15 inches long, 
swelling at the joints. Leaves % to 1% inches in diameter, hairy. Flowers small, 
ro6e-colored or nearly white, in pairs and somewhat fasciculate. Biennial. 

4. Gr. RobertianuMj L. Herb Robert. 

Stem diffuse, hairy ; leaves 3 to 5-parted to the base ; leaflets somewhat pinnatifld, 
segments somewhat mucronate; peduncles long, 2-flowered; sepals awned, shorter 
than the entire petals. 

Rocky places and shaded ravines. June — Oct. Annual. Stem reddish, with 
long diffuse weak branches. Leaves on long petioles somewhat hairy, \]/ 2 to 3 
inches in diameter, with pinnatifld segments. Flowers small, pale purple, beauti- 
fully lined with darker shades. Capsule small, rugose, keeled. Seeds smooth. 
The whole plant is very petid. 

The genus Pelargonium embracing more tban 300 species of shrubby and herba- 
ceous plants, with innumerable varieties of magnificent flowers, nearly all natives 
of the Cape of Good Hope, are embraced in this order. Many of which are culti- 
vated in our green houses and conservatories. 

Order 26. OXALIDACES— The Wood Sorrel Family. 

Plants with sour juice, compound leaves, and regular flowers. Sepals 5, persistent, 
equal. Petals 5, equal, ungujculate, with a twisted sestivation. Stamens 10, 
usually more or less monodelphous, those opposite the petals longest. Styles 5, 
filiform; stigmas capitate. Fruit capsular, membraneous, with 5 cellp, and from 5 
tp 10 valves. Seeds few, with a fleshy integument, which bursts elastically, 

1. OXALIS. Linn. Wood Sorrel. 

Gr. oxus, sour; from the acid taste of most species. 

Sepals 5, free or united at base. Petals 5. Stamens 
10, usually more or less monodelphous, alternately shorter^ 
Capsule deeply 5-lobed, 5-celled, each cell opening on the 
fcaek. Seeds few in each cell, pendulous from the axis.— ^ 



64 BALSAMINACE^. 



Serbs, with alternate or radical stipulate leaves, mostly of 3 
inversely heart-shaped leaflets, which close and droop at night- 
fall 

* Stemless; leaves and scapes from a root-stock or bulb. 

1. 0. ACETOCELLA, L. Common Wood Sorrel. 

Stalk creeping and scaly-toothed ; scape 1-flowered, longer than the leaves ; leaf- 
Ms broad-obcordate, with rounded lobes; petals oval, obtuse; styles as long as the 
inner stamens. 

Deep shady woods, on northern sides of mountains. June. Scape 3 to 5 inches 
high with 2 small bracts above the middle. Flowers large, white, with red veins, 
drooping. The whole plant has an agreeable acid taste. This is the shamrock of 
the Irish. 

2. 0. VIOLACE^E, L. Violet Wood Sorrel 

Bulb scaly ; scapes several-flowered in an umbel, longer than the leaves ; leaves 
ternate; leaflets obcordate, smooth; styles shorter than the outer stamens. 

Woods and shady places ; common. May, June. Scape nearly twice as high as 
the leaves 4 to 6 inches. Flowers violet, large, from 3 to 9 on umbels, drooping. 
Petals obovate, and sometimes slightly emarginate. 

** Stems leafy: peduncles axillary. 

3. O. cornictjlata, L. Decumbent Wood Sorrel 

Pubescent; stem rooting, decumbent, branched; peduncles 2-flowered, shorter 
than the leaves; leaves ternate; leaflets obcordate, pubescent; petals wedge-shaped, 
erose at the apex ; style as long as the inner stamens. 

Cultivated grounds and banks of streams. May — Aug. Stems prostrate, leafy, 
from 4 to 12 inches long. Sepals pubescent, % as long as the emarginate deep- 
yellow petals. Capsules densely pubescent. 

4. O. stricta, L. Upright Wood Sorrel 

Stem branching, erect; peduncles umbelliferous, longer than the petioles, 2 to 
6-flowered; leaves ternate ; leaflets obcordate ; petals obovate, entire ; styles as long 
as the inner stamens. 

Sandy fields and borders of woods. May — Aug. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, 
leafy, round, smooth, succulent. Leaves numerous, scattered on long stalks, 
Flowers small, pale-yellow. 

Order 27. BALSAMINACEffi. 

Annual Jierbs, with succulent stems filled with a bland watery juice, very irregular 
flowers, and simple leaves without stipules. Sepals 5, irregular, deciduous ; the two 
upper commonly united into one, the lower spurred. Petals 4, hypogynous, 
united in pair3, so that apparently there are only 2 petals. Stamens 5 ; filaments 
subulate. Ovary 5-celled; stigma sessile, more or less, 5 lobed. Fruit capsular, 
with 5 elastic valves and 5 cells. Seeds solitary or numerous, without albumen, 

1. IMPATIENS- Linn. Balsam. 

Name from the sudden bursting of the pod when touched. 

Sepals 5, the lower one spurred, the 2 upper united so as 
to appear like one. Petals 2, unequal-sided and 2-lohed. 
Stamens 5 ; short; anthers opening on the inner face. Stig- 



TROP^OLACEiE. 65 



mas 5, united. Capsules prismatic-terete, elongated, 5- 
valved, the valves coiling elastically and projecting the seeds 
in bursting. — Annual herbs with tender, smooth, suculent 
stems, tumid joints, and capsules burtsing elastically when 
touched, 

1. I. Pallida, Nutt. Snap-weed. Touch-me-not. 

Leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely and obtusely serrate, teeth snucronate, on snort 
petioles; peduncles 2 to 5-flowered, solitary, elongated; lower sepal dilated-conical, 
shorter than the petals, with a very short recurved spur. 

Damp shady places: common. Aug. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, much branched. 
Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, 1J4 to 2 inches wide, with large obttisa teeth on petiolca 
% inch long, upper ones sessile. Flowers large, mostly in pairs. Two outer sepals 
j>ale-green, hard-pointed, the rest pale-yellow. Petals pale-yellow, slightly spotted. 

2. I. fulva, Nutt. Jewel-weed. Balsam-weed. 

Stem much branched; leaves rhombic-ovate, somewhat obtuse, coarsely and 
obtusely serrate; teeth mucronate lower sepals acutely conic, wiih along round 
spur. 

Damp shady ravines; common. Aug. Stem, 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves 1 to 3 
inches long, y / 2 as wide, somewhat glaucous, on petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Flcxoers 
deep orange with reddish-brown spots, smaller and less numerous than in tho 
former species. 

3. I. Balsamina, Garden Balsamine. Ladies' Slipper. 

Leaves lanceolate, serrate, upper ones alternate; peduncles clustered; spur 
shorter than the flower. Native of the East Indies. A beautiful garden annual. 
The prevailing color of the flowers are red and white, but the former varies in 
every possible shade of crimson, scarlet, purple, pink and flesh-color, often double 
and semi-double. 



Order 28. TROPJEOLAGEIE. 

Straggling or twining herbs, with a pungent watery juice, peltate or palm ate leaves, 
and irregular flowers. Calyx of 5 colored, united sepals, the lower one spurred. 
Petals 5 ; two upper arising from the throat of the calyx remote from the 3 which 
are stalked. Stamens 3, unequal, distinct. Ovary of 3 united carpels; style 1; 
stigmas 3. Fruit separating 3 indehiscent, 1-seeded nut?. Seeds large. Albumen 
none. 

1. TROP-3SOLUM. Linn. 

Lai. tropaeum, a trophy ; the leaf resembles a shield, the flower an empty helmet. 

Generic character essentially the same as the order. 
T. majus. Nasturtion. Indian Cress. 

Leaves peltate, roundish repand on the margin, with the long petiole inserted a 
little one side of the centre; petals obtuse, the 2 upper distant from the 3 lower 
which are fimbriate at base and contracted into long claws. A common garden 
annual. Native »f Peru. Stem at length climbing by means of its long petioles 
several feet. Leaves 2 inches in diameter. Flowers large and showy, orange- 
colored, with blotches of a deeper shade. The fruit is used for pickling. 

Q* 



66 LIMNA.NTHACE.E AND ZANTHOXYLACEm 

Order 29. LMHTANTHACEIE. 

Low annual herbs, with pinnated alternate leaves without stipules. Flowers regu- 
lar, trimerous or pentamerous. Sepals 3 to 5 united at base persistent, valvate in 
•estivation. Petals 3 to 5, withering on the plant, inserted upon an bypoygnoua 
disk. Stamens 6 to 10, inserted with the petals; filaments opposite the sepal*. 
Sttles united; stigma simple : ovary of 2 to 5 distinct carpels. Fbuit 2 to 5 acheniv 
rather fleshy. Seeds solitary. 

1. FLCERKIA. Willd. 

Named in honor of Fkerke, a German botanist 

Sepals 3, longer than the 3 petals. Stamens 6. Ovaries 
3, tuberculate. Style 2-cleft. — A small annual aquatis, 
with pinnately divided leaves and minute solitary flowers on 
axillary peduncles, 

F. proserpinacoides, Lindl. False Mermaid. 

Stems deeumbent, weak, and slender; leaves alternate, upper ones, or tho» 
above the water, pinnately 5-parted ; lower or submersed ones mostly 3-partcd, all 
on slender petioles. 

Marshes and shores of rivers and lakes. April, May. Stem 4 to 10 inches long. 
Flowers small, y± inch in diameter, white. Petals about half as long as the sepals. 
Whole plant slightly pungent to the taste. 

Order 30. ZANTHOXYLAGEJE. 

Trees or shrubs, pungent and aromatic bitter, with alternate or opposite leava t 
without stipules, with pellucid dots and small regular diozcicus or polygamous 
flowers. Flowers regular diclinous, gray, green, or pink. Sepals 3 to 5, small, 
cohering at the base. Petals longer than the sepals, as many, rarely wanting, 
convolute. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Pistils 2 to 5, dis- 
tinct or united, 1 to 2 seeded, (ovules 2, collateral). Fruit baccate, membraneous 
or drupaceous, or 2-valved capsules. Seeds solitary or in pairs. 

1. ZANTHOXYLUM. Linn. Prickly Ash. 

Gr. xanthos, yellow, and xulon, wood. 

Flowers dioecious. Sepals 5, petal-like when the petals 
are absent. Stamens 5. Pistils 3 to 5, raised on a 
short base or stalk, distinct, the styles connivent. Carpels 
thickish, 2-valved. Seeds black and shining. — Fragrant 
aromatic shrubs, with pellucid punctate, pinnately 3 to 5 
foliate leaves, and greenish-yellow flowers. 

13. Americanum, Mill. Prickly Ash. 

Stem and branches prickly; leaves pinnate; leaflets in 4 to 5 pairs and an odd 
one, ovate-oblong, downy when young; petioles round, unarmed ; pri&Us stipular; 
flouxn in short axillary sessile umbel*. 



ANACARDIACE/E. $7 



Rocky woods ; not common. April. Shrub, 4 to 10 feet high, covered with sharp 
ttrong prickles. Leaves and flowers axillary. Flowers small greenish appearing 
before the leaves. Bark and pods very pungent to the taste, Medicinal. 

2. PTELEA. Linn. Shrubby Trefoil, 

Flowers polygama-diceeious. Sepals 3 to 5, small 
Petals 3 to 5, much longer than the sepals. Stamens 3 
to 5, longer than the petals, and alternate with them. Ovary 
2-celled; style short j stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-celled samara, 
winged all round, nearly orbicular. Shrubs, with 3 to ^•fo- 
liate leaves and greenish-white small flowers in compound ter- 
minal cymes. 

P. TRIFOLIATA, L. Shrubby Trefoil 

Leaves on. long petioles, ternate; leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when young, odd 
one much attenuated at Base; flowers polygamous, mostly with 4 stamens. 

Moist woods and rocky places ; rare. June. An ornamental shrub G to 8 fe*t 
high. Flowers white, odorous, nearly y 2 inch in diameter. Samcra nearly 1 inch 
in diameter. 

The Ailanthus glandulosus, or Tree of Heaven, is a cultivated tree of thfa 
family, common in and around our villages, whose flowers are redolent of anything 
but "airs from heaven." 

Order 31. A3MGARDIACE2I?. 

Trees or shrubs, with a resinous gummy, caustic or millcy juice, dofless, alternate, 
simple, ternatz or pinnate leaves, and small of len polygamous, regular pen'androus 
flowers. Flowers terminal or axillary, with bracts, commonly dioecious. Sepals 
3 to 5, united at base, persistent. Petals 3 to 5, sometimes none, imbricate. Ovaut 
1-celled, 1-ovuled. Styles 3, or none. Stigmas 3. Fruit indehiscent, usually 
drupaceous. Seeds without albumen. 

1. RHUS. Linn. Sumach. 

Calxy of 5 sepals, united at base. Petals 5. Stamens 
5, equal, inserted on the disk. Styles 3. short. Stigmas 
capitate. Fruit a small-seeded sub-globose, dry drupe. — 
Small trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing by rooting tendrils, 
alternate, mostly compound leaves, and greenish-white flowers. 

* Not poisonous ; fruit ctoihed with {acid) crimson hairs: panicle compound, dense, 
terminal; leaves odd pinnate. 

1. K. glabra, L. Smooth Sumach. 

Stem and branches smooth ; leaflets 6 to 15 pairs, sessile, lanceolate, acuminata, 
Smooth, whitish glaucous beneath ; flmucrs all perfect. 

Old fields and thickets ; common. July. Shrub 6 to 15 feet high, consisting of 
many straggling branches, smooth except its point. Leaflets about 3 inches long, 
% inches wide. Flowers greenish-yellow. Fruit crimson, covered with Ehcri 
hairs, aeid, used for dyeing red. The bark is used for tanning morocco. 



68 ANACARDIACE^!. 



2. R. COPALLINA, L. Dwarf Sumach. 

Branches and stalks downy ; leaflets 4 to 7-pairs, oval-lanceolate, or oblong, very 
entire, shining on the upper surface, pubescent beneath, unequal at base; common 
pttioU winged, appearing as if jointed. 

Rocky hills and dry fields. July, August. Shrub 2 to 7 feet high with running 
roots. Common petiole about 6 inches long expanding into a leafy margin, between 
each pair of leaflets. Leaflets 1 to 3 inches long, near % as wide, dark green and 
glossy on the upper surface. Flowers dioecious, yellowish-green. Fruit red, small, 
compressed, hairy, acid, and bitter. 

3. R. typhinAj L. Stag-horn Sumach. 

Branches and petioles densely villous; leaflets 6 to 15 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate, acutely serrate, whitish beneath. 

"" Hillsides or low barren places. June. A large shrub, or a spreading tree, 15 
to 30 feet high with orange-colored aromatic wood and copious milky resinous 
ju'ee. Flowers greenish-yellow, dioecious. Fruit in clusters, covered with a velvety 
purple down, acrid. 

* * Poisonous to the touch : fruit smooth : panicles axillary. 

4. R. venenata, DC. Poison Sumach. 

Smooth ; leaves odd-pinnate, 3 to 6 pairs, oval abruptly acuminate, very entire. 
panicles loose, pedunculate. 

Margins of swamps. June, July. A shrub or small tree of fine appearance, 10 
to 15 feet high. Petioles 6 to 10 inches long, red. Leaflets about 3 inches long, 
neai ly % as "wide, sessile, except the odd one. Floivers very small, greenish, dioe- 
ciovs. Fruit about as large as a pea. The whole plant is very poisonous, tainting 
the air to some distance around with its pernicious effluvium, 

5. R. Toxicodendron. L. Poison Oak. 

Erect or decumbent; leaves ternate; leaflets broad-oval or rhomboid, entire, 
dnuate or lobed, somewhat pubescent; flowers in racemose axillary sub-sessila 
panicles. 

Moist woods and thickets. June. A small shrub, 1 to 3 feet high, nearly smooth 
In all its parts. Leaflets 2 to 6 inches long % as wide, petiolate, the common 
petio'e 4 to 5 inches long. Flowers small, dioecious, greenish-yellow. Fruit 
smooth, roundish, pale-brown. Poisonous. 

Vr.r. 6. badicans. Torr. (R. radicans. Linn, DeCandolle and Beck.) Poison Ivy. 

Stem climbing; leaves ternate; leaflets petiolate, ovate, acuminate, smooth, gen- 
erally entire; flowers in axillary racemes towards the top of the stem, dioecious. 

Woods and hedges. June. Stem climbing by myriads of rooting tendrils 10, 20 
ob 50 feet. Flowers yellowish-green. Fruit sub-globose, brown. 

* * * Leaves ternate; flowers dioecious, not poisonous, aromatic. 

6. R. AROMATICA, Ait. Fragrant Sumach. 

Branches slender, nearly smooth ; leaves ternate ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, sessile 
the middle one wedge-shaped at the base, unequally cut-toothed, pubescent when 
young. 

Dry iocky soil ; rare. April, May. A small aromatic shrub 2 to 6 feet higb> 
Iveaflets 1 to 2 inches long, }/ 2 as wide, the common petioles 1 to 2 inches long. 
Flowers yellowish, in clustered scaly-bracted spikes like catkins, preceding the 
leaves. Fruit red, acrid, more or less hisped. 

7. R. COTINUS. Venitian Sumach. 

A t mall shrub, cultivated : native of Arkansas, according to Nuttall, remarkable 
chiefly for the singular and ornamental appearance of its long, diffuse feathery 
fruit-s J alkjB, showing in the distance as if the plant were enveloped in a cloud of 
*moke» 



ACERACEiE. 69 



Order 32. ACERACEiE. 

Trees with opposite palmately Idled, rarely pinnate leaves, without stipules, and 
flowers often polygamous, sometimes apetalous, small, in axillary racemes, corymbs 
or fascicles. Sepals 5, rarely 4 to 9, more or less united, colored, imbricate in aesti. 
ration. Petals 5, rarely 4 to 9, alternate with the sepals, hypoygnous. Stamens 
usually 8, sometimes 9 to 12, distinct. Styles 2. Stigmas 2. Ovary 2-lobed, 
2-celled. Fruit of 2 indehiscent winged samara, each 1-cclled, 1 to 2-seeded. Seeds 
with little or no albumen. 

1. ACER. Linn. Maple. 

Lat. acer, sharp; the wood was anciently manufactured into weapons of war. 

Calyx 5-lobed ; sometimes 5-parted. Petals 5, or more. 
Stamens 6 to 8 ; rarely 5. Samara 2-winged ; united at 
base by abortion, 1-seeded. — Trees with simple, palmately 
lobed leaves, often heart-shaped at the base, and mostly polyga- 
mous flowers. 

* Floivers in corymb or fascicles. Trees. 

1. A. rtjbrum, L. Red Maple. Swamp Maple. 

Leaves 3 to 5 lobed, heart-shaped at the base, irregularly serrate and notched, 
acute, the middle one usually the longest, glaucous, underneath ; flowers on very 
short pedicels ; petals linear oblong. 

Moist woods. March, April. A common tree from 20 to 40 feet high, with reddish 
twigs. Trunk covered with a smooth bark, marked with large, white spots, becom- 
ing dark with age. Leaves variable in size, pubescent when young. Flowers ap- 
pearing in eai-ly spring before the leaves, scarlet, or yellowish, about 3 in each 
fascicle. Fruit on pedicels 2 to 3 inches long, smooth. 

2. A. DASYCARPUM, Ehrh. White Maple. Silver Maple. 

Leaves deeply 5-lobed, with the sinuses rather acute, unequally and incisely 
toothed; whitish glaucous underneath; flowers aggregated on short petioles; 
petals none; fruit woolly when young, nearly smooth when grown, with large dilated 
wings. 

Banks of streams ; not common. April, May. A fine ornamental tree, 30 to 50 
feet high, affording a sweet sap. Leaves on long petioles, nearly smooth when old. 
Flowers greenish-yellow or purplish, visually about 5 together. Pedicels of the fruit 
about an inch long. 

3. A. SACCHARINTJM, L. Sugar Maple. Rock Maple. 

Leaves 3 to 5 lobed, with rounded sinuses and pointed lobes, sparingly sinuate 
toothed, subcordate at base, glaucous beneath ; flowers from terminal leaf-bearing 
and lateral leafless buds, drooping ; pedicels slender, hairy ; calyx hairy at the apex ; 
petals none. 

"Woods and mountain valleys. April. A fine tree 50 to 80 feet high, with a trunk 
2 to 3 feet in diameter. Bark cf a light-gray color, rough and scaly. Branches 
numerous and finely ramified in open situations. Foliage very luxurient, deep 
green and smooth above. Flowers yellowish, on long thread-like peduncles. Peti 
oles smooth. This is one of the most useful trees of the forest; the sugar obtained 
frow its sap is perhaps the most delicious of all sweets. The wood is very strong 
and compact, often presenting that beautiful arrangement of fibre, called bird's-eye 
maple, which is so highly esteemed in cabinet work. It is extensively cultivated aa 
an ornamental shade tree. 

'•* Flowers in terminal racemes. Large shrubs, 



70 SAPINDACE^E. 



4. A. Pennsylvanicum, L. Striped Maple. 

Leaves with 3 acuminate lobes, rounded at base, finely and sharply double serrate; 
racemes drooping, loose; petals obovate; fruit with large diverging wings. 

Rich woods and shady rocks. May. A shrub or small tree 10 to 15 feet high. 
Trunk beautifully striped lengthwise with green and black. Leaves rarely undi- 
vided. Flowers large, yellowish-green, 10 to 12 in a raceme. Fruit clustered, with 
pale-green wings. 

5. A, SPICATUM, Lam. Mountain Maple. 

Leaves small, 3 to 5 lobed, acute, dentate, pubescent beneath ; racemes erect, 
dense, somewhat compound ; petals linear ; fruit smooth ; wings somewhat diverg- 
ing. 

Rocky hills and mountains. May, June. A shrub S to 12 feet high growing in 
clumps. The bark is of a light gray color. Leaves somewhat pointed, with large 
sharp teeth, more or less cordate at base. Flowers greenish, numerous and small, 
in round, oblong, close-branched clusters 2 to 3 inches long, becoming pendulous 
With the winged i'ruit. 

2. NEGUNDA. Moench. 

Calyx minute, 5-cleft. Petals none. Stamens mostly 
5. — Small trees with compound pinnately 8 to b-foliate leaves, 
and dieecious floicers, from lateral buds; the sterile in clusters 
on capillary pedicels ; the fertile in drooping racemes. 

N. ACEROIDES, Mcench. Ash-leaved Maple. Box Elder. 

Leaves ternate, or pinnate by fives; leaftcts'oY&te, acuminate, remotely and 
unequally dentate; pistillate racemes long and pendulous; barren flowers corym- 
bose; fruit oblong, with large wings dilated upwards. 

River banks, low wet grounds and along mountain streams. April. A small 
but handsome tree 10 to 20 feet high, with light-green twigs, and smooth yellowish- 
green bark. Flowers yellowish-green, very delicate, in drooping clusters, rather 
preceding the leaves. Fruit pubescent, oblong, the wings about an inch long. 

Order 33. SAPIKDACEffi. 

Trees, shrubs, or climbers furnished wiih tendrils, rarely herb?, with alternate and 
mostly compound leaves, and small, unsymmetrical, usually i>-regular and polygamous 
flowers. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals. Petals irregular and often one fewer than the 
aepals, sometimes wanting. Stamens 8 to 10. Ovary 2 to 3-celled, the styles or 
ttigmas more or less united. Seeds usually with an aril, destitute of albumen, 

1. CARDIOSPERMUM. Linn. 

Qr. kardia, heart, sperma, seed ; the globose seeds marked with a large cordaU 
hilum. 

Sepals 4, the 2 outer smallest. Petals 4, each with an 
emarginate scale above the base, the 2 lower remote from 
the stamens, their scales crested ; glands of the disk 2, oppo- 
site the lower petals . Stamens 8, unequal. Style trifid. 
CAPSULE membraneous. — Climbing herbs, with biterziQte 



CELASTRACE^J. 71 



leaves, the lower pedicels changed to tendrils, and small 
whitish flowers. 

C. Haliacabum, L. Heart-seed. Balloon-vine. 

Plant nearly smooth ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, incisely lobed and dentate ; flowert 
email, axillary, solitary; fruit pyriform-globose, large, bladder-like. Native along 
the Missouri river. Torr. & Gr. July. A curious vine 4 to 6 feet long, witS 
remarkably large inflated membraneous capsules. 

Sub-order. HIPPO CASTANACE^S. 

Trees or shrubs, with opposite digitate leaves, without sti- 
pules. Fruit roundish, coriaceous, dehiscent, with 1 to 3 
very large seeds, resembling chestnuts. Embryo very large 
and fleshy, showing a 2-leaved plumule. Cotyledons united. 

2. iESCULES. Linn. Horse-chestnut. 

Calyx regular, 5-lobei, companulate. Petals 4, some- 
times 5, more or less unequal, with claws. Stamens 7 
(rarely 6 or 8) ; filaments long and slender, often unequal. 
Style 1, filiform, acute; ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in 
each, only one of which, or one in each cell, ripens into a 
seed. — Trees and shrubs with 5 to 7 -foliate leaves, and flowers 
in thy rse-like panicles. 

1. M. glabra, Willi, Ohio Buckeye. 

Leaflets 5, oval or oblong, acuminate, serrate or serrulate, very smooth ; coroTUt 
4-pctalled, spreading, Ts-ith the claw3 as long as the calyx; stamens longer than tho 
corolla; fruit cchinate. 

Banks of streams : Western part of the State. May. A small ill-scented tree. 
Leaflets 3 to 6 inches long, 1 to 2 inches -wide, sub-sessile, or abruptly contracted at 
base to a short stalk. Flowsrs yellowisn-wbitil, small, slightly irregular, in terminal 
racemose panicles. Fruit about % inch in diameter, prickly. 

2. M. Pavia, L. Small Buckeye. 

Leaflets 5, oblong-lanceolate, cuncate at tase, abruptly and shortly acuminata, 
finely serrate; flowers very irregular in a loose thyrsoid racemo; petals 4, erect, as 
long as the stamens. 

A beautiful shrub, 6 to 10 feet high, cultivated for ornament : native of the South- 
ern States; probably indigenous in the South-western part of our Slate. Apr J, 
May. Flowers large, red, smooth. 

3. M. Hippocastanum, L. Common Horse-chestnut. 

Leaves digitate, of 7 obovate-cxrasate leaflets, crenat?, dentate ; petals 5, spreading; 
ttamens 7 declined, fruit prickly. This -wall known introduced tree is nearly natu- 
ralized. Native of Asia. In June it puts forth numerous pyramidal racemes or 
thyrses of pink and white flowers, finely contrasting with the dark-green of its 
massy foliage. 

Order 34. CSLJLSTRACE^. 

Shrubs or small trees, with epptsite cr alternate leaves, small, regular and sym- 
metrical flovrsrs. S3PAL3 4 to 5. united at base, imbricated. Petals 4 to 5, inserted 



72 CBLASTRACE^;. 



by a broad base under the margin of a flat expanded disk which surrounds the 
ovary. Stamens 4 to 5, alternate with the petals, inserted on tbe margin of the 
disk. Ovary superior, immersed in, and adhering to the disk. Fruit a capsule or 
berry. Seeds solitary or few. 

Tribe 1. STAPHYLE^. 

leaves pinnate, opposite. Seeds long, not ariled. Ovary many-ovuled, free firm 
the cup-shaped disk. 

1. STAPHYLEA. Linn. Bladder-nut, 

Gr. staphult, a cluster} in allusion to its mode of flowerings 

Sepals 5, oblong, erect, colored, persistent. Petals 5, 
with short claws. Stamens 5. Pistils 3, united in the 
axis, their long styles cohering, but separating as the ovary 
enlarges into the membranaceous inflated 3-lobed, 3-celled 
capsules. — Upright shrubs, with opposite pinnate leaves and 
white flowers in raceme-like clusters, terminating the branchlets. 

1. S. trifolia, L. Bladder-nut. 

Leaves ternate, on leng petioles; le:<Jltts ovate, acuminate, serrulate, pubescent, 
the terminal one petioled ; styles smooth. 

Moist thickets and ro-ky places. May. A handfomo shrub 6 to 10 feet high, 
%rih striiiht and fmooih slander branches. Flavors Avhite, with spet 3 of orange, 
is pendulous clusters. 

Tribe 2. EUONYMEJE. 

Lowes simple ; style 1; stigmas 3-lobcd ; cvaries2incac\cell; seeds with ptCpy arils; 
disk adhering to the Lottorn of the calyx. 

2. CELASTRUS. Linn. Shrubby Bitter-sweet. 

Flowers sometimes polygamous. Sepals 5, united at 
base. Petals 5 sessile. Stamens on the margin of a 
cup-shaped disk. Pistils on the disk. Capsule globose, 
or 3-angled, 3-celled. Seeds 1 to 2 in each cell, erect, 
enclosed by a pulpy scarlet aril. — Climbing or twining 
shrubs, with alternate leaves, minute deciduous stipules and 
email greenish flowers in raceme-like clusters terminating the 
branches. 

C. SCANDENS, L. Climbing Bitter-sweet. Wax-work. 

Stem climbing and twining, unarmed ; leaves oblong, acuminate, serrate, petioled, 
stipules minute; racemes terminal; flowers dioecious. 

Woods and thickets. May, June. A handsome climbing shrub, the sterna 
twining about trees and each other, ascending to a great height. Leaves smooth. 
Flowers in small racemes, greenish-white. Seeds covered with a scarlet aril, coft- 
tained in an orange-colored 3-valved capsule. 



RHAMNACE^E. 73 



3. EUONYMUa Tourn. Spindle-tree. 

Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base, forming a short and 
flat calyx. Petals 4 to 5, rounded, spreading. Stamens 
very short, inserted on the upper face of a broad and flat 4 
to 5-angled disk. Style short or none. Capsule with 3 
to 5 angles, 3 to 5 cells and as many valves. Seeds 1 to 2 
in each cell, inclosed in a red fleshy aril. — Shrubs ivith h-sided 
branchlets, opposite serrate leaves, and loose cymes of small 
green or dark purple flowers on axillary peduncles. 

1. E. atropurpureus, Jaeq. Burning Busk. 

Stem with smooth, opposite, square branches; leaves petioled, oval-oblong, 
pointed, serrate, pubescent beneath ; floioers mostly in fours ; fruit smooth, deeply 
lobed. 

Hedges and banks «f streams; sometimes cultivated. June. A handsome orna- 
mental shrub 4 to 8 feet high. Flowers dark purple. Fruit very showy at the 
close of autumn, drooping on long peduncles. Capsule crimson, smooth. Aril 
enclosing the seed, scarlet. 

2. E. Americanus, L. Strawberry Tree. Burning Bush. 

Branches opposite, smooth, square; leaves opposite, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, 
varying to oval, acute, serrate ; peduncles 1 to 3-flowered, rounded ; calyx small, 
with acute segments ; flowers in fives , fruit rough, warty, depressed. 

Wet places and moist woods. June. S7u~ub 4 to 6 feet high. Flowers greenish- 
yellow with a tinge of purple. Fruit not as copious as the above, crimson when 
xipe, the aril scarlet. 

Order 35. RHA.B1NACEIE .— TJie Buckthorn Family. 

Shrubs or small trees, with simple leaves, minute stipules, and small regular axil- 
lary or terminal flowers (sometimes apetai-ous). Branches often thorny. Sepals 4 or 5, 
united at base, vaivate in aestivation. Petals 4 or 5, distinct, cuccullate or con- 
cave, inserted along with the stamens into the edge of a fleshy disk which lines the 
short tube of the calyx. Stamens 4 to 5 opposite the petals. Ovary superior or 
half superior, 2 to 5-celled. Stigmas 2 to 5. Fruit fleshy and indehtscent, or dry 
and separating in 3 parts. Seeds erect, msstly with fleshy albumen. 

1. RHAMNUS. Linn. Buckthorn. 

<5r. Eamnos, the ancient name ; from the numerous branchlets. 

Calyx 4 to 5-cleft. Petals 4 to 5, shorter than the 
sepals, alternate with the lobes of the calyx, sometimes very 
minute or wanting. Stamens 4 to 5, inserted above the 
petals. Style 2 to 4-cleft. Fruit a berry-like drupe, 
containing 2 to 4 cartilaginous nuts. — Small trees or shrubs, 
with mostly alternate leaves, and minute flowers in short 
axillary clusters, often polygamous or dioecious. 
R 



74 VITACEiE. 



1. K. ALNiFOLius, L'Herit. Alder-leaved Buckthorn. 

Shrub erect with unarmed branches ; leaves alternate, ovate, acuminate, serrate, 
pubescent on the veins beneath ; peduncles aggregate, 1-flowered ; flowers mostly 
pentandrous; calyx Acute, styles 3, united, very short; fruit top-shaped. 

Sphagnous swamps. May, June. A spreading shrub 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves 
1 to 3 inches long, % as wide, aeute at base. Floioers small, greenish, mostly 
apetalous. Berries about as large as small peas, black, 

2. R. LANCEOLATUS, Pursh, Lance-leaved Buckthorn. 

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ; (floral ones obtuse, mostly ovate or round- 
ish), closely serrulate, minutely downy underneath ; petals 4, deeply obcordat©) 
about as long as the short stamens ; seeds 2. 

Hills and river banks : Mereersburg, Franklin Co. Prof. Traill Green. May. A 
tall shrub, not thorny. Later leaves long, often oblong-ovate. Flowers yellowish- 
green, dioecious-polygamous; the pedicels usually single in the more fertile plant, 
wh'oh has the 2-cleft style exserted, and produces abundant globular drupes abotit 
the size of a pepper-corn. The less fertile plant bears rather larger flowers, on 
clustered pedicels, with a very short and included style. Drupes large top-shaped-,, 
distinctly pointed with the short style. Seeds obovate, deeply grooved. 



"Order 36. VITACEJE.— The Vine Family,* 

Shrubs, climbing by tendrils, with simple or compounll haves, and small, regular, 
often polygamous or diaicious flowers with a minute truncate nearly entire calyx. 
Petals 4 to 5, very deciduous, inserted on the outside of the disk. Stamens 4 to & 
opposite the petals, inserted on the disk, sometimes sterile, by abortion. Pistil* 
with a short style, or none, and a slightly 2-lobed stigma. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 
erect anatropous ovules from the base of each. Fruit a globose pulpy berry, with 
hard albumen. 

1. VITIS. Linn. Vine. 

Calyx somewhat 4 to 5-toothed. Petals 4 to 5, cohering 
at their apex, usually falling off without expanding. Sta- 
mens 5. Style none. Base of the ovary surrounded with 
a 4 or 5-lobed ring, or 4 to 5 glands alternate with the 
stamens. Berry 2-celled, 1 to 4-seeded ; cells and seeds 
often abortive. — Flowers fragrant in a compound ihyrse* 
Peduncles often changed into tendrils. 

1. V. Labrusca, L. Northern Fox Grape. 

Leaves very large, broad-cordate, angular-lobed, acutely toothed, smooth above? 
very woolly beneath, racemes small, panicled ; berries large. 

Moist thickets and woods; common. June. Stem climbing to a great height. 
Leaves and young branches very woolly. Flowers small, green. Fruit large, 
purple, often green or red, ripe in Sept. The Isabella, Catawba, Blands and other 
sorts known in cultivation, are varieties of this species. 

2. V. aestivalis, Michx. Frost Grape. Winter Grape. 

Young leaves downy with loose ferruginous hairs beneath, smoothish when old, 
green above, broadly cordate, 3 to 5-lobed or palmate-sinuate, coarsely dentate; 
; fertile raceme long, panicled, opposite the leaves; berries small, 



POLTGALACE^:, 75 



Hills, woods and river banks. June, Stem very long, slender, climbing. Leave* 
very large, clothed beneath -when young with cobweb-like, rust-colored pubescence. 
Tendrils from the peduncles, with an opposite leaf. Berries deep blue, with a 
bloom well flavored, but small, ripe in Sept* 

3. Y. cordifolia, Miehx. Frost Grape. Winter Grape. 

Leaves cordate, acuminate, somewhat equally but coarsely toothed, smooth oa 
both sides ; raceme loose, many-flowered ; lerries small. 

Thickets by river banks ; common. June. Stem ascending, shrubs and trees to 
ihe height of 10 to 20 feet. Leaves large, membraneous, often 3-lobed, with pubes- 
cent veins when young, and a few mucronate teeth. Berries nearly black, small, 
late, acid, but well flavored after being frosted. 

4. V. vinifera. Common Wine Grape. 

L"aves cordate, sinuately 5-lobed, smooth ; flowers all perfect. Naturalized in 
nearly all temperate climates. Varieties without end may be raised from the seed, 
■^iuclii will bear fruit the 4th or 5th year. 

, 2. AMPELOPSIS. Michx, 

Gr. ampelos, the vine, and opsis, appearance; resembling the vine. 

Calyx slightly 5-stalked. Petals concave, spreading 
deciduous after expansion. Stigmas capitate, Ovary with- 
out a 5-lobed ring, 2 to 4-seeded. — Fine shrubby creepers ivitli 
digitiate or cordate leaves and cymose clusters of flowers: supr- 
ported by radiating tendrils. 

1. A. QUINQUEFOLIA, Michx. Virginian Cre-eper. 

Leaves quinate, digitate; leaflets oblong, acuminate, petiolate, dentate, smooth, 
racemes somewhat dichotomously cymose. 

Woods and thickets. June, July. A vigorous climber, cultivate;! as a covering 
for walls, trellises, Ac. .Ftotfers inconspicuous, greenish, in forked clusters. Berries 
dark blue, smaller than peas. 

2. E. cordata, Michx. Heart-leaved Creeper. 

Stem climbing, with slender branches; leaves cordate, acuminate, toothed and 
angular; nerves beneath, pubescent; racemes dichtomous, few-flowered. 

Banks of streams. June ; July. Panicles opposite the leaves. Btrrias palo-red. 
Beck. 



Order 37. FOLYGALACESI. 

Plants, shrulJby or herbaceous, with simple, entire, alternate or rarely opposite, 
leaves destitute of stipules, and irregular papilionaceous flowers, with 4 to 8 diadtl- 
phous stamens. Sepals 5, very irregular, distinct, 3 exterior, of which 1 is superior 
and 2 inferior, 2 inner ones called the wings much larger, and colored like the 
petals. Petals 3, hypogynous the anterior (heel) larger than the rest, and usually 
crested. Stamens 6 or 8, with their filaments combined in a tube which is split on 
the upper side, cohering more or less with the petals, free above. Anthers l-celled, 
opening by a terminal pore. Ovaut superior, 2-celled. Style and stigma simple. 
Fruit usually a capsule generally rounded or notched at the apex. Seeds with aa 
at umlaut albumen. 



76 POLYGALACE^ 



1. POLYGALA. Tourn. Milkwort. 

Cfr. polus, much, and gala, milky; supposed to favor the lacteal secretions. 

Sepals 5 persistent, 2 of them wing-shaped and colored. 
Petals 3 to 5, united to the stamens, the lower one keel- 
form. Capsule olbeordate, 2-eelled, 2-valved, 2-seeded, 
/Seeds smooth with a caruncle. — Low bitter herbs, with sim- 
ple entire leaves, often dotted, and no stipules, sometimes bear* 
ing concealed fertile flowers also next the ground. 

* Annual: flowers purple to white i spikes ovate globose or oblong, dense* 

1. P. INCARNATA, L. Flesh-colored Milkwort. 

Stem erect, slender, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves small, linear-subulate^ 
few ; spikes oblong or cylindrical, without glands ; corolla with a long tube. 

Dry soils. June, July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves % inch long, rensoSe^ 
Spikes 1 to 1% inches long. Flowers pale rose-color or flesh-color ; wings, much 
shorter than the conspicuously crested corolla ; claws of the petals united into a 
very long and slender-cleft tube. 

2. P. purpurea, Nutt. Purple Milkwort. 

Stem branching at top ; leaves linear, alternate ; flowers beardless, imbricated is 
obtuse, cylindrical spikes ; wings of the calyx cordate-ovate, erect, twiee as long a* 
{he capsule. 

Meadows and wet grounds. July — Sept. A handsome erect plant 6 to 10 inches 
high, easily recognized by its short purplish, cylindrical spike of flowers. Stem 
angular with fastigiate branches, each ending with a spike smaller than the main 
stem, but rising above it in height. 

* * Spikes elongated or racemose ; flowers white or greenish. 

3. P. AMBIGUA, Nutt. Ambiguous Milkwort. 

Stem erect, very slender, loosely branched ; lowest stem leaves in whorls of four, 
the rest scattered, narrowly linear; spikes long peduncled, very slender; flowers 
crested ; bracts deciduous. 

Dry woods. Aug., Sept. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, somewhat angular. Leaves 
sessile, tapering to the base, y 2 to 1 inch long, narrow. Racemes spicate, acute, 
about 1 inch long, 20 to 30-flowered, on peduncles 1 to 3 inches long. Flowers 
small, greenish-white, tinged with purple. Wings of the calyx round and veined* 

4. P. verticellata, L. Whorl-leaved Milkwort. 

Stem erect, branched; leaves whorled, linear and lance-linear; raceme spiked, 
dense, acute, on rather short peduncles; bracts falling with the flowers; wings 
round, clawed. 

Dry hills ; common. July — Oct. Stem very slender, square, 6 to 10 inches high. 
Leaves in whorls of 4 or 5, % to 1 ineh long, alternate on the branches, Flowers 
small, greenish-white, sometimes tinged with purple ; crest rather large in pro* 
portion. 

5. P. senega, L. Seneca Snake-root 

Ste7tis several form a thick and hard knotty root, simple ; leaves alternate, lan- 
ceolate, tapering at each end, rough on the margin, spikes cylindrical, rather 
dense, somewhat acute ; flowers on extremely short pedicels; wings of the calyx 
orbicular ; capsule elliptic, emarginate. 

Woods and meadows. June, July. Perennial. Stem a foot high, with ovate 
scale-like leaves at the base. Leaves smooth, finely serrulate, 1 to 3 inches long, £g 
as wide, numerous, scattered. Flowers white in a filiform spike 1 to 3 inches long. 



leguminos^. 77 



Sepals obtuse, larger than the petals. Hoot medicinal. A valuable stimulating 
expectorant. 

* * * Perennials : flowers purple, showy, larger than the former; bearing whitish 
fertile ones on subterranean branches. 

6. P. POLYGAMA, Walt. Bitter Milkwort. 

Stems numerous, simple, erect and procumbent; leaves linear-lanceolate, or 
obovate, alternate, attenuate downwards; racemes filiform, terminal and lateral, 
elongated ; flowers sessile, the broadly obovate wings longer than the crested corolla. 
Fields and pastures. June, July. Stems crowded, many frcm the same root, 
annular, smcoth. Leaves smooth, lower obovate, ui:jer linear-lanceolate, obtuse, 
sessile. Flowers purple, % inch in diameter, very handsome, 8-andious. Sultera- 
nean flowers on procumbent racemes, without petals, eessile. Bitter and tonic. 

7. paucifolia, Willd. Fringed Polygala. 

Stem simple, erect, naked below, rising from long and slender prostrate or subte- 
ranean shoots, vrbich bear concealed fertile flowers; leaves ovate, acute, smooth; 
terminal flowers mostly in threes, large cristate, sometimes axillary ; wings obovate, 
rather shorter than the conspicuously fringe-crested keel. 

"Woods along mountains in light soil. May. A delicate plant with large showy 
purple flowers, 3 /± inch long. Stem 3 to 4 inches hi^h. Lower leaves small and 
scattered, scale-like. The radical flowers are either close to the ground or subtera- 
jaean, smaller, greenish. 

Order 38. LEGUMIXTOSJE. — Leguminous Plants, 

Herbaceous plants, shrubs or trees, with alternate mostly compound leaves with stip- 
vles t and papilionaceous floxvers, lQ-monodelphous, diadelphous, or rarely distinct 
ttamens, and a single, simple pistil, producing a legume in fruit. Calyx of 5 sepals 
more or less united. Petals 5, papilionaceous or rarely regularly spreading. Sta- 
MXN'S definite or indefinite, inserted with the corolla. Ovary simple, superior, 
Fecit a legume. Seeds attached to the upper suture, without albumen, 

Sub-order I. PAPILIONACE^. 

Petals truly papilionaceous, imbricate in aestivation, the 
tipper one extended. Stamens 10, mostly diadelphous, 9 
united by their filaments into a sheath split on the upper 
side when the 10th is free. 

Tribe 1. VICIEJ3. The Vetch or Pea Tribe. 

JBafa with abruptly pinnate leaves, the common petiole produced into a tendril or brit° 
tie ; peduncles axillary. 

1. VICIA. Tour. Vetch. 

Calyx tubular, 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth 
often shorter. Stamens diadelphous. Style filiform, bent 
at a right angle with the ovary, hairy down the entire side. 
Legume oblong, many-seeded. — Herbaceous mostly climbing 
plantSj with abruptly pinnate leaves of several pairs ofleafleU^ 
and a branching tendril. Peduncles axillary, 
B* 



78 leguminos^. 



1. V. Carolinian a, Walt. Carolina Vetch. 

Nearly smooth; leaflets 8 to 10, elliptical-lanceolate, obtuse, scarcly mucronate; 
peduncles loosely flowered, as long or longer than the leaves; flowers distant; 
calyx teeth very short. 

Borders of woods and along fences. May, June. Per. Stem 2 to 4 feet long, 
climbing. Leaflets % inch long, }/ 8 to ^ wide. Flowers small, white or pale-blue, 
Standard black at the tip. Legume oblong. 

2. V. Americana, Muhl. American Vetch. 

Smooth; leaflets 10 to 14, elliptical or ovate-oblong, very obtuse, many- veined; 
stipules semi-sagittate, deeply-toothed; peduncles 4 to 8-flovrered, sborter than the 
leaves. 

Moist thickets and woods. June. Per. Stem 1 to 3 feet long, slender, some? 
what 4-angled. Leaflets 1 inch long, nearly y 2 as wide. Flowers purplish-blue, % 
inch long. Style very hairy at the summit. Legumes oblong-linear, compressed, 
reticulated. 

3. V. Cracca, L. Tufted Vetch. 

Downy-pubescent; stem branching; leaflets 10 to 20, oblong-lanceolate, strongly 
mucronate; stipules semi-sagittate, linear, nearly entire; peduncles densely many, 
flowered ; calyx teeth shorter than the tube ; style hairy at the top. 

Border of fields, woods and meadows. June, July. Per. Stem 2 to 3 feet long, 
slender, square. Leaflets % to % inch long, % inch wide. Flotvers 10 to 20 in a 
long, dense, one-sided raceme pale-purple. Legume oblong, compressed, coriaceous 
smooth. 

* Annual. Naturalized. 

4t. V. tetrasperma, L. Slender Vetch, 

Smooth ; leaflets 8 to 12, linear-oblong, obtuse ; stipules lanceolate, semi-sagittate j 
peduncles mostly 2-flowered ; calyx teeth unequal ; legume oblong, smooth, mostly 
4-seeded. 

Fields and banks of streams; introduced. May, June. Stems almost filiform I 
to 2 feet long. Leaflets % * nc h long, 1 line wide, acute or obtuse. Flowers very 
small, white, or bluish-white, sometimes 3 or 4 together. 

5. V. sativa, L. Common Vetch or Tare. 

Somewhat pubescent; stem simple ; leaflets 10 to 14, ovate-oblong or linear-oblong, 
notched and mucronate at the apex; calyx-teeth equal; legume linear, several-, 
seeded. 

Cultivated fields and waste places; introduced. June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, ereci 
or decumbent. Leaflets % to 1 inch long, % wide. Flowers % inch long, pale-purple. 
Legume 1 to 2 inches long, erect, roundish, reticulated, smooth. 

6. V. HIRSUTA, Koch, Hairy Vetch. 

Leaflets 8 to 20, linear, or linear-oblong, truncate, mucronate ; stipules semi-sagit- 
tate, narrow; peduncles 3 to 6-flowered, shorter than the leaves; legumes oblong, 
hairy, 2-seeded. 

A creeping weed in cultivated fields ; introduced. May, June, Stem 2 to 3 feet 
long, much branched and diffused. Leaflets about ]/ 2 incn l° n g> 'very narrow. 
Flowers very small, bluish-white. Legumes short, with roundish compressed, 
brown seeds. 

2. LATHYKUS. Linn. Vetchling, 

Gr. Lathuros, a leguminous plant of Theophrastus. 

Calyx 5-cleft 7 the upper teeth shorter papilionaceous, 
Stamens diadelphous. Style flattish, not grooved aboYej 



LEGUMINOS^. 79 



hairy along the inner side. Legumes oblong, several-seeded, 
2-valved, 1-celled. — Herbaceous mostly climbing plants with 
abruptly pinnate leaves, and petioles produced into branching 
tendrils, 

1. L. VENOSUS, Muhl. Veiny Vetchling. 

Stem climbing, square, naked ; leaflets 5 to 7 pairs ovate-oblong, obtuse, sub» 
opposite, mucronate, veined, often downy beneath ; stipules very small, semi-sagifc. 
tate ; peduncles many-flowered. 

Shady banks and low meadows. July, Aug. Per. Stem 2 to 8 feet long, climbing, 
mostly smooth. Leaflets 1)4, to 2 inches long, variable in width. Peduncles many- 
flowered, about the length of the leaves. Corolla purple. Legumes flat and narrow, 

2. L. PALUSTRUS, L. Marsh Vetchling, 

Stem slender, often wing-margined; leaflets 3 to 4 pairs, lanceolate, linear, o* 
narrow-oblong, mucronate ; stipules semi-sagittate, acute ; peduncles 3 to 5-flowered, 

Low grounds, wet meadows and thickets. June, July. Per, Stem 2 to 3 feet 
long, square, broadly-winged at the angles, supported by the tendrils. Leaflets 
variable in width, somewhat coriaceous. Flowers drooping, rather large, variegated 
with blue and purple. 

3. L. MYRTIFOLIUS, Muhl, Myrtle-leaved Vetchling \ 

Stem slender, weak, square ; leaflets 2 to 3 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, acute, mucro* 
nate; stipules semi-sagittate, lanceolate, acuminate; peduncles 3 to 6-flowered,. 
longer than the leaves. 

River banks and marshy places. July, Aug. Per. Stem about 3 feet long* 
Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, Yi as wide. Flowers pale-purple, somewhat resembling 
L. palustris, but has a more slender stem, and broader leaflets and stipule*. 

4. L. ochroleucus, Hook. Pale Vetchling, 

Stem slender; leaflets in 3 to 4 pairs, ovate, obtuse, mucronate, reticulate beneathj 
ttipules large, half-cordate ; peduncles 4 to 10-flowered, shorter than the leaves. 

Hillsides and banks of streams, June, July. Per. Whole plant smooth, pal© 
and somewhat glaucous. Stem 1 to 2 feet long, often erect. Leaflets 1 to 1% inches 
Jong, % as wide, larger than the stipules. Peduncles axillary, Flowers large, pal* 
yellow. Legume compressed, smooth. 

CULTIVATED EXOTICS.. 

5. L. iatifovus, Everlasting Pea. 

Leaflets 2, lanceolate ; joints membraneous, winged ; peduncles many-flowered. A 
very showy perennial plant ; native of England. Stem 6 feet long, climbing, 
winged between the joints. Flowers large, pink, clustered on a peduncle 6 to 10 
inches long. 

6. L. odorattts, Sweet Pea. 

Leaflets 2, ovate-oblong; peduncles 2-flowered; legume hirsute. A well known 
garden annual, native of Sicily. The flowers appear in June, are large awee$ 
ecented, varigated with red, purple and white, 

7. L. sativum, Chick Pea, 

Leaflets 2 to 4; peduncles 1-flowered; legume ovate, compressed, with 2-wingeS 
magins at the back. A common annual; native of S. Europe where it has be«& 
tometimes cultivated for food; but has proved to be a slow poison* 



gO LEGTJMINOS-E. 



3. PISUM. Linn. Pea. 

Lat. pisum, pea. 

Calxt segments leafy, the 2 upper shortest. Banner 
large, reflexed. Stamens 9 and 1-diadelphous. Style com- 
pressed, carinate, villous on the upper side. Legume oblong, 
tumid, many-seeded. Seeds globose, with an orbicular 
hirum. — Herbaceous climbing plants, with abruptly pinnate 
leavesj ending with branching tendrils. 

I. P. sativum, L. Common Garden Pea. 
Leaf ets ovate, entire, usually 4; stipules ovate, semi-cordate at base, crenate; 
peduncles several-flowered. A valuable annual garden plant, cultivated from time 
immemorial, so that its native country is unknown. "Whole plant smooth and 
glaucous. Stem 2 to 5 feet long climbing by tendrils. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches long, 
% as wide, obtuse, mucronate. Flowers 2 or more, on axillary peduncles, large, 
ybite. 

4. CICEB. Tourn. Chick Pea. 

The Latin name for a species of vetch ; applied to this genus. 

Calyx 5-parted, the 4 upper segments incumbent on the 
vexilkim; tube more or less gibbons at base on the upper 
side. Legume turgid, 2-seeded. Seeds gibbous, mucron- 
ate. — A cultivated annual, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white 
tdlitary or axillary fiowers. 

1. C. aiuetinum, L. Coffee Pea. Chick Pea. 

leaves edd-pinnate; leaflets cuneate-obovate, serrate; stipules lanceolate, sub- 
denticulate; calyx slightly gibbous. Cultivated in gardens; the seeds are said to 
afford a tolerable substitute for coffee. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, branching. 
Leajlcts in 4 to 6 pairs, }/> incn lon £> V± wide, with a terminal odd one. Flowers 
white. Legume nearly 1 inch long. Seeds gibbous, in form much resembling a 
ram's head. 

5. FABA. Tourn. Windsor Bean. 

The Latin name for a bean ; appropriated to this genus. 

Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, 2 upper segments shorter. Style 
bent at a right angle with the ovary. Stigma villose. Le- 
gume large, coriaceous, somewhat tumid. Seeds oblong 
with a terminal hilum. — Herbaceous pi aoits, apparently without 
tendrils, and simple, erect, axillary racemes of fiowers. 

1. F. vulgaris, Moench. Horse Bean. 

Leaflets 2 to 4, oval, mucronate; stipules semi-sagittate, obliquely ovate. Katir« 
•f Egypt. Cultivated in gardens. Stem rigidly erect, with axillary, many-flowered 
racemes, 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers white, with a large black spot on each wing. 
IrfyuoM tor ulose. 



LEGUMINOSJE. 81 



Tribe 2. PHASEOLEJE. The Bean Tribe. 

Twining or trailing plants, with odd-pinnate leaves of B-several leaflets, mostly 
stipellate, destitute of tendriW; flowers often in racemes. 

6, PHASEOLUS. Linn. Kidney Bean. 

Calyx companulate, 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth 
more or less united. Keel of the corolla with the inclu- 
ded stamens and style spirally coiled or incurved. Legume 
linear or falcate more or less compressed, many-seeded, 
tipped with the hardened base of the style. — Herbaceous 
twining or trailing plants, with stipellate pinnately trifoliate 
leaves, and knotty or compressed racemes of flowers. 

1. P< perennis, Walt. Wild Bean-vine. 

Stem twining, pubescent; leaflets ovate, short-acuminate, 3-nerved; racemes 
solitary or somewhat clustered, simple or in pairs, axillary, longer than the leaves ? 
legume pendulous. 

Dry woods; common. July. Per. Stem 4 to 10 feet long, somewhat branching, 
Leaflets V/ 2 to 3% incbes long, % as wide, terminal one often sub-cordate. Raceme 
6 to 12 inches long, loosa. Flotvers numerous, purple and violet, handsome. 
Legume about 2 inches long, % inches wide scythe-shaped, broad, mucronate. 
Seeds dark-purple. 

2. P. diversifolius, Pers. Lobed Bean-vine. 

Leaflets broad-ovate, angular, 2 to 3-lobed, some of them oblong-ovate and entire ; 
peduncles angled, longer than the leaves ; flowers in heads ; legume broadly linear, 
rouud. 

Sandy fields and woods. Aug. Annual. Stem 2 to 6 feet long. Leaflets 1 to 2 
inches long, % as wide, witb scattered hairs beneath, sometimes more or less 
3-lobed. Peduncles 4 to 6 inches long, 2 to 3-flowered. Flowers purple. Legum* 
5 to 7-seeded, black when ripe. 

3. P. helvolus, L. Long-stalked Bean-vine. 

Stem slender, hairy, twining, diffuse, or prostrate ; leaflets ovate or oblong, entire ; 
stipules lanceolate ; peduncles 3 to 6 times the length of the beans ; flowers few, in 
heads; legume narrow-linear, cylindric, 8 to 10-seeded, slightly pubescent. 

Sandy fields. July — Sept. Per. Stem 3 to 5 feet long. Leaflets 1 te 2 inches 
long, % to 1 inch wide. Peduneles 4 to 8 inches long, 4 to 7-flowered. Calyx with 
2 lance-oblong nerved bracts at base. Corolla purplish; vexillum large, roundish. 
Legumes 2 to 3 inches long, very narrow, subfalcate. Seeds woolly. 

CULTIVATED EXOTIC SPECIES. 

4. P, vulgaris, L. Pole Bean. Kidney Bean. 

Stem twining ; leaflets ovate acuminate ; raceme solitary, shorter than the leaves I 
pedicels in pairs ; calyx as short as its 2 bracts at base ; legume pendulous. Seeds 
reniform. Annual. Native of the East Indies. Universally cultivated in gardens 
for table use. Flowers mostly white. 

5. P. iunatus, L. Lima Bean. 

Stem twining; leaflets ovate, deltoid, acute; raceme shorter than the leaves. 
peduncles in pairs ; calyx longer than its 2 bracts at base ; legume short, sword- 
shaped or lunate ; seeds large, much compressed, purplish-white. Annual. Native 
of the East Indies. Stem 6 to 8 feet long. Flowers small, white. Valued ia 
•ultivatiou. 



82 



LEGUMINOS^I. 



6. P. multifiorus, L. Scarlet Pole Bean,. 

Stem twining; leaflets ovate, acute; raceme solitary, as long as the leaves; calyx 
longer than the 2 appressed bracts at base; legume pendulous; seeds kidney-shaped. 
Annual. Native of S. America. Flowers scarlet, numerous, and very brilliant. 

7. P. jTAirus, L. Busk Bean. 

Stem smooth, very branching, erect; leaflets broad-ovate, acute; calyx shorter 
than its 2 bracts at base; legume pendulous, compressed, rugos3. Annual. Native 
of India. Stem 1 foot high. Flowers white. Seeds white, small. Much cultivated. 

7. APIOS. Boerh. Ground-nut. 

Gr. apios, a pear ; in allusion to the form of its tuberous roots. 

Calyx conipanulate, obscurely 2 -lipped ; the upper lip of 
2 short rounded teeth. Standard very broad, with a longi- 
tudinal fold in the centre, reflexecl. Keel long, falcate, and 
with the stamens and style at length spirally twisted. Le- 
gume straight or slightly curved, rounded, many-seeded. — 
A perennial twining herb, with pleasant tasted tubers on under- 
ground shoots, pinnately 5 to 7 foliate leaves and dense, short, 
often branching racemes of flowers on knotty peduncles. 

1. A. tuberosa, Mcench. Ground-nut. 

Stem twining; leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-lanceolate; raceme shorter than the leaves. 

Low grounds, thickets and shady woods. July, August. Boot producing oval 
tubers about }/^ inch in diameter, very nutritious. Flowers in short oval racemes, 
purple and brown, fragrant. 

8. GALACTIA. P.Brown. Milk Pea. 

Gr. gala, milk ; in allusion to the juice of some of the species. 

Calyx 4-cleft, equal, the upper lobe broadest. Keel 
scarcely incurved. Standard incumbent, broad. Legumes 
compressed, linear, many-seeded. — Low mostly prostrate or 
twining perennials, with pinnately trifoliate stipellate leaves, 
and axillary racemes of flowers. 

1. Gr. glabella, Michx. Smooth Milk Pea. 

Stem nearly smooth, prostrate, somewhat twining; leaflets elliptical or ovate- 
oblong, obtuse or notched, sometimes slightly hairy beneath; racemes axillary, 
Bimple, few-flowered, on peduncles as long as the leaves; calyx smooth; legume 
pubescent. 

Sandy woods. July, Aug. Font fusiform. Stem 2 to 4 feet long. Leaflets 1 to 
1% inches long by 34 to 1 inch wide, varying in form from elliptic through oblong 
to ovate. Flowers rather large, reddish-purple, greenish externally. 

2. Gr. mollis, Michx. Soft Milk- Pea. 

Stem twining, softly villous ; leaflets ovate-oblong, obtuse, nearly smooth aboTO, 
Boftly villose and whitish beneath ; racemes longer than the leaves,, pedunculate ; 
«%* acuminate villous, legume compressed, villous. 






leguminos^:. 83 



Dry soils, pine barrens, &c; Southern part of the State. July, Aug. Stemt 
prostrate or climbing. Leaflets about 1 inch long, % as wide. Flowers about half 
as long as in the last. 

9. CENTROSEMA. DC. 

Gr. kentron, a spur, and sema, the standard. 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed ; the teeth much shorter than 
the tube. Standard very large, with a spur-shaped projec- 
tion on the back- ? notched at the top. Keel small, shorter 
than the wings, incurved, acute, on long claws. Style 
dilated at the apex, longitudinally bearded. Legume linear- 
oblong, flat, pointed with the awl-shaped style, many- 
seeded. — Twining perennials, . yyith pinnately 3 to 5-foliate 
leaves, and large showy flowers. 

1. C. Virginian A, Benth. Spurred Butterfly Pea. 

Rather roughish with minute hairs; stem twining; leaflets varying from oblong- 
ovate to linear, very veiny, shining ; peduncles 1 to -i-flowered ; calyx about as long 
as the lanceolate bracts, teeth linear-awl-shaped ; legume linear, compressed. 

Sandy dry soils. July. Stipules, bracts, and bractlets striate, the latter longer 
than the calyx. Flowers large, purple, 1 to 2 inches long. Pods straight and 
narrow, -4 to 5 inches lonjr, thickened at the ed^es, the valves marked with a line 
on each side next the margin. 

10. AMPHICARPA. Ell. 

Gr. amphi, around, Jcarpos, fruit ; in reference to the ovary at base, sheathed. 

Calyx tubular, companulate, 4 (rarely 5) toothed with 
nearly equal segments, with no bractlets. Keel and wing- 
petals similar, nearly straight, the standard partly folded 
round them. Stigma capitate. Ovary on a sheathed stipe. 
Legume of the upper flowers flat, 2 to 4-seeded. — Low 
slender twining perennials, with pinnately trifoliate leaves, 
.and 2 kinds of flowers, the Upper ones perfect but seldom 
ripening fruit ; lower ones apetalous and fruitful. 

A. monoica. Nutt. Hog Pea-nut. 

Stem hairy; leaflets ovate, acute, smooth; raceme of the stem with nodding, 
pendulous petaliferous (generally barren) flowers; bracts shorter than the pedicels; 
calyx teeth short and broad. 

Rich woodlands. July — Sept. A delicate slender herb, with pale-purplish or 
whitish flowers. Legume of the stem smootish, with 3 to 4 dark-purple seeds. 
Radical legumes hairy, often very numerous, obovate or pear-shaped, fleshy, 
repining usually but one large seed. 

11. WISTARIA. Nutt. 

In memory of Casper Wtstar, M. D., President of Am. Philo. Soc 

Calyx bilabiate, upper lip eniarginate, the lower one with 



84 



LEGUMINOS^I. 



sub-equal teeth. Vexillum with 2 hard bunches ascend- 
ing the claw and separating above. Wings and Keel 
sickle-shaped, the former adhering at top. Legume uneven 
or swelling. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped. — Twining 
shrubby plants, with pinnate leaves, and large racemes of 
blue-colored flowers with large colored bracts, 

1. W. erutescens, DC. American Wistaria. 

Stem pubescent, -when young, at length smooth; leaflets 9 to 13, orate or ellipti- 
cal-lanceolate, acute, slightly pubescent; wings with 2 auricles at base; ovaries 
smooth. 

Rich alluvial soils : Western parts of the State. April, May. An ornamental 
vigorous vine, 6 to 10 feet long, climbing over bushes, &c. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches 
long, 3^ to 1 inch wide. Flowers numerous, on racemes 4 to 8 inches long, lilac 
Bracts very conspicuous, sheathing the racemes. Seeds spotted. 

2. W. consequana, Benth. Chinese Wistaria. 

Stem of rapid growth, 12 to 15 feet long. Leaflets 9 to 13, ovate-lanceolate, silky- 
pubescent. Flowers numerous, loose, in long terminal nodding racemes, clustered. 
A splendid flowering vine from China. May, June. 

Tribe 3. HEDYSARExE. The Saintfoin Tribe. 

Stamens mGnoddplious or diadelphous. Legume {a loment) separating transversely 
into 2-sevcral 1-seeded indehiscent joints, or rarely reduced to 1 such joint 

12. ^SCHYNOMENE. Linn. Sensitive Joint Vetch. 

Gr. aischunomene, to be modest or ashamed ; alluding to its sensitive properties. 

Calyx 2 -lipped, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. 
Yexillum roundish. Keel petals boat-shaped, distinct at 
base. Stamens diadelphous, in 2 sets, 5 in each set. Le- 
gume exscrted, flattened, composed of several square easily 
seperable 1-seeded joints. — Leaves odd pinnate, sometimes 
sensitive, as if shrinking from the touch. 

M. hispida, Willd. Sensitive JEschynomene. 

Rough, bristly; stem erect; leaflets very smooth and numerous, 20 to 25 pairs, lin" 
ear, obtuse; stip. ovate, acuminate; racemes 3 to 5-flowered; axillary loment com- 
pressed, 6 to 10 jointed. 

Along rivers and in marshes. Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Leaflets about %-inch 
long. Racemes usually bearing a leaf. Flowers yellow, tinged with red externally, 
Legume 2 inches long, stalked, 6 to 10-jointed. 

13. HEDYSARUM. DC. 

Calyx 5-cleft, segments linear-subulate, nearly equal. 
Standard large. Keel obliquely truncate. Wings much 
shorter than the keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1), 
Legume with many joints; joints compressed, roundish 
1 seeded. — Mostly herbaceous plants with odd pinnate leaves, 
not stipellate. 



legumixos-e. 85 



1. H. boreale, Nutt. Northern Hedysarum. 

Leaves nearly sessile; leaflets S to 12 pairs, oblong smoothish; stipules sheathing, 
subulate ; racemes on long peduncles ; legumes with smooth roundish joints. 

Mountains. June, July. Per. Stem 10 to 20 inches high, rather stout, very, 
leafy. Leaflets }/, to % inches long, J^ to % -wide, obtuse, mucronate. Racemes 
i to" 4 inches long, on rigid peduncles 3 to 5 inches long. Flowers large and hand- 
gome, violet-purple, numerous. 

14. DESMODIUM. DC. 

Gr. demos, a chain; from the appearance of the jointed p)ods. 

Calyx mostly 2 -lipped, upper lip 2-parted ; lower one 
3 -parted. Standard roundish. Keel obtuse, not truncate, 
shorter than the wings. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1), 
or nionadelphous, below the middle. Legume flattened, 
composed of several square easily separable joints. — Herba- 
ceous perennial plants, icitli pinnately -trifoliate leaves, stipel- 
late ; and flowers in axillary or terminal racemes, often 
panicled, purple, or purplish, often turning green in drying ; 
lome'nts mostly hoary loith minute-toothed hairs by which they 
adhere to the fleece of animals or to clothing. 

* Stem erect or ascending ; Stamens all connected-: calyx toothed or entire : raceme- 
terminal panicled, or the pedicels often clustered: legumes long-stalked. 

1. D. NUDll'LORL'M, DC Naked-flowered Tick-Trefoil. 

Leaflets roundish-ovate, acuminate ; scope radical, smooth, panicled : joint of the 
legume, obtusely triangular. 

Dry open woods ; common. Aug. Stem 8 to 10 inches high, remarkably distin- 
guished by baring its leaves and flowers on separate stalks, often distant from each 
other. Leaflets ternate, 3 to -A inches long, 1 to 2 or 3 inches wide, whitish. Scope 

1 to 3 feet long, slender, smooth, leafless. Flowers purple. 

2. D. acuminatum, DC. Pointed-leaved Desmodium, 

Leaves aU crowded at the summit of the stem, on very long petioles ; leaf- 
lets round-ovate, acuminate: panicle terminal, on a very long peduncle; joints of 
the legume 2 to 3, semi-oval, pubescent. 

Shady woods. July, Aug. Whole plant slightly hairy. Stem about 1 foot high, 
ending in a slender panicle 1 to 2 feet long. Lmfltts 3 inches in diameter, terminal 
one orbicular, ovate, -± to 5 inches long. Flowers pale-purple ox flesh-color. 

3. D. PAUCIFLORUM, DC Few-flowered Desmodium. 

Leaves scattered along the low ascending stems ; lateral leaflets obliquely-ovate, 
the terminal one dilated, rhomboid-ovate, all sub-acuminate and pubescent-ciliate ; 
raceme few flowered, terminal; legume stipitate. 

Woods; rare. Aug. Stem 6 to 9 inches high, decumbent or sub-erect. Petioles 

2 to 3 inches long. Leaflets 1 to ~3 inches long. % as wide. Flowers 2 to 6, white 
or reddish white, in a loose slender raceme. Legume with 2 to 3 semi-oval pubes- 
cent joints slightly connected. 

* • Stems prostrate ; legumes short stalked, of 3 to 5 joints. 

4. D. humieusum, Beck. Running Desmodium. 

Smooth; sUm procumbent; leaflets ovate or oval; stipules ovate-laneeolatej 
TCtc*m4t axillary- and terminal, elongated; joints of iha leaumt nj&-TUe99&0& 
S 



86 



LEGUMINOS^. 



Woods, rare. Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet long. Leaflets sub-acute. Flowers purple. 
Resembles the next. 

5. D. rotundifoliuMj DC. Round-leaved Desmodium, 

Hairy all over; leaflets orbicular; stipides broad-oval, acuminate, reflexed"; 
racemes axillary and terminal; legume with 3 to 5 rhomboid-oval hisped joints'. 

Dry rocky woods. Aug. Stem extensively trailing, usually very bairy, 2 to 4 
feet long. Leaflets pale beneath, 1 to 2 inches in diameter, on hairy stalks. Flower* 
few, purple. 

* * * Stems (tall) erect ; legumes of 4 to 7 inequilateral joints which are longer than 
iroad; flowers Large. 

6. D. Canadense, DC. Canadian Desmodium. 

Stem hairy, striate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, much longer than the petioles, 
nearly smooth above; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, large; racemes dense, erect, 
In a terminal panicle ; joints of the legume 3 to 4, ovate, triangular, hisped. 

Dry woods. July. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, often branched. Petioles very short, 
}4r to x /i inch long. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches long, broadest at base, pointed, nearly 
smooth. Flowers pale violet or blue. Racemes with conspicuous bracts. 

7. D. canescens, DO. Hoary Desmodium. 

Stem branching, striate, hairy and scabrous ; leaflets ovate, bluntish, about the 
length of tbe petioles, scabrous, pubescent on both sides; stipules large, broadly- 
ovate, persistent; flowers in a loose terminal panicle; legume with 4 or 5 unequally 
rhomboidal reticulated strongly hisped joint3. 

Moist grounds. Aug. An upright branching plant 3 to 5 feet high with very 
long panicles of flowers, greenish externally, purple within. Leaflets 2 to 4 inches 
Jong. Branches clothed with minute and hooked glutinous hairs, and the fine 
partly hooked pubescence of the leaves cause them to adhere to cloth. 

8. D. cuspid ATUM, T. & G-r. Sharp-pointed Desmodium. 

Very smooth ; stem erect; leaflets ovate or lance-ovate, very acute, or acuminate ; 
stipules obliquely lanceolate ; &rac£slarge, lance-ovate, acuminate; panicle terminal, 
elongated, rather slender; joints of the legume rhomboid^oblong. 

Along streams, thickets and shady places; common. July, Aug. Stem rather 
simple, 3 to 5 feet high. Leaflets 2 to 5 inches long, widest at base, smooth, entire, 
green on both sides. Bracts and stipules % * nc k l° n o- Flowers large, purple. 
Legumes about 6-jointed. 

** * * Stem erect; racemes paniclcd ; stipules and bracts small and inconspicuous. 

9. D. VIRIDIFLORUM, Beck. Green-flowered Desmodium. 

Stem very downy, rough at the summit ; leaflets broadly-ovate, obtuse, scabrous 
on the upper surface, villous and very soft beneath ; panicle terminal, very long, 
naked; legume with 3 to 4 roundish triangular hisped joints. 

Woods and thickets ; frequent. Aug. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, rigid, branched, 
very scabrous towards the summit. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches long, 1 to 2% inches 
wide. Flowers purplish, turning blue-green in withering. Legume 1 to 2 inches 
long. 

10. D. Dillenii, Darl. Dillenius' Desmodium. 

Stem pubescent, branching; leaflets oblong or ovate-oblong, pale beneath, softly 
and finely pubescent ; stipules subulate ; racemes slender, forming a loose terminal 
panicle ; legume with 3 to 4 rhomboid reticulated hisped joints. 

Open woodlands ; common. Aug. A variable species 2 to 3 feet high. Leaflets 
2 to 3 inches long, obtuse, sometimes acute. Flowers purple, changing to bluish- 
green. 

11. D. PANICULATUM, DC. Panicled Desmodium. 

"Jfe^l.y smooth; stem slender, erect; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, rather obtHSe, 



LEGOIIXOSJL 87 



*moothish; stipules subulate; panicle terminal; legumes with. 3 to 4 rhomboid*! 
joints. 

Woods ; common. July. Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, often branching. 
Lc^.rt'ts 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 3}/, wide. Flowers purple, numerous,, in a panicu- 
late raceme. Legumes large : joints pubescent, 

12. D. rigidum, DC, Rigid Desmodium. 

Stem brandling, somewhat hoary; tea fids ovate-oblong, rather obtuse; terminal 
one a the longest, reticulated-veiny, rather rough above, hairy beneath; racemts 
paniculate, ereet, very long; legumes with 2 to 3 half-round or oval hisped joints. 

Dry woods and hillsides. Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, often with numerous, 
Ion.:, erect, rigid branches. Leaflets 1 to 3 inches long, % as wide, rather leathery 
reticulately veined. Flowers small, purple. 

}3. D. ciliare, DC, Fringed Desmodium. 

Stem slender, hairy, or rough pubescent; leaves crowded on very short hairy 
petioles ; leaflets small, round-ovate or oval, obtuse, thickish, more or less hairy on 
the margins and underneath; stipules subulate-linear; racemes paniculate, ter- 
minal. 

Dry hills and sandy fields; common. Aug, Stem about 2 feet high. Leaflets % 
to 1 "inch long, % to % wide. Flowers' violet-purple. Legumes of 2 to 3 semi- 
orbicular hispid joints, 

14. D. Marilandicum, Booth. Smooth-leaved De£ m. 

Nearly smooth throughout ; stem erect, simple, slender ; leaflets ovate or roundish, 
very obtuse, often sub-cordate, thin; petiole as long as the lateral leaflets, smooth; 
panicle elongated: legume with 2 to 3 hispsd semi-orbicular joints. 

Fields and woods : common. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, nearly smooth. 
Leaflets about % inch long. Flowers small. violei-purpUr, iji a terminal eraei 
panicle. 

15, LESPEDZA. Michx. 

In honor of Lespcdez, a Spanish Governor of Florida. 

Calyx 5-cleft, segments nearly equal, slender. Stamens 
diadelphous (9 and 1) ; anthers all alike, Lege3IE of a 
single 1-seoded joint, oral or roundish, flat, reticulate, not 
opening, 1-seeded. — Perennials with p innately trifoliate leaves, 
minute stipules and hracU, and often polygamous flowers. 

* Flowers of 2 kinds, perfect, and apetalous, ihe latter chiefly bearing the fruit; 
corolla violet or purple, much longer than the calyx. 

1. L. procumeexs, Michx. Procumbent Lespedeza. 

Stems procumbent, slender, with the branches assurgent, all over pubescent: 
leaves on long petioles; leaflets oval or elliptical, obtuse, niucronate peduncles slen- 
der, mostly simple, few flowered; legume orbicular ovate, pubescent. 

Sandy soil. Aug., Sept. Stems several from the same root, 2 to 3 feet long. Leaves 
consisting of 3 oblong or roundish leaflets on hairy stalks. Flowers purple, in. 
enort raceme-like heads, axillary: the lower ones apetalous, on short peduncle*, 
the upper ones on long filiform peduncles. 

2. L. violaceje, Pers. Yioht-jhwered Lespedeza. 

Stems upright or spreading, somewhat pubescent; leaves on long petioles; leaflets 
elliptic or oval-oblong, obtuse or emaTginate, somewhat hairy; racemes sub-umbel- 
Iftie, axillary, about as long as the leaves, lower ones with apetalous flower? ; 



88 LEGUMINOS^. 



flowers in pairs, distinctly pedicellate ; legume rhomboidal, reticulate and smooth, 
much longer than the calyx. 

Dry -woods. July. Stems clustered, slender, 8 to 14 inches long. Apetalous 
flowers few, perfect ones seldom producing fruit. Leaflets ^ to 1 inch long, % to % 
inch wide. Petioles % to 1% inches long. Flowers Tiolet-colored, small. 

Var. b. divergent, (L. divergens of Pursh). Pedicels filiform, divergent, much 
longer than the leaves ; flowers in loose panicles mostly unfruitful ; legume reticu- 
late ; leaflets oval or oblong. 

Var. c. sessiliflora. (L. sessiliflora of Nutt.) Leaves on short petioles ; fasciclet 
©f flowers subsessile, on peduncle much shorter than the leaves. 

Var. d. ungustifolio. (L. ungustifolio, Raf. L. reticulata. Pers.) Leaves crowded ; 
leaflets narrowly oblong or linear, often silky; flowers clustered on straight 
branches. I have followed Torrey and Gray in giving the above only as varieties 
of L. violacear. 

* * Stems upright; Flowers all alilce and perfect, in spikes or heads. 

3. L. capitata, Michx. Shrubby or Capitate Lespedeza. 

Stem erect, sub-simple, villose ; leaflets elliptic-ovate, pubescent beneath ; common 
petioles very short; spikes capitate, ovoid, on short axillary peduncles; legume* 
elliptic ovate, pubescent much shorter than the calyx. 

Dry sandy soil. July, A.ug. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, rigid, straight, woolly. Leaves 
numerous, on short petioles. Leaflets 1 to 1% by % to 3^ inches, nearly smooth 
above. Flowers in oblong or sub-globose heads, white or very pale yellow. — Var, 
angustifolia slender; leaflets linear ; peduncles sometimes elongated. 

4. L. hirta, Ell. Hairy Lespedeza. 

Stem branched, very villose ; leaves on very short slender petioles ; leaflets round* 
Oval, obtuse, hairy; spikes oblong-cy lindric ; peduncles longer than the leavesj 
axillary. 

Dry hilly woodlands; frequent. Aug., Sept. Stern 2 to 4 feet high, very hairy. 
Leaflets % to V/ 2 inches long, % to 1 inch wide. Legume compressed, eUiptic-ovate, 
very hairy, nearly as long as the calyx segments. 

5. L. Nuttallii, Darl. NuttalVs Lespedeza. 

Stem hairy, somewhat branched; leaflets ovate and obovate, villose beneath; 
racemes somewhat spiked, pedunculate, longer than the leaves; legume lance-ovate, 
acuminate, very pubescent, rather longer than the calyx. 

Dry hills; frequent. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, striate. Leaflets % to 
Vy^ inches long, % inch wide. Flowers rather crowded in somewhat spiked pedun- 
cled racemes, mostly longer than the leaves, purple with tinges of violet. 

16. STYLOSANTHES. Swarts. 

Gr. stulos, a column, and anthos, &fl*wer; the flowers appearing stipitate. 

Tube of the calyx very long, slender ; limb 2-lipped 7 
npper 2, the lower 3-cleft. Corolla inserted in the throat 
of the calyx. Stamens monodelphous ; 5 of the anthers 
linear, the 5 alternate ones ovate. Fertile flowers with 
a hooked style. Legume reticulated with 1 to 2 joints, the 
lower joint when pressed empty and stalk-like, the upper 
ovate, l-(2)-seeded. — Low perennials, with pinnately ^-foliate 
leaves; the stipules united with the petioles, and 2 kinds of 
flowers intermixed in the clusters ; one hind complete but un- 
fruitful, the other fertile and consisting only of a pistil between 
2 bractlets. 



LEGUMINOS^. 



89 



1. S. elatior, S warts. Pencil Flower. 

Stem erect, herbaceous, somewhat branched above, often several from the root | 
leaflets lanceolate, strongly straight-veined, smooth, acute; upper stipules sheathing.* 
spikes few flowered. 

Sandy woods and pine barrens. July— Sept. Stems 6 to 12 inches long, wiry, 
often bristly. Leaflets % to 1% inches long, % to % wide. Bracts lanceolate, 
hisped ciliate. Flowers yellow, in terminal compact heads. Legume 2-jointed, the 
lower joint sterile and stipitate, 1-seeded, hooked at the summit. 

Tribe 4. LOTEJE. The Melilot Tribe. 

Sktmtns monodelphous or diadelphous (9 and 1); Legume continous 1-celkd, or 2-eeUid 
hwise. Not twining, climbing, nor bearing tendrils. 



17. ASTRAGALUS. Linn. Milk Vetch. 

Calyx 5-toothed or cleft. Corolla with the heel obtuse. 
Stamens diadelphous. Legume 2-celled by the introflec- 
tion of the lower suture. — Herbaceous or suffruticose plants, 
with odd-pinnate leaves, and spiked or racemed flowers. 

1. A. Canadensis, L. Canadian Milk Vetch. 

Tall and erect; stem downy; leaflets 10 to 14 pairs with odd one elliptic-oblong, 
rather obtuse, smoothish; stipules broad-lanceolate, acuminate ; peduncles about 
as long as the leaves : flowers in oblong spikes; legume ovate-oblong, erect, smooth, 
2-celled, many-seeded.. 

Banks of streams. June — Aug. Per. Stem 1 to 3 feet kigb. bushy, very leafy. 
Leaflets usually smooth above, slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers pale-yellow, 
jya spikes 1 to A inches long. Legume % inch long, leathery. 

18. ROBINIA. Linn. Locust. 

In honor of John and Vespasian Robin, French botanists, 

Calyx short, 5-toothed, teeth lanceolate, 2 upper ones 
approximate. Vexillum large. Keel obtuse. Stamens 
diadelphous (9 and 1). Style bearded. Legume com- 
pressed, elongated, margined on the seed-bearing edge. — 
Trees or shrubs with etipular prickly spines, uneaualli/ pinnate 
leaves, and showy axillary racemes of flowers. 

1. It. Pseudacacia. Locust Tree. 

Leaflets 8 to 12 pairs ovate and oblong; stipules prickly; racemes pendulous, 
loose, slender ; legumes smooth. 

A handsome tree, native in our mountainous regions, much cultivated for its 
invaluable timber. May. Flowers white, fragrant, in racemes 3 to 6 inches long. 

2. 8. yiscosA, Yent. Clammy Locust. 

Branehlets, &c, clammy; leaflets ovate; stipular spines very short. 

A handsome tree cultivated like the last; native of the Southern Alleghenies 
where it attains the height of 40 feet. Flowers numerous, crowded, rose-colored 
in erect, crowded axillary racemes. 

3. R. hispida, L. Rose Acacia. 

Sfynfc mostly hispid .; stiputer spiTM iscarcsly any; rawnm loose, eut^rect. A 



90 LEGUMINOSJE. 



beautiful shrub 4 to 8 feet high, native of the Southern States, cultivated in gar- 
dens. Flowers deep rose color or red. 

19. TEPHROSIA. Pers. 

Gr. tephros, ash-colored or hoary, in allusion to the color of the foliage. 

Calyx about equally 5-cleft. Standard large, roundish, 
pubescent, reflexed- spreading, scarcely longer than the cohe- 
rent wings and keel. Stamens monodelphous or nearly 
diadelphous. Legumes linear, flat, several-seeded.— Silky 
hoary perennial herbs {except in the tropics), with odd-pin- 
nate leaves, and white or purplish racemed flowers. 

T. Virginiana, Pers, Goat's Rue. Hoary Pea. 

Stem erect; leaflets 7 to 14 pairs, oral or linear-oblong, mucronate, white, villous 
beneath ; raceme terminal ; legume falcate, villous. 

Sandy soils and gravelly bills ; common. June, July. Root long and tough. 
Stems simple, usually several or many from one root. Leaflets 1 inch long, ^ 
■wide, odd one obcordate. Stipules subulate, ]/^ inch long, persistent. Bracteoles 
deciduous. Calyx very villous. Floivers large, in a dense terminal raceme. Ban- 
ner white, with a tinge of yellow on the upper side. Keel rose-colored. Wings red, 

20. AMORPHA. Linn. False Indigo. 

Gr. a, privative, morpha, shape; alluding to the deficiencies of the corolla. 

Calyx inversely conical, 5-toothed, persistent. Stan- 
dard concave, erect; the other petals entirely wanting! 
Stamens 10, exserted, monodelphous at base, otherwise 
distinct. Style filiform, straight, smooth. Legumes oblong, 
longer than the calyx, somewhat curved at the point, 1 to 
2-seeded. — Shrubs, with odd-pinnate punctate leaves, and 
bluish or violet-colored flowers, crowded in clustered terminal 
spikes. 

A. fruticosa, L. Common False Indigo. 

Rather pubescent; stem shrubby or arborescent; leaflets 8 to 12 pairs, oval, 
scattered, the lower pair remote from the stem ; calyx-teeth obtuse, 4 of them 
acuminate, pubescent : legume few-seeded. 

Southern part of the State. July. A tall shrub 6 to 1C feet high. Leaves 3 to 5 
inches long. Leaflets about 1 inch, by ]4, rather remote from each other. Racemes 
spicate, terminal, solitary or fascicled, 3" to 4 inches long. Standard purple, emar=. 
ginate. 

21. TRIFOLIUM. Linn. Clover-Trefoil. 

Lat. tres, three ; and folium, a leaf. 

Calyx persistent, tubular, 5-cleft, the teeth bristle-form. 
Petals more or less united below. Standard longer than 
the wings, which are mostly longer than the keel. Stamens 



, 



LEGUMIN0S.3S. 91 



diadelphous (9 to 1). Legume small, scarcely dehiscent, 
often ovate, 1 to 6-seeded, covered by and scarcely longer 
than the calyx. Seeds roundish. — Tufted or diffuse herbs, 
with palmately trifoliate leaves, with straight, scarcely reticu- 
lated veins, and flowers chiefly in dense heads or spikes. 

* Flowers sessile in compact heads; corolla purple or purplish, deciduous or with-, 
tring. 

1. T. pratense, L. Bed Clover. 

Stems sub-erect, branched ; leaves on long petioles, oval, entire, often notched at 
the end, and marked with a pale spot; heads of flowers ovate, dense, nearly sessile; 
teeth of the calyx setaceous, the lowest longer than the rest. 

Meadows and fields: largely cultivated, and naturalized. May — Oct. Per. Stems. 
1 to 2 feet high. Flowers united into a tube at base, rose-colored, fragrant. Seeds 
j-ellowisb. Native of Europe. 

2. T. Pennstlvanicum, Willd. 

Stem ascending, much branched, flexuous, leaflets ovate.e]lipt!c, obtuse, very 
entire; stipules awned; heads of flowers ovatc-cylindric, solitary, dense; lower teeth 
of the calyx shorter than the corolla. 

Wools. June — Sept. Per. Flowers fine red. Eeeembles T. medium of Lin- 
naeus. Introduced. Beck's Bot. I suspect this to be merely a variety of T.pratcnse, 

3. T. arvense, L. Babbit-foot Clover. Stone Clover. 

Stem branching; leaflets obovate-lincar or narrowly wedge-form, minutely 3-tcoth- 
ed at the apex; stipules oval acuminate; spiles oblong-cylindric, very villous; 
talyx-tceth longer than the corolla plumose, woolly. 

Old fields and roadsides; common; naturalized. May — Sept. Annual. Stem 6 
to 12 inches high, much branched round, hairy. Leaves hairy, in short petioles. 
Leaflets narrow, % to 1 inch long. Heads Y 2 to 1% inches long becoming greyish 
and very softly woolly. Flowers minute white or pink. 

* * Corolla white or yellow ; flowers in umbel-like round heads en a naled peduncle. 

4. T. repens, L. White Clover. 

Smooth, the slender stem spreading and creeping; leaflets inversely heart-shaped, 
somewhat retuse, serrulate, mucrpnate; stipules scale-like narrow; petioles and 
especially the peduncles, very long; heads small and loose; flowers pedicelled. 

Pastures, waste places, and woodlands; common. May — Oct. Per. Stem 6 to 
10 inches high, rooting at the joints several from the same root. Peduncles angular, 
much longer than the leaves. Flowers white, rarely purplish. Legume 4-seeded. 

5. T. procumbens, L. Hop Clover. 

Stems mostly procumbent, spreading, pubescent ; leaflets wedge-ovate, notched at 
the end, denticulate, the lower pair at a small distance from the other; stip>ule* 
lance-ovate, ciliate, shorter than the petioles ; peduncles equal to or longer than the 
leaves; heads axillary, oval. 

Dry fields : naturalized. May— Aug. Annual. Stems 3 to 6 inches long, many 
from the same root. Leaves on short petioles. Heads about 2-flowered, small on 
slender peduncles % to V/ 2 inches long. Flowers yellow. Legume 1-seeded. 

6. T. agrarium, L. Golden Clover. Hop Trefoil. 

Stem ascending, with erect branches; leaves nearly sessile; leaflets oblong-ovat* 
or wedge-shaped, denticulate, all from the same point nearly sessile; stipules nar^ 
tow, cohering with the petiole for more than half its length; heads on rather long 
peduncles. 



92 LEGUMIN0S-2E. 



Sandy fields; naturalized. June — Aug. Annual. Stem 6 to 15 inches long, 
branched, minutely pubescent. Common petiole % to 1 inch long. Leaflets % to 1 
inch long, narrow. Heads of Flowers twice as large as in the last, on peduncles % 
io V/ 2 inches long. Flowers small, pale yellow, brown when old. 

22. MELILOTUS. Tourn. Melilot. 

Gr. meli, honey, and lotus, the genus, so called. 

Flowers much as in clover, but in spiked racemes, small. 
Corolla deciduous. Legume coriaceous, ovoid, wrinkled, 
longer than the calyx, 1 or few-celled. — -Herbs fragrant in 
drying, with ^innately trifoliate leaves and racemose flowers. 

1. M officinalis, Willd. Yellov) Melilot. Sweet Clover. 

Upright ; leaflets obovate, obtuse, remotely serrate ; spikes axillary, paniculate ; 
legume 2-seedec", rugose ; style filiform, as long as the legume. 

Fields and waste places ; introduced. Aug. Annual. Plant 2. to 4 feet high, 
branched. Flowers yellow, in long racemes. Native of Europe. 

2. M. leucanthe, Koch. White Melilot 

Upright, branched ; leaflets ovate-oblong, truncate, mucronate at the apex, re- 
motely serrate; standard longer than the keel and wings; legume 1 to 2-seeded, 
cvate, green. 

Scarcely r aturalized ; common in cultivation. July, Aug. Stem 3 to 5 feet high. 
Flowers wLite, on longer and less crowded racemes than the last. 

23. MEDICAGO. Linn. 

Cr. medika; because it was introduced into Greece by the Medes. 

Flowers nearly as in Melilotus. Legume many-seeded, 
varying in form, always falcate or twisted into a spiral. — 
Herbs with jpalmately trifoliate leaves and more or less spiral 
legumes, often resembling snail shells. 

1. M. LUPULINA, L. None-such. Black Mediclc. 

£tem procumbent ; leaflets wedge-ovate, toothed at the apex ; stipules lanceolate, 
acute, somewhat entire ; flowers in capitate spikes ; legume reniform, 1-seeded. 

Waste places ; naturalized. June — Aug. Stem 6 to 12 inches high. Flowers 
small, yellow, crowded. Legume black when ripe, short, compressed, curved or 
kidney-shaped, 1-celled, 1-seeded. 

2. M. sativa, L. Lucerne. 

Irect, smooth ; leaflets ovate-oblong, toothed above, mucronate flowers in oblong 
sacemes ; legume spirally twisted. 

Fields and waste places, scarcely naturalized. Sometimes cultivated for green 
fodder. June, July. Per. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers purple. 

S. M. scutellata, L. Snail. 

Sftdicels 2-flowered. Legume unarmed, cochleate, orbicular, convex at the base, 
fat above with concentric folds. Native of South Europe. "Cultivated for the 
wuiosity of its pods, which much resemble snail shells. July. Annual. 

If . ihtertexta a native of Europe, naturalized in some parts of the U. S. with 
fellow flowers and epiraUy legumes like the last w sometimes cultivated ia ow 



LEGUMINOS^. 93 



24. CROTALARIA. Linn. Rattle-box. 

Gr. trotalon, a rattle; the seeds becoming loose m the ripe pods. 

Calyx 5-cleft, somewhat 2-lipped. Standard large, cor- 
date. Keel falcate, acuminate. Filaments all united 
with the sheath often cleft above. Legume inflated, oblong, 
many-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs, with often simple leaves, and 
racemed yellow flowers. 

C. sagitalis, L. Arrow-leaved Rattle-box. 

Hairy ; stem erect, branched ; leaves simple, oblong-lanceolate, scarcely petioled ; 
stipules united and decurrent on the stem, inversely arrow-shaped; peduncle* few- 
flowered; corolla as long as the calyx. 

Sandy soils. July, August. Ann. Stem 4 to 10 inches high, with spreading 
branches. Leaves alternate, hairy on both sides, rounded at the base. Flowers 
yellow. Seeds few, rattling in the turgid pods. 

25. LUPINUS. Tourn. Lupine. 

Lat. lupus, a wolf, because these plants were thought to devour the fertility of the 

soil. 

Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Sides of the standard reflexed : 
keel scythe-shaped, pointed. Sheath of the monadelphous 
stamens entire ; anthers alternately oblong and globose. 
Legumes coriaceous, oblong, flattened, often torulose. — 
Serbs with palmately 5^— lb-foliate leaves and showy flowers 
in terminal racemes or spikes. 

1. L. perennis. L. Wild Lupine. 

Somewhat hairy ; stem erect ; leaflets 7 — 11, narrowly obovate-oblong, mucronate ; 
flowers alternate, in a long and loose terminal raceme; calyx without appendage J 
upper lip emarginate, lower entire ; legume linear-oblong, very hairy. 

Sandy woods and hills ; common. May, June. Per. A beautiful plant, som - 
times cultivated in gardens. Stem a foot high, soft, smoothish. Leaves soft, 
downy, on long stalks. Flowers purplish blue, varying to white. It is often 
called Sun-dial, from the circumstance of its leaves turning to face the sun from 
morning till night. 

Several handsome species are sometimes cultivated in gardens, among which is 
L. polyphyllus, from Oregon, a splendid plant 3 — 5 feet high, with racemes of white 
purple or yellow flowers more than a foot long. L. Kootlcatensis, from Nootka 
8ound, a handsome species 2 — 3 feet high, flowers purple. L. arboreus, a magnifi- 
cent exotic shrub, 6 feet high, with large yellow flowers. 

Tribe 5. SOPHORE.E. The Sophora Tribe. 

Stamens distinct : Corolla truly papilionaceous. 

26. BAPTISIA. Vent. False Indigo. 

Gr. bapto, to dye ; in allusion to the coloring properties of some of the 6pecies. 

Calyx 4 to 5-toothed bilabiate. Petals 5, nearly equal. 
Standard with the sides reflexed. Wings oblong. Keel 
slightly incurved. Stamens deeiduous. Legume stalked 



94 leguminos^:. 



in the persistent calyx, roundish or oblong, inflated, pointed, 
several seeded. — Perennial herbs, with palmately 6-foliate 
(rarely simple) leaves, which generally blacken in drying, and 
racemed flowers. 

1. B. tinctoria, R. Brown. Wild Indigo. 

Smooth; stem branching; leaves palmately 3- foliate, almost sessile; leaflett. 
rounded wedge-obovate, acute at base, very obtuse, sometimes margined at apex. 
stipules setaceous ; racemes few-flowered terminating the numerous branches. 

Sandy woods and gravelly hills : common. Aug. Plant 2 to 3 feet high, bushy, 
slender. Leaves bluish-green. Flowers yellow, 6 to 12 or more on each raceme. 
Corolla y 2 inch long. Legume about as large as a pea. on a long stipe, mostly 
1-seeded. 

2. B. australis, Brown. Blue-flowered False Indigo. 

Smooth, tall and stout ; leaves ternate on short petioles, the upper ones nearly 
sessile ; leaflets oblong-wedge-form, obtuse ; stipules lance-linear as long the petioles, 
rather persistent ; raceme elongated, many-flowered, erect. 

Banks of streams. Near Easton. Pa. Bed: Sometimes cultivated. June, July. 
Stem 2 to 3 feet higb, branched. Leaflets 1% to 3 inches long, % to 1 inch wide, 
sometimes acute. Stipules % to 1 inch long. Racemes 2 to 3 inches long, oval- 
pblong, on a stipe about as long as the calyx. 

27. CERCIS. Linn. Red-bud. Judas-tree. 

Gr. Tcerlds, a weaver's shuttle ; alluding to the form of the legume . 

Calyx 5-toothed, gibbous at base. Petals 5, with claws 
Bub-papilionaceous, all distinct. Wings larger than the 
standard. Stamens 10, distinct, rather unequal. Legume 
oblong, flat, many-seeded, the upper suture with a winged 
margin. — Trees with simple rounded heart-shaped leaves, de- 
ciduous stipules, and rose-colored flowers in little umbel-like 
clusters along the branches, appearing before the leaves. 

1. C. Canadensis, L. Red-bud. 

Leaves roxindish-cordate, acuminate, villous in the axils of the nerves; legume 
on short foot-stalks. 

Banks of streams, Southern part of the State. March — May. A handsome tree 
20 to 30 feet high, often cultivated. Leaves 3 to 4 inches by 4 to 5 entire smooth 
? -veined, on i etioles 1 to 2 inches long. Flowers appearing before the leaves, 
usually in abundance, in small lateral clusters. Corolla bright pxirple. Legume 
about 3 inches long, acute at each end. 

Sub-order II. OESALPLNEJE r 
Tribe 6. GASSIER. The Senna Tribe. 

Stamens distinct, some of them often imperfect: coroUa open, irregular or almost 
regular. 

28. CASSIA. Linn. Senna. 
Sepals 5 ; scarcely united. Petals 5, unequal. Sta* 



leguminos^e. 95 



mens 5 to 10, free, unequal, spreading, 3 lower ones longest ) 
4 middle ones short and straight; 3 upper ones usually abor- 
tive. Anthers opening at the apex. Legume terete or 
compressed, many-seeded. — Trees, shruhs or herbs (herbs in 
the United States) with simply abrupt -pinnate leaves and 
mostly yellow flowers. 

1. C. Marilandica, L. Wild Senna. 

Stem erect ; leaflets 6 to 9 pairs, ovate-oblong, nmcronate, equal ; petiole with a 
club-shaped gland near the base; stipules deciduous ; flowers crowded in short 
axillary racemes, panicled at the summit of the branches. 

Alluvial soils, along streams; common. July, Aug. Per. Stem 3 to 4 feet 
high, smooth or slightly pubescent. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, % to % wide. 
Racemes in the upper axils, forming a leafy panicle. Petals bright-yellow, 3 erect 
and 2 declined. Legume compressed, linear, hisped, at length smooth. Medicinal. 

2. C. Ch^macrista, L. Partridge Pea. 

Stem erect or decumbent ; leaflets in 10 to 15 pairs, linear-oblong, oblique at base, 
obtuse, mucrcnate; gland on the petiole cup-shaped; flowers on slender pedicels, 
fascicled above the axils of the leaves. 

Sandy places. June — Aug. Annual. Stem a foot or more high, spreading, 
round, pubescent. Leaflets crowded, % to % inch long, smooth, sub-sessile. 
Flmoers large, 2, 3 or 4 in each fascicle. Petals bright-yellow, the 2 upper ones 
with a purple spot. Stamens 10, elongated, unequal, 4 of them yellow, the others 
purple. 

3. C- NICTITANS, L. Wild Sensitive Plant. 

Stem erect or decumbent, branched ; leaflets 10 to 20 pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse, 
mucronate; gland on the petiole cup-shaped, on a slender foot-stalk; racemes 
lateral above the axils of the leaves, short, few-flowered; stamens 5, nearly equal; 
style very short; legume pubescent. 

Sandy banks of streams. June — Aug. Ann. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, slender, 
a little branching. Leaflets crowded, % to x / 2 inch long. Flowers very small, pale- 
yellow, on short pedicels. The leaves are somewhat sensitive like the Mimosa, 
'closing by night and when touched. 

29. GLEDITSCHIA. Linn. Honey Locust. 

In honor of Gleditsch, a German botanist of the last century. 

Flowers polygamous. Calyx of 3 — 5 spreading sepals, 
united at the base. Petals as many as the sepals, and equal- 
ing them, the 2 lower somewhat united. Stamens 4 — 5, 
distinct, inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx. 
Legume flat 1 -many-seeded. Seeds oval, flat. — Trees, with 
supra-axillary branched spines abruptly once on twice-pinnate 
leaves and inconspicuous green flowers. 

Gr. triacanthes. L. Honey Locust. 

Tnorns stout, usually triple or compound ; leaflets lanceolate-oblong or linear- 
Oblong, somewhat serrate ; legume much_elongated, compressed flat, often twisted, 
many-seeded. 

Rich woods ; cultivated. July. A handsome tree 30—50 feet high, with spines 
«n its branches 2 — 3 inches long. Foliage bright and elegant. Leaflets about IS, 



96 ROSACEA. 



1 — 1% inches long, % as wide, several of them usually transformed partly or 
wholly into smaller leaflets. Flowers small, white, succeeded by flat, crooked, 
hanging pods, 12 — 18 inches long, which appear in autumn like large apple-parings 
pendant from the branches. 

The Gymnocladls Canadensis, Kentucky Coffee-tree, is occasionally met with in 
•ultivation, but is probably not native in our State, 

Order 39. R0SACE2E— The Rose Family. 

Trees, shrubs or herbs with alternate leaves with stipules ; regular flowers with nume- 
rous (rarely few) distinct stamens, inserted on the calyx, and 1 — many pistils. Sepals 
5, (rarely 3 — i — 8) united at the base, often appearing double by a row of bractlets 
outside. Petals 5, regular, rarely wanting, inserted with the stamens on the edge 
of a disk that lines the calyx tube. Ovaries superior, 1 or several, distinct, 1-cellcd 
eften cohering to the sides of the calyx and each other. Styles distinct or united. 
Fruit a drupe, pome, acheuia, or follicle. This important family comprises three 
principal sub-orders. 

Sub-order I. AMYGDALEiE. Almond Family. 

Calyx entirely free from the solitary ovary, deciduous. 
Style terminal. Fruit a drupe (stone fruit.) — Trees or shrubs, 
with simple leaves, the bark exuding gum, and the bark, 
haves and kernels yielding the peculiar flavor ofprussic acid. 

PKUNUS. Tourn. Plum. 

Calyx 5-cleft, regular, deciduous. Petals 5 spreading. 
Stamens 15 — 30. Ovary with 2 pendulous ovules. Drupe 
oral or oblong, fleshy, smooth, usually covered with a glau- 
cous bloom ; the stone smooth, sharp-edged and pointed, and 
the margins mostly grooved.— Small trees or shrubs with 
serrate leaves, rolled up in the bud, and white flowers, usually 
preceding the leaves from lateral buds, the pedicels in simple 
umbel-like clusters. 

1. P.Americana. Marsh. Wild Yellow Plum. Red Plum. 

Leaves ovate or obovate, acuminate, sharply and often doubly serrate, very veiny, 
smooth when mature.; umbels 2 — 5 flowered, -drupe Toundish-oval, nearly destitute 
of bloom. 

River banks, and along hedges; common. Flmoers in May. Fruit in Aug. A 
email tree 10 — To foot bigh, much branched and thorny. Leaves 2 — 3 inches long, 
% as wide. Fetioles % — y 2 inch long, mostly with 2 glands near the summit. 
Flowers white, preceding the leaves. Fruit %—l inch in diameter, yellow ox 
orange often tinged with red, with a yellow pulp and thick, tough skin, pleasant 
tested. 

2. P. spinosa, L. Sloe. Black Thorn. 

Branches thorny; leaves obovate-elliptical, downy beneath, sharply doubly-toothed; 
peduncles solitary ; calyx companulate ; drupe globose. 

Hedgerows and cultivated grounds. Introduced. A thorny shrub 12 to 15 feftt 
Saighj native of Europe. Sparingly naturalized. 



ROSACEA. 97 



3. P. domestica, L, Common Garden Plum. 

Branches unarmed; leaves oval-lanceolate, acute; pedicels nearly solitary; drupe 
globose, oval, ovoid and obovoid. This long cultivated tree or shrub is said to be 
a native of Italy. It rarely exceeds 15 feet in height. Fruit black, varying through 
many colors to white, covered with a rich glaucous bloom, ripe in Aug. Varieties 
very numerous. 

4-. P. chicasa, Michx. Chickasaw Plum. 

Branches spinose; leaves oblong-lanceolate, glandular serrulate, acute, nearly 
smooth; umbels 2 to 3-flowered; pedicels short, smooth; drupe globose. A fine 
fruit-shrub, native of Arkansas, often cultivated. Height 8 to 12 feet. Leaves 1 
to 2 inches long, % as wide. Flowzrs small, white, expanding with the leaves* 
Fruit red or yellowish-red, tender and succulent, ripe in July. 

Ar.MSNiACA, a genus very closely resemblinj Prunus. 

A. vulgaris. Common Apricot. A tree 10 to 15 feet high, from Armenia. Flovh 
trs white, preceding the leaves. Fruit 1 to 2 inches in diameter, purplish-yellow. 
Cultivated. 

A. dascy-carfa. BlacJc Apricot. A tree about the size of the last, from Siberia. 
Flowers white, preceding the leaves. Fruit dark-purple, when mature, 

2. CERASUS. Tourn., Juss. Cherry. 

Oerasus, a town in Pontus from where the garden cherry was first brought. 

Flowers, &c, as in Prunus. Drupe globular, without 
a bloom; the stone almost globular, smooth. — Trees or shrubs 
with the leaves folded in the bud } and white flowers in umbels 
or racemes. 

* Flowers in racemes at the end of leafy branches. 

1. C Virginiana, DC. Choke Cherry. Wild Cherry. 

Leaves broad, oval or obovate, abruptly acuminate, often sub-cordate, sharply 
(often doubly) serrate with slender teeth, thin, smoothish ; peitoles with 2 to 4 
glands; racemes short and close, erect or spreading; petals obovate ; fruit sub- 
ggLdbose. 

River banks and woods ; common. FL May. Fr. Aug. A tall overhanging 6hrub 
or small tree, with greyish bark. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, % as wide, with a 
short abrupt acumination. Flowers white. Fruit (cherries)abundant. of a dark 
rod color, very austere and astringent to the taste. 

2- C. serotina, DC. Wild Black Cherry. 

Leaves oval-oblong or lance-oblong, acuminate, smooth and shining above, finely 
serrate, bearded along the midrib beneath ; petiole mostly with 2 or more glands ; 
racymes elongated; petals obovate; drupe globose. 

Woods ; common. Fl. May, June. Fr. Aug-, Sept. A fine large tree, 50 to 80 
feet high of uniform size and undivided to the height of 20 to 30 feet, 2 to 4 feet in 
uiameter. Baric of the trunk black and rough, that of the branches reddish- 
brown. Leaves 3 to 5 inches kmg, 34 as wide, with 1 to 2 pairs of reddish glands 
at base- Flowzrs whit 3, in long racemes or clusters, which are at length pendu- 
lous. Fruit nearly black when mature, slightly bitter. The wood is close-grained 
and very valuable for cabinet work. 

* * Flowers sub-umbellate or solitary. 

3. C. Pennsylvania, DC. Bird Cherry. 

Leaves oval or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, shining, 
■green and smooth on both sides, mostly with 2 glands at the base; flowers many ia 
a cluster, on long pedicels; fruit globose. 

T 



98 ROSACEA. 

Reeky woods and thickets. Fl. May. Fr. Aug. A small tree 20 to 30 feet high, 
with light red-brown hark. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, % as wide. Flowers white, 
on slender pedicels 1% inches long, collected into a sort of umbel. Fruit small, 
red, thin, and sour flesh. 

4. C. PUMILA, Michx. Dicarf Clierry. Sand Cherry. 

Smooth, depressed and trailing; leaves oboyate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, serru- 
late, smooth, glaucous beneath; umbels sessile, few-flowered ; drupe oyoid. 

Gravelly soils. May. A small trailing shrub, with ascending branches 1 to 2 
feet high. Floicers white, 3 to 5 in each umbel ; pedicels smooth, 1 inch long. 
Fruit small, dark-red, acid, agreeable to the taste. 

CULTIVATED EXOTIC SPECIES. 

5. C. VULGARIS, Mill. Red or Sour Cherry. 

Branches spreading; leaves ovate, lanceolate or obovate, acute at apex, mostly 
narrowed at base, smoothish; umbels sub-sessile; flowers rather preceding the 
leaves -fruit globose; pedicels rather short. A tree 12 to 20 feet high, with a 
roundish compact head. Flowers white, 2 to 3 from each bud appearing in April . 
Fruit large, various shades of red and brown, acid or sub-acid % to % inch in 
diameter. There are about 50 varieties of this species cultivated in the United 
States. 

6. C. Avium, Moench. English Clierry. Black Cherry. 
Stccet Cheney. Bleeding-heart. Ox-heart. Dulce Cherry. 

Branches erect or ascending ; leaves oblong or obovate, acuminate, doubly and . 
rather coarsely serrate-dentate, smooth above, pilose beneath ; umbels sessile ; 
fimvers scarcely preceding the leaves ; fruit roundish-ovoid, or sub-cordate at base ; 
pedicels drooping. A common cultivated tree 20 to 50 feet high with an oblong or 
pyramidal head. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, % as wide, on petioles 1 to 2 inches 
long, often with 2 glands. Flowers white. Fruit various shades of red, black or 
mottled, firm and fleshy, generally sweet. Varieties numerous. 

3. P&RSICA. Tourn. Peach. Nectarine. 

Named from Persia its native country. 

Calyx 5-cleft, tubular, deciduous. Petals 5. Drupe 
fleshy, tomentose or smooth. Stone somewhat compressed, 
ovate, acute, rugoselj furrowed and perforated on the sur- 
face. — Small trees. Leaves condupNcate in aestivation. 

1. P. vulgaris, Mill. Common Peach. 

Leaves lanceolate, serrate, with all the serratures acute ; flowers solitary, eufc- 
sessile, preceding the leaves; drupe tomentose. A common cultivated tree or 
shrub 8 to 15 feet high. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, % as wide, smooth ; petioles 
short with 1 or 2 glands. Flowers rose-color. Fruit large, 1 to 2% inches in 
diameter, yellowish, tinged with purple, densely tomentose. Numerous varieties 
of this delicious fruit are now cultivated in the United States. 

2. P. LiEVlS. Nectarine. 

A tree closely resembling the peach in form, foliage and flowers. The frnit i# 
3. to 3incb.es in diameter, smooth, yellow, purple, red, &c, Native of Persia. 




ROSACEA. . 99 



4. AMYGDALUS. Willd. Almond. 

Specific character as in Persica, except the fruit, which u 
not fleshy ; compressed. Stone perforate and furrowed, ovate, 
compressed, one edge acute, the other broad, obtuse. 

1. A. communis, Willd. Common Almond. 

Leaves lanceolate, serrate, with, the lower serratures glandular; flowers in pairs, 
sessile, appearing before the leaves. Native of Barbary. Scarcely cultivated, in 
this country, 10 to 20 feet high. 

2. A. pumila, Dwarf 'double-flower •iny Almond. 

Leaves lanceolate, doubly-serrate; flowers in pedicels. A low branching shrub, 
2 to 3 feet high. Native of China. Highly ornamental, common in cultivation. 
Flowers very double, pale rose-color, very numerous, clothing the whole shrub in 
their roseate hue while the leaves are yet small. May, June. 

Sub-order II. ROSACEiE proper. 

Calyx free from the ovaries, but sometimes enclosing 
them in its tube. Pistils few to many, (sometimes single); 
fruit achenia or follicular. 

Tribe 1. SPIRAEA. The Meadow-sweet Tribe. 

5. SPIILEA. Linn. Meadow-sweet. 

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, roundish, equal. 
Stamens 10 to 50 exsertecl. Carpels 3 to 12, distinct, 
rarely united at base, follicular, sessile, rarely stiped. Seeds 
2 to 15. — Unarmed perennial shrubs or herbs, with alter- 
nate leaves and branches, and white or rose-colored flowers; 
rarely dioecious ; never yellow. m 

* Shrubby; leaves lobed and toothed. 

1. S. OPULIFOLIA, L. Nine-bark. 

Nearly smooth ; leaves roundish, somewhat 3-iobed and cordate, doubly-toothed 
and crenate, petioled; corymb umbel-like; pedicels filiform; carpels 3 to 5, at length 
spreading. 

Rocky river banks and along streams; common. June. A shrub 4 to 10 feet 
high, much branched. Leaves 1 to 2]/ 2 inches long, nearly as wide, sometimes 
cordate at base with 3 obtuse lobes above. Corymbs resembling simple umbels, 
hemispherical, 1 to 2 inches in diameter. Flowers white, often tinged with purple. 
Follicles diverging smooth, purplish, 2-seeded. 

* * Shrubby; leaves entire or toothed. Spie^ea proper. 

2. S. CORYMBOSA, Raf. Meadow-sweet. 

Nearly smooth ; leaves oval or ovate, on short petioles, whitish beneath, incieely 
serratetowards the apex; corymbs large and flat, several times compound, ter^j, 
nal ; carpus 3 to £ -seeded. 



100 ROSACEA. 



Alleghenies ; rare. June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slightly pubescent, reddish. 
Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, % to 1% wide, nearly smooth above, entire towards the 
base. Flowers very numerous, white or rose-colored, in a corymb 4 to 6 inchea 
hroad. 

3. S. salicifolio, L, Meadow-sweet. 

•"Nearly smooth; leaves wedge-lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate; racemes in 
dense terminal-compound panicles ; carpels 5, distinct, smooth. 

Meadows along streams ; common. June, July. A small bushy shrub 2 to 5 
feet high, with purple and brittle branches. Leaves varying in form, mostly acute, 
but sometimes obtuse, 1% to 3 inches long, x / z to %inch wide. Flowers numer- 
ous, white, often tinged with red, small, with conspicuous stamens, 

4. S. tomentosa, L. Hard-hack Steeple-hush. 

Stem and peduncles reddish-tomentose ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, unequally ser- 
rate, densely tomentose beneath; racemes terminal, compound, crowded; carpels 
5, woolly. 

Low grounds and meadows ; common. July, Aug. A small sbrub 2 to 3 feet 
high. Stems very hard, brittle. Leaves 1% to 2 inches long, % as wide, dark 
green above, rusty white beneath. Flowers very numerous, small, light-purple^, 
with conspicuous stamens forming handsome pyramidal clusters. 

* * Herbaceous perennials. 

5. S. lobata, Murr. Queen of the Prairie. 

Leaves interruptedly pinnate, the terminal leaflets very large 7 to 9-parted, the- 
lobes incised and toothed ; lateral leaflets 3-lobed, the lobes all serrate, mostly 
incised or toothed ; flowers in a compound clustered panicle ; sepals reflexed. 

Moist grounds. June, July. A beautiful herb 4 to 8 feet high. Stem angled. 
Flowers large, deep rose-color, numerous, and very delicate, in panicled compound 
clusters, on a long naked peduncle. Carpels 6 to 8, smooth. 

CULTWATEB EROTIC SPECIES, 

6. & Ulmaria. Double Meadow-sweet. 

Leaves 3 to- 7-foliate, with minute leaflets interposed; lateral leaflets ovate-lanceo- 
late; terminal ones much larger, palmately 5 to 7-lobed, all doubly serrate, and 
whitish tomentose beneath ; stipules reniform, serrate ; panicle corymbose, long- 
pedunculate. Native of Europe; cultivated in gardens. Flowers numerous^ 
white, mostly very double, appearing in July. 

7. S. filapendula. Pride of the Went 

Leaves int erruptedly pinnate; leaflets 9 to 12, pinnatifidly serrate, with many 
minute ones interposed; stipules large, semi-cordate, serrate; corymb on a long; 
terminal peduncle. Native of Europe. A handsome delicate herb 1 to 3 feet high 
with white flowers % to >£ inch in diameter. Cultivated in gardens. 

6. GILLENIA. McencL 

Calyx tubular, Tbell-shaped, constricted at the throat, 5- 
cleft; teeth erect. Petals 5, linear-lanceolate, somewhat 
unequal, elongated in the throat of the calyx. Stamens 
10 to 20, mostly included. Styles 5, filiform, terminal. 
Carpels 5, distinct, 2-valved, 2 to 4-seeded, included in the 
calyx. — Perennial herbs with almost sessile o-foliate leaves^ 
doubly serrate and incised, and jpale rose-colored or white 
flowers in paniculate corymbs. 



ROSACEA. 101 



1. G-. trifoliata, Moench. Indian Physic. 

Leaves ternate ; leaflets lanceolate or ovate-oblong, pointed irregularly cut-serrate ; 
stipules small, awl-shaped, entire. 

Rich shady woods : common. June. A handsome plant 2 to 3 feet high, slender 
and nearly smooth. Lower leaves petiolate ; leaflets 2 to 4 inches long, y 3 as wide, 
pubescent beneath, sub-sessile. Flowers axillary and terminal, few, nearly white. 
Medicinal. 

2. stiptjlacea, Nutt. American Ipecac. 

Radical leaves pinnatifid; those of the stem alternate: leaflets serrate, deeply 
incised ; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised and clasping. 

Western part of the State. June. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branching. Readily 
distinguished from the former by the large clasping stipules. Flowers few, roso- 
oolored. Medicinal, 

Tribe 2. DRYADEiE. The Bramble Tribe. 

Pistils mostly numerous, forming seed-like achenia or little drupes in fruit. 

7. AGKIMONIA. Tourn. Agrimony, 

Calyx 5-cleft ; tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, 
armed with hooked bristles above, indurated and enclosing 
the fruit; limb 5-cleft, closed after flowering. Petals 5. 
Stamens 12 to 15, inserted with the petals upon the calyx. 
Achenia 2, invested by the hardened calyx. Styles ter- 
minal.— Perennial herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leave > 
and yellow flowers in slender-spiked racemes; bracts 2>-el?fi. 

1. A. Eupatoria, L. Common Agrimony. 

Stem and stalks hairy ; leaflets oblong-orate, crenate dentate, the terminal om 
petioled; spike long and slender, terminal, many-flowered: petals twice the length 
of the calyx; fruit distant, top-shaped, hisped, smooth at base. 

Borders of woods and hedges; common. July — Sept. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, 
branching, leafy. Leaflets 3 — 5 — 7, with small ones interposed, nearly smooth. 
Racemes 6 to 12 inches long, spicate. Flowers yellow, about }/ A inch in diameter 
on very short pedicels. Calyx tube fluted with 10 ribs, and surrounded with red- 
dish hooked bristles. 

2. A. parviflora, Ait. Small-flowered Agrimony. 

Stem and stalks bristly with brownish spreading hairs. Leaflets numerous, 
linear-lanceolate, incisely serrate, crowded, 11 to 19, with smaller ones intermixed ; 
spiVLeslong and slender; petals small. 

Woods and dry meadows. July, Aug. Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Leaflets 2 to 3 
inches by % to }/,. Flowers pale yellow, numerous, in long slender rac«iae3. 
F.uit roundish divaricately hispid, 

8. SANGUISOBBA. Linn, Great Burnet. 

Lat. sanguis, blood, sorbeo, to absorb, the plants having been esteemed as vulneraric a. 

Flowers perfect or rarely polygamous. Calyx 4-cleft 
with 2 to 3 scales or bracts at base externally. Petals 
none. Stamens 4, the filaments usually enlarged upwards 
T* 



102 ROSACEA. 



opposite the calx segments. Achenium dry, included in 
the hardened 4-winged calyx-tube. — Perennial (rarely an- 
nual) herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves and small flowers, 
in close spiked heads, 

1. S. Canadensis, L. Burnet Saxifiage.. 

Smooth ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets ovate-oblong, sub-cordate, serrate ; spikes cyliiK 
dric, long ; stamens longer than the corolla. 

Wet meadows. Auj-., Sept. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, smooth, striate, sparingly- 
branched. Stipules leafy, serrate. Flowers white, in crowded spikes, which are 
from 2 to 5 inches long, terminating the long naked branches. Calyx greenish-. 
white, resembling a corolla. 

9. POTERIUM, Linn. 

Lat. poterium, a drinking vessel. 

Flowers monoecious. Calyx-tube contracted at tli©. 
niouth, 3-bracteate, limb 4-parted. Petals none. Sta- 
mens 20 to 30. Ovaries 2 j style filiform. Achenia dry, 
included in the calyx.— Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves.. 

P. SANGUISORBA, L. Burnet 

Smooth; stem unarmed, angular; leaflets 7 to 11, ovate or roundish, deeply ser- 
rate; spike or heads sub-globose, the lower flowers staminate. Per. Occasionally 
cultivated, and at one time held in high repute for its supposed medicinal pre-. 
parties. 

10. GEUM. Linn. Avens. 

Gr. geuo, to give an agreeable odor; some of the roots being aromatic. 

Calyx bell-shaped or concave, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 
5 small bractlets alternating with the segments. Petals 5. 
Stamens numerous, inserted with the disk that lines the 
base of the calyx. Achenia numerous, hooked on a coni- 
cal or cylindric dry receptacle, the long persistent styles 
forming hairy or jointed tails. — Perennial herbs, with pin- 
nate or lyrate leaves. 

1, GL Virginianum, L. White Avens. 

Stem rather hairy below; radical leaves pinnate, lyrate, or rarely simple and 
rounded ; those of the stem 3 to 5-lobed or divided, all unequally and incisely 
dentate, softly pubescent; stipules obovate, entire or incised; petals wedg3-obovat& 
scarcely as long as the calyx. 

Woods and meadows ; common. June, July. Stem simple or branched, leaves 
very variable in form; lower ones often 3-foliate, with appendaged petioles 6 to S 
inches long. Upper leaves simple, acute, sessile. Flowers rather small, white or 
pale yellow on peduncles 1 to 3 inches long terminating the branches, at first 
somewhat nodding, at length erect. 

2^ Gr. rivale, L. Water Avens, Purple Avens. 
Jfubescentj stem sub-simple; radical leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate. 



ROSACEA. 10S 



those of stem tern ate or 3-lobed all crenate dentate; petals inversely heart-shaped, 
•ontracted into a claw, about as long the calyx ; carpels in a stiped head, very hairy. 
Moist places; May, June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high nearly simple. Boot leaves 4 to 6 
inches long on very long petioles. Stem leaves 1 to 3 inches long nearly -whit". 
Flatoers large, purple, nodding, terminating the few erect branches. Calyx purplish 
brown. Feathery fruiting heads upright. Root aromatic and astringent 

11. WALDSTEINIA. Willd. 

In honor of Francis von Waldstein. a German botanist* 

Calyx-tube inversely conical ; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 
alternate often minute and deciduous bractlets. Petals 5 
to 10. Stamens many, inserted into the throat of the 
calyx. Styles 5 to 8, long, deciduous. Achenia 2 to 6, 
minutely hairy. Seed erect. — Low perennial herbs, with S 
to 5-lobed or divided, leaves and small yellow flowers on bract- 
cd scapes. 

"W. FRAGARIOIDES, Traut. Dry Strawberry. 

Low; Uajlets 3, broadly wedge-form, crcnately cut, toothed, eiliate; scapes several- 
flowered bracted; petals longer than the calyx; carpels hairy. 

Hilly word". May. Boot creeping. A handsome plant with scapes 3 to 6 inches 
high. Leaves on petioles 3 to 6 inches long. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches in diameter, 
nearly sessile, apex rounded and cut into lobes and teeth, dark, shining green 
^bove. Flowers yellow % inch broad. 

12, DALIBARDA, Linn. 

In honor of Dalibard, a French botanist of the last century. 

Calyx inferior deeply 5 to 6 parted, 3 of the divisions 
larger and toothed. Petals 5, sessile, deciduous. Stamen s 
numerous. Styles 5 to 8, long deciduous. Achenia five, 
dry, adhering to the calyx.— ^Low perennials, with creeping 
and tufted stems, roundish heart-shaped leaves on slender peti- 
oles and 1 to 2 white flowers on scape-like peduncles. 

D. repens, L. False Violet. 

Depressed, in tufts; leaves simple, roundish-cordate, ercnate; stipules linear-seta- 
ceous ; calyx spreading in flower, erect in fruit. 

Moist shady places. June — Aug. Stem herbaceous, creeping and rootinj, 2 to 12 
inches long. Leaves 1 to 2 inches in diameter, villose-pubescent on petioles 1 to 3 
inches long. Flowers white on long nearly radical peduncles. Petals obovate, 
longer than the sepals. 

IS, RUBUS. Linn. Bramble, 

Celtic rub, red, the color of the fruit of some species. 

Calyx 5-parted, spreading. Petals 5, deciduous. Sta- 
mens numerous, inserted into the border of the stick, 
Style nearly terminal. Frlit composed of many pulp^r 



104 ROSACEA. 



carpels aggregated on a spongy receptacle, persistent or de- 
ciduous. — Per ennialhalf shrubby plants, with usually biennial 
items armed with prickles , white (rarely reddish) flowers, and 
edible fruit. 

Fruit ccncave beneath, separating from the dry, conical, persistent receptacle. Rasp- 
berries. 

* Leaves simple ; flowers large reddish ; prickles none. 

1. R. ODORATUS, L. Rose-flowering Raspberry. 

Hispcd with glandular hairs ; stem erect, branched ; leaves large 3 to 5 lobed, the 
lobes ac ute or acuminate, unequally serrate ; peduncles many-flowered, compound ; 
catyar-lcbes tipped with a narrow appendage as long as themselves; petals rounded. 

Rocky places; common. June — Aug. Stem 4 feet high with the stalks, bran- 
ches and calyx bristly with glandular clammy hairs. Leaves 4 to 8 inches long, 
nearly as wide, cordate at base. Flowers large, purple, resembling a rose. Stamens 
very nvmerous, 1 to 200, whitish. Fruit broad and flat, bright red, sweet when 
ripe. 

* * Leaves 3 to T-foliate. 

2. R. triflorus, Rich. Dwarf Raspberry. 

Stems ascending or trailing; leaves ternate or pedate-quinate, on slender petiole*; 
leaflets rhombic-ovate or lance-ovate, acute at both ends, coarsely doubly serrate, 
terminal one petiolate, thin ; peduncle terminal 1 to 3 flowered ; sepals lanceolate. 

Moist woods and hills. June. Stem flexuous, smooth, reddish. Leaflets 1 to 2 
inches leng, ^ to 1 wide. Petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Petals white, rather longer 
than the reflexed sepals. Fruit small, dark red, usually sour, ripe in August. 

3. R. strigosus, Michx. Wild Red Raspberry. 

Stem erect, shrubby, strongly hisped; leaves teanate or quinate ; leaflets oblong- 
ovate, pointed, cut-serrate white tomentose beneath, the terminal one of ten sub- 
cordate ; peduncles 4 to 6 flowered. 

Rocky places, common in mountainous regions. May. Stem reddish-brown, 2 to 
3 feet high, covered with strong bristles. Leaflets Vy^ to 2 inches long, % to % as 
wide, terminal one distinctly petiolate. Flowers white. Sepals spreading, nearly 
as long as the petals. Corolla cup-shaped. Fruit hemispherical, light red, rich fla- 
vored, ripe in June — Aug. 

4. R. occidentalism L. Black Raspberry. 

Shiubby, glaucous, armed with recurved prickles; leaves pinnately 3-foliate; 
lenfleii ovate, pointed, coarsely doubly serrate, whitened downy underneath ; flowers 
axil'ary and terminal. 

Thickets and fields along fences ; common. May. Stem 4 to 8 feet long, sparing- 
ly branched. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches long, % to % as wide, on long round petiolee ; 
Flowers white, 1 to 3 on axillary peduncles, in terminal leafy racemes. FruH 
roundish, nearly black, sweet, and well flavored, ripe in July. 

5. R. ID^US ; L. Garden Raspberry. 

Hisped or armed with recurved prickles ; leaves pinnately 3 to 5 foliate ; leaflets 
broad-ovate or rhomboidal, pointed, unequally and incisely serrate, hoary tomen- 
tose beneath, sessile ; flowers in panicled corymbs. Stem shrubby, 3 to 5 feet high. 
Leaflets smoothish above, 2 to 4 inches long, % as wide. Petals white, entire, shor- 
ter tb an the hoary tomentose calyx. Fruit red, amber color or white, ripe in June 
and July. Many varieties of this plant are cultivated for the delicious fruit. 

Blackberries. Fruit inseparable from the juicy, deciduous receptacU. 

6. R. VILLOSIJS, Ait. High Blackberry. 

Prickly; stem angular, and with the branches, peduncles and lower surface of the 
leaves hairr and glandular; leaves ternate and pedate-quinate; UafleU ovate, poia> 



ROSACEA. 105 



ted, unequelly serrate, the terminal one somewhat cordate, conspicuously stalked ; 
flowers in elongated terminal racemes ; sepals acuminate, much shorter than the 
obovate spreading petals. 

V&T.frmdpstis, Torr. : smoother and much less glandular; flowers lower corym- 
bose with leafy bracts. 

Fields and borders of thickets; common. May, June. Stem erect or declined, 4 
to 8 feet high. Flowers white, numerous. Fruit ovoid-oblong, ^ to 1 inch long, 
purple or nearly black when ripe, sweet and well flavored. Aug., Sept. 

7. R. Canadensis, L. Low Blackberry. De-wherry. 

Stem procumbent or trailing, somewhat prickly; leaves ternate or pedately 5 to 
7 -parted; leaflets oval or lance oval, mostly pointed, thin, nearly smooth, sharply 
and unequally cut serrate, the terminal on petioles and sub-cordate ; flowers in 
racemes, with leaf like bracts. 

Sandy and gravelly fields; common. May, June. Stems ascending at base, 
trailing several yards on the ground. Flowers white, on slender pedicels. Petals 
twice as long as the calyx, obovate. Fruit % to 1 inch in diameter, black, sweet 
and juicy, ripe July and Aug. 

8. R. hispidus, L. Running Swamp Blackberry. 

Stems long, slender, somewhat shrubby, prostrate, beset with small prickle* 
turned backwards ; leaves ternate or pedate, 5-foliate ; leaflets somewhat coriaceous, 
obovate, obtuse, coarsely serrate, entire towards the base, smoothish ; flowers in 
corymbs or racemes, without bracts; sepals spreading, half as long as the petals. 

Swamps and wet woods; common. May, June. Stem profusely trailing with 
short erect branches. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide, nearly sessile, persis- 
tent through the winter on the common petiole 1 to 3 inches long. Flowers whitet 
Fruit composed of a few large blackish gi alns, red or purple. 

9. R. cuneifolius, Pursh. Sand Blackberry. 

Low shrubby armed with stout recurved prickles ; leaves ternate and pedately 
{►-foliate; leaflets wedge-form, obovate, thiekish, serrate towards the apex, pubes- 
cent tomentose beneath; peduncles 2 to 4-flowered. 

Sandy fields and woods. May, June. Stem 1 to 3 feet high. Petioles often, 
prickly. Floioers white or roseate. Petals 3 times as long as the tomentose oblong- 
mucronate sepals. Fruit black, juicy, well-flavored, ripe in July, Aug. 

10. R. trivialis, Mich. Low Bush Blackberry. 

Procumbent with many leafy and nearly erect branches, armed with numerous 
recurved prickles ; leaves mostly ternate ; leafiets ovate or oval, unequally serrate* 
more or less pilose; peduncles 1 to 3-flowered. 

Dry woods or rocky neglected fields. April, May. Stem 4 to 8 feet long, sl< a:h% 
often several from the same root running in different directions, smoothish, i urple, 
and giving out numerous leafy flowering branches 2 to 6 inches long, nearly erect. 
Floioers terminal, white, rather large. Petals obovate, twice as long as the calyx. 
Fruit oblong or roundish, % to 1 inch in diameter, very succulent and sweet, blaci; 
■rhen ripe. July, 

14. ROSA. Tourn. Rose. 

Celtic rftos, red; Gr. rodon,; I at. rosa. 

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, fleshy, contracted at the orifice ; 
limb 5-parted, the segments often with a leafy appendage. 
Petals 5, inserted with the numerous stamens into the edge 
of the calyx-tube. Pistils numerous, nearly included, in- 
serted oyer the whole inner surface of the disk. Ovarii 



106 ROSACEA. 



many becoming bony achenia in fruit included in and fixed 
to the fleshy tube of the calyx. — Prickly shrubs with odd- 
pinnate leaves, stipules cohering ivith the petiole, and showy, 
mostly red and white fragrant flowers. 

NATIVE SPECIES. 

1. E. Carolina, L. Swamp Rose. 

Priclles recurved, often wanting; leaflets 5 to 9, elliptical, often acute, sharply 
serrate, glaucous beneath, dull-green above ; floiuers in corymbs, rarely solitary ; 
lobes of the calyx very long, appendaged, spreading, with the panicles glandular- 
bristly ; fruit depressed-globose, somewhat bristly. 

Swamps and low grounds; common. July — Sept. A handsome species 3 to 8 
feet high, erect and bushy, with reddish branches sometimes unarmed. Leaflets 
1 to 2 inches long, y 2 as wide, somewhat variable in form. Flowers 5 to 7 inter- 
rainal corymbs. Petals large, crimson, inversely heart-shaped. 

2. E. lucid A, Ehr. Loio Wild Rose. 

Armed with scattered unequal bristly prickles, mostly deciduous, the stouter 
persistent prickles nearly straight, slender ; leaflets 5 to 9, lance-elliptical shining 
above, sharply serrate; stipules dilated, long, smooth; peduncles somewhat hisped, 
1 to 3-flowered; segments of the calyx entire appendaged, spreading but not 
reflexed ; fruit globose-depressed, hispid or smooth. 

Dry soil or borders of swamps ; common. June, July. Shrub 1 to 3 feet high, 
slender, with greenish branches. Leaflets 1 to 1}4 inches long, half as wide, acute 
or obtuse, odd one petiolate. Flowers rather large, pale red. Petals inversely 
heart-shaped. Fruit small, red, mostly smooth when mature. 

3. E. bland A, Ait. Early Wild Rose. 

Priclcles few, straight, slender, deciduous; leaflets 5 to 7, oval or oblong, obtuse, 
serrate, pale and mostly pubescent beneath ; stipules large ; floivers 1 to 3 on short 
smooth peduncles. 

Dry hills and recks; common. May, June. Stems 2 to 3 feet high with reddish 
bark, prickly near the base. Bracts large, downy. Fhwers rather large, rose- 
color. Petals obcordate, longer than the sepals. Fruit globose, red, crowned with 
the persistent erect and connivent calyx lobes. 

NATURALIZED SPECIES. 

4. E. RUBIGINOSA, Ait. Sweet Brier. Eglantine. 

Stem smooth, armed with numerous very strong recurved prickles; leaflets 5 to 
7, ovate or somewhat rounded with rusty glands beneath, doubly serrate; flowers 
mostly solitary ; fruit ovcid or obovate, and with the peduncles hisped. 

Hedges and roadsides; common. June, July. A stout prickly shrub 4 to 10 
feet high. Leaflets % to 1 inch long, % as wide, acute, bright green at ore, rusty 
beneath, and when l ubbed over, fragrant. Flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together, r ale 
red, fragrant. Fruit orange-red, crowned with the persistent calyx loles. Varie- 
ties in cultivation about 25, single and double. 

CULTIVATED EROTIC SPECIES. 

5. E. GALLICA, L. Common French Rose. 

This is tl e common red rose of gardens. Stem and petioles armed with numerous 
fine scattei ed prickles. Leaflets mostly 5, elliptical or broad oval, thick flowers 
erect, larg( ; sepals orate. Fruit oyoidj and with the peduncles hisped. Numerous 



ROSACEA. 107 



varieties are known in cultivation, among which are the velvet, carmine, carna- 
tion, &c. 

6. R. PIMPINELLIFOLIA, Ser. Scotch or Burnet Rose. 

A shrub 2 to 3 feet high with the stems densely covered with straight needle- 
shaped prickles. Leaflets 5 to 9, small, roundish, obtuse, smooth, simple serrate. 
Flowers small, numerous, globular, usually roseate, but changing in the numerous 
varieties to white, red or yellow. Native of Scotland. 

7. R. EGLANTERIA, S. Australian Eglantine. Yellow Rose, 

A bushy shrub about 3 feet high, with ash-colored stems and red branches, both 
armed with straight, slender, scattered prickles. Leaflets 5 to 7, small, broad, oval 
or obovate, smooth, shining above, sharply serrate. Flowers numerous, golden 
yellow, of very short duration. Varieties numerous, both single and double, 
variegated with red. 

8. E, damascena, L. Damask Res?. 

A fine species 3 to 4 feet high, branching, bushy stems, armed with unequal 
sp'tns, mostly stipular or hooked. Leaflets large, broadly elliptical, white downy 
beneath. Sepals reflexed. Flowers rather numerous, of a delicate pale roseats 
hue, usually with numerous petals and a delicious fragrance. Among its numer- 
ous varieties is the common monthly rose. Native of the Levant. 

9. R. centifolta. Hundred-leaved Rose. Provens Rose. 

A shrub 2 to 4 feet high. Stems covered with numerous neariy straight prickles. 
Leaflets 5 to 7, ovate glandular ciliate on the margin, sub-pilose beneath. Sepals 
spreading in flower. Floivers usually of a pink color, but varying in hue, form 
and size in the numerous varieties. Native of S. Europe. 

10. R. alba. White Garden Rose. 

A fine shrub 5 to 8 feet high, with slightly glaucous stems, armed with slender 
recurved prickles, sometimes none. Leaflets roundish ovate, shortly pointed. 
Sepals pinnatifid. Petals spreading. Flowers large corymbose, sweet-scented, gen- 
erally pure white, sometimes tinged with blush. Native of Germany. 

11. R. multiflora. Japan Rose. 

A free growing shrub with long shoots easily trained to the height of 15 to 20 
feet armed with slender] scattered prickles. Leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-lanceolate, soft 
and slightly rugose. Flowers corymbose, often numerous. SepaU short. Stylet 
exserted. Petals white, varying through roseate to purple. Native of Japan. 

12. E. Indica. Chinese Monthly or Bengal Rose. 

An erect or climbing shrub, with purplish stems, armed with strong, remote 
prickles. Leaflets 3 to 5, acuminate, r thickish, shining, smooth, serrulate. Flowers 
solitary or paniculate, in the numer»us varieties every hue from pure white to 
crimson, blooming from April to November. 

13. R. setigera, Michx. Michigan Rose. Prairie Rose, 

Branches long, ascending, smooth, spines few, strong, stipular ; leaflets large, 3 to 
5, ovate, serrate, pubescent beneath ; stipules narrow, pointed; flowers corymbose, 
calyx glandular, segments sub-entire; styles united; fruit globose. 

This splendid species is a native of Michigan and other Western States. Stems 
hardy and of rapid growth, capable of being trained 12 to 20 feet. Flowers in 
very la~ge clusters, changeable in hue, nearly scentless, and of ehort duration,, 
About 20 varieties are cultivated. 



108 ROSACEA. 



Sub-order III. POMEiE. Tiie Apple Family. 

Trees or shrubs with alternate simple or compound leaves. 

15. CRATAEGUS. Linn. Hawthorns. 

Gr. kratos, strength; in allusion to the hardness of the wood. 

Calyx-tube urn-shaped ; limb 5- cleft. Petals 5 ; round- 
ish. Stamens many or only 10 to 15. Styles 1 to 5, 
smooth. Fruit a pome, containing 1 to 5 bony 1-seeded 
carpels. — Thorny trees or shrubs, with simple mostly lobed 
leaves, subulate deciduous bracts, and slwicy ichite (rarely rose- 
color) flowers in corymbs. 

* Leaves serrate sub-entire, not Icled, 

1. C. Crus-galli, Ait. Cockspur Thorn, 

Smooth ; leaves wedge-obovate, thickish, shining, serrate, entire near the base ; 
tptnes very long; corymbs smooth; styles 1 to 3. 

Borders of -woods and thickets; rare. May, June. A thorny shrub or email 
tree 10 to 20 feet high, much branched. Thorns 2 to 3 inches long. Leaves nearly 
sessile 1 to 2}/ 2 inches long, }A to ?£ as wide. Flowers white, fragrant on corymbs, 
on very short lateral bractlets". Sepals lanceolate, smooth, sub-serrate. Style often 
solitary. Fruit red, pear-shaped or ovoid-oblong. 

2. C, punctata, Jacq. Common Thorn. 

Leaves wedge-obovate, cut-serrate, smooth, narrowed at base into a margined 
petiole, furrowed by the impressed straight veins; corymbs compound, and with 
the calyx pubescent when young. 

Thickets, hedges and swamps; common. May. A small tree 12 to 25 feet high 
with rugged branches, usually armsd with stout sharp thorns 1 to 2 inches long, 
fometimes nearly unarmed. Bark ash-colored. Leaves light green, mostly hairy. 
Flowers white, numerous. Styles 1 to 3. Fruit large, red or yellowish, globose, 
dotted. 

3. C. parvifolia, Ait. Dwarf Thorn. 

Leaves wedge-obovate or cuneate, nearly sessile, rounded at the apex, cuneate, 
perrate, rarely somewhat incised, pubescent; flowers subsolitary ; calyx lobes folia- 
ceous, incised as long as the petals; styles 5; fruit roundish, pyriform. 

Sandy woods and banks of stream ; not common. April, May. A much branched 
fhrub 4 to 7 feet high, armed with a few long and sharp thorns. Floivers white, 
mostly solitary and terminal. Fruit % to % inch in diameter, red or yellow, eata- 
ble when ripe. 

* * Leaves i?icised : more or less lobed. 

4. C. tomentosa, L. Black Thorn. 

Leaves ovate-elliptic or oval-wedge-form, and narrowed at base into a short mar- 
gined petiole, incisely serrate and sub-lobed towards the apex, smooth and furrowed 
above, tomentose beneath \r\vn young: (tjles 3 to 5; fruit pyriform. 

Borders of woods and thickets ; common. May, June. A large shrub 12 to 15 
feet high, branching, armed with sharp thorns 1 to 2 inches long. Leaves 3 to 6 
inches long, % to % as wide, acute at apex, on petioles 3^ to 1 inch long. Floivers 
large, white, fragrant, in a large leafy compound corymb. Fruit large, orange- 
red, eatable, ripe in Sept. 

5. C. cocctnea, L. White Thorn. 

Leaves roundish-ovate, thin, sharply cut and toothed, 5 to 9-lobed, somewhat 
cordate at base, on long Blender petioles, nearly smooth; styles 3 to 5; fruit globose. 



ROSACEiE. 109 



Thickets on borders of streams. May, June. A thorny shrub or small tree 12 
to 20 feet high, with crooked 'Bnd spreading branches. Branchlets white. Thorns 
Btout, rigid, a little recurved, white. 1}4 incbes long. Flowers white in corymbs 
terminating the young branches. Fruit large, bright red or purple, eatable", ripe 
hi Sept Tery variable. 

6. C. CORDATA, Ait. Washington Thorn. 

"Smooth; hares broadly-ovate and sub-cordate, pn long and slender petiole* 
acuminate, incised and serrate, mostly 3-lobed near the base; styles 5; fruit email, 
globose-depressed. 

Banks of streams. June. A shrub 15 to 20 feet high, cultivated in the Middle 
States for hedge-rows, branching; the branches dark purple and armed with very 
sharp and slender thorns 2 to 3 inches long. leaves often deeply 3 to 5-lobed, 
about "2 by 1]A inches. Flowers white, numerous, in corymbs terminating th« 
branches. Fruit small, bright purple or red, numerous. 

7. C. OxYCANTHA, L. Hawthorn. English Thorn. 

Smooth ; leaves broadly ovate, cuneate, 3 to 5-lobed, incised and serrate ; segments 
of the calyx acute or acuminate ; styles 1 to 3 ; fruit ovoid. 

Roadsides, hedges. &c, sparingly naturalized. June. A very branching shrub 
4 to 10 feet high : the branches armed with sharp, short, tapering thorns % inch 
long. Leaves variously lobed, pale beneath. Petioles % to 1 inch long/with 2 
leafy Rtipules at base. Floioers white, in corymbs. Iruit small, purple when 
mature. Introduced from Europe. 

16. AMALANCHIER. DC. June Berry. 

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, ohlong-obovate or ob-laneeo- 
late. Stamens many, rather shorter than the calyx. Styles 
5, somewhat united at base. Pome when mature 3 to 5- 
celled. — Small trees or shrubs with simple serrate leaves and 
white flowers in racemes. 

1. A. Botriafitjm, DC. June Berry. Shad Berry. 

Leaves cordate-oval, conspicuously acuminate, pubescent when young, smooth 
when mature; flowers in loose racemes, appearing before the leaves; %>ital$ linear- 
lanceolate, four times as long as the calyx. 

Rich moist woodlands and hills; frequent. April. A handsome tree 10 to 20 
feet high, with rather slender distant branches forming an open top. Lev.ves 2 to 
3}4 inches long, 1 to 2 wide, acutely serrate, on petioles % inch long. Flowers 
large white in loose racemes 2 inches long, terminating the branches, somewhap 
pendulous. Fruit dark purple, pleasant tasted, ripe in June, July. 

2. A. oyalis, DC. Fiedler-lush. 

. Leaves roundish elliptic, or oblong-oval, acute or acuminate, serrate, smooth 
when mature; flowers in compact racemes : petals obovate, oblong. 

Fence-rows and woodlands ; rare. April, May. A slender branching shrub 2 to 
5 feet high. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and -%"to 1 wide. Flowers wbite, in erect 
villose racemes. Fruit dark-purple or nearly black, pleasant tasted, ripe in July. 
Supposed by some botanists to be a variety of the preceding, but considered dis- 
tinct by Beck, Darlington and others. 

17. PYRUS. Linn. Pear. Apple. 

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Petals round- 
ish. Stamens numerous. Styles 2 to 5. Pome fleshy 
U 



! 10 ROSACEA. 



or "berry-like, the 2 to 5 carpels of a cartilaginous texture, 
each 2-seeded. — Trees or shrubs with simple or pinnate 
leaves, and handsome white or flesh-colored flowers, in eymot* 
corymbs. 

* Sobbus, Tourn. Petals spreading. Styles 2 to 5. Leaves pinnate. 

1. P. Americana, DC. Mountain Ash. 

Leaflets 13 to 15. oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate -with pointed teeth, 
t-ommon petiole smooth when full grown ; flowers in large compound cymes ; fruit 
globose. 

Swamps and mountain woods. May. A large shrub or low tree, 15 to 20 feet 
high, with the younger branches pubescent. Leaves 10 to 15 inches long. Leaflet* 
2 to 4 inches long, 3^ to 1 wide, sub-opposite, often acute. Flowers small, white, 
Tery numerous. Fruit scarlet, very showy, remaining through the winter, some- 
what acid. A low, smaller fruited variety is found on the Alleghenies. 

* * Adenobachis, DC. Petals spreading, with claws. Styles 2 to 5. Leaves tiM . 
pie, the midrib beset tviih glands along the upper side. Fruit berry-like. 

2. P. ARBUTIFOLIO, L. Choke Berry. 

Leaves obovate, oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, crenate-serrate, »m<x>th 
above, veiny beneath, with 2 rows of glands along the midrib; flowers in corymb*; 
fruit nearly globose. 

1. Var. melaxocaepa is nearly smooth, with ptirplish-black fruit. 

Damp thickets ; common. May. A slender branching shrub 2 to 5 feet high. 
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, }/> to 1 wide, the under surface usually very tomentose. 
Flowers numerous, nearly black, sweetish and astringent, ripe in Aug., Sept. 

*** Malus, Tourn. Petals spreading, flat. Styles 5, nearly united. Leaves simph 
without glands. 

3. P. CORONARIA, L. Sweet-scented Crab Apple. 

Leaves broad ovate, rounded at base, cut serrate or lobed, smoothish ; corymbt 
terminal, few-flowered, on long peduncles; styles woolly and united at base; fruit 
globose, depressed. 

Borders of woods ; common. May. A small tree 10 to 20 feet high, with spreading 
branches. Flmvers large, fragrant, pale rose-color, in loose corymbs of 3 to 10. 
Fruit 1)4. inches in diameter, pale-greenish-yellow, firm and hard, very acid, 
translucent and fragrant when ripe. Sept. 

4. P. angustifolia, Ait. Narrow-leaved Crab Apple. 

Leaves oblong, or lanceolate, often acute at the base, crenate-dentate or almost 
entire, smooth, shiny above; flowers in corymbs; styles smooth and distinct; pedi- 
eels smooth. 

Woods. April — May. A tree 15 to 20 feet high resembling the last, but with 
smaller leaves and fruit. 

5. P. Malus, L. Common Apple Tree. 

Leaves ovate, or oblong-ovate, serrate, acute or fhort acuminate, pubescent 
above, tomentose beneath, petiolate, corymbs sub-umbellate; pedicels and calyx 
villose-tomentose; petals with short claws; styles 5, united and villose at base; 
pome globose. Native of Europe, and almost naturalized with us. Probably 
nearly 1000 varieties are cultivated in the United States. 

6. P. COMMUNIS, L. Pear Tree. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, sub-serrate, smooth above, pubescent beneath, acute or 
acuminate; corymbs racemose ; calyx and pedicels pubescent; styles 5, distinct and 
villose at base; pome pyriform. Native of Europe. Flowers white. Numerou* 
varieties are cultivated in the United States. 



CALYCANTHACE^I AND MELAST0MACEJ2. Ill 

18. CYDONIA. Tourn. 

Named from Cydonia, a town in Crete, from -whence it was brought. 

Calyx urn-shaped, limb 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 
many. Styles 5. Pome 5-carpelled; carpels cartilaginous, 
many-seeded. Seeds covered with mucilaginous pulp. — 
Trees or shrubs, with simple leaves, and mostly solitary flowers. 

C. vulgaris, Pers. Quince. 

Leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse at base, acute at apes, very entire, smooth above, 
tomentose beneath ; peduncles solitary, and with the calyx woolly; pome tomen- 
tose, obovoid. Shrubs about 8 to 12 feet high, with crooked straggling branches. 
Flowers white, with a tinge of purple, large, terminal. Fruit clothed with a soft 
down, yellow when ripe, highly esteemed for jellies and preserves. 

C. Japoxica, or $<-arlet Pyrus, a low straggling shrub with beautiful scarlet 
jhowy flowers, is occasionally met with in cultivation. 

Order 41. ALYO AJRTTH ACES. 

Shrubs with square stems exhibiting 4 axis of growth surrounding the central otu, 
with opposite, entire, simple leaves, without stipules, and axillary solitary fiowtrs. 
Sepals and petals confounded, indefinite, imbricate, combined in a fleshy tube. 
Ovabies several, simple. Achenia hard, enclosed in the calyx-tube. 

CALYCANTHUS. Linn. 

Gr. Jcalux, a calyx and anthos, afiower; the calyx resembling a corolla. 

Lobes of the calyx imbricated in many rows, lanceolate, 
colored, all more or less leathery or fleshy. Stamens about 
12, unequal, deciduous, the outer ones fertile. Anthers 
extrorse. — Shrubs with lurid purple, fragrant flowers, and 
with the baric and leaves exhaling the odor of camphor. 

C. Floridus, L. var. lo'vigatus, Torr. & Gr. Sweet 
Scented Shrub. Carolina Allspice. 

Leaves oblong or oval, gradually acuminate, somewhat rugose, smooth and green 
on both sides; branches straight, erect; lobes of the calyx lanceolate. 

Mountains and fertile soils along streams; rai-e. May, June. A bandfwn» 
ehrub, cultivated in gardens, 4 to 8 feet high. Flowers large, solitary, terminal, 
C-jlyx brownish-purple, very fragrant. 

Order 41. MELASTGMACEIE. 

Herbs, shrirts or tree-, with r/pposite mostly entire ribbed leaves, and terminal 
solitary or cymose f,owers. Anthers opening by pores at the apex; otherwise much 
as in ONOGF.ACE.E. (Evening Primrose Family.) 

1, RHEXIA. Linn. Meadow Beauty. 
Calyx-tube urn-shaped, narrowed at the apex, the limb 



112 LYTHRACEJE. 
% 



4-cleft. Petals 4, obovate, inserted with the 8 stamens on 
the summit of the calyx-tube. Anthers 8, long, curved, 
attached to the filaments behind, naked at base. Style 1. 
Stigma 1. Capsule free in the calyx, with 4 many-seeded 
placentas projecting from the central axis. Seeds coiled 
like a snail shell, without albumen. — Low perennial herbs, 
often bristly, with sessile 3 to h-nerved, and bristle-edged leaves, 
and showy cymose -purplish flowers. 

1. R. VlRGlNlCA, L. Deer Grass. Meadoio Beauty. 

Stem square, with, wing-like angles ; leaves ovaHanceolate, acute, sessile, ciliate, 
cerrate, sprinkled with hair3 on both sides; calyx hisped. 

Wet meadows and sandy swamps. July, Aug. Stem a foot high, often dichoto- 
mously branched above. Leaves with 3 (rarely 5 or 7) prominent nerves, 1 to 3 inches 
long, half as wide. Floioers large, in corymbose cymes. Petals reddish-purple, 
obovate, hisped beneath, caducous. Anthers long and prominent, crooked, golden 
yellow above with a purple line beneath. Style long, a little declined. 

2. R. Mariana, L. Maryland Deer Grass. 

Stem nearly round, covered with bristly hairs; leaves lanceolate, or linear-oblong, 
acute at each end, sparingly hisped on both sides, ciliate-serulate ; calyx hisped. 

Wet grounds. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slender, with opposite branches* 
Flowers situated in the forks and terminations of the branches. Petals obovate, 
hairy on the outer surface, flesh-colored or white dilated with rose-red. Anthers 
yellow. Style larger than the stamens. 

Order 42. LYTHRACEJE, 

Herbs rarely shrubs, vjith usually i-sided branches, mostly opposite entire leaves, 
without stipules, and rarely irregidar flowers, axillary or whorled, sometimes in 
racemes or spiles. Calyx tubular, the limb i to 7-lobed, sometimes with as many 
intermediate teeth. Petals inserted between the teeth of the calyx, sometimes 
wanting. Stamexs as many, or 2 to i times as many as the petals, inserted into 
the tube of the calyx. Style 1 ; stigma capitate, or rarely 2-lobed. Ovary superior, 
1 to S-celled. Capsule membraneous, covered by the calyx, dehiscent. Seeds 
numerous, small. 

1. DECODON. Gmel. 

Gr. delca, ten, and odous, a tooth, from the ten-toothed calyx. 

Calyx short, broadly bell-shaped, with 5 erect teeth and 
5 longer and spreading horn-like processes. Petals 5, 
wedge-lanceolate. Stamens 16, 5 very long, the alternate 
ones shorter. Styles filiform. Capsule covered with the 
calyx, globose 3 to 4-celled, many-seeded. — Perennial herbs, 
with opposite or ichorled lanceolate almost sessile leaves, and 
clustered pedicelled flowers in their axils. 

1. D. verticellatum, Ell. Swamp Willow Herb. 

Swamps and wet places. Aug. Stems 2 to 6 feet long, sometimes prostrate- and 
sorting, 4 to 6-angled, smooth or pubescent. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3, 3 to 



ONAGRACE^. 113 



5 inches long, gradually acuminate or acute at apex, on short petiole?. Flowers 
in axillary sub-sessile umhels, apparently whorled, constituting a long, leafy, 
terminal and showy panicle. Petals 5 to 6, large, and of a fine purple. 

CUPHEA. Jacq. 

Gr. l-uphos, curred ; in reference to the form of the calyx. 

Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, somewhat inflated below, gib- 
bous or spurred at the base, on the opposite side, 6-toothed 
at the apex, with usually as many little intermediate pro- 
cesses. Petals 6 to 7, unequal. Stamens mostly 12, 
approximate in 2 sets, included, unequal. Style filiform. 
Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule membranaceous, 1 to 2-celled, 
few-seeded. — Herbaceous or half shrubby plants, iciili opposite 
entire leaves, and axillary and terminal flowers. 

C. VISCOSISSIMA, Jacq. Clammy Citphea. 

Viscid-pubescent; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, long-stalked, rough ; Jk-vurt 
lateral, and solitary, on short peduncles; petals ovate, short-clawed. 

Fields and roadsides. July. Aug. Annual. Stem 10 to 15 inches high, erect, 
branching. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, X / A as wide, on petioles J<£ to % inch long. 
Calyx ofu-n purple, ventrico;e. Petals violet-colored. Stamens included. CiipsttU 
luxating k-ngthwise before the seeds are ripe. 

Crder 43. 0NAGEA0EJE. 

Herbaceous plants or shrubs, with simple alternate or opposite leaver, and axillary 
terminal flowers of various colors. Petals 4. (sometimes 2 or S). Stamrhs 1 — 2 — 5 
inserted with the petals into the throat of the calyx. Ovaey 2 to 4-celled, cohering 
■with the calyx-tube; placenta in the axis. Fecit baccate or capsular, 2 to 
4-celled, many -seeded. There are two sub-orders. 

Sub-order I. ONOGEACE^ proper. 

Calyx-tube often prolonged beyond the ovary, the petalg 
and stamens inserted on its summit. Stamens 2 — 4 — S. 
Styles single, slender. Stigma 2 to 4-lobed, or capitate. 
Ovary 4-celled. Seeds without albumen. 

1. EPILOBIUM. Linn. Willow-herb. 

Gr. epi, upon, lobou, a ped, ion, a violet, viz : a violet on a pod. 

Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, 4-sided; 
hmb 4-parted, deciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8. An- 
thers short, fixed by the middle. Stigma often with 4 
spreading lobes. Ovary and capsule linear, 4-cornereu, 
4-celled ; 4-valved. Seeds numerous, crowned with a tuft of 
U* 



114 ONAGRACE^I. 



hairs. — Herbaceous perennials, with nearly sessile leaves, and 
violet, purple or vjhite flowers. 

1. E. ANGUSTIFOLIUM, L. Willow Herb. Rose-bay. 

Stem simple, erect; leave's scattered, lanceolate, sparingly denticulate with a 
marginal vein; flowers large, pedicelled, in a terminal spike ; petals clawed ; star 
mens unequal, declined ; style at length deflexed. 

Newly cleared land, and waste places. July. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, often 
"branched above. Leaves sessile, smooth, 2 to 5 inches long, ^ as wide, acuminats 
with pellucid veins. Flowers numerous and showy, colored in all their parts, 
decp-lilac-purple, in a raceme often a foot long. 

2. E. coloratum, Muhl. Colored Epilobium. 

Stem subterate, erect, very branching, pubescent; leaves mostly opposite, lanceo- 
late, serulate, acute, somewhat petiolcd, smooth; petals small, 2-cleft at the apex-, 
stigma club-shaped. 

Ditches and wet shady grounds; common. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, 
much branched, often purplish. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, }/\= & s wide, with minvtto 
white dots, upper ones alternate and sessile, lower on short petioles. Flowers 
small purplish fading to white, axillary near the extremity of the branches. 

3. E. palustris, L. Marsh Willow Herb. 

Minutely hoary; stem slender, roundish, at length much branched; leaves nearly 
sessile, lanceolate or linear, acutish at both ends, slightly toothed or entire ; petals 
small, obcordate, twice as long as the calyx; style included; stigma undivided, 
clavate. 

Swamps and marshy places. Aug., Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, very branching. 
Leaves mostly alternate, 1 to 3 inches long, % as wide. Flowers numerous, axil- 
lary, rose-color. Capsule 1 to 2 inches long, pubescent. 

4. E. molle, L. Soft Willow Herb. 

Soft downy all over ; item round, straight, erect, branching above ; leaves crowded, 
lanceolate or linear-oblong, alternate or opposite, mostly entire. 

Swamps; rare. Aug., Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves numerous, % to 1^ 
inches long, }/ v as wide. Flowers rose-color, axillary in the upper part of the 
stem. i'ctaZ.s'dteply notched, twice as long as the calyx. Stigma large and thick. 
Capsule 3 inches long on a short pedicel. 

OENOTHERA. Linn. Evening Primrose. 

Gr. oinos, wine; and thera, a chase : application uncertain. 

Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous; the 
lobes 4, reflexed. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Anthers mostly 
linear. Stigma 4-lobed or capitate. Capsule 4-valved, 
many-seeded. Seeds naked. — Herbaceous plants, with alter- 
nate leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. 

1. (E. biennis, L. Common Evening Primrose. 

Stem erect, mostly hairy ; leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, obscurely toothed, pub«h 
cent ; lower ones on short petioles ; flowers in a terminal rather leafy spike ; petals 
obcordate; capsule sessile, obtusely 4-angled, somewhat swelled. Var. 1. muricat* 
€E, muricata, Ph.) Stem muricate or strigosely hirsute, red ; petals scarcely longer 
than the stamens. Var. 2. grandiflora (CE, grandiflora, Ait.) Petals much longer 
than the stamens, deeply obcordate. Stem branched. Biennial. 



ONAGRACEiE. 115 



Fields and waste places ; common. June. Aug. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, simple 
or branching from the base. 'Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, \f 2 to 1% wide, roughly 
pubescent : radical ones tapering into a petiole. Floivers numerous, light-yellow, 
fragrant, opening after sunset and closing next'day, in a spike 3 to 12 inches long. 

2. OE. fruticosa, L. Sundrops. Per. Eve g Primrose. 

Stem erect, simple or nearly branched, pubescent or hirsute; leaves oblong or 
lanceolate, slightly toothed ; petals broadly obcordate, longer than the calyx-lobes 
and stamens : capsule oblong-club-shaped. 4-winged, longer than the pedicels. 

Open place? : common. June — Aug. Per. Stem hard, rigid, 1 to 3 feet higli, 
branched, purple. Leaves variable in pubescence, form and size. Flov:ers large, 
1)2 inches in diameter, bright yellow, in a peduncled corymb. 

3. (E. PUMIXA, L. Dwarf Evening Primrose. 

Low, pubescent; stem ascending: leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, mostly obtnse r 
attenuate at base, entire ; Jlcnvers in a loose and prolonged leafy raceme; petcu* 
obcordate. scarcely longer than the stamens. 

Dry fields. July, Aug. Biennial. A small half-erect plant, 6 to 10 inches long, 
with a round, slender simple stem. Leaves 1 to 1]4 inches long. % to x /i i ccu 
wide; radical ones spatulate, petiolate. Flowers yellow, l / 2 i ac h broad, opening in 
succession, 1 or 2 at a time. Cap&tiie oblong- club-shaped, nearly sessile, S-anghttL 

GAURA. Linn. 

Gr. gauros, superb ; on account of the showy flowers of some species. 

Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous; 
limb 4-cleft, reflexed. Petals 4, clawed, somewhat unequal, 
inserted into the tube. Stamens 8, decimate. Style long. 
Stigma 4-lobed. Fruit 4-angled, dry and indehiscent, by 
abortion mostly 1-celied, 1 to 4-seedcd. Seeds naked. — 
Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with alternate haves and rose- 
color or white changing to red flowers, in wand-like spikes or 
racemes. 

G-. biennis, L. Biennial Gaura. 

Whole plant softly hairy or downy; leaves lanceolate, remotely dentate, alter- 
nat, sessile : flow rs numerous, sessile, in terminal spikes ; fruit sub-sessile, S-ribbed, 
pubescent. 

Banks of streams. July, Aug. A handsome biennial 3 to 5 feet high. Leave* 
pale-greeu. acute at each end. Catyx reddish. Corolla rose-color, changing to deep 
red. Frail rarely with more than one mature seed. 

LUDWIGIA. Linn. 

In honor of C D. Ludicig, Prof, of Botany at Lcipsie, about 1750. 

Calyx-tube not prolonged beyong the ovary; limb 4-Iobed, 
usually persistent. Petals 4, equal, obcordate, often smalt 
or wanting. Stamens 4, opposite the apex. Style short. 
Capsule short, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded and crowned 
with the persistent calyx lobes. — Perennial herbs, with entire 
mostly alternate leaves and axillary flowers, often yellow or 
apetalous. 



116 v ONAGRACE^. 



1. L. alternifolia, L. Seed-box. 

Xearly smooth; stem erect, branched; leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute or 
pointed at both ends, sessile, pale beneath ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, 2-braeted 
above the middle ; petals scarcely as long as the spreading acuminate sepals ; capsule 
large, with 4 winged angles, crowned with the colored calyx. 

Shady swamps. July. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, round with a strong bark, and 
several branches. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, % to 1 wide, with marginal veins. 
Sepals large, reddish. Petals large, ovate, yellow, soon falling off. 

* Petals very minute or none. Isnardia. 

2. L. sph^erocarpa, Ell. Round-fruited Ludwigia* 

Nearly smooth ; stem erect, much branched ; leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering 
at the base, alternate; flowers solitary, axilliary, or clustered towards the summit 
of the branches ; petals mostly none; capsule globular, obscurely 4-sided, very 
email. 

In water and swampy places ; rare. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, angulaf 
reddish. Margin of the leaves rough. Flowers greenish, inconspicuous. 

3. L. PALUSTRIS, L. Water Purslane. 

Smooth, low; stem procumbent at base, rooting or floating; leaves opposite 
•vate-lanceolate, tapering into a slender petiole ; Jlowers axillary, solitary, sessile; 
eapsule sub-ovate, slightly angled, 

Floating in water, or creeping in muddy places; common. June — Oct. Stem 
rucculent, purplish, 10 to 20 inches long. Leaves and slender petioles 1%' by % 
inches, ovate-spatulate. Flowers very small. Calyx-lobes and style very short, 
Petals when present, flesh-color. 

CIRCiEA. Tourn. Enchanter's Nightshade. 

Nanied from Oirce, the enchantress. 

Calyx slightly produced above the ovary, deciduous; 
limb 2-parted. Petals 2, inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 
2, alternating with the petals. Capsule reflexed, obovate, 
2-celled ; 2-seeded, bristly with hooked, hairs. — Low incon- 
spicuous perennials, with opposite leaves on slender petiolet, 
and small whitish flowers in racemes. 

1. C. Lutetian A, L. Common Enchanter's Nightshade. 

Stem erect, mostly pubescent; leaves ovate, sub-cordate, acuminate, toothed, 
longer than the petiole ; bracts none ; fruit reflexed, bristly. 

Moist woodlands ; common. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, sparingly branched, 
tumid at the nodes. Leaves dark-green, 2 to 4 inches long, y 2 as wide. Flowert 
•mall, reddish-white, in a long terminal raceme. 

2. C. ALPINA, L. Alpine Enchanter's Nightshade. 

Low, smooth and weak ; leaves cordate, shining, coarsely toothed, the lower onas 
ob long as the petiole; bracts minute. 

Cold, moist, shady places. July. A small delicate plant 3 to 8 inches high. 
Mt*m transparent, juicy. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide. Flowers white, 
minute, in terminal racemes. 

Sub-order II. HALORAGEJS. 

Mar»h or water plants, with very small axillary temU 



0NANGRACE3!. 117 



flowers, often- monoecious or dioscious. Calyx-tube not at 
all prolonged, the lobes obsolete or none. Petals 3 to 4, 
often none. Stamens 1 to 8. Ovary inferior, 1 to 4-cellecF. 
Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1 to 4-eelled. Seeds pendulous, 1 
in each cell. 

PROSERPINACA. Linn. Mermaid-weed. 

Lat. proserpo, to creep ; the stems creeping and rooting at the hase. 

Calyx-tube 3-sided, limb 3-parted. Petals none. Sta- 
mens 3. Stigmas 3. Fruit long, 3-angled, 3-celled, 
3-seeded, nut-like. — Low perennial aquatic herbs, with the 
stems creeping at the base, alternate leaves, and small fertile 
flowers sessile in the axils, solitary or 3 or 4 together. 

1. P. palustris, L. Common Mermaid-weed. 

Upper leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate; lower ones often pinnatifid; fruit sharply 
3-angled. 

Wet swamps; rare. July, Aug. Stem 12 to 18 inches long, roundish. Leaves 
about 1 inch long, J4 wide, acute at each end, lower ones on short petioles, if sub- 
merged pinnatifid with linear segments like the teeth of a comb. Flowers greenish, 
sessile, 1 to 3 together. Stigmas purple, cylindrical. 

2. P. pectinacea, Lam. Cut-leaved Mermaid-weed. 

Leaves all pectinate, the "divisions linear-awl-shaped; fruit rather obtusaly 
3-angled. 

Sandy swamps; rare. Aug. Stems 5 to 15 inches high, ascending at base from 
long creeping roots. Leaves all regularly and finely divided into very narrow 
eegnients like the teeth of a comb. Styles none. Stigmas attenuate above. 

MYRIOPHYLLUM. Vaill. Water Milfoil. 

Gr. rnurios, a myriad, phullon, a leaf; from the numerous divisions of the leaf 

Flowers monoecious or -polygamous. Calyx of the 
sterile flowers 4-parted, of the fertile 4-toothed. Petals 
4, or none. Stamens 4 to 8. Fruit nut-like > 4-celled, 
deeply 4-lobed. Stigmas 4, recurved. — Submersed aquatic 
perennial herbs, with crowded often ivhorled leaves, those im- 
mersed pinnately parted into capillary divisions, and sessile 
flowers in the axils of the upper leaves: upper ones staminate. 

* Stamins 8; petals deciduous; leaves whorled in threes. 

1. M. SPICATUM, L. Spiked Water Milfoil. 

Leaves all pinnately parted and capillary ; floral ones or tracts shorter than the 
flowers, ovate entire; lower ones sub-serrate and larger; petals broadly ovate; 
stamens 8. 

In water. Aug., Sept. Stem slender, branched, varying in length with the 
depth of the water, the flowers only rising above the surface. Leaves composed of 
innumerable, hair-like segments. Flowers greenish sessile. Carpels smooth. 



118 CACTACExB. 



2. M. verticlllatum, L. Whorled Water Milfoil 

Leaves vcrticellate pinnately divided into capillary or setaceous segments ; floral 
leaves pectinate pinnatifid, usually longer than the Mowers ; petals oblong-obovate ; 
carpels smooth and even. 

In water. July — Sept. Stem long and stouter than in the preceding, only the 
tipper part emerging. Flowers small, green, in a terminal spike with conspicuous 
floral leavts. 

3. M. heterophyllum, Michx. Various-leaved Water 
Milfoil 

St.m r;ther stout ; floral leaves ovate and lanceolate, thick, crowded, sharply 
eerrate ; lower leaves pinnatifid ; petals oblong ; fruit obscurely roughened. 

In sluggish water. July. Stem thick and branching. Leaves very various, 
lowest fii. el y divided. Flowers purple, whorled in the axils of the upper leaves. 
Sepals minute. Petals somewhat persistent. Stamens sometimes only i to 6. 

* * Stamens 4; leaves whorled in fours a^d fives, the lower finely divided. 

4. M. ambiguum, Ambiguous Water Milfoil 

Submersed leaves cut into capillary segments ; the emersed ones pectinate ; floral 
ones linear, tapering into a short petiole, toothed or entire ; flowers mostly perfect ; 
petals ollong; ca?pels smooth and even. 

Ponds and cUtches. July, Aug. Stems 2 to 6 inches long and creeping in the 
mud, or when floating in water, long and slender. Leaves variously divided, when 
the gten s are procumbeut and rooting the leaves are all linear, rigid, and often 
entire, but Mhen submersed they are finely divided like the teeth of a comb. 
Flowers small purplish. 

HIPPURIS. Linn. Mare's-tail. 

Gr. hippus, a horse, and our a, a tail. 

Calyx entire. Petals none. Stamen 1, inserted on 
the edge of the calyx. Style single, thread-shaped, stig- 
matic down one side, received in the groove between the lobes 
of the anther. Fruit nut-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Peren- 
nial aquatics with simple entire leaves in whorls, and minute 
jioucrs sessile in the axils, perfect or polygamous. 

H. vulgaris, L. Common Mare 1 s-tail. 

Leaves in whorls of 8 to 12, linear, acute, smooth, entire. 

Borders of ponds and springs ; rare. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, simple, erect. 
Fiouers at the base of the upper whorls, one to each leaf, small. 

Order 44. CAGTAGEIE. Cactus Family. 

Fleshy and thickened leafless plants of peculiar aspect, globular or columnar and 
many-angled or flattened and jointed, usually with prickles. Flowers solitary, sesiile; 
the frpals and petals numerous, imbricated in several roics. Stamens numerous, 
with long and slender filaments, inserted on the inside of the tube or cup formed 
by the union of the sepals and petals. Style 1. Stigmas numerous. Frvjit a 
1-celled succulent berry, many-seeded. 



GROSSULACE^I. 1 1 ») 



OPUNTIA. Tourn. Prickly Pear. 

Sepals and petals not prolonged into a tube, spreading, 
the inner roundish. Stamens numerous, shorter than the 
petals. Style with numerous erect stigmas. — Stem com- 
posed of flat and usually broad joints, bearing clusters of 
bristles often with spines intermixed, arranged in a special 
order. 

0. vulgaris, Mill. Indian Fig. Cow's-tongue. 

Stems low, prostrate-spreading, of obovate joints, armed with short barbed brfs* 
ties, rarely with a few spines; floivers sessile, on the margin of the joints. 

Dry rocks and sandy soils; rare. June, July. Flowers large, sulphur-yellow. 
Fruit obovate, umbillicate, nearly smooth, eatable. Seeds numsrous, immersed in 
the crimson pulp. Cultivated. 

Order 45. GR03SULACEZE. Currant Family, 

Low shrubs, sometimes prickly, with alternate palmatcly lobed leaves, a b-lobed 
talyx cohering with the 1-celled ovary, and leaving 5 small petals and 5 stamens. 
Jrcit a 1-celled berry, with 2-parietal placentae crowned with a minute embryo si 
the base of hard albumen. 

RIBES. Linn. 

Calyx companulate or tubular, 5-parted, sometimes col- 
ored. Petals small, inserted alternately with the stamen* 
in the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5, very short. Styli» 
2, distinct or united. Berry crowned with the shrivelled 
remain of the flowers, 1-celled, pulpy, many-sesded. — Leave* 
often clustered in the axils*, with the flowers from the sam* 
clusters or from separate buds. 

* Stem unarmed; flowers in racemes : berries never prickly. Currants. 

1. R. FLORIDUM, L'Her. Wild Black Currant. 

Leaves sub-cordate, 3 to 5-lobed, sprinkled on both sides with yellowish resinoiB 
dots, doubly serrate, on long petioles; racemes drooping, many-flowered, downy; 
bracts longer than the pedicels; calyx tubular, bell-shaped; fruit obovoid. 

Woods and hedges; common. May. A handsome shr.ib 3 to 4 feel high. 
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long V/ 2 to 2% wide, on petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Flcwtrt 
somewhat bell-shaped, greenish yellow. Fruit black, smooth, insipid. 

The R. nigrum or black currant of the gardens. Native of Europe, is prcbbM^ 
not distinct from this species. 

2. R. prostratum, L'Her. Mountain Currant. 

Stem reclining or prostrate ; leaves deeply cordate, 5 to 7-lobed, smooth ; the lobes 
ovate, acute, doubly serrate; racemes erect, slender; calyx rotate, segments obovate; 
petals spatulate, small ; fruit glandular-hisped. 

Mountains and rocky hills. May, June. A small procumbent shrub with erect 
branches 1 to 3 feet high. Eacemes erect, about S-flowered, at length pendulous. 
Bracts very short. Flowers marked with purple. Berriis red, ill-scented. Ibo 
whole plant has a disagreeable odor. 



122 CUCURBITACE^I. 



sinuous. Ovary adherent, 1-celled; sttlb short; stigma very thick, velvety or 
fringed. Pruit a pepo more or less succulent, often 1-celled by obliteration. Sebw 
Sat, with no albumen, often winged. 

1. SICYOS. Linn. 

Gt. eikuos, the ancient name of the cucumber. 

Flowers monoecious. Petals 5, united below into a 
bell-shaped or flattish corolla. Stamens 5, monodelphous 
or at length triadelphous ; anthers contorted. Styles 3, 
united at the base. Fruit ovate membranaceous, filled by 
the single seed, covered with barbed prickly bristles which 
are readily detached. — Climbing annuals, with compound 
tendrils, and whitish flowers, the sterile and fertile mostly 
from the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter in a 
kmg-peduncled capitate cluster. 

1. S. ANGTJLATUS, L. Single-seed Cucumber. 

Stem branching, hairy ; leaves roundish, heart-shaped, and 5-angled-lobed, the 
lobes minutely toothed, pointed ; pistillate flowers mueh smaller than the staminaU. 

Banks of streams. July, Aug. A weak climbing Tine With long spiral tendrils, 
Leaves 3 to 4 inches broad, on long stalks. Flowers whitish, marked with green 
lines. Fruit % inch long, ovate, spinous, 8 to 10 together in a crowded cluster. 

2. ECHINOCYSTIS. Torr. & Gray. 

Gt. «**»o«, prickly, and kttstis, a bladder; in allusion to the appearance of the frnii 

Flowers monoecious. Calyx flattish, segments 5, fili- 
form subulate. Petals 6, united at the base into an open 
spreading corolla. Stamens 3, diadelphous. Style 1; 
stigmas 3, fringed. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect ovules in 
each cell. Fruit globose-ovoid, bristly-echinate, 2-celled, 
4-seeded. — A rank tall-climbing annual, with branching ten- 
drils, sharply b-lobed thin leaves, and very numerous small 
greenish-white flowers. 

E. lobata, Torr. & Gray. Wild Balsam Apple. 

Leaves palmately 5-lobed, cordate at base, lobes acuminate, denticulate ; ftcwen 
small, the barren ones very numerous, in axillary racemes, the fertile ones solitary 
c* several, situated at the base of the raceme. 

Bich river soils. July — Sept. A smoothish running vine. Stem deeply furrowed, 
with long 3-parted tendrils placed nearly opposite the long petioles. Fruit 1 to 2 
inches long, at length dry and membranaceous, with 4 large seeds, 

3. MELOTflRIA. Linn. 

Flowers polygamous or monoecious. Sterile Flowers, 
calyx 3 to 5-toothed; corolla companulate; filaments 5, in 
3 sets. Fertile Flowers, calyx and corolla as in the 



CUCURBITACE^. 12S 



sterile; style 1; stigmas 3 ., fimbriate. Fruit 3 -celled, many- 
seeded. — A slender climbing annual, with simple tendrik, 
Jive lobed leaves, and small yellowish flowers. 

M. pendula, L. Small Creeping Cucumber. 

leaves roundish-cordate, 5-lobed or angled, slightly hispid; flowers axillary, the 
sterile in small racemes, the fertile solitary, on long peduncles. 

Banks of streams. June, July. A slender vine, climbing oyer other vegetables 
Leaves 1 to 2 inches in diameter, on petioles. Tendrils 5 to 6 inches long, Flowers. 
yellowish, small. F7tiitsm&U } oval. 

CULTIVATED EXOTICS. 

4. MOMORDICA. Linn. 

Flowers monoecious. Calyx 5-eleft. Petals 5, united 
•at the base. Stamens 5, triadelphous. Style 3-cleft; 
pepo fleshy, bursting elasti-cally. Seeds compressed with a 
fleshy arillus. — An annual climbing herb, with simple tendrils, 
palmately lobed leaves, and pale yellow flowers. 

M. Balsamina, L. Common Balsam Apple. 

Leaves palmately 5-lobed, dentate, naked, shining; peduncles solitary, filiform, 
1-fiowered, with an orbicular-cordate dentate bract above the middle; fruit 
Toundish-ovoid, angular, tuberculate, bursting elastically on one side. Native of 
£he East Indies. Stem slender, climbing by simple tendrils. Flowers pale-yellow = 
Ifruit orange-color, balsamic and eatable. 

5. CUCUMIS. Linn. 

Celtic, cuce, a hollow vessel. 

Flowers monoecious or perfect. Calyx tubular, bell- 
shaped, with awl-shaped segments; corolla deeply 5-parted. 
Stamens 5, triadelphous. Style short; stigmas 3, thick, 
2-lobed; pepo fleshy, in dehiscent. Seeds ovate, flat, acute 
and not margined at the edge. — Annual herbs, creeping or 
climbing by tendrils, alternate leaves, and axillary solitary 
yellow flowers. 

1. C. sativus, L. Common Cucumber. 

Stem prostrate, rough; tendrils simple; leaves sub-cordate, palmately 5-angled or 
lobed, lobes sub-entire, acute, terminal one longest; fruit oblong, obtusely pris- 
matic, prickly on a short peduncle. Native of Tartary and India. : Numerous 
varieties are now cultivated for the table. Gathered and eaten before maturity, 
June — Sept. 

2. C. Melo, L. Mush Melon. 

Stem prostrate, rough; tendrils simple; leaves sub-cordate, roundish, obtuse, 
palmately 5-angled; lobes rounded, obtuse, obscurely denticulate ; flowers pistillate, 
Perfect, and Btaiaiiiate, the perfect on short peduncles; fruit oval or sub-globoge 5 



124 cucurbitace^;. 



longitudinally tornlose. Native of Asia, cultivated for the juicy, yellowish^ 
delicately flavored flesh of the mature fruit. June, July. 

3. C. Anguria, L. Prickly Cucumber. 

Stem prostrate, slender, hisped; tendrils simple; leaves palmately and deep sin- 
iiate lobed, cordate at base ; fruit oval-ovoid or sub-globose, prickJy. Native of 
Jamaica. Fi-uit about the size of a hen's egg ; cultivated and used for pickles. 

4. C. Citrullus, Ser. Water Melon. 

Stem prostrate, slender, hairy; tendrils branching; leaves palmately 5-lobed, 
very glaucous beneath ; lobes mostly sinuate-pinnatifid, all the segments obtuse ; 
flowers solitary, on hairy peduncles, bracted at base; fruit elliptical, smooth. 
Native of Africa and India. Cultivated for its large and delicious fruit. June, 
August. 

6. LAGENARIA. . Ser. 

Gr. lagenos, a flagon or bottle ; from the form of the fruit. 

Flowers monoecious. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, obo- 
vate. Stamens 5, triadelphous \ anthers very long, twisted. 
Stigmas 3, thick, 2-lobed, sub-sessile. Pepo woody, 1-celled 
many-seeded; seeds ariled, obcordate, compressed, margin 
tumid. — An annual herbaceous plant, climbing by branching 
tendrils, with axillary solitary, white flowers. 

L. vulgaris, Ser. Calabash. Bottle Gourd. 

Softly pubeseent; leaves roundish-cordate, abruptly acuminate, denticulate, -with 
2 glands beneath at base; flowers on peduncles ; fruit club-shaped, inflated, at 
length smooth. Native of the Tropics ; cultivated for the rind of the fruit, which 
is used for dipping water, &c. Flowers white. July, Aug. 

7. CUCUKBITA. Linn. 

A Latin word signifying a vessel. 

Flowers monoecious. Corolla bell-shaped ; petals united 
and coherent with the calyx. Stam. Fls. Calyx 5-toothed. 
Stamens 5, triadelphous; anthers syngenesious, straight, 
parallel. Pist. Fls. Calyx 5-toothed, upper part decidu- 
ous after flowering. Stigmas 3, thick, 2-lobed. Pepo 
fleshy or woody, 3 to 5-celled. Seeds numerous, thickened 
at the margin, obovate, compressed, smooth. — Annual herbs 
with prostrate running stems, mostly branched tendrils, and 
yellow solitary axilary flowers. 

1. C Pepo, L. Pumpkin. 

Hispid and scabrous ; leaves (very large) cordate, palmately 5-lobed or angled, 
finely toothed; flowers axillary; stem fls. on long peduncles; fruit very large, 
roundish or oblong, smooth, furrowed and toruloso. Native of the Levant. 
Long cultivated as a useful kitchen vegetable, or for cattle. Flowers large, yellow. 



CRASSULACE^ffi. 125 



Fruit sometimes 3 feet in diameter, yellow when mature. The Barrel Pumpkin 
and 7-year Pumpkin are varieties of this species. July. 

2. C. Melopepo, L. Flat Squash, Sweet Pumpkin. 

Hairy ; leaves cordate, somewhat palmately 5-lobed, finely toothed ; flowers pedun- 
culate ; fruit depressed-orbicular or club-shaped, often elongated and incurved at 
base, more or less furrowed with the ridges swelling. Native country unknown. 
A useful and well known kitchen vegetable. 

3 . C. VERRUCOSA, L. Warted Squash. Club Squash. 

Hairy; leaves cordate, palmately and deeply 5-lobed, denticulate, terminal lobe* 
narrowed at base; jiowers pedunculate, large; fruit roundish elliptic, or club- 
shaped, often elongated and curved at base. Probably a native of North America, 
as Mr. Nutall says it has been long cultivated by the Indians West of the Missis- 
sippi. Common in cultivation, with numerous varieties. July. 

Order 48. CRASSULACE2E. 

Succulent herbs, with simple mostly sessile leaves, and perfectly symmetrical flowers ; 
the petals, pistils and sepals equal (3 to 20), and the sta»je?ts the same or double their 
number. Sepals more or less united at base. Petals distinct, rarely cohering. 
Ovaries as many as the petals and opposite to them. Filaments distinct. Anthers 
2-celled, bursting lengthwise. Fruit. Follicles as many as the ovaries, apening 
ly the ventral suture, many-seeded. 

1. TILUEA. Linn. 

In honor of Tilli, an early Italian botanist. 

Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils, 3 to 4. Carpels 
8 to 4, distinct, opening by the inner suture, many-seeded. — 
Very small tufted annuals, with opposite entire leaves and 
axillary Jiowers. 

T. simplex, Nutt. Pigmy Weed. 

Stem diffusely branching from the base and rooting ; leaves linear-oblong, their 
bases somewhat confluent; Jiowers solitary, nearly sessile, calyx half the length of 
the petals, carpels 8 to 10-seeded. 

Muddy banks of streams ; rare. Near Philadelphia. July, Aug. Stems 1 to 3 
Inches long, Leaves }/£ to % inch long, spreading. Flowers very minute, white. 

2. SEDUM. Linn. 

Lai $edec, to Bit ; alluding to the manner in which these plants fix themselves 
upon rocks and walls. 

Sepals and petals 5, rarely 4. Stamens 10, or rarely 
8. Carpels 5, many-seeded, with a little scale at the base 
of each. — Mostly herbaceous thick-leaved perennials, with 
cymose flowers. 

1. S. terNaT¥M, Michx. Three leaved Stone-crop. 
Stems low and spreading ; lower leaves whorled in threes, wedge-obovate ; upper 

V* 



126 SAXIIRAGACE^E. 



leaves oblong, scattered; cymes mostly 3-spiked, spreading; terminal flowers decan- 
drous, the rest octandrous ; stamens shorter than the linear-lanceolate petals. 

Rocky woods; sometimes cultivated. May, June. Stems 3 to 8 inches long, 
■branching and decumbent at base. Leaves from 34 to 1 inch long. Flowers white, 
loosely arranged on the 3-branched spreading cymes. 

2. S. telephoides, Michx. American Orpine. 

Stems erect, leafy at the top ; leaves scattered, lance-ovate or oval, flat, acute at 
each end, somewhat toothed, smooth and fleshy ; flowers in a terminal capitate 
cyme, decandrous ; petals ovate-lanceolate. 

Bocks : Allegheny mountains. July. Stem branching, 10 to 12 inches high. 
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide. Flowers pale purple, with leafy bracts inter- 
spersed. 

3. S. telephium, L. Common Oipine. Live-forever. 

Stems erect, leafy to the top ; leaves flat, oval, obtuse, serrate, tapering at the 
base; cymes dense, compound. Native of Europe, cultivated and nearly naturali- 
zed. July. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, simple, leafy, round, smooth, purplish. Leaves 
se68ile, fleshy. Flowers white and purple, in dense terminal leafy tufts. 

4. S. ANACAMPSEROS, L. Evergreen Stone-crop. 

Root fibrous ; stems decumbent; leaves wedge-form, tapering at the base; cymes 
corymbose, leafy. Native of Europe. July. Stems reddish. Leaves fleshy, bluish- 
green. Flowers purple. » 

5. S. acre, L. English Moss. Wall Pepper. 

Procumbent, spreading, branching from the base; leaves very small, somewhat 
ovate, fleshy, crowded, alternate, closely sessile, obtuse; cyme few-flowered, trifid, 
leafy. Native of Great Britain. Common in cultivation, spreading very rapidly 
on walls, borders of flower beds, &c, densely covering the surface. Flowers yellow.- 

PENTHORUM. Gron. 

Gr. pente, five, and eras a rule or mode; in allusion to the quinary flowers. 

Sepals 5, united at base. Petals 5, or none. Stamens 
10. Pistils 5, united at the base so as to form a 5-angled, 
5-horned and 5-eelled capsule, which opens transversely on 
the inner sides of the beaks. Seeds numerous, minute. — 
Upright perennials, with scattered leaves, and yellowish-green 
flowers loosely-spiked along the upper side of the. naked 
branches of the scorpoid cyme. • 

P. sedoides, L. Ditch Stone-crop. 

Stem, branched, angular above; leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute at both ends 
unequally serrate. 

Bitches and overflowed grounds; common. Aug., Sept. Stem 12 to 15 inches 
high. Flowers pale yellowish-green. 

Order 49. SAXIFRAGACEJE, 

Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with alternate leaves, and simple flower stems {often 
naked). Calyx free or more or less adherent to the ovary, superior or inferior, 4 
to 5-cleft. Petals 5, rarely none. Stamene 5 to 10, inserted either into the calyx 
er beneath the ovary. Ovary 1 or 2-celled. Styles none. Stigmas sessile, on lh« 



SAXJTRAGACE.E. 127 

tips of the lobes of the ovary. Fruit a capsule or berry with numerous small 
seeds. 

Sub-order I. SAXIFRAGES. 

Herbs ; the petals imbricated (rarely convolute) in the bud ; capsule 2-beaked * 
ealj/sa/ree or partly adherent; petals 5 (rarely 4 to 6). 

SAXIFRAGA. Linn. 

Lat. saxum, a rock, and frago, to break ; in allusion to the root penetrating the 
crevices of rocks and stones. - 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5, entire, with short claws. 
Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-beaked, 2-eelled^ 
many-seeded, opening between the beaks or sometimes 2 
almost separate follicles. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with clus- 
tered root-leaves, the stem leaves alternate, and yellow while 
and greenish flowers. 

1. S. Virginiensis, Michx. Virginian Saxifrage* 

Pubescent; leaves obovate or spatulate-obovate, often obtuse crenate-dentat<v 
tapered at the base into a broad petiole ; flowers in a clustered cyme which at 
length becomes open and loosely panicled ; petals oval, twice as long as the calyx J 
capsules 2, united at the base, divergent. 

Exposed rocks and hilly places j common. April — June. Scape 4 to 12 inches 
high. Leaves in a radical spreading tuft. Flowers white, with a tinge of pfcrpla, 
A well known and pretty species, flowering in early spring. 

2. S. Pennsylvania, Linn. Swamp Saxifrage. 

Pubescent; leaves oblanceolate or oval, narrowed at the base into a short and 
broad petiole, obscurely toothed ; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clustered ;, 
flowers pedicellate; petals lance-linear, about the length of the nearly free recurved 
calyx lobes; filaments awl-shaped. 

Wet grounds ; common. May, June. A homely species 1 to 3 feet high. Leaves 
4 to 8 inches long, all radical. Flowers small, greenish-yellow. Capsules at length 
divergent. 

2. S. EROSA, Pursh. Lettuce Saxifrage.. 

Leaves all radical oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, sharply-toothed, tapering into. 
a short winged petiole; scape slender; paniele elongated, loosely flowered; pedicel& 
slender; calyx reflexed, 3-nerved,. free from the ovary nearly as long as the oval- 
obtuse petals ; filaments club-shaped.. 

Cold mountain brooks, near Bethlehem. Mr. Wolle. June. Root fibrous. Stem 
12 to 30 inches high. Leaves 8 to 12 inches long. Petals small, white, with * 
yellowish spot near the base. 

2. HEUCHERA. Linn. 

In honor of John Henry Heucher, a German botanist. 

Calyx bell-shaped, cohering at the base with the ovary,. 
5-cleft. Petals 5, spatulate, small, entire, erect. Stamens; 
), inserted alternately with the petals into the throat of the 
oalyx. Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled, with 2 parietal many- 



128 SAXTFRAGACEJE. 



eeeded placentae, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. — 
Perennial herbs, with round heart-shaped radical leaves, and 
greenish-white tinged with purple flowers in small clusters 
disposed in a prolonged mostly loose panicle. 

1. H. Americana, L. Alum Root. 

Hairy-pubescent and somewhat vlsced ; lobes of the leaves short and rounded ; 
panicle loose; stamens at length much exserted. 

Rocky woodlands ; common. June, July. Scape 2 to 3 feet high, somewhat 
clammy hairy. Leaves deeply cordate. Flowers small, in a long simple panicle. 

2. H. pubescens, Pursh. Pubescent Alum Root. 

Scape nake£, minutely glandular pubescent, or smooth below, often 2 to 4-leaved 5 
haves orbicular-cordate ; lobes rounded, sharply-toothed, with broad pointed teeth, 
ciliate with bristly hairs ; flowers in a contracted panicle ; stam ens shorter than 
the erect lobes of the calyx. 

Mountains and hills. May, June. Scape 10 to 15 inches high, slender. Flowers 
nearly ^ inch in length. Calyx-lobes unequal, greenish-white. Petals violet-pur- 
ple, veiny. 

3. MITELLA. Tourn. 

A diminutive of the Latin mitra, a mitre or cap ; in allusion to the form of the 
capsule. 

Calyx short, bell-shaped, coherent with the base of the 
ovar.y, 5-cleft. Petals 5, inserted into the calyx, slender, 
pinnatifid. Stamens 10, included. Styles 2, very short. 
Capsule short, 2-beaked, 1-celled, 2-valved; valves equal. 
Seeds numerous. — Low and slender perennial herbs, with 
round heart-shaped leaves on slender petioles, those of the 
scape opposite, flowers small, greenish and white, borne in a 
simple slender raceme or spike. 

1. M. DIPHYLLA. L. Two-leaved Bishop' s-Cap. 

Radical leaves heart-shaped, acute, somewhat 3 to 5-lobed, toothed; scape leaves 
3, opposite, nearly sessile; flowers in a terminal raceme ; petals toothed-pinnatifid. 

Hillsides and rich woods. May. Stem 8 to 12 inches high. Radical leaves on 
long petioles. Scape many-flowered. Flowers small, white, in a raceme 4 to 8 
Jttchee long. Plant hairy. Two-leaved Mitre-wort. 

2. M. NUDA, L. Heart-leaved Bishop 1 s-Cap. 

Stem slender; radical leaves somewhat 3-lobed, deeply and doubly-crenate; scape 
naked, or with a single leaf, few-flowered ; petals flmbriate-pinnatificL 

Deep moist woods with mosses. May — July. Scape 4 to 8 inches high, occa- 
sionally prostrate with creeping suckers. Root-leaves on long petioles ; stem leaves 
much smaller and sessile. Flowers greenish-white, few, in a terminal spike. 

4. TIARELLA. Linn. 

A diminutive of the Latin tiara, a head dress; in allusion to the form of the 
capsule. 

Calyx 5-parted ; bell-shaped, nearly free from the oyary. 



SAXIFRAGACE^!. 129 



Petals 5, with claws, entire, inserted into the calyx- Sta- 
mens 10, long and slender. Styles 2, distinct. Capsules 
1 -celled, 2-valved; valves nneqnal. Seels few, globular 
near the base of the capsule. — Perennial-herbs, with radical 
cordate leaves and white flowers. 

T. cordieolia, L. Fcdse Mitre-wort. 

Szape naked; leaves arising from the root-stock or runners, heart-shaped, acutely 
lobed and toothed, slightly hairy above, downy beneath. 

Rich rocky -woods. April, May. Leaves on long petioles. Scape 6 to 12 inches 
high. Flowers white, in a simple terminal raceme. A handsome plant in flower 

5. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Tourn. 

Gr. l-rusos, golden, and splen ; in allusion to its supposed medicinal virtues. 

Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the limb 4 to 
5-parted, lobes obtuse, yellow within. Petals none. Sta- 
mens 8 to 10, very short. Styles 3. Capsule obcordate, 
2 -beaked, flattened, 1-celled, 2-valved at the top. Seeds 
numerous. — Low and smooth herbs growing in wet places, 
with fleshy leaves, and small solitary or leafy-cymed flowers. 

C. Americanum, Schwein. Amer. Golden Saxifrage. 

Stem decumbent, slender, spreading, forked ; leaves opposite, upper ones some- 
times alternate, roundish-ovate, slightly crenate lobed ; fiowers distant, incon- 
spicuous, nearly sessile. 

Springs and brooks. April, May. An inconspicuous succulent creeping plan's 
with small greenish flowers. Stamens mostly 8, hisped; anthers orange-color- 
Considered distinct from the European C. oppositifolium. 

Sub-order II. ESCALLONIE.E? 

Shrubs; haves alternate; petals valvate in the bud. 

6. ITEA. Linn. 

The Greek name of the willow ; from a resemblance of foliage. 

Calyx companulate, 5-cleft, free from the ovary; seg- 
ments subulate. Petals 5, lanceolote, much longer than the 
calyx and stamens. Stamens 5, inserted into the calyx. 
Styles 2, united. Capsule 2-celled, 2-grooved, 8 to 12- 
seeded. — A shrub, with alternate simple and minutely serrate 
leaves, and white flowers in simple spicate terminal racemes. 

1. I. Vtrginica, L. 

Leaves oval acuminate serrulate, on short petioles ; cttpsults oblong, a€Umiuata 
tipped with the 2 united styles. 
Margins of swamps. May, June. A shrub about 3 to 8 feet hign, 



ISO SAXIFRAGACE^. 



Sub-order III. HYDRANGEA. 

Shrubs; leaves opposite ; petals vallate in the bud ; calyx-tube coherent with the ovary. 

7. HYDRANGEA. Gronov. 

Or. hudov, water, aggion, a vase; in allusion to tlie form of the capsule. 

Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8 to 10-ribbed, adherent to 
the ovary ; limb 4 to 5-toothed, persistent. Petals ovate, 
eessile. Stamens 8 to 10, slender. Styles 2. Capsule 
2-celled, many-seeded, crowned with the 2 diverging styles, 
opening by a hole between the styles. — Shrubs with opposite 
petioled leaves and numerous flowers in compound cymes. The 
margined flowers are often sterile and radient. 

. 1. H. arborescens, L. Wild Hydrangea. 

Leaves orate, obtuse, or cordate at base, pointed, serrate, nearly smooth; flowers 
in fastigiate cymes. 

A handsome shrub, native along the banks of the Susquehanna, flowering in 
June. Stem 5 to 6 feet high. Fertile flowers small, white, yellowish or roseate, 
very numerous. In cultivation, the marginal flowers become radiate. 

2. H. querctfolio, Bartram. Oak-leaved Hydrangea. 

leaves deeply sinuate-lobed, dentate, tomentose beneath. Cymes paniculate, 
radiant; the sterile flowers very large and numerous. Native of Florida. A 
handsome shrub from 3 to 5 feet high, with very large leaves, and showy flowers 
at first a dull white becoming reddish. 

3. H. hortensis, L. Changeable Hydrangea. 

Leaves elliptical, crowned at each end, dentate-serrate, strongly veined, smooth. 
Cymes radiant. Flowers mostly radiant. Native of China. This beautiful species 
has long been cultivated for its showy flowers which are at first green but pass 
successively through 6traw-color, white, purple and pink. The var. H. Japonica 
has the central flowers all fertile, bluish-purple, hardy about Philadelphia. 

Sub-order IV. PHLLADELPHEiE. 

Shrubs: leaves opposite; petals convolute in aestivation; capsule 3 to 4rcdkd, loculicidal. 

8. PHILADELPHUS. Linn. 

Name from Philadelphus, King of Egypt 

Calyx 4 to 5-parted, half-superior, persistent. Corolla 
4 to 5-petalled. Style 4-cleft. Stamens 20 to 40, shorter 
than the petals. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved, with loculici- 
dal dehiscence. Seeds many, ariled. — Shrubs, with opposite 
exstipulate leaves and showy white flowers. 

1. P. GRANDIFLORUS, Willd. Large-flowered Syringa. 

Leaves ovate, acuminate, denticulate, 3-veined, axils of the veins hairy. Stigmas 
4, linear. Style undivided. A handsome shrub 4 to 8 feet high, with long slender 
branches. Native at the South, cultivated for its large showy white flowers, which 
are home in a terminal umbel of 2 or 3 together. 



HAMAMELACE.E AND UMBELLIFERJ5. 131 

2. P. CORONARIUS, L. False Syringa. 

Leaves ovate, sub-dentate, smooth. Style distinct. Cultivated. Native of South 
Europe. Stems 4 to 6 feet high with opposite reddish twigs bearing leafy clusters 
of numerous fragrant showy white flowers. 

Order 50. HAMAMELACEJE. 

Shrubs with alternate simple leaves, the deleft calyx cohering with the lose of the 
ovary. Petals 4 to 5, linear. Stamens 4 to 24, inserted on the calyx ; ovary con- 
sisting of 2 pistils united at the base, forming a 2-beaked woody capsule opening 
at the summit, 2-celled below, with a single pendulous bony seed in each cell. 

HAMAMELIS. Linn. 

Origin of the name uncertain. 

Calyx 4-leaved or cleft, with 2 or 3 bractlets at its base. 
Petals 4, long, linear. Stamens 8, very short; the 4 
alternate with the petals fertile, the other imperfect ' and 
scale-like. Styles 2, short. Capsule nut-like, 2-celled, 
2-beaked. — Shrubs or small trees, with short-jpetioled straight" 
veined leaves, and yellow flowers. 

H. Yirginica, L. Witch Hazel. 

Leaves obovate or oval, with wavy-toothed margins, downy when young, on 
short petioles ; flowers sessile, 3 or 4 together. 

Damp woods ; common. A large shrub consisting of several crooked branching 
trunks from the same root, 6 to 12 feet high, flowering in Oct. and Nov. Leaves 
nearly smooth, obliquely cordate at base. 3 to 5 inches long. 2 to 3 wide, on petioles 
% inch long. Calyx downy. Petals yeilow, curled or twisted. Capsule woody, 
containing 2 nuts. 

Order 51. UHBELLIFER2E.— Parsley Family. 

Herbaceous plants with hollow stems, alternate, mostly compound leaves, petiole* 
expanded or sheathing at the base. Flowers in umbels, the calyx entirely adherent 
to the ovary, the 5 petals and 5 stamens inserted on the disk that crowns the 
ovary and surrounds the base of the 2 styles. Fruit consisting of 2 coherent car- 
pels separating from each other by their faces (commissure) into 2 halves called 
meroearps. Seeds solitary and suspended from the summit of each cell, anatro- 
pons, with a minute embryo. 

Sub-order I. ORTHOSPERM^. 

Inner face of the seed flat or nearly eo (not excavated). 

1. HYDROCOTYLE. Tourn. Marsh Penny-wort. 

Gr. kutier, water, and JcotiU, a broad or flat cup; in allusion to the leaves of some 
of the species. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals equal, ovate, spreading. 



132 UMBELLIFERJ3. 



entire, apex straight. Stamens 5. Styles 2, shorter than 
the stamens. Fruit laterally flattened, orbicular or shield- 
shaped, the commissure narrow; carpels 5-ribbed, two of the 
ribs enlarged, often forming a thickened margin. — Low and 
smooth aquatic perennials, with slender stems, round peltate 
or kidney-form leaves, and small white flowers in simple um- 
beh or clusters, single or proliferous, 

1. H. Americana, L. American Marsh Penny-wort. 

Smooth and shining; leaves round, kidney-form, doubly crenate, slightly-loLed ; 
flowers in sessile umbels, 3 to 5-flowered ; fruit orbicular. 

Moist sha£y places. June, July. Small delicate plants, -Kith filiform, branching 
stems 2 to 6 inches long, sending out running suckers. Leaves thin, 1 to 2 inches in 
diameter on petioles 2 "to 3 inches long. Flowers greenish-white, small, in very 
small axillary timbels. 

2. H. ranunculoides, L. Lobed Marsh Penny '-wort. 

Smooth ; leaves round-kidney-form, 3 to 5-nerved, the lobes erenate ; umbels 8 to 
10-flowered; pedicels very short: fruit roundish, smooth, scarcely ribbed. 

In water. June, July. Stems weak, 1 to 2 feet long, creeping or floating. Leaves 
mostly deeply 3-lobed, the middle lobes smaller tban the other, 1 to 2 inches in 
diameter, on'petioles 2 to 3 inches long. Flowers white on peduncles shorter than 
the petioles. 

3. H. interrupta, Muhl. 

Smooth; stem filiform; leaves peltate, orbicular, crenate, 11-nerved; umbels capi- 
tate, subsessile, 5 to 8-flowered; fruit orbicular. 

Wet places: rare. June — Aug. Stem and root creeping. Leaves almost centrally 
peltate, % to 1 inch in diameter, on petioles 2 to 3 inches long. Peduncle* about as 
long as the leaves, bearing clusters of a few sessile flowers, interruptedly along 
its length. Flowers small, white, on very short pedicels. Fruit notched at the 
base. 

4. H. umbellata, L. Umbellate Penny-wort. 

Smooth; stems rooting at the joint; leaves peltate in the middle, orbicular, 
notched at the base, doubly crenate: umbel many-flowered on an elongated peduncle. 

Ponds and boggy places; rare. June — Aug. Stem creeping or floating, 2 to 4 
inches long. Leaves on petioles 2 to 4 inches long, % to 1 inch wide. Umbels 20 to 
30-flowered, the upper pedicel often proliferous with 2 or 3 umbels. Flowers small, 
Fruit notched at the base and apes. 

2. CRANTZIA. Nutt. 

In honor of Prof. Crantz, an Austrian botanist of the 18th century, 

Calyx-teeth indistinct. Petals roundish, entire, obtuse. 
Fruit roundish; the carpels hollowed on the inner face, 
5-ribbed, 3 of the ribs on the back, narrow, the lateral ones 
thickened and spongy. — Small perennial creeping plants, 
with linear or filiform, entire fleshy leaves, and few flowers 
on simple involucrate umbels. 

C. LINEATA, Nutt. 
Ztftxts euneat©-lin<?ar. obtus*, with transverse veins, shorter than the pedunelw. 



UMBELLIFER.E. 133 



Muddy banks of streams. July. Stem 1 to 2 inches long, rooting and creeping 
in the mud. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, nearly terete. Umbels 4 to 8-flowered. 
Flowers white, pedicelled. Fruit with red vittse. 

3. SANICULA. Linn. 

Lat. sano, to heal ; on account of its supposed medicinal virtues. 

Calyx-tube beset with prickles, segments acute, leafy, 
persistent. Petals obovate, erect, converging, deeply 
notched. Fruit sub-globose, thickly clothed with hooked 
prickles; carpels without ribs. — Perennial herbs, with pal- 
matejy-lobed or parted leaves, those of the root longpetioled ; 
umbels irregular or compound, the greenish or yellowish flow- 
ers capitate in the umbellets, perfect, with staminate ones 
■intermixed, and involucre of few often cleft leaflets, involucel 
of several, entire. 

1. S. Marilandica, L. Sanicle. 

Leaves 5 to 7-parted, mostly radical, segments oblong, incisely serrate; sterile 
flowers numerous, on slender pedicels, about as long as the fertile ones: styles 
long and recurved. 

Woods and thickets; common. June, July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branching at 
the top. Radical kaves on petioles 3^2 to 1 foot long, Smarted at the base, with the 
lateral segments deeply 2-parted. Stem leaves few, nearly sessile. Petals white or 
yellowish, obcordate. Fruit several in each umbellet. 

2. S. Canadensis, L. Canadian Sanicle. 

Leaves 3 to 5-parted, the segments incisely and sharply serrate ; sterile flowers 
few, on very short pedicels, shorter than-ihe fertile ones; styles shorter than the 
prickles of the fruit. 

-Woods. June, July. Plant 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves thin, divisions wedge-obo- 
vate or obioug, sharply cut and serrate (the upper ones only 3-parted). Fmi& 
.-about 3 in each umbellet. 

4. DAUCUS. Tourn. Carrot. 

(The ancient Greek name,) 

Calyx 5-toothed. Petals obovate, emarginate with an 
inflexed point. Fruit ovoid or oblong, the carpels with 5 
primary, slender, bristly ribs, 2 of which are on the inner 
face, and 4 secondary ones, (equal, more or less winged,) each 
bearing a single row of slender bristly prickles. — Biennials, 
with finely 2 to 3 -pinnate or pinnatifid haves, pinnatifid in- 
volucre, involucels of entire or '6-cleft bracts, white floicers, and 
concave umbels, dense in fruit. 

J). Carrota, L. Carrot. 

Stem erect, hisped; leaves tri-pinnate; leaflets pinnatifid ; segments linear-laBoe©- 
iate, acute. 

w 



134 UHBELLIFER^. 



Old fields and roadsides; naturalized. July — Sept. Hoot fusiform. Stem 2 to 
8 faet high. Leaves pale-green, numerous. Umbels large and compact, concave 
in fruit, resembling a bird's nest. Flowers while or cream-color, central one of 
«ach umbeliet abortive and dark-purple. 

5. HERACLEUM. Linn. Cow Parsnip. 

Dedicated to Hercules. 

Calyx 54oothed, teeth minute. Petals obovatc, emar- 
ginate, with the point inflexed. Fruit compressed, flat, 
with a broad, flat margin, and 3 obtuse dorsal ribs to each 
carpel; intervals with short club-shaped oil-tubes. — Stout 
perennials, with large sheathing petioles, large flat umbels, 
deciduous involucres, and many -leaved involucels. 

H. lanatum, Mich. Cow Parsnip. 

Pubescent; stein, grooved; leaves 1 to 2-temately compound; lea/Ids petioled, 
round-cordate, lobed ; fruit nearly orbicular. 

Moist cultivated grounds. June. A very large coarse looking strong scented 
plants to 3 feet high. Stems thick, furrowed, branching. Leaves large, on broad 
ehanru- lied membranaceous petioles. Flowers white, in very Urge terminal umbels, 
sometimes 1 foot in diameter. Petals inversely heart-shaped, the outer cemmoniy 
larger and radiant; appearing 2-cleft. 

6. PASTLNACA. Tourn. Parsnip. 

Lat. pjsiics, food or repast; from the nutritive properties cf the root. 

Calyx with the margin obsolete or minutely 5-toothed. 
Petals roundish, entire, involute. Fruit oval, flat, with 
a thin entire winged margin; the carpels minutely 5-ribbed, 
3 of the ribs equi-distant on the back, the lateral ones dis- 
tant from and contiguous to the margin. — Chiefly biennial 
plants, tpith spindle-shaped roots, pinnately compound leaves, 
yeUov) flowers with roundish entire petah, none radient, and 
small or no involucres or involucels. 

P. sativa, L. Common Parsnip. 

Stan grooved, smooth; leaves pinnate; Icajlels sessile, oblong, incised; terminal 
eats Globed, downy beneath, shining above; umbels large, terminal. 

Vl'Ms and waste places; naturalized. July. Fort large, sweet-flavored, and 
nutritious in its cultivated state, but in its wild state becomes hard, acrid and 
poisonous. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, erect, furrowed, branching. Flowers small, 
yullow. Fruit largo, fiat. 

T. ARCIIANGELICA. Hoffman. 

So named from its highly esteemed qualities. 

Calyx-teeth short. Petals lanceolate, equal, entire, 
acuminate, point inflexed. Fruit flattened, the carpels each 
^-ribbed on the back and winged at the margins, forming a 



UAIBELLIFEIliE. 135 



double winged border to the point; the seeds separating, and 
coated all over with the numerous oil-tubes. — Stout and often 
very large perennials, with 1 to 2-pinhately compound haves, 
and usualhy large inflated petioles, scarcely any involucre, 
many-leaved involucels and perfect umbels of greenish or 
white flowers. 

1. A. ATROPURPUREA, Hoffm. Great Angelica. 

Smooth; leaves 2 to 3-ternately compound; the leaflets pinnate, 5 to 7, sharply 
rut serrate, acute, pale beneath ; petioles much inflated; involucels 8 to 10, very 
;hort; fruit smooth. 

Meadows and f?nce rows; common. July, Aug. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, stout, 
follow, dark-purple, furrowed. Petioles large, inflated, channelled on the upper 
ids, with inflated stipules at base. Umbels 3, terminal, rounded, 4 to 8 inches in 
liameter. Flowers greenish white. A popular aromatic herb. 

2. A. hirsuta, Torrey & Gray. Hirsute Angelica. 

Stem striate, downy at the top; leaves twice pinnately or ternately divided; 
'.eaflets ovate-oblong, equally serrate, smooth; involucels of 6 to 8 subulate leaves 
iirected to one side ; peduncles and fruit downy. 

Dry open woods. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, simple, erect, straighi. 
Leaves on petioles 6 to 10 inches long. Umbels 3 to 4, on long velvety peduncles. 
Flowers numerous, white. 

8. THASPIUM. Nutt, Meadow Parsnip. 

From the Isle of Thaspia, which gave name to the ancient allied genus Thapsia. 

Calyx minutely 5-toothcd. Petals elliptic, with a long 
nflated point. Fruit elliptical or ovoid, not compressed 
aterally ; carpels with 5 winged ribs, interstice with single 
vittae. Involucre none. — Perennials with 1 to 4 ternately 
zompound leaves, and yellow or dark-purple flowers. 

1. T. BARBINODE, Nutt. Hairy -jointed Thaspium. 

Leaves 2 to 3 ternately compound; leaflets wedge-ovate, acute, unequally and 
icci3ely serrate, entire towards the base: umbels terminal and opposite the leaves. 

River banks, Northern part of. the State. June. Stem tall and branching, 
downy on the joints, 2 to 3 feet high. Leaccs smooth; upper ones.sub-opposite. 
Flowers deep yellow, numerous. 

2. T. aureum, Nutt. Golden Thaspium. 

Stem smooth; lower and middle stem leaves biternately, and the upper ones 
ternately divided; segments oblong-lancelate, finely serrate, with cartilaginous 
teeth, the root-leaves often simple and round heart-shaped ; fruit oval. 

Banks and moist meadows. June. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, simple. Leaflets very 
smooth, thickisk; the larger often heart-shaped, the upper wedge-shaped at th« 
base. Umbels on long peduncles 10 to 12-rayed, with very short involucres. 
Flowers yellow. Fruit oval. 

3. T. atropurpureum, Nutt. Purple Alexanders. 

Stem smooth or slightly pubescent; root-leaves simple and heart-shaped, soma- 
times ternate, serrate; stem leaves tcrnats; leaflets heart-ovate and oblong-ova^ 
erenate-serrate. 



136 UMBELLIFER^. 



Rocky hills and woods. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers dark purple, FruU 
strongly winged, as broad as long, 

9. ZIZIA. Koch. Golden Alexanders. 

In honor of J. B. Zizie, a German botanist. 

Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Petals elliptic, apex acu- 
minate, inflexed. Fruit ovate or oval, flattened, didymous; 
carpels 5, ribbed, without wings; ribs narrow; vittce 1 to 
S in each interstice. — Smooth perennials, with divided leaves, 
no involucre, few-leaved involucels, and perfect umbels of 
yellow floioers. 

1. Z. CORD ATA, Koch. 

Boot-leaves simple, cordate, rarely lobed, crenate-serrate ; stem-leaves sub-sessile?- 
ternate, segments petiolate, orate or oblong, serrate. 

Meadows; common. May, June. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, smooth. Boot- 
leaves sometimes slightly lobed. Involucels 1 to 2-leaved. Umbels on long naked" 
peduncles. Flowers yellow. Fruit short, oral, black. 

2. Z. aurea, Koch. 

Lower leaves biternate ; upper ones biternate or ternate; segments oblong-lanceo- 
late, acute, sharply serrate and often cut, the end ones attenuate into a wedge-form 
base or winged stalk; involucels 3-leaved. 

Rocky hills, woods and river sides. June, July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branching 
at the top, rather slender, erect, hollow, smooth. Lower leaves on long petioles. 
Umbels about 2 inches broad, 10 to 15 rayed. Flowers numerous, orange-yellow. 
Fruit oval, brown, with prominent ribs. 

3. Z. INTEGERRIMA, DC 

Leaves all 2 to 3-ternately divided ; segments ovate or oblong, entire, obtuse,, 
smooth and glaucous ; involucels 1-leaved, very short. 

Rocky woods ; rare. May, June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branching above. Leaves 
all petiolate, pale beneath. Umbel with elongated filiform rays 1 to 3 inches long, 
with minute involucels. Flowers yellow. Fruit roundish, compressed laterally*, 
dark brown. 

10. CICUTA. Linn. Water Hemlock. 

(The ancient Latin name of Hemlock.) 

Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Petals obcordate, the points- 
inflected. Fruit roundish, a little contracted at the sides; 
carpels with 5 flattish strong ribs ; the lateral ones margined; 
interstice with single vittae. — Smooth marsh perennials, with 
hollow stems, thrice pinnately or ternately compound leaves, 
few-leaved involucre, many-leaved involucels, and perfect um- 
bels of white floioers. 

1. C. maculata, L. Water Hemlock. 

Lower leaves triternate and qpiinate; tipper ones biternate, segments oblong- 
lanceolate, coarsely serrate ; umbels terminal and axillary. 

Wet meadows: common. July, Aug. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, streaked with 
purple, smooth, jointed, glaucous, branched above. Petioles dilated at base into 
long abrupt clasping stipules. Leaflets 1 to 3 inches long, l /ito% wide, sometimes* 
lobed. pointed. Umbels numerous, 2 to 4 inches broad. Poisonous. 



UMBELLIFERiE. 137 



2. C. bulbifera, L. Bulbou? Hemlock. 

Leaves ternate and biternate; leaflets liaear, remotely toothed or cut-lobed; 
Tipper axils bearing bulbs; umbels terminal and axillary, small. 

Wet meadows and swamps; rare. Aug. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, round, smooth 
and slender, striate, green, branching. Involucels of 3 to 5 subulate leaves. Umbel- 
let* of small, close, white flowers. 

11. SIUM. Linn. Water Parsnip. 

Celtic siu, water; in allusion to its place of growth. 

Calyx with the margin 5-toothed or obsolete. Petals 
obcordate, with an inflexed point. Styles divergent, re- 
flexed. Fruit ovate or globular, fiattish or contracted at 
the sides; carpels with 5 rather obtuse ribs; interstice with 
several vittas. — Marsh or aquatic perennials, with grooved- 
angled stems ; simply pinnate leaves, lanceolate serrate leaflets 
(immersed ones cut into capillary divisions); several-leaved 
involucres, and perfect umbels of white flowers. 

1. S. LATIFOLIUM, L. Water Parsnip. 

Stem angular and sulcate; leaflets broadly lanceolate, pointed serrate, zeseile 
smooth, sometimes pinnatifid. 

Swamps. July — Sept. A tall plant found in ditches and swamps. Stem, 3 to 5 
feet high, smooth, hollow, aboxit 7-angled. Leaflets 7 to 11, 4 to 7 inches lonjr, 
1 to 2 broad, equally serrate. Petioles clasping the stem. Umbels long, with many- 
flowered rays. Flowers small, white. 

2. S. uneare, Miehx. Narrow-leaved Water Parsnip. 

Leaflets narrowly lanceolate or linear, finely and sharply serrate, acute ; calyx- 
Ueth obsolete. 

Swamps; more common than the last. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, 
smooth, about 7-angled. Leaflets 9 to 11, 2 to 4 inches long, % to % wide. Involu- 
cre of 5 or 6 linear bracts. Umbellets with numerous small white flowers. Fruit 
very strongly ribbed, crowned with the broad, yellowish stylopodium. 

12. CEYPTOT^NIA. DC. Honewort. 

Gr. kruptos, hidden, and tainia, a fillet, from the concealed vittae. 

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obovate, with an 
inflexed point. Fruit oblong, contracted at the sides; 
carpels equally 5-ribbed; vittce very slender, one in each 
interstice, and one under each rib. — A perennial smooth herb, 
with thin S-parted lobed and toothed leaves; no involucre, 
few-leaved involucels, compound umbels with very unequal 
rays, and white flowers. 

C Canadense, DC. Canadian Honewort 

Leaflet* rhomboid-ovate, distinct, entire ox 2 to 3-lobed, doubly ferrate, lateral 
•nee oblique at base. 

w* 



138 UMBELLIFER.E. 



Rich moist woods. June— Sept. Stem erect, 1 to 2 feet high, branched above. 
Leaflets 3, 2 to 3 inches long, 1 to 2 wide. Petioles clasping, 2 to 6 inches long. 
Ombels numerous, paniculate, the lower ones rising from the axils of the upper 
leavo*. Flowers small, white. Fruit oblong beaked with the persistent style. 

13. ARCHEMORA. DC. Cowbane. 

A fanciful name given by DeCandolle in allusion to Archemarus, who is said to 
have died from eating parsley. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Petals obcordate, inflexed. Fruit 
oval, with a broad winged margin; carpels with 5 sub-keeled 
equi-distant filiform ribs ; vittce one in each interstice, and 
4 to 6 on the inner face. — Smooth perennials, with rigid 
leaves, of 3 to 9 linear or lanceolate leaflets ; scarcely any 
involucre; involucels of numerous small leaflets, and white 
flowers. 

A. RIGIDA, DC. Rigid Cowbane. 

Stem rigid, striate, erect; leaves simply pinnate; leaflets 3 to 9, varying from 
lanceolate to ovate oblong, entire, or remotely toothed, in Tar. ambigca, linear, long 
and narrow. 

Swamps ; rare. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, slender. Leaflets 2 to 4 by 
}/& to % inches, varying in outline. Umbels 2 to 3, of many slender rays. Petals 
white. Fruit with sub-equal greenish ribs, and large purple vittce filling th& 
interr&ls. Poisonous. 

14. BUPLEURUM. Tourn. Thorough Wax. 

Gr. bous, an ox, pleuron, a rib; it is uncertain why so called. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals somewhat orbicular, 
entire, with a closely inflexed point. Fruit ovate-oblong, 
laterally flattened, or somewhat terminal; carpels 5-ribbed, 
with or without vittse. — Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with 
limple entire leaves; various involucres, and yellow flowers. 

B. rotundifolium, L. Modesty Thorough Wax. 

Leaves roundish-ovate, entire, perfoliate ; involucre none; involucels of 5, ovate, 
mucronate bracts. 

In cultivated grounds ; escaped from gardens. Annual. July, Aug. Stem 10 
*o 15 inches high, branching. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, % as wide, rounded at 
base, acute at apex, very smooth. Involucels longer than the umb3llets. Umbels 
& to 9-rayed. Fruit crowned with the wax-like shining base of the styles. Carpds 
mostly Without vittse. 

CULTIVATED FJTOTICS. 

15. CARUM. Linn. Caraway. 

From Caria, the native country of the plant 

Calyx-margin obsolete. Petals obovate, emarginate, 
the point inflexed. Styles dilated at base ; spreading. Fruit 



UMBELLIFER.E. 139 



oval, laterally compressed; carpels 5-ribbed, lateral ribs mar- 
gined; intervals with single vittas. — Herbs with dissected 
leaves, perfect umbels, various involucres, and white flowers. 

C. Carvi, L. Caraway. 

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched, smooth, striate. Leaves somewhat bipinnatiflcl, 
with numerous linear segments, lower ones large, on long petioles, with tumid, 
clasping sheaths. Umbels on long peduncles; involncrate bract when present 
linear-lanceolate. Native of Europe. Cultivated for its fine aromatic fruit. 

16. APIUM. Linn, 

Celtic apon, water ; the plants grow in watery situations. 

Calyx-margin obsolete. Petals roundish, with a small 
or narow inflexed point. Fruit roundish, laterally com- 
pressed; carpels 5-ribbed, the intenals with single vittae. — - 
European herbs, with pinnately dissected leaves; perfect umbch 
and white flowers. 

1. A. GRAVEOLENS, L. Celery. 

Lower leaves pinnately dissected, on very long petioles, segments broad wedge- 
shaped, incited ; upper leaves 3-partecl, segments wedge-shaped,- lobed and incisely 
dentate at apex. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branching, furrowed. Umbels with unequal 
spreading rays. Native of Britain. The stems t\ hen blanched are used as a sallad. 
June, Aug. 

2. A. PETROSELINUM, Willd. Parsley. 

Leaves decompound, segments of the lower ones wedge-ovate, terminal ones trifid, 
all incised; cauline segments lance-linear, sub-entire; involucels of 3 to 5 subulate 
bracts. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, branched. Leates smooth and shining. June. 
Hative of Sardinia and Greece. Esteemed as a pet herb. 

17. PIMPINELLA. Linn. Anise. 

Calyx-limb obsolete. Petals cbcordate, somewhat un- 
equal. Styles capillary as long rs fruit. Fruit ovate, 
ribbed, with convex intervals. — Eiropean perennial herbs, 
with pinnately many parted leaves, compound umbels without 
involucres, and white flowers. 

P. Anisum, L. Anise. 

Radical leaves incisely trifid ; those of the stem many-cleft, with narrow-linea? 
segments, smooth and shining. Umbels large, n any-rayed. Native of Egypt. A 
yfcil known aromatic carminative of the garden. 

18. FCENICULEM. Acans. Fennel. 

Lat. diminutive of fcenum, hay; from the resemblance of its odor. 

Calyx-margin obsolete. Petals revolute, with a broad, 



140 UMBELLIFER^. 



retuse apex. Fruit elliptic-oblong, laterally sub-compress- 
ed ; carpels with 5 obtuse ribs, those of the margin a little 
broader; intervals with single vittae. — Autumnal herbs, with 
biternately dissected leaves, no involucre or involueels, perfect 
umbels, and yellow flowers. 

F. vulgare, G-art. (Anethum, Willd.) Fennel. 

Leaves biternately dissected, segments linear subulate, elongated ; rays of th« 
nmbel numerous, unequal, spreading; carpels turgid, ovate oblong. Native of 
England. Cultivated in gardens. Stem 3 to 5 feet bigb, round and smooth, 
branched. Leaves large and smooth, finely cleft into numerous very narrow B*g- 
stents. Seed3 warmly aromatic. 

Sub-order II. CAMPYLOSPEKJVLE. 

Inner face of the seed hollowed out lengthwise, or the margins involute 

19. CILEKOPHYLLUM, Linn. 

©r. kairo, to gladden, and phullon, a leaf; alluding to the agreeable odor of the 
leaves. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate, emarginate, 
point inflexed. Fruit laterally compressed, linear or oblong; 
carpels with 5 obtuse equal ribs, inner face deeply furrowed 
lengthwise, intervals with single vittae. — Annual or biennial 
plants, with bi or tri-ternate leaves, incisely cleft or toothed 
segments, no involucre, many-leaved involueels, and mostly 
white flowers. 

C. procumbens, Lam. Wild Chervil 

Stems slender, spreading, somewhat hairy; segments of the leaves pinnatifid, 
vith obtuse oblong leaflets ; umbels diffuse, few-flowered, often simple. 

Moist shady places ; not common. May. Stems 1 to 2 feet long. Umbels quite 
Irregular, often with leaves in the place of the involucre. Flowers white. 

20. OSMORHIZA. Raf. Cicely. 

Or. osma, a ecent, and riza, a root; in allusion to the aromatic root. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals oblong, nearly entire, 
the sharp straight point inflexed. Fruit linear-oblong, 
angled, attenuated at base, contracted at the sides, crowned 
with the styles ; carpels with hisped angles and 5 acute ribs, 
inner face with a deep bristly channel; vittaz none. — Per en- 
nials, with thick aromatic roots, large 2 to S-ternately compound 
leaves, few-leaved involucre and involueels, and white flowers. 

1. 0. LONgistylis, DC Sweet Oicily. Sweet Myrrh. 

Leaflets sparingly pubescent or smooth when old, short pointed, cut-toothed, 
fpmeUmef lobed; styles elender, nearly as long as the ovary. 



UMBELLIFERjE. 141 



Rich moist woods; common. May, June. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branchings 
purplish, nearly smooth, striate. Leaves mostly hi-ternate, those of the root on 
long petioles; leaflets oblong ovate. Flowers white, much larger than in the next. 
Fruit blackish, one inch in length, crowned with the persistent styles. Root with.; 
the flavor of anise. 

2. 0. brevistylis, DC. Short-styled Cicily. 

Leaflets pinnatifid cut, acuminate, downy-hairy; styles conical, not longer than, 
the breadth of the ovary ; fruit somewhat tapering at the summit. 

Moist rocky shady places ; commoner than the last. May, June. Stem about 2 
feet high, branching, pale-green, at length smooth. Leaves bi-ternate; leaflets 
incised, often pinnatifid. Fruit similar to the last, but crowned with convergent 
styles. Boot nearly tasteless, said to be poisonous. 

21. CONIUM. Linn. Poison Hemlock. 

Konicon, the Greek name of the Hemlock by which criminals and philosophers 
were put to death at Athens. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obcordate, with an acute 
inflected point. Fruit ovate, flattened at the sides ; the car^ 
pels with 5 prominent waving ribs; inner face with a deep 
narrow groove; vittce none. — Biennial poisonous herbs, with 
large ob-compound leaves, 3 to b-leaved involucres and involu- 
eels, and lohite flower s~ 

C. maculatum, L. Poison Hemlock. 

Stem spotted; leaves tri-pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, pinnatifid; involucels shorter- 
than the umbellets ; fruit smooth. 

Waste places, naturalized along Chillisquaque ereek, Montour county. A large- 
branching herb, about 4 feet high, very smcoth. Stem much branched, rounds 
hollow, with purplish spots. Lower leaves Tery large, bright green, on long 
sheathing foot-stalks. Umbels tei-minal, the involucre with 5 to 8 lanceolate bracts^ 
the involucels with the inner half wanting. 1 lowers small, white. Whole plant 
highly poisonous; fetid when bruised. 

Sub-order III. CCELOSPERMA 

Seeds incurved at base and apex. 

22. EKIGENIA. Nutt, 

Greek erigeneia, a name of Aurora, the harbinger of day, or of the spring; oa 
account of its being the first conspicuous flowering plant in the U. S. Nutt. 

Calyx-teeth inconspicuous. Petals obovate or spatn- 
late, flat, entire. Fruit somewhat laterally compressed, 
reniform or termined with 5 very slender acute bristly ribs. — 
A smooth and slender perennial, with 2 to 3 ternately divided 
leaves, a somewhat leafy bracted compound umbel, with white 
flowers, 

E. bulbosa, Nutt. Bulbous Erigenia, 

Alluvial soil; Western part of the State. March, April. Root globose, tuberona 
Stem, simple, 4 to 5 inches high, 2-leaved. Leaves 3-parted; divisions eu.b-pi 
Umbels terminal, 3 to 5-flowered. Flowers white. 



142 ARALIACEE.E. 



23. CORIANDRUM. 

tJr. koris, a bug; on account of the smell of the leaves. 

Calyx with 5 conspicuous teeth. Petals obcordate, 
inflexed at the point; those of the outer flowers radiate, 
bifid. Fruit globose; carpels cohering, with 5 depressed 
primary ribs, and 4 secondary, more prominent ones ; seeds 
concave on the face. — Smooth annuals with bi-pinnate leaves; 
involucre one-leaved or none, involucels 3-leaved, unilateral, 
and white flowers. 

C. SATIVUM, L. Coriander. 

leaflets on the lower leaves broad, wedge-shaped, upper with linear ones ; carpels 
hemispherical. A well known plant, cultivated chiefly for its aromatic seeds. 
Native of Europe. Stem 2 feet high. Leaves much divided, strong scented. Uia- 
tels with only the partial involucre. Flowers white. July. 

Order 52. ARALIAGEE1E. 

Trees, herbs or shrubs, with the habit of the Umbelliferce, but with usually 5 to 10 
flat petals, 5 to 10 stamens, 2 to 5 styles, and the fruit 2 to 3-celled drupes. 

1. ARAM A. Linn. Spikenard. 

Calyx with the margin very short, 5-toothed. Petals, 
stamens and pistils 5. Fruit a berry-like drupe, 3 to 
5-celled, 5-seeded, crowned with the remains of the calyx 
and styles. — Low trees, shrubs or perennial herbs, with large 
2 to S-ternateli/ or pinnately compound leaves, and panicled 
umbels of greenish-white flowers. 

1. A. nudicaulis, L. Wild Sarsoparilla. 

Herbaceous, smooth ; stem very short : leaf solitary, decompound', leaflets oblong- 
ovate or oval, pointed, serrate, 5 on each division ; scape naked, bearing 3 umbels. 

Moist rocky woods: common. May, June. Fool large, flesh}' and aromatic, 
running underground several feet in length, from which" arises a single leaf-stalk 
end scape, without a proper stem. Scape about 1 feet high, with 3 simple umbels 
of greenish flowers. 

2. A. racemosa, L. Spilccnard. 

Herbaceous; stem widely branched, leafy; leaves decompound; leaflets heart- 
ovate, doubly serrate pointed, slightly downy; umbels small, very numerous. 

Rich rocky woods. June, July. Roots large, spicy, aromatic. Stem 2 to 5 feet 
high, dark green or reddish. The leaf-stalks are 3-parted, each division of which 
bears 3 or 5 large leaflets. Flowers greenish-white, in panicles 4 to 8 inches long. 

3. A. hispida, Michx. Bristly Sarsaparilla. 

Stem shrubby at base, hispid : leaves twice pinnate; leaflets oblong ovate, acute, 
cnt-serrate; umbels on long peduncles, axillary and terminal. 

Rocky places. June — Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, the lower part woody and 
ghickly beset with sharp stiff bristles, the upper part branching, herbaceous. 



ARALIACEE^. 143 



Leaflets numerous, long. Umbels numerous, simple, globose. Flowers greenish- 
white. Fruit blackish, nauseous to the taste. 

4. A. SPINOSA, L. Angelica Tree. 

Arborescent; stem and petioles prickly : leaves large, 2 to 3-pinnate; leaflets ovate, 
pointed, serrate, sessile, glaucous beneath; umbels in a branched panicle, nu- 
merous. 

Damp woods, Southern parts of the Stat?. Cultivated. July, Aug. A small 
tree S to 12 feet high, (sometimes 20 to 40,) the leaves crowded near the summit. 
Flowers white, in very large terminal panicles. The bark is said to be emetic and 
cathartic. 

2. PANAX. Linn.- Ginseng. 

Gr. pzn, an.l a^os, a medicine, i. e. d, panacea, or a universal remedy. 

Flowers polygamous. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals 
and stamens 5. Styles 2 to 3. Fruit a 2 to 3-lobed, 2 
to 3-celled, and 2 to3-seeded drupe, often fleshy. — Perennial 
herbs or shrubs, with palmately compound leaves, (in our spe- 
cies 3 stem leaves in a whorl,) and whitish flowers in a single 
simple umbel on, long peduncles. 

1. P. trifolium, L. Dwarf Ginseng. Ground-nut. 

%oat globular ; leaves 3-verticillate, 3 to 5-foliate; leaflets lanceolate-oblong, ser- 
rate, sub-sessile; styles 3: henries 3-seedcd. 

Low moist woods; common. May. A neat little plant i to 8 inches high with a 
tuber deep in the ground. S'.em smooth, slender, simple. Leaves 3. in a whorl at 
the summit, compound, with a central peduncle terminating in a little iimbel of 
pure white flowers. Barren and fertile flowers on different plants, the latter with- 
out s:amens succeeded by green berries. 

2. P. quinquefolium. L. Ginseng. 

Ry.t fusiform; leaves 3, verticillate, £-foIiate; leaflets oblcng-ovate,_ pointed, 
BEirate, long-petioled. the lateral ones smaller ; peduncles shorter than the petioles; 
styles 2; fruit flattened; seeds 2. 

Rich woods and mountain sides; not common. June, July. Foot spindle 

I, 3 to 6 inches long, often forked, aromatic. Stem round, smooth, about 1 

foot high, with a terminal whorl of 3 compound leaves, and a central peduncle 

bearing a single umbel of yellowish flowers. Berries light-scarlet. The root is 

highly esteemed by the Chinese and Tartars for its supposed medical properties, 

3. HEDERA. Linn. Ivy. 

Celtic hedra, a cord ; from the vine-like hatit. 

Calyx o-toothed. Petals 5, dilated at the base. Berry 
5-seeded ; surrounded by the permanent calyx. — European 
shrubby, climbing or erect plants, with simple evergreen leaves, 
and greenish flowers. 

H. helix, L. English Ivy. 

Stem and branches long and flexible, attached to tie earth trees or walls by its 
numerous radicating fibres; leaves dark green, smooth, with white veins, petiolate; 
lower ones 5-lobed, upper ovate, flowers in numerous umbels, forming a coryoxbjj 
berry black, with a mealy pulp. Native of Britain. Cultivated. 



144 CORNACEiE. 



Order 53. C0RK T A0E2E. 

Low trees, shrubs or rarely herbaceous plants, with simple mostly opposite and 
entire leaves. Cslyx sepals adherent to the ovary, with the limb minute, 4 or 
5-toothed or lobed. Petals 4 or 5 distinct, alternate with the teeth of the calyx. 
Stamens 4: style single; stigma capitate; ovary 1 to 2-celled, with a single ana- 
tiopous ovule suspended from the apex of each eeil, and fruit a gloBose 2-eelkd, 
and 2-seeded drupe. 

1. CORNUS. Tourn. 

Led. comic, a horn; on account of the hardness of the wood. 

Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Petals 4, oblong, spreading, 
sessile. Stamens 4. Style 1. Drupes berry-like, sepa- 
rate. — Trees, shrubs or perennial herbs, with mostly opposite 
entire leaves, and white or whitish /lowers in cymes, often 
involucrate. Bark hitter and tonic. 

* Flowers capitate, surrounded by a petal-like i-leaved white involucre ; fruit bright 
red. 

1. C. Canadensis, L. Dwarf Dogwood. 

Herbaceous ; stem low and simple ; lower leaves small, upper ones whorled, veiny, 
•on short petioles, ovate or oval, pointed ; leaves of the involucre ovate. 

Damp cold woods. May — July. A handsome little plant o to 7 inches high, 
arising from a slender creeping and subterranean rather woody rhizoma, with 
1 to 2 pairs of opposite leaves and a whorl of 4 to 6 at the summit, 2 of which 
are large, placed a little lower and opposite. Flowers greenish, surrounded with 
a large showy involucre of 4 white leaves, sometimes mistaken for a single flower. 

2. C. ELORIDA, L. Flowering Dogioood. 

Arborescent; leaves ovate, pointed, downy beneath when young; leaves of tha 
involucre inversely heart-shaped; flowers and fruit in aclose head. 

Rocky woods; common. May, June. A tree 15 to 20 feet high, very showy in 
flower. Flowers inconspicuous, greenish-yellow. Involucre very large and showy, 
obovate, veiny, white, ending in a callous point, which is turned \ip or down so 
abruptly as to give an emarginate appearance to the leaf. Berries red, very showy 

** Flowers in cymes : involucre none ; shrubs. 

"3. C. circinata, L'Her. Round-leaved Dogwood. 

Branches warty-dotted; leaves round-oval, abruptly pointed, white, downy 
beneath; cymes crowded, depressed ; drupe globose. 

Banks of streams. June, July. Shrub 6 to 10 feet high. Stem greyish, upright, 
with opposite, round, green, spotted or warty branches. Leaves large, 4 to 5 inches 
in diameter, opposite, somewhat acuminate. Flowers white. Ferries light-blue, 
hollowed at base, crowned with the remains of the style. 

4. C. sericea, L. Bed Osier. Silky Dogwood. 

Branches spreading ; leaves ovate, acuminate, silk-downy (often rusty) beneath; 
cymes flat, close; calyx-t eeth lanceolate ; drupe globose. 

Wet places, banks of streams; common. June. Shrub 4 to 10 feet high, with 
purplish bark, and opposite branches end red shoots. Leaves 2 to 4 inches lon& 
J^ as wide. Flmcers yellowish-white. Fruit pale-blue. 

5. C. paniculata, L'Her. Panided Dogwood. 

Branches erect, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oyal, acuminate, acute at baaaj 
yhitish beneath; cymes convex, loose, often panicled; fruit depressed-globose 



CAPRIFOLIACE.E. 145 



Thickets and hillsides. June. Shrub 4 to 8 feet high, very much branched, 
•with a yellowish bark. Leaves small, 1 to 2 inches long, x / 2 to % as wide. Flowers 
profuse, pure white, in small conical cymes. Drupessmall, white or bluish. 

6. C. STOLONIFERA, Michx. Bed- Osier Dogwood. 

Stem often with running shoots; brandies spreading, smooth; leaves ovate 
rounded at base ; abruptly acuminate ; cymes small, flat, rather crowded ; drupe 
globose. 

Bogs and wet banks of streams. May,- "June. A small tree 8 to 10 feet high, 
with smooth, slender, spreading branches, which are mostly red in winter. It 
multiplies by prostrate running suckers which send up red shoots forming large 
clumps 3 to 1 feet high. Leaves distinctly veined, minutely pubescent, and whitish 
beneath, petiolate. Flowers white, in small cymes. Drupe small or lead colored. 

7. C. ALTERNIFOLIA, L. Alternate-leaved Dogwood. 

Leaves alternate, oval, long-pointed, acute at the base, whitish and minutely 
pubescent underneath ; drupes globose. 

Hillsides and moist shady woods. June. A small tree or shrub 8 to 20 feet 
high, with spreading one-sided branches forming a depressed summit. Bark 
greenish, marked with warty streaks. Flowers in broad open cymes, pale buff- 
color. Fruit dark-blue. 

DIVISION II. 

MONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the 
latter composed of petals more or less united (monopetalous.) 

Order 54. €APRIF0LIAGES— Eoney-suclde Plants. 

Shrubs or rarely herbs, often twining, with opposite leaves, no stipules, the calyx 
tube coherent with the 2 to 5-celled ovary. Corolla tubular or rotate, regular or 
irregular. Stamens as many, or one less than as many, as the lobes of the corolla, 
and inserted on its tube. Styles 1; stigma 1 to 4. Fruit a berry, drupe, or 
capsule. 

Tribe 1. LONICEKELE. 

Corolla tubular, often irregularly cleft; style slender; stigma capitate. 

1. LONICERA. Linn. 

In honor of Lonicer, a German botanist of the 16th century. 

Calyx 5-toothed; teeth very short. Corolla tubular or 
funnel-form, often swelled at the base, irregularly or nearly 
regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary 2 to 3-celled. Stig- 
ma capitate. Berry several seeded.-— Climbing or erect 
shrubs, with opposite and often connate entire leaves, and often 
showy, fragrant flowers. 

* Caprifolium. Stem climbing; flowers m sessile whorled clusters from the axUs 
i>f the leaves. 

X 



146 CAPEIFOLIACEiE. 



1. L. semper virens, Ait. Trumpet Honey-suckle. 

Leaves oblong evergreen, pale beneath, the lower petioled, the uppermost pairs 
united a ound the stem; flowers in nearly raked spikes or distant whorls. 

Borders of swamps; common in cultivation. May — Oct. A beautiful climber 
blooming all summer. Stem 6 to 20 feet long, woody, twining with the sun. 
Leaves deciduous at the north. Corolla trumpet-shaped, nearly 2 inches long, 
dilated at the mouth, with 5 short, nearly regular segments, of a rich scarlet with- 
out and yellow within. A variety has pale yellow blossoms. Berries scarlet. 

2. L. GRATA, Ait. American Woodbine. 

Leaves obovate, smooth, glaucous beneath, the upper pairs united ; flowers in 
eessile, terminal and axillary whorls; corolla ringent, tube long, slender, not 
Bwelled. 

Rocky woodlands. May, June. A beautif ul climber with very obtuse leaves, 
ending in an abrupt point, opposite or in whorls of & Flowers large and very 
fragrant, 5 or 6 in each whorl. Corolla white, within a purple, fading yellowish. 
Berries red. Cultivated. 

3. L. parviflora, Lam. Small-flowered Honey-suckle. 

Leaves smooth, elliptical or oblong, shining above, glaucous beneath, the upper 
pairs united, all closely sessile ; flowers in heads of several approximate whorls ; 
corolla ringent; tube short, swelled at the base; filaments bearded. 

Rocky banks ; common. May, June. A low branching species. Leaves thickish, 
wavy and revolute on the margin, very glaucous beneath. Flowers small, yellow, 
tinged with dull red. Stamens and styles exserted. Berries orange-colored. 

4. L. Periclymenum, Tourn. Woodbine Honeysuckle. 

Leaves elliptical, on short petioles, deciduous. Flowers in ovate imbricated 
terminal heads; corolla ringent, yellow and red, fragrant. Berries red. May- 
July. A woody climber, native of Europe. Cultivated. 

5. L. Caprifolium, L. Italian Honey-suckle. 

Leaves deciduous, the upper pair united. Flowers in a terminal verticel, yellow, 
red and white. Much admired for its beauty and fragrance. Native of Europe. 
June — Aug. Cultivated. 

* * Xtlosteum, Juss. Stem erect; leaves distinct; peduncles axillary, single, 
%J)racted and %flower&d at the summit. 

6. L. ciliata, Muhl. Fly Honey-suckle. 

Leaves oblong-ovate, often cordate, distinctly petioled, thin, downy beneath; 
peduncles shorter than the leaves; bracts minute; corolla funnel-form, swelled at 
the base. 

Rocky woods, Northern parts of the State. May, June. A branching erect shrub 
3 to 4 feet high. Flowers pale straw-yellow, in pairs, at the top of the peduncle, 
with an obtuse spur turned outwards at the base. Berries ovoid, red, in pairs. 

"7. L. Tartarica, L. Tartartan Honey-suckle. 

Stems erect, much branched ; leaves ovate, cordate, obtuse, shining and dark- 
green above, pale beneath, entire, on short petioles ; peduncles axillary, solitary, 
2-rlowered; segments of the corolla oblong, obtuse, equal. An elegant shrub 
much admired in cultivation. Native of Russia and Tartary. Stems 4 to 8 feet 
high, forming large clumps. Leaves 1 to 2 by % to 1% inches, coriacious, Flowers 
small, pale-purple, varying to pure white, very fragrant. May — June, 

2. DIERYILLA, Tourn. Bush Honey-suckle, 

In honor of M. DierviUe, who sent this species from Canada to Tournefort. 

Oalyx-tube tapering at the summit ; the lobes slender, 



CAPRIFOLIACE^l. 147 



awl-shaped, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, nearly 
regular. Stamens 5. Capsule oblong, acute, 2-celled, 
2 -valued, scptieidal, many-seeded. — Low upright shrubs, with 
opposite, ovate, serrate pointed leaves, and yellowish flowers 
in cymosely-several-foicered peduncles. 

D. TRIFIDA, Moench. Mush Honeysuckle. 

Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, petioled ; peduncles mostly 3-flowered ; capsute 
long-beaked. 

Rocky -woods and banks of streams. May — July. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, 
branching. Leaves 2 to 4 by 1 to V/ 2 inches, finely serrate, long-pointed. Flowert 
greenish-yellow. Siyle much exserted. Stigma capitate. 

3. TRIOSTEUM. Linn. 

Gr. treis, three, and ost:on, a bone; alluding to th-jthree bony seeds. 

Calyx-lobes 5, linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. 
Corolla tubular, swelled at the base, somewhat equally 5 
lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens 5, included. 
Stigma capitate, lobed. Fruit a drupe, mostly 3-celled, 
crowned with the calyx, containing 3 angled and ribbed, 
bony nuts. — Coarse hairy perennial herbs, icith the stem 
leafy to the top, and the ample entire pointed leaves tapering 
to the base, but connate around the stem. 

1. T. plrfoliatum, L. Fevencort. 

Softly hairy; leaves oval or fpaiuk.te-ovate, cenminate, entire, abruptly nar- 
rowed at the base, crenate, downy beneath; flowers sessile, 1 to 3 in the axils of 
the leaves. 

Rich woodlands. June. Stem 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves 6 by 3 inches. Fruit a 
rather dry drupe, orange-colored. The root is large and flesby, and in some reput* 
in medicine. 

2. T. angustieolium, L. Narrow-leaved Feverwort. 

Bristly hairy ; leaves lanceolate, tapering to the base; flowers mostly solitary in 
the axils, sessile or pedunculate. 

Shady places, along fences. May, June. Stem 1 to 2 feet bigh. Flowers greer*- 
kh-sream-color, mostly singly clustered in the axils of the leaves. 

4. SYMPHORICAEPUS. Dill. 

Gr. symphoreo, to bear together, and carpus, fruit; from the clustered berries.. 

Calyx-tube 4 to 5-toothed ; persistent; teeth small. Co- 
kolla bell-shaped, nearly regularly 4 to 5-lobed. Stamens 
4 to 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla. Ovary 
4-celled, only 2 of the ceils with a fertile ovule; the berry 
therefore 4-celled and 2-seecled. Seeds long. — Low and 
branching upright shrubs, with oval shortly petioled leaves,, 
and small white flowers tinged with rose-color % in close shor$ 
spikes or clusters,. 



148 CAPRIEOLIACE.E. 



1. S. VULGARIS, Michx. Indian Currant Coral-berry. 

Leaves round-oval; flowers in small spikes or clusters in the axils of nearly all 
the leaves ; corolla sparingly bearded. 

Banks of streams. July. Stem- 2 to 3 feet high, with numerous purplish 
branches. Corolla greenish-red, companulate, lobes nearly smooth ; stamens and 
bearded style included. Berries small, purplish. 

2. S.. racemosus, Michx. Snow-berry. 

Leaves oval or oblong, the margin often wavy, nearly or quite smooth, paler 
beneath, on short petioles ; flowers in a terminal loose and somewhat leafy inter- 
rupted spike. 

Cultivated ; native from Lake Champlain to Wisconsin. June, Sept. Stem 2 to 
4 feet high. Corolla rose-color, the throat filled with hairs. Berries large, round 
or ovoid, of a snowy white, remaining till winter, very ornamental. 

5. LINNiEA, Gron. 

In honor of Linnozus, the most profound of naturalists, ancient or modern, with- 
whom this charming little plant was an especial favorite. 

Calyx-teeth 5^ awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla nar- 
row, bell-shaped, nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, 2 of 
them shorter, inserted near the base of the corolla. Ovary 
3-celled, 1-ovuled, (2 cells abortive,) forming a 1-seeded dry 
berry. — A slender creeping and trailing evergreen, with 
round-oval leaves and delicate nodding flowers r widely dis- 
seminated through the northern temperate zone. 

L. BOREALIS, Gron. Twin-flower. 

Stem slender, creeping and trailing; leaves round-oval, sparingly crenate, con- 
tracted at the base into short petioles; peduncles filiform, forking into 2 pedicels 
at the top, each bearing one flower. 

Moist mossy woods ; common northward. June. Stem s long, filiform, brownish, 
rooting and branching their whole length, and covering the ground in large 
patches. Leaves small, opposite, with obtuse lobes or teeth and scattered hairs. 
Flowers nodding, delicate and fragrant, rose- colored. 

Tribe 2. SAMBUCE^E. The Elder Tribe. 

Corolla regular, rotate; stigmas 3 to 5, nearly sessile. 

6. SAMBUCUS. Tourn. Elder. 

dr. sambuca,. an ancient musical instrument, supposed to have been made or 
Elder-wood. 

Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla urn-shaped, with a 
broadly spreading 5-cleft limb. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3,. 
obtuse, small, sessile. Fruit a berry-like juicy drupe, con- 
taining 3 seeds. — Shrubby plants, ivith pinnate leaves, serrate- 
pointed leaflets, and numerous small white flowers in com- 
pound cymes.. 



CAPRIFOLIACB'iE. 149 



1. S. Canadensis, L.. Common Elder. 

Steins scarcely woady; leaflets 1 to 11 ,, oblong,, smooth, the lower often 3-parted; 
cymes flat, 5-parted. 

Thickets and waste grounds; common. May, June. Stein, 5 to 10 feet high, 
filled with a light porous pith, especially when young. Flowers numerous, in 
very large (1 foot broad) level-topped cymes, white, rather fragrant. Berries dark 
purple or black. 

2. S. FUBENS, Miehx. Red-berried Elder.. 

Stems woody ; leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-laneeolate, downy beneath; cymes panicled r 
sonvex-pyramidal. 

Rocky woods. June, July. Stem 6 to 8, sometimes 15 feet high, warty, often 
round-topped and tree-like. Leaves simple and unequally pinnate. Flowers in a 
close ovoid thyrse or panicle. Corolla white. Berries small, scarlet. 

7. VIBURNUM. Linn, 

Calyx 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla rotate, spreading,, 
deeply 5-toothed. Stamens 5, equal. Stigmas 3, sessile. 
Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded drupe with thin pulp and a hard 
flattened stone. — Shrubs or small trees, with petioled leaves \ 
and white flowers in fiat compound cymes. 

* 1. Lentago, DC. Flowers all alike- and perfect; fruit Hue or black when ripe r 
glaucous. 

Leaves serrate or toothed, entire, 

1. V. prunieolium, L. Black Haw. 

Branches spreading, smoGth; leaves broadly oval, obtuse at both ends, finely and 
sharply serrate, shining above, smooth; petioles naked; cymes sessile; fruit ovoid- 
©blong. 

"Woods; common,. May. A shrub or small tree 10 to 20 feet high, with spread- 
ins;, sometimes stinted branches. Leaves about 2 inches long, V/ 2 wide, on short, 
slightly margined petioles. Cymes large, terminal, sessile. Flowers white. Fruit. 
dark-blue or blackish, sweet and eatable. 

2. V. nudum, L. Withe Rod. Swamp Haw. 

Leaves thickish, oval, oblong or lanceolate,, revolute at the edge, suS-crenate; 
cyme short peduncled: fruit round-ovoid. 

Cold swamps; common. May, June. A handsome shrub 6 to 10 feet high. 
Leaves 3 to 4 inches long, punctate-dotted beneath like the short petioles and 
cymes, with small brownish scales, smooth above, the margin more or less rolled. 
Flowers numerous, white. Berries dark blue, covered with a glaucous bloom, 
eatable. 

3. V. Lentago, L. Sweet Viburnum. 

Leaves ovate, acuminate, acutely and sharply serrate ; petioles with wavy mar- 
gins; cymes terminal, sessile; fruit oval. 

Rocky woods. May, June. A small handsome tree 10 to 20 feet high. Leaves 
smooth, long-acuminate, 3 inches long, % as wide, on-lcng wavy margined petioles. 
Petioles midribs and branches of the -cyme sprinkled with rusty glands when 
young. Flowers white, in broad spreading cymes. Berries % inch, long, blue- 
black when ripe. 

4. Y. dentatum, L. Arrow-wood, 

Smooth; leaves broadly-ovate, coarsely and sharply-toothed, sub-plicate ; petioles 
•lender; cymes peduncled; fruit ovoid-globose.. 

X* 



150 RUBIACEJ3. 



Damp grounds, rather common. June. Shrub 8 to 12 feet high, with long, 
straight, slender branches when young, and ash-colored bark. Leaves on slender 
petioles, roundish, 2 to 3 inches in diameter, strongly straight-veined, and often 
with hairy tufts in the axils of the veins beneath. Flowers white, in large expand- 
ing cymes. Fruit small, dark-blue. 

5. V. pubescens, Pursh. Downy, Arrow-wood. 

Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or pointed,_rarely toothed, sub-plicate; cymes 
peduncled ; fruit ovoid. 

Dry rocky places; rare. June. SJirub about 2 to 6 feet high, somewhat strag- 
gling. Leaves 2 inches long, strongly straight-veined, each with a pair of short, 
hairy, stipular appendages at the base of the short petiole. The lower surface and 
petioles velvety-downy. Cymes small, few-flowered. Flowers whits. 

Leaves lobed or incised. 

6. V. ACERIFOLIUM, L. Maple-leaved Arrow-wood. 

Leaves 3-lobed, cordate at the base, coarsely and unequally toothed ; cymes on 
long peduncles, many-flowered ; fruit oval. 

Rocky hillsides. June. A shrub 4 to 8 feet high, with yellowish-green bark. 
Leaves broad, heart-shaped, or rounded at the base; lobes acuminate, with sharp 
serratures; veins and stalks hairy; under surface and young stalks downy. 
Flowers white, with a slight tinge of red ; filaments long. Fruit nearly black. 

* * Opulus, Tourn. Marginal fewer s of the cymes destitute of stamens and 
with large showy corollas. 

7. V. lantanoideSj Miclix. Robbie-bush. 

Leaves round ovate, abruptly pointed, closely serrate; cymes closely sessile, 
broad and fiat; fruit ovoid. 

Rocky woods, near streams. May. A straggling shrub 4 to 8 feet high, the 
decumbent branches often taking root. Leaves heart-shaped at the base, many- 
yemed, tbe veins, veinleis, stalks and branchlets very scurfy with rusty colored 
fcufta of minute down. Floivers white, the sterile ones very large. Fruit red, 
when ripe, black. 

8. V. OruLUS, L. Cranberry-tree. 

Leaves 3-lobed, wedge-shaped or truncate at the base, 3-nerved ; lobes spreading^ 
pointed, toothed on the sides, entire in the sinuses; petioles glandular; cymes ped un- 
cled, radient ; fruit ovoid. 

Woods; rare. June. A handsome shrub 8 to 12 feet high, with spreading 
branches. Leaves with large remote teeth, the stalks with 2 or more glands at the 
base, channelled above. Flwers white, the central fertile, those of the border 
large, barren. Fruit red, very acid, resembling the common cranberry in flavor, 
and is sometimes substituted for it. 

Var. b. koseim, L. Guelder Fose. Snow-ball. Leaves rather acute at base, longer 
than broad, lobes acuminate, with long pointed teeth; petioles glandular; fioucrs 
all sterile in globose cymes. This is a well known European variety, cultivated 
fpt its large, dense spherical clusters of snow-white flowers, which are all barren. 

Order 55. RUBIACEIE.— Madder Family. 

• 

Shrubs or herbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by interposed stipules, or- 
rarely whorled without apparent stipules. Calyx usually coherent with' the 2 (rarely 
3 to 4>celled ovary, or in one group, free. Stamens as many as the lobes of tho 
regular corolla, and inserted on its tube. Ovaby 2-celled. Style mostly simple; 
stigmas 2. Fecit various. 



RUBIACEJ2. 151 



Sub-order I. STELLATiE. The true Madder Family. 

Leaves whorled, ivilJino apparent stipules; ovary 2-celled, entirely coherent with 
the calyx-tube. Herbs. 

I. G-ALIUM. Linn. Cleavers: 

Gr. gala, milk, which some species are used to curdle. 

Calyx minute, 4-toothed. Corolla 4-parted, rotate-. 
Stamens 4,. sliort. Styles 2. Fruit twin, globular, sepa- 
rating when ripe into the 1 seed-like indehiscent, 1-seeded 
carpels. — Slender Jierhs, icith ^-angled stems, verticellate 
leaves, and small cy mo se flowers. 

* Annual: leaves about 8, in a whorl ';■ peduncles few-flowered'. 

1. Gr. Aparine, L. Cleavers. Goose-grass. 

Stem weak, procumbent, retrorsely prickly, hairy at the joints; leaves in whorls 
of Gs, 7s or 8?, linear-oblanceolate, mucronate; peduncles axillary, 1 to 2-flowered; 
fruit bristly, with hooked prickles. 

Moist thickets. June. Stems 2 to 6 feet long, leaning on other plants and closely 
adhering to obi cts in their way by their hooked prickles. Leaves 1 to 2 inches 
long, Js£ wide, rough on the margins raid midribs. Flowers numerous; small, 
white. Fruit rather large, aimed with hooked prickles. The root is sometimes 
used to live red. Medicinal. 

* : ' Pi renfiiaZ: leaves 4 to 6, and sometimes 8 in a whorl; peduncles axillorj and 
terminal, few flowered; fruit smooth. 

2. Gr. asprellum, Michx. Bough Bsdstraw. 

Stem diffuse, weak, much branched, rough backwards; leaves in 6s, 5s or 4fe, 
lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate : peduncles many, short, 2 to 3 times forked. 

Low thickets: common. July. Stem weak, 2 to 5 feet long, reclining on other 
plants, and closely adhering to tbem by their minute retrorse prickles. Leaves % 
to % inches long, % as wide. Flowers numereus, small, white. Fruit mifcute,, 
smooth. 

3. G. trifidum, L. Small Bedstraic. Dyer's Cleavers. 

Stem decumbent, very branching* roughish with retrorse prickles; leaves in whor.'s 
of 4 to 6, linear or oblanccolate, obtuse ; the margins and midribs rough; peduncles 
1 to 3-flbwered; pedicels slender: corollq-lobes and stamens often 3. 

Var. 1. tixctoiuoi; stem stouter with nearly smooth angles, and the parts of tho 
flowers usually in fours. 

Var. 2. iatifolium; item smooth, widely branched; leaves elliptical or oblong, 
quite rough on the midribs and margins. 

Swamps and low grounds; common and very variable; June — Aug. Leaves % 
to ]/ 2 inch long, % as wide, often wedge-shaped at the base. Peduncles mostly in 
3, axillary. Fl&wers small, white. 

4. Gr. TRIFLORUM, Michx. Sweet-scented Bedstraio. 

Stem weak, often procumbent, bristly on the angles, turned backwards; leaves 
in 5s and Cs. elliptical-lanceolate, acuminate-cuspidate ; peduncles 3-flowered ; floioers 
all pedicclled; fruit his red, with hooked hairs. 

Kicb. woodlands; common. July. Stem 1 to 4 feet long, slightly branched. 
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % cs broad, 1 -veined, scarcely ciliate on the margin.. 
Flowers small, greenish-white; lobes of the corolla pointed. Fruit whitish. 

*■* * Fedunole several-flowered ;. petals pointed ; fruit densely \lwol<ed > prickly. 



152 RUBIACEiE. 



5. Gr. pilosum, Ait. Hairy Bedstraw. 

Stem ascending, somewhat simple, hairy ; leaves in 4s, oval, clotted, hairy, indis- 
tinctly 3-veined ; peduncles several 1 times forked, each division 2 to 3-flowered, the 
flowers all pedicelled. 

Dry woods; rare. June — Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high acutely 4-angled, with a 
few short spreading branches. Leaves % to 1 inch long, % as wide, very hairy. 
Mowers purplish. 

6. Gr. circ^ezans, Miehx. Wild Liquorice. 

Stem smooth or downy, erect or ascending ; leaves in 4s, oval, mostly obtuse} 
3-nerved, ciliate; peduncles lateral and terminal, diverging, few-flowered. 

Var. 1. lanceolatum, Torr. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering to 
the point, slightly ciliate. 

Yar. 2. montanum, Torr. & Gr.. Dwarf; leaves obovate, nearly smooth. 

Rich woods. July, Aug. Stem afcout 1 foot high, simple,, or with a few short 
branches near the top.. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide. Peduncles usually 
once forked, the branches elongated and widely diverging in fruit, and bearing 
several ovate flowers on very short lateral pedicels. Flowers purple. Fruit clothed 
with dense white bristles resembling Circaea. The leaves and root have a sweet 
taste like the liquorice. 

*** * Peduncles many-flowered, in close terminal panicle?.. 

7. Gr. BORE ALE, L, Northern Galium. 

Stem upright, smooth ; leaves in 4s, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, smooth ; flowers 
in a terminal, pyramidal panicle; fruit minutely bristly. 

Rocky shady places, and fence-rows. June — Aug. Stems 12 to 18 inches hlgh n 
branched above. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide, tapering to an obtuse point,. 
Flowers numerous, small, white, in an elongated panicle, making rather a hand- 
some appearance. Fruit small. 

Sub-order II. CINCHONEJE. The Cinchona Family. 

Leaves opposite with stipules between tJiem; ovary coherent with the calyx-tube, or il\& 
apex rarely free. 

' 2. CEPHALANTHUS. Linn, Button-bush. 

Gr. kephale, a head, and ardhos, a flower. 

Calyx small, angular,. inversely pyramidal, 4-cleft. Co- 
rolla tubular, slender, 4-toothed. Style filiform, much 
exserted ; stigma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, 2 to 4-celled,. 
2-seeded, mostly 2-parted. — Shrubs with opposite leaves, short 
stipules, and white flowers densely aggregated in globose heads. 

1. C. OCCTDENTALIS, L. Button-bush. Pond Dogwood.. 

Mostly smooth ; leaves opposite, or in 3s, petioled, ovate-oblong, pointed, with 
short intervening stipules ; peduncles long. 

Borders of ponds and streams, forming thickets; common. July, Aug. Stem. 
A to 6 feet high, branched. Leaves spreading, entire, 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 3 
wide. Heads of flowers about 1 inch in diameter. Corolla white, tubular, with,. 
long projecting styles. Flowers inserted on all sides of the round receptacle. 

3. MITCHELLA. Linn. Partridge-berry. 

In honor of Br. John Mitchell, a botanist of Virginia. 

Flowers in pairs ; with their ovaries united. Calyx. 



RUBIACEiE. 15$: 



4-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 4-lobed, the lobes spread- 
ing, densely bearded inside. Stamens 4. Styles slender;: 
stigmas 4. Fruit a berry-like double drupe, crowned with 
the calyx-teeth of the two flowers, each containing 4 small 
seed-like bony nutlets. — Smooth and trailing evergreen 
herbs, with rose-color floivers, and bright scarlet edible berries 
remaining over winter. 

1. M. repens, L. Partridge-berry. 

Stem creeping; leaves roundish-ovate, often slightly cordate, petiolate; pedun- 
dies 2-flowered. 

Woods; common. June, July. A handsome trailer. Leaves dark-green and 
shining, usually variegated with -whitish lines. Flowers fragrant. Berries re^ 
markable for their double structure, well flavored, but full of stony seeds. 

4. HEDYOTIS. Linn. 

Gr. ftedos, sweet, and ous, otos, an ear, of no obvious application. 

Calyx 4-lobed, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, salver- 
form, or wheel-shaped, the limb 4-parted. Stamens 4» 
Stigmas 2. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. — Serbs, rarely 
shrubs, with opposite leaves and stipules connate with the petiole. 

* Amphiotis, DC. Corolla funnel-shaped, longer than the calyx-teeth ; flowers ir* 
terminal racemes; perennials. 

1. H. purpurea, Torr. & Gray. Purple Hedyotis. 

Pubescent; leaves ovate or lanceolate, 3 to 5-veined, closely sessile; calyx-lobes 
longer than the capsule, lance-linear ; cymes 3 to 7-flowered, often clustered. 

Woods and river banks. May — July. Stems ascending,. 8 to 15 inches high, 
clustered, branching, 4-angled. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide. Flowers- 
3 to 7 in a cluster, pink-purple, or nearly white. 

2. H. longifolia, Hook. Long-leaved Hedyotis. 

Smooth ;. radical leaves oval-elliptic, narrowed to each end ; stem leaves linear or 
lance-linear, 1-veined; flowers in small paniculate cymes; calyx-lobes scarcely as 
long as the capsule. 

Dry hills and shady banks. June. Stems somewhat tufted, 5 to 10 inches high, 
4-angled. Leaves 1 to V/ 2 inches long, J^ as wide, sessile on the stem. Flowers- 
2 or 3 together, on very short pedicels, pale purple, with deeper colored lines in: 
the throat. 

* * Houstonia, Linn. Corolla nearly salver-form, with a long tube, limb smooth; 
peduncles 1-flowerzd. 

3. H. c^erulia, Hook. Innocence. Venus' Pride. 

Smooth ; stems erect, numerous, dichtomous ; radical leaves ovate-spatulate, petio- 
late; pedicels filiform, 1 to 2-flowered. 

Moist banks; common. May— Aug. An elegant little plant 3 to 5 inches high,, 
producing in spring a profusion of handsome bright blue flowers, with a yellow 
eye. The stem leaves are small, opposite, lance-ovate.. 

Sub-order III. LOGANEJE". 

Leaves opposite, with stipules between them, united with the petioles; ovary free from, 
the calyx.. 



154 YALERIAXACE^S AND DIPSACE^. 

5. SPIGELIA. Linn. Pink-root. 

In honor of Prof. SpigeUus, -who -wrote on botany at the beginning of the 17th 
century. 

Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the lobes slender. Corolla 
tubular-funnel-forin, 5-lobed at the summit. Stamens 5. 
Style slender, hairy above. Capsule short, twin, 2-eelled, 
separating at maturity into 2 carpels, few-seeded. — Chiefly 
herbs, with opposite leaves, united by means of stipules, and 
showy floicers in spikes or 1-sided cymes. 

S. Marilandica, L.. Pink-root. Worm-grass. 

Erect, simple, nearly smooth; stem square; leaves sessile, oral-lanceolate, acute 
or pointed, roughish, hairy on tbe margin and ribs; spike 3-fiowered. 

Rich woods; rare. June. A beautiful herb with dark green foliage and scarlet 
flowers. Stem 1 foot high. Leaves o to 4 incbes long, ]A as wide, entire. Flowers 
Vy: 2 to 2 inches long, somewhat clavate, scarlet without, yellow within. Style 
exserted. 

Order 56. ¥ALERIANACEJS. 

Serbs with opposite leaves and no stipules; the calyx-tube coherent with the ovary. 
Corolla tubular or funnel-form 4 to 5-lobed, sometimes spurred at the base. 
Stamens 1 to 5. Style slender; stigmas 1 to 3. Fruit indehiscent with 1 fertile 
cell and 2 empty ones. Sseds suspended, anatropous, with a large embryo and no 
albumen. 

FEDIA. Gaert. Corn-salad. 

Calyx with the limb 3 to 6-toothed and persistent or 
obsolete. Corolla tubular, 5-lobed, regular. Stamens 3. 
Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells empty and sometimes con- 
fluent into one, the other l-.seeded.r-- Annuals and biennials, 
with forking stems, opposite sessile leaves, and white or whitish 
cluster ed-cymose sm all flowers. 

F. olitoria, Vahl. Lamb Lettuce. 

Leavrs sj atulate, obtuse; radical kov.es retiolate; /rw# compound, oblique at 
length, broader than long, the cross section elliptical, with a corky or spongy mags 
at the back of tbe fertile cell. 

Fields; naturalized. June. Stem smooth, 4 to 10 inches high, forked. Leaves 
mostly entire. Flowers in dense corymbs, white. 

Order 57. DIFSACE2E,— Teasel Family. 

Herbs with opposite or whorled leaves, no stipules, flowers in dense heads, vpon a 
common receptacle, surrounded with a many-leaved involucre. Calyx adherent, often 
pappus-like. Corolla tubular, somewhat irregular, the limb 4 — 5 parted. Stam- 
ens 4, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Style 1, simple. Fruit dry, inde- 
hiscent, with a single suspended seed. 



COMPOSITE. 155 



1. DIPSACUS. Tourn. Teasel. 

Gr. dipsao, to thirst, alluding to the water held in the axils of the leaves. 

Flowers in heads. Involucre many-leaved, longer than 
the chaffy, leafy-tipped, pointed bracts among the capitate 
flowers. Calyx superior. Corolla tubular, 4-cleft, nearly 
regular. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla. Fruit 
1-seedecl, crowned with the calyx. — Stout and coarse bienni- 
als, hairy and p rich 7 y, with opposite, connate (sometimes dis- 
tinct) leaves, and bluish or whitish flowers in large oblong 
heads. 

1. B. sylvestris, Mill. Wild Teasel 

Leaves lance-oblong, toothed, or the uppermost entire, connate ; leaves of the in- 
volucre slender, longer than the head of flowers. 

Naturalized by hedges and roadsides. Aug. Native of Europe. Stem 3 to 4 feet 
high, angled and prickly with the opposite and lanceolate leaves united around it. 
Bracts (chaff) tapering into a long flexible awn with a straight point. Flowers 
bluish, in a large oval or cylindrical head. 

2. D. fullonum, L. Fuller's Teasel 

Leaves connate, entire or serrate; heads of flowers cylindrical: bracts hooked, 
involucre spreading. A cultivated European plant, used by the clothiers who em. 
ploy the heads with tha hard, hooked scales to raise the nap upon woolen cloth, 
Stem erect, farrowed, prickly, hollow, about 5 feet high. Leaves 2 at each node- 
united at their bases around in such a way as to hold a quantity of water. Flow 
ers whitish, in large oval or ovoid heads. July. 

2. SCAEIOSA. Linn. 

Lat. scabies, leprosy; said to be useful in cutaneous diseases. 

Calyx 5-parted divisions long, bristly, sometimes partial- 
ly abortive. Involucre many-leaved. Involucel nearly 
cylindrical with 8 little excavations. — Biennial and perennial 
mostly European herbs, with opposite leaves and showy flowers 
in heads. 

1. S. succisa, L. Devils -bit. 

Root premorse ; stem leaves remotely toothed; heads of flowers nearly globose ; 
corol'.a in 4 equal segments. Caltivatsd in gardens. Stem 1 foot high. Corolla 
pale violet. Sept. 

2. S. atropurpurea, L. Mourning Bride. 

Leaves pinnatifid and incised; heads of floioers radiant; receptacle cylindrical; 
outer crown of the seed short, lobsd and crenate. A handsome species, 2 to 4 feet 
high, with dense heads of dark purple, pink, and whitish flowers. Sept. 

Order 58. COMPOSITE!. 

An immense family, chiefly herbs in temperate regions, without stipuUs with perfect, 
polygamous, monweious or dioecious flowers. Flowers in close heads (the compound 



156 COMPOSITE. 



flower of the older botanists) upon a common receptacle, surrounded by an involu- 
cre. Calyx closely adherent to the ovary, the limb wanting or membranaceous and 
divided into bristles, hairs, &c, called pappus. Corolla superior, consisting of 5 
united petals either ligulate (strap-shaped) or tubular. Stamens 5, inserted on the 
corolla, their anthers united in a tube (syngenesioios). Style 2-cleft at the apex. 
Fruit seed-like (achenium.) dry, containing a single, erect anatropous seed, with no 
albumen. 

Sub-order I. TUBULIFLOR^. 

Corolla of the perfect or disk flowers tubular, regular, the limbs b-cleft, or lobed; 
theligulate or ray-flowers, when present, either pistillate only or neutral {with neither 
stamens nor pistils), and occupying the bm-der. 

Tribe I. YERNONIACEiE. 

Heads discoid (without ray flowers); the flowers all alike, perfect, tubular; 
'branches of the style slender end thread form, or bristtefcrm, acute, hairy all over, 
the stigmatic lines only on the lower part, (corolla often slightly irregular). 

1. VERNONIA. Schreb. Iron-weed. 

In honor of Wm. Vernon, an English botanist who traveled in this country. 

Heads 15, many- flowered, in corymbose cymes. Flowers 
all tubular. Involucre shorter than the flowers, of many 
appressed closely imbricated scales. Keceptacle naked. 
Achenia cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus double, the outer 
chaffy ) the interior capillary. -^Perennial herbs, with alter- 
nate leaves and mostly purple flowers. 

Noveboracensis, Willd. Common Iron-ioeecl. 

Stem erect, smoothish ; leaves on short petioles, elliptical-lanceolate, pubescent 
beneath; heads numerous, 20 to 30-flowered; scales of the involucre tipped with 
a long bristle-form or awl-shaped spreading appendage , or awn. 

Low grounds; common. Aug., Sept. Stem branching at top, reddish, 3 to 6 
feet high. Leaves crowded, paler beneath ; root-leaves sometimes lobed. Flowers 
deep purple, in terminal flat-topped compound cymes. Scales purple, ending in 
long thread-like appendages. 

2. ELEPHANTOPUS. Linn. Elephant's-foot. 

Gr. elephas, elephant, andpous, foot. 

Heads 3 to 5-flowered, clustered into compound heads. 
Involucre narrow and flattened, of 8 oblong dry scales. 
Achenia many-ribbed. Pappus of stout bristles, chaffy, 
dilated at the base.— Perennials, with alternate subsessile 
leaves and violet-purple flowers. 

E. Carolinianus, Willd. Carolinian Elephant' s-foot. 

Stem, branched, leafy, somewhat hairy ; leaves ovate-oblong, thin, obtuse, cre« 
H&ate-serrate; heads terminal and sub-terminaL 



composite. 157 



Dry soils. July— Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, divaricately branched. Lower 
stem leaves 5 to 7 inches by 3 to 5, upper y 2 as large. Heads composed of four 
clusters, each 4-flowered, with the involucre 9 to 10-leaved. Corclla purple. 

Tribe 2. EUPATORIACE.E. 

Heads discoid or radiate; branches of the style much elongated, oltuse or club- 
shaped, minutely pubescent towards the summit outside; anthers without tails at the 
bace : leaves mostly opposite. 

Sub-tribe 1. EUPATORIE.E. Heads discoid. Flowers all alike, perfect and tubular 
yellow. 

3. LIATMS. Shreb. Button Snake-root. 

Heads several-many-flowered. Scales of the Involu- 
cre imbricated. Receptacle naked. Flowers all tubular. 
Corolla 5-lobed, the lobes slender. Pappus of 15 to 40 
capillary bristles, plumose or barbellate. Style with the 
branches much exserted. Achenia slender, about 10-ribbed, 
somewhat cylindric. — Perennial herbs, with tuberous roots } 
chiefly with simple wand -like stems, many narrow rigid alter- 
nate entire leaves, and the heads of showy flowers arranged 
in an elongated spike or raceme. 

* Heads 16 totO-flowered. 

1. L. squarrosa, Willd. Blazing Star. 

Stem simple, smooth or scabrous-pubescent; leaves linear, elongated; heads few, 
•sessile or nearly so ; scales of the involucre numerous, with elongated and leaf-like 
spreading tips; inner ones .pointed, scarcely colored ; flowers numerous; pappus 
•plumose. 

Drv soils. Ausr. A handsome plant 1 to 3 feet high, thickly beset with long 
4inear leaves. Heads 5 to 20, generally 4 to 5. Flowers brilliant purple. 

2. L. scariosa, "Willd. Gay Feather. 

Scabrous-pubescent; stem stout; leaves lanceolate, lower on long petioles, upper 
linear or linear-lanceolate much smaller; heads few or many, 30 to 60-flowered, 
remotely racemed; scales of the somewhat spherical involucre obovate or spatulate, 
with dry and scarious often colored tips or margins; pappus scabrous. 

Dry sandy soils; rare. Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, rather stout. Leaves 
numerous, entire, lower 3 to 9 inches long, upper 1 to 3 inches long, % to % ef 
an inch wide, rough-edged. Heads 4 to 20, 1 inch in diameter. Flowers bright 
purple. 

* * Heads 5 to 15-flowered. 

3. L. spicata, Willd. Blue Blazing Star. 

Smooth or somewhat hairy; item wand-like, very leafy; leaves linear or lanoc- 
linear, entire smooth, the lower 3 to 5-nerved; heads densely crowded in along 
-spike, nearly sessile, 8 to 12-flowered; involucre bell-shaped, cylindrical, with slight 
scarious margins; achenia pubescent or smoothish; pappus scabrous-plumose. 

Moist grounds; rare. Aug. A handsome species, sometimes cultivated, 2 to & 
feet high, mostly stout. Spile terminal, 6 to 8 inches long. Involucre eoiaewbs.* 
resinous. Heads numerous, with bright purple Cowers. 

Y 



158 COMPOSITE. 



4. KUHNIA. Linn. 

In honor of Dr. Adam KuJin, of Pennsylvania. 

Heads 10 to 25-£owered. Scales of the involuore loosely 
imbricated, lanceolate, in 2 or 3 series. Corolla slender, 
6-toothed. Receptacle naked. Pappus in a single series, 
plumose. Achenia cylindrical, many striate. — A perennial 
herbj with mostly alternate lanceolate leaves with resinous dots 
<md whitish flowers in panicled corymbs. 

K. eupatorioides, L. Thoronghwort-like Kuhnia. 

Leaves varying from linear and entire to broadly lanceolate and toothed ; corymb* 
isnrfnal, fow-flowered. 

Dry soils. Aug., Sept Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, somewhat branched, often 
jiurple. Flowers whitish or pale-yellow. 

«5. MIKANIA. Willd. Climbing Hemp-weed. 

In honor of Prof. Mikan, of Prague. 

Heads 4 to 6-nowered. Flowers all tubular. Involu- 
cjre of 4 scales. Receptacle naked. Pappus capillary, 
simple, scabrous. Anthers partly exserted. Achenia 
angled. — Climbing perennials, with opposite mostly heart- 
shaped leaves and corymbose-panicled flesh-colored flowers, 

M. scandens, Climbing Bonesett. 

Nearly smooth, twining; leaves somswhat triangular heart-shaped or halbcrt- 
fta-m, pointed, toothed at the base ; Jicads in pedunculate axillary corymbs. 

Copses along streams, climbing over busbes; rare. July — Sept. Every part 
smooth. Leaves 2 to S inches long, 1 to 2 wide, on petioles 1 to 2 inches long, apex 
tapering to a long point. Brandies short, each bearing a small corymb of whitish 
■or pink-colored flowers. 

6. CONOCLINIUM. DC. Mist-flower. 

Gr. Conon, a cone, and clme, a bed; referring to the eonical receptacle. 

Heads many-flowered. Receptacle conical. Involu- 
cre bell-shaped. Scales linear-awl-shaped, somewhat imbri* 
cated. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-angled. Pappus 
a single row of slender capillary bristles. — Perennial erect 
herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and violet-purple flowers 
in crowded terminal corymbs. 

C C03LESTINUM, DC. 

Somewhat hairy, much branched; leaves triangular-ovate and slightly heart- 
Sloped, crenate-serrate, veiny ; petioles slender ; corymbs numerous, sub-umbellate ; 
"scales numerous, setaceous. 

Hedges, thickets and roadsides. Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, tereto with oppo- 
site branches, somowhat tufted. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide. Flower* 
Si to bO in a head, bluish-purple, fading roddish. 



COMPOSITE. 159? 



7. EUPATOKIUM. Tourn. Thoroughwort. 

Dedicated to Eupator Mithridaies, who is said to have used a species of the geiuu- 
in medicine. 

Heads 3-many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical or belU 
shaped. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla 5-toothed. 
Pappus simple, a single row of slender capillary longisb 
bristles. Achenia 5-angled. — Perennial herbs, with oppo- 
site or verticillate leaves, corymbose heads, and flowers white? 
blue, red, &c. } never yellow. 

1. E. purpureum, L. Trumpet-weed. 

Stem tall and stout, simple ; leaves 3 to 6 in a whorl, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, 
pointed, very veiny, roughish, finely glandular serrate ; corymbs very dense ami 
compound with whorled peduncles. 

Low grounds ; common. July — Sept. Stem 6 to 12 feet high, smooth glaucous* 
purple, striate or fistular spotted or unspotted. Leaves in about 12 whorls of 3 to- 
6s, largest in the middle of the stem, 8 inches long, and 2 wide, on petioles 1 incto 
long. Corymbs often 1 foot in diameter. Floivcrs purple, showy. 

* Heads 5 to 20-flowered; involucre of 7 to 15, more or less imbricated and unequal 
scales; flowers white; leaves mostly opposite, sessile or nearly to; headi mostly 
b-flowered. 

2. E. hysopipolium, L. Narrow-leaved Thoroughwort. 

Minutely pubescent ; leaves opposite (the upper ones alternate) often whorled*, 
Harrow, linear or lanceolate, elongated, obtuse, 1 to 3-nerved ; lower ones sub' 
serrate, upper ones entire ; scales of the involucre obtuse. 

Dry fields and sterile soil. Aug., Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branching, vrifSk 
numerous narrow leaves. Corymb spreading at the summit. Heads 5-floweBed, 
Flowers purplish. 

3. E. ALTissiMUM, L. Fall Thoroughwort 

Stem tall and stout, pubescent; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, euS^ 
sessile, acutely serrate above the middle 5 conspicuously 3-nerved ; corymbs numea. 
ous, dense; heads 5-flowered; scales 8 to 12, obtuse, shorter than the flowers. 

Woods and sandy soil. Sept., Oct. Stem 3 to 7 feet high. Leaves 3 to 4 inches 
long, y, to % wide, small ones often fascicled in the axils.. Corollas whitish, xwifik- 
longer than the scales. 

4. E. album, L. White-flowered Thoroughwort. 

Stem pubescent ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed, veiny ; heads clustered 

in the corymb, 5-flowered; scales of the involucre closely imbricated, rigid, narrow 

pointed, white and scaiiirus above- 
Sandy and barren places. Aug. — Oct. Stem 2 to 3 inches long, % to 1 wid%. 

upper ones entire and alternate. Heads very white. Involucre concealing tbe 

flowers, sprinkled with resinous dots. 

5.. E. teucrifolium, Willd. Vervein-leaved Thoro'worL 

Roughish-pubescent; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolat^. 
rough, veiny, coarsely toothed towards the base, upper ones alternate; corymb- 
compound, somewhat panicled with few branches; heads 5 to 6-flowered; scales of 
the involucre 10, oblong lanceolate, rather obtuse. 

Low grounds. Aug.— Oct. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, erect, rather slender. Leaves 
sometimes almost incised; the lower broad at base and closely sessile. Heads 
somewhat clustered, corymbose. Flowers white. Scales sc&riou* on the margin,, 
^hita at the tigs.. 



160 COMPOSITE. 



6. E. ROTUNDIFOLIUM, L. Round-leaved Thoroughwort. 

Downy-pubescent; leaves opposite, sessile, roundish-ovate, obtuse, sub-cordate at 
base, 3-nerved, veiny, roughish, coarsely serrate ; heads about 5-fiowered, in large 
and dense corymbs ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, slightly pointed. 

Dry soil. Aug., Sept. A slendor species \ to 3 feet high. Leaves- sprinkled with 
resinous dots 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide, sometimes almost orbicultvr, mostly- 
obtuse. Flowers white. Pappus longer than the corolla. Styles much exserted. 

7. E. PUBESCENS, Muhl. Hairy Thoroughwort. 

Pubescent; leaves ovate, opposite, sessile, acute, obtusely dentate, somewhat 
3-nerved, veiny; involucre 7 to 8-flowered, with lanceolate, acute scales. 

Dry grounds. Aug., Sept. A large rough plant, 3 to 4 feet high, with the lower 
branches opposite. Leaves thin and sligbtly scabrous, slightly truncate at the 
base. Involucre of shout 12 scales, the outer shortest. Flowers white. 

8. E. sessilxfolium, L, Sessile-leaved Thoroughwort 

Stem smooth, branching; leaves opposite, sessile, distinct, roundish-ovate or. 
lanceolate, somewhat clasping the stems, smooth, serrate; involucre 5 to 12-flow- 
cred, with oval and oblong obtuse scales. 

Rocky woods and banks. Sept. Slen slender, erect, branching at top. Leaves 
large, somswhat truncate at base, tap?ring regularly to a long point, minutely 
dotted beneath. Flowers white, in a widely spreading terminal corymb. 

9. E. RESINOSUM, Torr. Resinous Thoroughwort. 

Minutely velv,ety-downy ; leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated, closely sessile or 
clasping at the base, serrate, slightly veiny beneath; corymb fastigiate, compound; 
heads 10 to 15-flojvered, with obtuse hoary-tomcn'iose scales. 

Wet sandy soils. Aug., Sept. Stems 2 to 3 feet high, growing in tufts. Leaves 
4 to 6 inches long, ^ to % inch wide, membranaceous, viscid with resinous glo- 
bules. Heads very numerous, rather small. 

10. E. perfoliatum, L. Thoroughwort. Bonesett. 

Stem stout, hairy; leaves lanceolate, connatc-perfoliatc, tapering to a slender 
point, serrate, very veiny; corymbs compound; heads S to 10-flowcred, with linear 
lanceolate scales. 

Low groun-ls, meadows ; abundant. Aug. A well known common plant 2 to 4 
feet high, hairy or woolly, branched at the top. Leaves large, united at the base- 
around the stem, the two measuring from 8 to 14 inches in length. Heads in large 
clustered corymbs. Flowers white. Medicinal. 

* * Leaves opposite ; flowers white, S to 30 in a head. 

11. E. ageratoides, I... Nettle-leaved Thoroughwort. 

Smooth, branching; leaves opposite, on long petioles, broadly ovate, pointed,, 
coarsely and sharply toothed-; heads 12 to 23-flowered, with narrow lanceolate scales ; 
corymbs compound. 

Rich woods and rocky hills; common. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, some- 
what branched. Leaves on petioles 1 to 2 inches long, sometimes slightly cordate,. 
3 to 6 inches long, 2 to 4 wide. Heads numerous, in small clusters, forming a 
compound corymb. Flowers pure white, f.omjwhat fragrant. 

12. E. aeomaticum, L. Aromatic Thoroughwort. 

Smooth or nearly so ; stem terete pubescent, nearly simple; leaves opposite, on- 
short petioles, ovate, rather obtusely toothsd, acuminate, 3-nervcd; corymb some- 
what panicled ; heads about 20-flowered. 

Low woods. Aug., Sept. Stem about 2 feet high. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, 1 
to 2 wide, on petioles % to 1 inch long. Heads of the flowers large. Involucre- 
with 10 to 12 linear, acute, equal scales. Flowers in small corymbs, large, white, 
$a& aromatic 



COMPOSITE. 161 



Sub-tribe 2. TUSSILAGLNE^S. 

Heads radiate; flcvoers dissimilar, or dioecious-.- 

8. NARDOSMIA. Cass. 

Gr. nardos, spikenard, and osnat, odor: 

Heads many-flowered, somewhat dioecious. Sterile 
flowers of the ray in a single series, ligulate, pistilate, 
those of the disk tubular. Fertile flowers with many 
rows of minutely ligulate ray-flowers, and a few tubular per- 
fect ones in the centre. Receptacle flat, Achenia terete, 
Pappus of soft capillary bristles, longest and most copious, 
in the fertile flowers. — Perennial woolly herbs, with radical 
leaves, the scape with sheathing scaly bracts, and the heads of 
purplish fragrant, flowers in a corymb. 

N. palmata, Hook. Palmate Sweet Colt's-foot. 

Leaves rounded or kidney-form, palmatcly 5 to 7-lobed, the lobes toothed and 
cut, white, woolly beneath. 

Swamps; rare. May. S:ape 1 to 2 feet high, stout, clothed with numerous 
thcathing scales. Leaves large, 6 to 10 inches broad. Heads numerous, in a- 
coryrutose thyrse. 

9. TUSSILAGO. Tourn. Colt's-foot. 

Lat. tussis, a coagh, for which the plant is a reputed remedy. 

Heads many-flowered. Ray flowers narrowly ligulate ; 
pistillate, fertile, in many rows; the tubular disk flowers few, 
staminate. Scales of the involucre nearly in a single 
row. Receptacle flat, Fertile achenia cylindric-ob- 
long. Pappus capillary, copious, in the fertile flowers. — A 
low perennial, icith horizontal creeping rcolstocks, radical 
leaves, and simple scaly scapes beariirg a single head of yellow 
flowers. 

T. Farfara, L. Common Colt's-foot, 

Leaves rcundcd-hcart-ehapec 1 , radical ; fiowers with very narrow raye. 

Wet places, crobfe&des. A lov/ plant sending up a single fcapc abcut 5 inches 
high in March or April, with a single, terminal, many-rayed head of yellow flowers 
before a leaf is to ha seen. Leaves arisirg after the flowers are withered, 4 to 5 
inches broad, cordate angular, toothed, dark-green atove, woolly underneath, oa_ 
long petioles. 

Tribe 3. ASTEROIDEiE. The Aster Tribe. 

Heads radiate, rarely discsid; tranches of Vie style more cr less fla'Lmd ctti 
Uaear, minukly and equally pubescent alcve; leavei mostly alternate. 



1B2 COMPOSITE. 



Section 1. Heads radiate ; rays cyanic. 

10. ASTER. Linn. Starwort. Aster. 

Gr. astro, a star; from the appearance of the radiate heals of flowers. 

Heads many-flowered; ray-flowers in a single series, fertile ;; 
disk flowers tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre 
more or less imbricated, often with leaf-like tips. Recep- 
tacle flat, alveolate (honey comb-like). Aohenia usually 
more or less flattened. Pappus simple, of capillary bris- 
tles. — Perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, corymbed, pani-- 
cled or racemose heads of flowers, with white blue or purple 
rays, and yellow disk, often changing to purple. 

1. Eiotia, DC. Scales imbricated u>ith oppressed greenish tips; rays 6 to 15 (whit© 
or nearly so) ; lower leaves large, heart-shaped, petiolate ; lieads in open eery mis. 

1. A. CORYMBOSUS, Ait; Corymbed Aster. 

Htznx slender; leaves ovate, mostly cordate, coarsely and unequally serrate) . 
acuminate, petioled ; heads loosely corymbose ; rays 6 to 9. 

Pry woods; common. July. Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves thin, large, . 
lower cms heart-shaped, pointed ; middle ones ovate; upper becoming lanceolate. . 
Flowers in a broad flat-topped corymb, large, very open, with long, narrow, white 
rays. 

2. A. macrophyllus, L. Large-leaved Aster. 

Stem stout, branched, diffuse; leaves rough, thickish, serrate: lower and radical 
ones on long petioles, cordate : upper on winged petioles or sessile; lieads in large 
c irymbs ; rays 12 to 25. 

Woods; common. Aug.,. Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, rigid, the branches rough, . 
downy above. Lower leaves 4 to 10 inches long, and 3 to C inches wide on some- 
what winged petioles. Heads in a spreading terminal corymb. Scales of the 
involucre oblong-lanceolate, obtuse. Hays white or pale-blue. 

2. Calliastrcm, T. & G. Scales im bricated xcith spreading green tips ; rays 12 to 30, . 
violet; achenia narrow, smoothish; pappus rigid, of unequal thickness ; heads fuU t , 
large anil shotvy ; stem-leaves all sessile; lower ones not cordate. 

3. A. Eadula, Ait. Hough-leaved Aster. 

Stem erect, simple below, angular, smooth; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, 
simple, sharply serrate, rough en both sides and rugoserveined ; involucre bell- 
ehaped, with oblong appressed scales, and small spreading green tips; achenia. 
smooth, linear-oblong. 

Bogs and low grounds ; rare. Aug., Sept. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, very leafy, with 
a few spreading undivided branches at the summit, purplish, each heaving a single 
large head, rarely more. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, nearly equal throughout. 
Involucre nearly smooth, except the ciliate margins. Bays light violet-purple. 

4. A. spectabilis, Ait. Showy Aster. 

Stem erect, minutely rough and glandular-pubescent at the summit; leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, very rough, upper sessile and entire, lower ones serrate in the 
middle; branches corymbose ; heads hemispherical, with numerous linear-oblong 
obtuse scales, and conspicuous spatulate downy tips; achenia slightly pubescent. 

Sandy soil. Aug. — Nov. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, branched above into a nearly 
simple cor\rab of 10 to 15 head?. Bays about 20 in a head, narrowly-lanceolate, 
tfearly 1 Inch long, very deep-violet blue. Probably tho handsomest of the genua,. . 



composite. 163 • 



3. Aster proper. Scales green or with green tips:. rays numerous; pappus IrisUu 
toft and nearly uniform ; achenia flattened. . 

5. A. concolor, L, Sillci/ Aster. 

Stem, nearly simple, wand-like ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, crowded, appressed, the - 
•upper appearing like small bracts ; heads in a simple or compound virgate raceme ; 
involucre obovoid, with closely imbricated, appressed, somewhat rigid, lanceolate, . 
Eilky scales, in several rows ; achenia silky. - 

Dry sandy soil. Aug.— Nov. A handsome plant 1 to 3 feet high, sparingly 
branched. Leaves 1 inch in length, % as wide, reduced in size upwards, greyish- 
silky, and of the same hue on both sides. Heads middle-sized, in along raceme, . 
thowy. Bays bright violet-purple. Pappus rust-colored. 

3. * Loiver leaves not heart-shaped ; the upper all sessile and more or less clasping by ■ 
a cordate or auricled base; rays large, deep purple or blue. 

6. A. patans, Ait. Spreading Aster. 

Rough-pubescent; stem simple, paniculate above; leaves oblong-lanceolate or- 
ovate-oblong, generally contracted below the middle; panicle loose, few-flowered; : 
scales imbricate, lanceolate, loose. 

Dry grounds ; common. Aug. — Nov. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, branching 
into a loose terminal panicle above. Leaves large, 3 to 6 inches long below, becom- 
ing small and bract-like on the branches, all clasping by a deep auricled-heart- 
Bhaped base, rough. Heads solitary, on the ends of the leafy branchlets, large, . 
with 20 to 30 violet-colored rays. 

7. A. l^evis, L* Smooth Blue Aster. 

Tcry smooth, glaucous ; stem angular ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, . 
thickish, mostly entire, shining; involucre closely imbricate, with broadly-linear, 
thick and rigid scales ; achenia, smooth. 

Rich woodlands and banks ; common. Sept.— Nov. A very small and beautiful ; 
species, 2 to 3 feet high. Stem polished, green. Leaves rather fleshy, the upper 
more or less clasping by an auricled or heart-shaped base. Heads in a close panicle, 
large and showy, with numerous rays of a fine bright sky-blue, becoming purple, 
and triangular green tips. 

4. * * Loiver leaves all heart-shaped and pdioled, conspicuously serrate; raysbriglii 
Hue. pale or nearly ivhiie. 

8. A. coRDiFOLius, L. Heart-leaved Aster. 

Stem much branched above, smooth ; lower leaves all heart-shaped, on slender 
petioles; involucre inversely conical, with closely imbricate appressed scales, tipped i 
with short obtuse or acutish points. 

Woodlands ; very common. Sept., Oct. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, smoothish below, 
more or less pubescent above. Leaves varying from heart-shaped to narrow-ovate. 
Loiver leaves more or less winged, on hairy petioles. Upper leaves gradually reduced ! 
to small bracts. Heads very numerous, in raccmed panicles, rather small, angled : 
on the spreading branches. Bays 10 to 15, pale-blue varying to white. 

9. A. sagittifolius, Willd. Arroio-leaved Aster. 

Stem erect, rigid, with racemose ascending braneb.es; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
pointed, serrate in the middle ; lower ones cordate-sagittate, on slender narrowly- • 
winged petioles; involucre oblong, with closely imbricate linear-subulate scales. 

Dry woods. Aug. — Oct. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, with erect branches above, bearing 
numerous racemose heads, forming a compound panicle of racemes. Heads tmal£ . 
almost sessile, each with about 12 bluish or white rays. 

10. A. TJNDULATUS, L. Wave-leaved Aster. 

Pale or somewhat hoary with close pubescence; stem spreading; leaves ovate oi- 
lanceolate, with wavy or slightly-toothed margins; heads numerous, in-raeemog^ 
panieles; involucre obovoid, with- closely imbricate scaleg. . 



164 COMPOSITE. 



Dry woods; common. Sept., Oct. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, spreading, bearing 
rvumerous heads iu racemose panicle?. Lower leaves heart-shaped, on long winged 
petioles, which are dilated and clasping at the base, or directly sessile hy a heart- 
shaped base. Heads middle-sized, with viotet-hlue rays and yeilow disks, at length 
becoming purple. 

5. *** Lower leaves never heart-shaped; those of the stem sessile cr clasping ; heads 
small or middle-sized; rays white or pale bluish-purple. 

11. A. ericoides, L. Heath-leaved Aster. 

Smooth or sparingly hairy; lov:er leaves oblang^sratulate, sometimes toothed; 
the upper ones linear lanceolate or linear awl-shaped, acute at both ends ; scales of 
the involucre imbricate, linear obtuse, somewhat squarrose. 

Dry open places. Aug. — Oct. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, with the simple branchlets 
or peduhcles racemose along the upper side of the wand-like spreading branches. 
Leaves very numerous and somewhat rigid, those of the stem 3 inches in length; 
Heads small, about 20-rayed. Hays white or pale purple. Disk at length purplish 

12. A. MULTIFLORUS, Ait. Mamj-flowered Aster. 

Hoary with minute pubescence; leaves crowded, linear, entire, -with rough or 
ciliate margins, somewhat 3-nerved; these of the branchlets spreading and partly 
clasping at the base; involucre linear or spatulate with loosely imbricate oblong, 
ciliate, squarrose scales. 

Dry gravelly or sandy soil; common. Sept., Oct. Stem about 2 feet high, with 
numerous spreading racemose branches, usualiy covered with a dense white pubes- 
cence. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, obtuse, very narrow. Beads small, in crowded 
terminal racemes, on horizontal branches. Lays white or purplish. IHsJe at length 
purplish. 

C. **■*•* Leaves none of them heart-shaped; heeds small cr miudle-si:cd; rays 
white crpale buish-purple. 

13. A. dumosus L. Busliy Aster. 

Nearly smooth ; leaves linear entire or remotely serrate, rough on the margin 
sessile; those of the branches smaller and acute; involucre inversely conical or 
bell-shaped, with closely imbricated, linear-spatulate, obtuse scales. 

Thickets in dry or moist soil; common. Aug. — Get. A variable species 1 to 3 
feet high. Stem loosely branched, racemcsely compound, with the scattered heads 
mostly solitary at the end of the spreading branchlets. Leaves decreasing in sizo 
to the branchlets, the upper small. Rays pale-purple or blue. 

14. A. Tradescanti, L. Tradescamfs Aster. 

Smoothish; leaves sessile, smooth, with rough margins; cauline linear-lanceolate 
pointed; involucre with imbricated, narrowly-linear, acute scales in 3 to 4 rows. 

Var. fragii.ts; leaves entire or nearly eo, except the lowest; heads more scattered 
on the branchlets. 

Moist banks, fields, &c; very common. Aug.— Oct. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, 
smooth, busby, the numerous heads closely racemed along the erect spreading or 
diverging branches. Lcioer stem leaves 'about 4 inches long,, narrowly lanceolate, 
remotely sci rate in the middle with Cue sharp teeth, gradually reduced in eteo 
upwards. Heads email, very numerous. Lays white or pale-purple. 

15. A. miser, L. Starved Aster. 

More or Jess hairy ; stem much branched; leaves lanceolate, pointed or acuminata 
at each end, sharply serrate in the middle; invohicre imbricated with linear, acuto 
cr rather obtuse scales in 3 or 4 rows. 

Thickets, fields, &c.; very common. Aug. — Oct. A very variable species, varying 
in height from S to 10 in< ires to 3 to 4 feet, erect cr diffuse. Stem very branching 
or nearly simple, the branches' usually diverging, hearing racemose often scattered 
heads. Leaves varying from narrow-lanceolate to broad-ovt.tj, 1 to 5 inches fa 
length. Heads usually numerous, with thort, inconspicuous pale blv.-ij h purplfc 
ax white rays. 



composite. 165 



16. A. simplex, Willd. Simple Aster. 

Nearly smooth; stem tall and much branched; leaves lanceolate, pointed, the 
lower serrate; involucre loosely imbricate with linear awl-shaped scales. 

Shady moist banks ; common. Aug.— Oct. Another Tariable species from 1 to- 
5 feet high, the branches and scattered heads somewhat corymbose at the summit. 
Leaves sessile, 2 to 4 inches long, % to 1 inch wide, tapering to a slender point, 
those of the branches small in proportion. Heads middle-size, loosely racemose or 
a little crowded on the short branchlets. Bays pale purple. Disk yellowish, at 
length purple-brown. 

17. A. tenuifolius, L. Slender -leaved Aster. 

Nearly smooth; leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering into, a long slender point; 
lower somewhat serrate in the middle; involucre hemisperical, with closely imbri- 
cated, numerous, linear-awl-shaped, acute scales; heads in panicles or racemes. 

Low grounds. Aug. — Nov. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, mostly stout, much branched. 
Stem leaves 2 to 6 inches long, smaller in proportion on the branches and branch- 
lets. Heads small or middle-sized. Hays 20 to 30, short and narrow, pale purple 
or whitish. 

18. A. CARNEUS, L. Flesh-colored Aster. 

Smooth, rough or pubescent ; stem much branched ; leaves lanceolate, pointed ; 
upper short and partly clasping; involucre oboyate, with closely imbricated^ lanceo- 
late, abruptly arate scales; heads racemose albngthe ascending leafy branches. 

Moist soils; rare. Sept., Oct. A handsome bushy species, very variable, about 
2 feet high. Stem often purple. Leaves firm in texture, smooth or rough above, 
those of the stem 3 to 5 inches long, % inch wide, those of the branches much 
smaller. Heads numerous, middle-sized, somewhat 1-sided on the branches. Rays 
20 to 30, rather long, flesh-colored or nearly white. 

6. ***** stem leaves sessile, the upper more or less clasping; heads middle-sized or 
large; rays blue or purple. 

19. A. longifolius, Lam. Long-leaved Aster. 

Smooth or nearly so ; stem branched ; leaves lanceolate or linear, entire or spa- 
ringly serrate in the middle, acuminate, shining above ; involucre imbricate with 
linear scales in 3 to 5 rows, crowned with acute or awl-shaped spreading or recurved 
green tips; heads in corymbose panicles at the summit. 

Moist places along streams ; common. Nov. Stem 3 to 6 feet high. Leaves varia- 
ble in form, the lower sometimes ovate-lanceolate, pale beneath, both sides smooth, 
4 to 6 inches long. Heads numerous, large and showy, with 25 to 30 large bright 
purplish-blue rays. This variable plant includes several nominal species, including 
A. laxus, Willd., A. preseltus, Poir., and A. elodes, Torr. & Gray. 

20. A. PUNICEUS, L. Rough-stemmed Aster. Cocash. 

Stem hisped, stout; leaves oblong-lanceolate, clasping by an auricled base, coarsely 
serrate in the middle ; involucre scales loose, narrowly linear, acute, equal in about 
2, rows; heads in panicles. 

Low thickets and swamps; common. Aug. — Oct. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, usually 
purple and very rough with rigid bristly hairs. Leaves sparingly toothed in the 
middle, rough above, nearly smooth beneath. Heads large and showy. Rays 50 
tp 80, long and narrow, lilac-purple or bluish. 

21. A. prenanthoides, Muhl. Prenantlies-UJce Aster. 

Stem low, and with the branches hairy in lines ; leaves spatulate-lanceolate or 
ovate-lanceolate, incisely serrate in the middle ; involucre imbricated, with narrowly 
linear scales, crowned with recurved spreading tips; heads in corymbose panicles. 

Mois-t woeds. Sept., Oct. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, sparingly branched. Leaves 
conspicuously acuminate, tapering below into a long contracted entire portion, 
which is abruptly dilated into an auriclcd-heart-shaped clasping base; branch 
leaves smaller, marly entire. Heads atout middle-size, rather few, clustered^ 
tpwards the ends of the branches. Rays violet, lilac or light-blue, 



166 COMPOSITE. 



22. A. NoviE ANGLiiE, L. New England Aster. 

Stem stout, hairy; leaves very numerous, lanceolate, acute, entire, auriculate- 
®lasping, roughish pubescent; involucre-scales linear-awl-shaped, loose, equal, near- 
ly in a single row, viscid, as long as the disk; heads in a loose terminal panicle; 
achenia hairy. 

Moist grounds ; common. Sept. — Nov. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, almost hisped, with: 
spreading branches. Heads showy, large, crowded in close corymbs. Hays violetr 
purple, sometimes rose-purple, very numerous. 

23. A. oblongifolius, Nutt. Oblong-leaved Aster. 

Stem, rigid, much branched above ; leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate, mucron- 
ately pointed, entire, partly clasping, roughish; involucre imbricated with broadly 
linear scales appressed at the base, crowned with long and spreading foliaceoua 
tips; heads in corymbose panicles; achenia canescent. 

Banks of the Juniata, Huntingdon Co. Dr. Porter ! in Gray's Flora. Stem 1 to. 
2 feet high, with the branchlets, the uppermost leaves and involucre minutely 
roughish-gl andular with resinous dots. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, ^ to % wide* 
Meads fewer and much smaller than: in A. Nova? Anglire. Mays violet-purple. 

4, ****** Orthomekis, Torr. & Gray '.—Scales imbricated, with membranaceous: 
margins, destitute of green tips; pappus of soft and unequal, capillary bristles. 

24. A. ACUMINATUS, Michx. Pointed-leaved Aster. 

Somewhat hairy ; stem simple, flesuous, angular; leaves oblong-lanceolate acumi- 
nate, serrate; involucre imbricated with linear-lanceolate, pointed, thin scales;. 
heads in corymbose panicles. 

Mountains and woods. Aug. Stem about 1 foot high. Leaves conspicuously 
pointed, coarsely toothed above, wedge-form and entire at the base, 3 to 5 inches 
long. Panicle corymbose, terminal, few-flowered, nearly or quite naked. Heads. 
rather large with i2 to 18 long, white, often tinged with purple rays. 

5. ******* OxYTHipOLHjMj DC. — Pappus soft and capillary; achenia striate;- 
leaves thickish or succulent. 

25. A. flexuosus, Nutt. Perennial Salt Marsh Aster.. 

Stem very smooth, flexuous, sparingly branched ; leaves linear; lower lance-linear 
thick and fleshy, pointed, entire ; in volucre bell-shaped, with ovate-lanceolate imbri- 
cated scales in many rows ; heads large, terminal on the ends of the branches ; rays 
numerous, shorter than the involucre. 

Salt marshes. Sept. — Nov. Stem, 1. to 2 feet high, with the whole plant very 
smooth, usually with a few spreading branches at the summit. Heads large, 1 to 2: 
on the branchlets. Pays numerous, large, pale purple. Disk yellow. 

26. A. linifolius, L. Annual Salt Marsh Aster. 

Smooth; stem much branched, erect, spreading; leaves linear-lanceolate, pointed, 
entire, flat, on the branches awl-shaped ; involucre oblong, with linear awl shaped, 
scales in few rows ; heads in racemes or panicles. 

Salt marshes. Aug. — Oct. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, thick, smooth, reddish, 
very branching. Leaves smooth, sessile. Heads small, in a loose terminal panicle. . 
Bays somewhat in two row;?, short, not projecting beyond the disk, more numerouj, 
than the disk flowers, pal© purple or nearly white. 

10. GALATELLA. Cass; 

Heads many-flowered, the rays few, sterile. Involucre: 
shorter than the flowers, the scales closely imbricated in 3 or 
4l rows, the outer often 3-nerved, Receptacle alveolate.. 



composite. 16T 



Achenia oblong, silky-hairy. Pappus of copious capillary 
bristles. — Perennial plants with straight stems, narrow 1 to 3 
nerved, rather rigid entire leaves, often dotted, and flower* 
with purple or pale rays, and a yellow disk. 

1. G-. hyssopifolia, Nees. Hyssop-leaved GalateUa. 

Stem erect, corymbose at the summit ; lower leaves lanceolate-linear, acute, dotted, 
•entire, rough, 3-nerved ; branch leaves linear-subulate, 1-neryed ; involucre scales acu- 
tish ; rays elongated. 

Sandy fields and open woods. Aug. — Oct. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, smooth, with 
spreading branches, terminated with a single head. Bays 5 to 10, white or pale 
purple. The G. linifolia of Nees is perhaps only a variety of this species. 

11. ERIGERON, Linn. Fleabane. 

Gr. er, the spring, and geron, an old maw, because it is hoary early "in the season* 

Heads many-flowered, mostly hemispherical ; the ray 
flowers numerous, very narrow, pistillate ; those of the dish 
tubular, perfect. Scales of the invloucre narrow, nearly 
equal and almost in a single row, Receptacle naked, flat. 
Achenia flattened, usually pubescent and 2-neryed. Pap- 
pus mostly simple. — Herbs with alternate leaves, mostly ses- 
sile, entire or toothed, and solitary or corymbed flowers with 
white or purple rays, 

* Rays not exceeding the dish. 

1. E. canadense, L. Horse-weed. Butter-weed. 

Bristly-hairy; stem erect, wand-like; leaves linear or lance-linear, mostly entire 
^liate, lower sometimes serrate ; heads small, very numerous, panicled ; rays crow 
ded. scarcely longer than the cylindric involucre. 

Fields and waste places, very common. July — Nov. A common annual weed of 
no beauty, growing everywhere, from 6 inches to 6 feet high, mostly very hairy. 
Zeaves very narrow with rough edges. Flowers small, white, of mean appearance, 
irregularly racemose upon the branches, and forming a large oblong panicle. Th» 
plant varies greatly in size, according to the soil. 

* * Mays longer tiian the disk. 

2. E. bellldifolium, Muhl. Robin's Plantain. 

Sairy ; radical leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly toothed ; stem-leaves sessile*, 
distant, lance-oblong, partly clasping, entire ; heads few, large, corymbose ; rays 60 
to 100, twice as long as the involucre. Perennial. 

Shady woods and moist banks, common. May. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, producing 
offsets from the base, rather naked above, bearing 1 to 9 large heads, on slender 
peduncles. leaves 2 to 3 inches by % to % mostly widest above the middle. Ray* 
bluish-purple sometimes nearly white. 

3. E. Philadelphicum, L. Philadelphia Fleabane. 

Hairy ; stem leafy ; lower leaves wedgc-obovate, sometimes obtusely serrate or ii> 
■eisely toothed ; upper clasping, usually entire ; heads few, on elongated peduncles; 
rays very numerous, 150 to 200. Perennial. 

Woods and fields, common. Aug., Sept. Stem slender, 1 to 3 feet high, loosely 
corymbed at the summit, bearing several small heads. Leaves 2 to 4 mcheslonghf' 
% to % wide. Rays reddish-purple or flesh-colored, very narrow* 



168 COMPOSITE. 



4. E. ANNUUM, Pers. Daisy Fleabane. 

Sparsely hairy ; stem tall ; lower leaves ovate, obtuse, coarsely toothed, tapering 
into a margined petiole ; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends ; 
rays very narrow. Annual. 

Fields and meadows; very common. June— Oct. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, stout, 
angular, more or less hirsute, bearing numerous corymbed heads. Rays 100 or 
more, white, tinged with purple, scarcely the length of the somewhat hisped invol- 
ucre. 

5. E. strigosum, Mulil. Strigose Fleabane. 

Stem slender, hairy ; leaves toothed or entire; lower spatulate-lanceolate, 3-nerved 
-tapering to a long narrow petiole ; upper lanceolate ; heads in panicled corymbs 
rays narrow-linear. 

Fields and meadows : common. June — Aug. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, angular, fur- 
rowed with short stiff hairs, -and bearing a larp:e. loose corymb. Rays white, twice 
the length of the minutely hairy involucre. Plant -smaller and more simple than 
the last, but with longer rays. 

12. DIPLOPAPP'US, Cass. 

Qr. diploos, double, and pappus, pappus, the character which distinguishes the genuj 
from Aster. 

Heads many-flowered; ray flowers 8 to 12 in a single se- 
ries, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involu- 
cre with imbricated, appressed, lanceolate or awl-shaped 
scales, 1-nerved or keeled, destitute of herbaceous tips. Re- 
ceptacle fiat, alveolate (honey-comb-like). Achenia flat- 
tish. Pappus double, the outer very short, subulate, the 
inner long, capillary. '-^Perennials with entire alternate leaves, 
and corymbose or simple heads of flowers with cyanic rays and 
yellow disks. 

1. D. linearifolius, Hook. Violet Diplopappus. 

Stem erect, or somewhat decumbent, roughish; leave, rigid, spreading, linear, 
strongly 1-ncrved, smooth, with very rough margins; heads terminating the simple 
slightly hoary branches. 

Dry soil. Aug., Sspt. A handsome species 8 to 20 inches high, several from the 
same woody root, vary leafy, purplish. Leaves numerous, rigidly upright or 
recurved, obtuse, pale beneath, shining above. Heads large for the size of the 
p'ant, solitary and terminal on the branches, with long showy Violet-colored rays. 

2. D. umbellatus, Torr. & Gray. Umbelled Diplopappus. 

Smooth, leafy at the top ; haves lanceolate, elongated, acuminate and tapering at 
the base ; heads very numerous ; scales of the involucre closely imbricated, obtusely 
lanceolate. 

Moist thickets, river hanks. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, bushy at the top. 
leaves somewhat rough above, smooth beneath, 3 to 6 inches long, narrow, these 
of the branches smaller. Heads numerous, in a level-topped corymb. Rays about 
12, white. 

3. D. AMYGDALINUS, T. & Gr. Almond-leaved Diplopappus. 

Smooth or roughish above, leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, abruptly narrowed 
*t the base; heads numerous ; scales of the involucre loosely imbricated, obtuse. 

Low grounds. Aug. Resembling the last, usually lower, rough, and with 
{loader and shorter leaves. 



COMPOSITE. 169 



4. D. cornifolius, Darl. Cornel-leaved Diplopappus. 

Stem slender, low, pubescent and loosely panicled above ; leaves elliptical or ovate- 
lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate-hirsute on tbe margin, bairy on tbe veins beneath. 

Woods. July — Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves conspicuously pointed at 
both ends, pale beneatb on very sbort stalks. Heads usually few, on rather rigid 
peduncles. Kays white. 

13. BOLTONIA, I/Her. 

In honor of J. Bolton, a botanist of the 'last century. 

Heads many-flowered, the ray-flowers numerous, pistillate ; 
those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre hemispheri- 
cal with imbricated appressed scales, somewhat in 2 rows, 
crowned with narrow membraneous margins. Receptacle 
conical, punctate. Achenia flat 2 or 3 winged. Pappus 
of several minute bristles with 2 to 4 longer awns.— -Smooth 
branching perennial herbs, with lanceolate entire, sessile leaves, and 
loosely corymbose heads of flowers, with white or purplish rays. 

1. B. asteroides, I/Her. Aster-like Boltonia. 

Leaves entire or obscurely serrate ; pappus of few minute bristles and no awns ; 
aehenia broadly oval. 

Moist places, along streams. July — Aug. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, with a diffusely 
branched summit. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long by % to % wide, reduced upwards to 
setaceous bracts 1 to 2 inches in length. Heads terminal on the filiform bractlets. 
Says purple, % inch long. 

2. B. glastifolia, 1/Her. Glaucous Boltonia. 

Leaves lanceolate, somewhat glaucous ; pappus of several short bristles, and 2 or 
3 more or less prolonged awns ; achenia obovate, broadly winged. 

Eich moist soil. Sept. Stem 3 to 7 feet high. Stem leaves 2 to 4 inches long by 
% te 3 <£ wide, those of the branches smaller. Heads in a loose-corymb. Rays pur- 
plish, %. of an incn loil S- &*& yellow. 

14. SERICOCARPUS, Nees. 

Gr. serikos, silky, and Tcarpos, fruit. 

Heads 12 to 15-flowered • ray-flowers 4 to 8 .pistillate'; 
disk-flowers 6 to 10, perfect. Involucre oblong or club- 
shaped, closely imbricated with appressed cartilaginous scales 
in several rows with short and abrupt green tips. Recepta- 
cle alveolate-toothed (honey-comb-like). Achenia short, 
obconic, very silky. Pappus simple, of capillary bristles. — 
Perennial tufted herbs, with sessile alternate leaves, and small clus- 
tered heads of flowers with white rays and yellow disks, disposed in 
a flat corymb. 

1. S. solid AGINEUS, Nees. Narrow-leaved Sericocarpus, 

Smooth ;stem erect, slender; leaves linear, rigid, obtuse, entire, with rough mar 
gins obscurely 3-nerved, tapering to the base; heads very small, in close cluster?.} 
ft w-£owered ; rays slender. 

z 



170 COMPOSITE. 



Woods and low places ; rare. Aug., Sept. Stem simple, about 2 feet high, often 
several from the same root. Leaves smooth, pale green, 1 to 2 inches long." 1 ^ to %& 
inch wide. Heads in a fiat-topped corymb. Bays white, longer than the disk". 
Pappus white. 

2. S. contzoides, Nees. Broad-leaved Sericocarpus. 

Slightly pnbescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate or the lower spatulate, obscurely 
S-nerved, smooth beneath, acute at each end, ciliate ; lower serrate towards the 
apex; involucre top-shaped; heads rather loosely corymbed ; rays short. 

Dry woods; common. July — Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, somewhat 5-angkd. 
rigid, but rather slender. Leaves somewhat fleshy, Heads few in small etas 
Bays longer than the disk, white, 

15. CALLISTEPHUS, Cass. 

Gr. Jcallos, beautiful, and stejrfios, a crown. 

Ray-flowers pistillate, numerous; disk-floicers perfect. 
Involucre hemispherical. Receptacle sub-convex. Pap- 
pus double, each in one series, outer scries short, chaffy, 
bristly, with the bristles united into a crown j inner series of 
long, thread-like, rough, deciduous bristles. — Exotic annuals 
with alternate leaves and showy heads of flowers. 

1. C. Chixensis, Nees. China Aster. Queen Margaret. 

Stem hisped; branches divergent, 1-flowered; leaves ovate, coarsely dentate, petio- 
late; stem leaves sessile, wedge-shaped at the base. — Native of China. Cultivation 
has produced many beautiful varieties, double and semi-double, with white, blue, 
red, flaked and mettled rays. Stem 15 to 20 inches high, with long branches, each 
terminated by a single large head. Disk yellow. July — Sept. 

16. DAHLIA, Linn. 

In honor of Andrew Dahl, a Swedish botanist. 

Involucre double, the outer series of many distinct 
scales, the inner of 8 scales united at base. Receptacle 
chaffy. Pappus none. — Showy Mexican perennial plants, 
with opposite pinnate leaves, and showy large heads of flowers. 

1. D. variabilis, Desf. (D. superflua. Ait.) 

Stem green; raches of the leaves winged ; leaflets ovate, acuminate, serrate, puber- 
ulent or nearly smooth; outer involucre refiesed; ray-flowers pistillate, sterile or 
fertile. — Stem 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves coarse and roughish resembling those of the 
common elder. Flowers large and beautiful, sporting into innumerable varieties, 
single and double, of every conceivable shade of white, scarlet, crimson, purple, 
red, rarely yellow, blooming from Aug. until arrested by frost. 

2. D. coccinea, Cav. (D. frustranea. Ait.) 

Stem frosty, or hoary, hollow; leaves with the racliis naked; leaflets roughish be - 
neath ; outer involucre spreading; rays neutral. — Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Leaves 
glaucous. Bays scarlet, orange-colored or yellow, never purple or white. 

Section 2. Heads radiate ; rays yellow. 



COMPOSITE. 171 



17. SOLIDAGO, Linn. Golden-rod. 

Lat. solklo, to join, or make whole; in allusion to its reputed vulnary properties. 

Heads few, or many-flowered. Rays 1 to 16, pistillate. 
Receptacle small, alveolate (honey-conib-like). Scales op 
the oblong involucre imbricated appressed. Aciienia 
niany-ribbed ; nearly round. Pappus simple, of equal capil- 
lary bristles. — Perennial herbs ivith stems branching near the 
top, wand-like ,- alternate leaves, and small heads of ypllow (one spe- 
cies whitish) flowers expanding in the autumnal months. 

* Stems much branched, corymbose; leaves all linear, entire, sessile. 

1. S. lanceolata, Ait. Bushy Golden-rod. 

Stem angular, hairy, much branched ; leaves lance-linear, 3 to 5 nerved, rough- 
margined ; heads obovoid-cylindrical, in dense corymbed clusters ; rays 15 to 20. 

Woods and meadows; common. Sept. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, terminating in a 
flat-topped corymb. Leaves numerous, long and narrow, distinctly 3-veined, acute- 
ly pointed. Flowers in terminal crowded clusters. Whole plant somewhat frag- 
rant. 

* * Stem simple, corymbose above; lower leaves oval or lanceolate, petioluie. 

2. S. rigida, L. Rigid Golden-rod. 

Rough and somewhat hoary; stem stout, erect, very leafy; lower leaves oval, ere 
nate-dentate, rigid ; upper ovate-oblong, sessile, entire, veiny, thick and rigid ; hea 
about 3 to 4 flowered, large, in compact erect racemes ; rays 7 to 10. 

Dry fields and rocky woods. Aug., Sept. A tall species, 3 to 5 feet high, very 
pubescent when young. Leaves rigid, the radical ones sometimes near a foot long 
Heads very large, many-flowered, clustered near the summits of the branches. 
Rays deep yellow. 

* * * Heads in glomerate axillary clusters. 

3. S. SQUARROSA, Muhl. Large spiked Golden-rod. 

fifem stout, simple, densely pubescent above ; leaves smooth, oblong or the lower 
spatulate-oval, serrate, veiny; scales squarrose with spreading green tips; heads 
many-flowered. 

Rocky wooded hills. Sept. Stem 3 to 5 feet high. Lower leaves large, tapering 
into a margined petiole. Heads in dense axillary clusters, forming a long leafy 
compound spike. Mays 10 to 12, elongated, bright yellow. 

4. S. cesia, Ait. Blue-stemmed Golden-rod. 

Smooth : stem terete, erect : leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed, 
sessile ; heads in short axillary clusters or racemes ; rays 5 to 7. 

Moist rich woodlands ; common. Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, usually 
dark purple and glaucous, simple or branched. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, long- 
poiuted, sts i , glaucous beneath. Hads middle-sized, in numerous axillary ra- 
cemes. Flowers deep yellow. 

5. S. latipolia, L. Broad-leaved Golden-rod. 

Nearly smooth; stem angled, mostly flexuous, smooth ; leaves broad, ovate or oval, 
long pointed at each end, coarsely dentate-serrate ; heads in very short axillary 
clusters or racemes. 

Moist woods and shaded banks ; common. Aug.— Oct. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, 
slender, mostly smooth. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 4 wide, with acute and oftt a 
locg serratures. Clusters of heads short,[the stem terminating with a long terminal 
one. Bays 3 to 4. Disk-flowers 6 to 7. " 



172 COMPOSITE. 



6. S. bicolor, L. Wliite-rayed Golden-rod. 

Hairy; stem simple ; leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at each end ; lower 
ones serrate, short-stalked; racemes short, dense, leafy, erect; scales of the involucre 
obtuse. 

Woods and dry hills ; common. Aug. — Oct. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect. Lower 
leaves tapering into a petiole. Clusters or short racemes from the axils of the 
upper leaves, forming an interrupted spike or crowded panicle Bays about 8, 
small, cream-color or nearly white. Var. concolor, Torr. & Gray. Flowers all yel- 
low. 

*** * Heads in erect, terminal, simple or compound racemes.- 

7: S. puberula, Nutt. Puberulent Golden-rod'. 

Minutely puberulent ; stem-leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base ; lower 
leaves wedge-lanceolate, subserrate; heads very numerous, crowded in compact 
erect-spreading short racemes ; scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped, appressed ; 
rays about 10, elongated. 

Low woods in sandy so il. Aug. — Oct. Stem straight, purplish, 1 to 3 feet high. 
Leaves very minutely pubescent, 2 to 3 inches long ; the lower ones on dense winged 
stalks. Heads rather large, bright yellow, in a prolonged and dense narrow or 
pyramidal panicle. 

8. S. STRICTA, Ait. Upright Golden-rod. 

Smooth throughout ; Stem simple, strict ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower ones 
tapering gradually into winged petioles, somewhat sheathing at the base* minutely 
serrate above the appressed teeth ; racemes much crowded and appressed in a dense 
wand-like panicle ; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse ; rays 5 to 6, small. 

Wet woods. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, very smooth. Boot leaves 6 to 10 
inches long, % to 1 inch wide. Panicle terminal, close, compound, of short, dense, 
appressed racemes. Heads 12 to 18 flowered. 

9. S. speciosa, Nutt. Showy Golden-rod. 

Stem smooth, simple ; leaves oval or ovate, slightly serrate, the uppermost oblong" 
lanceolate, the lower ones contracted into a margined petiole ; heads somewhat 
crowded in numerous erect racemes; peduncles and petioles rough-hairy; involucre 
cylindrical with oblong, obtuse scales. 

Woods ; rather common. Aug. — Oct. A very handsome species, sometimes 6 fee^ 
high. Leaves thickish, 4 to 6 inches long and 2 to 4 wide in the larger forms. Heads 
very numerous with conspicuous, rays of a rich yellow, in a large showy pyramidal 
panicle. Bays about 5, large. 

*. * * * * Heads in one-sided racemes; leaves triple-veined. . 

10. S. nemoralis, L. Grey Golden-rod. Field Aster. 

Minutely greyish, hoary, pubescent; stem simple or corymbed at the summit 
leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, the lower somewhat crenateTdentate and 
tapering into a petiole ; heads' in numerous paniculate-secund racemes ; scales of the 
involucre linear oblong, appressed ; rays 6 to 9. 

Dry, sterile fields ; very common. Sept. A common starved looking species, 1 to 
2 feet high, with a greyish, dusty aspect. Heads small but with conspicuous yellow 
rays. Bacemes numerous, dense, at length recurved, forming a crowded compound 
panicle, which is usually turned to one side. 

11. S. Canadensis, L. Canadian Golden-rod. 

Stem tall and stout, rough, hairy ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, more 
or less pubescent beneath ; heads small ; racemes paniculate, one-sided, recurved ; 
rays very short. 

Borders of thickets and fields ; very common. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, 
f crowed. Leaves sessile, 3 inches long, sometimes nearly entire, roughen the u|>- 



COMPOSITE. ITS 



per side. Heads very numerous*, small, with very obscure yellow rays. — Varies 
greatly in the roughness and hairiness of the stem and leaves, the latter varying 
to oblong-lanceolate or elongated linear-lanceolate. 

12. S. SEROTINA, Ait. Late-flowering Golden-rod. 

Stem very smooth, tall and stcut, often glaucous ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, 
serrate, roughish, slender, pubescent; rays numerous, short. 

Thickets and low grounds ; common. Sept., Oct. Stern 4 to S feet high, terete, 
sometimes purplish-, Leaves 3 to 7 inches long, % as wide, lower ones slightly 
toothed, upper ones entire. Heads numerous, middle-sized, forming a more or less 
compact panicle inclined at the summit. < 

13. S. gig ante A, Ait. Gigantic Golden-rod, 

Stem smooth, stout and tall ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, very sharply serrate, 
smooth on both sides, margin rough, ciliate ; heads in paniculate racemes ; brandies 
pubescent ; peduncles and pedicels hahy ; rays rather long. 

Fields and fence rows; common. Aug. — Oct. Stem 4 to 7 feet high, green some- 
times purplish, sometimes much branched above. Leaves 2- to 7 inches long, \< as 
wide, acuminate at each end. loads larger than in the two preceding species. 
Panicle diffuse on spreading, leafy branches. 

**** Heads in one-sided racemes; leaves feather-veined, all entire. 

14. S. SEMPER VIRENS, It. Evergreen or Salt Marsh G.-rod. 

Smooth ; stem stcut; leaves fleshy, lanceolate, closely sessile or somewhat clasping; 
the radical leaves oval or lanceolate-oblong, obscurely triple-served ; heads in erect 
racemoss panicles; rays 8 to 10, elongated. 

Salt marshes and river banks near the water. Sept. Stem 2 to 8 feet high, pur- 
plish, somewhat glaucous, with numerous long and narrow leaves. Heads showy,- 
with golden yellow rays. 

15. S. ODORA, Sweet-scented Golden-rod. 

Smooth; radical and lower stem-leaves elliptical or lance-ova: ; leaves linear-lanceo- 
late, entire, smooth, pellucid-dotted, scabrous o-n the margin; racemes paniculate 
one-sided. 

Borders of thickets, sunny hilleand fertile woodland. July — Sept. Stem 2 to 3 
feet high, yellowish green, with lines of pubescence from the base of the leaves. 
Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, ^ to % wide. Heads middle-sized, in one-sided racemes, 
forming a terminal pyramidal panicle. Rays 2 to 4, oblong, large. The leaves and 
flowers when dried form an excellent substitute for tea. The leaves are aromatic, 
and yield by distillation a fragrant volatile oil. 

******* Heads in one-sided racemes ; leaves feather-veined, the lower ones toothed. 

18. S. patula, Mulil. Spreading Golden-rod. 

Stem smooth, strongly angled ; leaves ovate, acute, serrate, very smooth and veiny, 
uuderneath, upper surface very rough ; racemes paniculate, spreading. 

Swamp3 ; common, Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, often purple, branched 
above. Leaves often 6 to 8 inches long, lead-colored; the lower ones oblong-spatu- 
Iate, the upper surface remarkably rough. Heads rather large on numeroixs ra- 
. on the spreading branches. Bays 1 to 7, oblong. 

17. S. NEGLECTA-, Torr. & Gray, Neglected Golden-rod. 

Smooth; stem stout; leaves thickish, varying from narrow-lanceolate to ovate- 
lanceolate, tupering to both ends, feather-veined, entire, the lower ones serrate; re, 
cemes dense,one-sided, at length spreading, on elongated, slender, sub-erect branches. 

Swamps. Aug.. Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, straight, round, dividing at top into 
several nearly erect branches. Lower leaves 5 to 7 inches long. Heads middle-sized, 
10 to 20 flowered. Racemes at first erect and scarcely one-sided. 

18. S. ARGUTA, Ait. Sliarp-tootlied Golden-rod. 
Smooth; radical and lower stem-leaves eliptical or lance-oval, sharply serrate,- with- 



174 COMPOSITE. 



spreading teeth, obscurely 3-nerved, pointed, tapering into winged and ciliate peti" 
oles; upper leaves lanceolate ot oblong, tapering to each end, mostly entire; racemes 
dense, at length elongated and recurred, forming a crowded and flat corymb-like 
panicle; rays 8 to 12, small. 

"Woods and banks-; common. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, round, sometimes 
purple. Heads small, very numerous. Scales of the -involucre closely appressed. — 
Well distinguished by its long or drooping racemes.. S. juncea of Ait. is a variety 
with narrow leaves and less dense panicles. . 

19. S. Muhlenberglt, T. & Gr. Muhlenberg 's Golden-rod. 

Smooth ; stem angled ; radical leaves ovate, on margined petioles ; stem leaves ellip- 
tical-lanceolate, very sharply and strongly serrate, pointed at both ends ; racemes 
one-sided, spreading, disposed in an elongated open panicle. 

tow grounds. Aug. — Oct. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, mostly simple, bearing a long 
open panicle. Leaves large and thin, notched with very acute teeth, feather-veined. 
Heads middla-sized, with 6 tc & large spatulate-oblong rays. 

20. S. ALTissiMA, L. Fall Bough Golden-rod. 

Rough, hairy; stem erect, hisped, with rough hairs ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, ellip- 
tical or oblong, acute or pointed, coarsely serrate, rough and wrinkled; racemes pa- 
niculate, spreading or recurved ; rays 6 to 9. 

borders of fields and woods ; very common. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 7 feet high, 
much branched at top. Lmves numerous on the stem and branches, variously 
toothed or serrate. Branches, widely spreading,- each terminating in a recurved 
panicle with the flowers turning upwards. A very variable species. 

21. S. ulmifolia, Mulil. Elm-leaved Goldeiurod. 

Stem smooth, the branches hairy ; leaves thin, elliptical-ovate oroblong-lanceolata, 
pointed, tapering to the base, coarsely serrate ; racemes panicled, recurved-spreading ; 
involucre scales lanceolate-oblong ; rays about i. 

Low grounds ; common. Aug., Sept. Stem about 3 feet high, rarely with scat- - 
tered hairs. Boot-leaves tapering to winged petioles. Heads in racemes which are 
often slender and usually recurved. Bay's deep-yellow. Distinguished from the 
last by its smooth stem and the larger leaves. 

18. GHRYSOPSIS, Nutt: Golden Aster: 

Gr. chrusos. gold, and opsis, aspect, in allusion to the golden blossoms. 

Heads many-flowered. Bay-flowers numerous, ligu- 
late, pistillate ) those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involu- 
cre imbricate, with linear scales destitute of herbaceous 
tips. Eeceetacle flat. AGHENiAobovate, flattened, hairy. 
Pappus double,. the exterior short, interior copious, capilla- 
ry. — Perennial hairy herbs, icith alternate entire leaves, ratlier 
large, often corymbose heads of golden yellow flowers terminating 
the branches, 

1. C. Mariana, Nutt. Maryland Chysopsis. 

Clothed with long somewhat silky hairs ; leaves- oblong or elliptical, veiny, nearly 
entire, the upper closely sessile, the lower spatulate and generally obtuse ; corymb 
nearly simple. 

Sandy soil. Aug. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, mostly simple, leafy, and with the leaves 
clothed with scattered long, silky hairs. Heads rather few, large, 12 to 20 rayed, J 
iuA terminal somewhat umbellate corymb. Fed-uncles viscid, glandular. 



C0MP0SIT2E. 175- 



Section 3. Heads radiate; rays yellow ; antJiers with tails at the base; receptacle 
naked. 

19*. INULA, Linn. Elecampane. 

The ancient Latin name. 

Heads many-flowered. Bay-flowers in a single series', 
pistillate, ligulate, rarely tubular; disk-flowers perfect, 
tubular. Involucre imbricated. Pappus of capillary 
bristles. Receptacle flat, or somewhat convex, naked. 
Heads solitary or corymbose. — Coarse European perennial 
herbs with alternate leaves, and large heads of yellow flowers. 

Helenium, L. Common Elecampane. 

Stout ; root-leaves ovate, tapering into a petiole; stem-leaves somewhat clasping, 
all of them acute, toothed, woolly underneath; outer involucre scales leaf-like; 
rays narrow, very numerous ; achenia prismatic, 4-sided. 

A large coarse-looking plant, naturalized by road-sides. Native of Europe. 
Aug. Stem i to 6 feet high, furrowed, branching and downy above. Radical-leaves 
1 to 3 feet long, 6 to 12 inches wide. Flowers large, solitary, terminal, bright yel- 
row. Rays linear, with 2 or 3 teeth at the end. The root is mucilaginous ; ancPis 
highly esteemed as a domestic medicine. 

20. ECLIPTA, Einn. 

Gr. eUeipa, to be deficient, alluding to the absenee of pappus. 

Heads niany -flowered.. Bay-flowers pistillate, in one- 
series, ligulate, very narrow and short ; disk-flowers per- 
fect, tubular, 4-toothed. Involucre in 2 series ; the scales 
10 to 12, leaf-like, ovate-lanceolate. Beceptacle flat, fur- 
nished with linear thread-like chaff. Achenia short, 3 to 
4 sided, in the disk 2 sided, sometimes hairy at the summit. 
Pappus none, or an obscure toothed crown. — Annual or bi- 
ennial rough herbs, with slender stems , opposite lanceolate or oblong 
leaves, and whitish flowers, axillary, or solitary and terminal ,- an- 
thers brown. 

E. procumbens, Michx. Procumbent Eclipta. 

Rough with close appressed hairs-; stem procumbent, creeping or ascending; 
leaves oblong lanceolate, acute at each end, sessile, slightly serrate; peduncles axil^. 
lary or terminal longer than the head. Annual. 

Damp sandy soils, western parts of the State. June — Oct. Stem 1 to 3 feet long, 
often rooting at the base. Leaves % to 1 inch by ^ to %. rough, obscurely triple- 
veined. Heads small, with minute flowers and short rays on peduncles many times 
longer than the head. — Var. bra«hypoda has the peduncles scarcely longer than th!a 
head. 

Section 3.— Heads discoid. 

21. PLUCHIA, Cass. Marsh Fleabane, 

Named in honor of A". Pluche, a French botanist. 



176 COMPOSITE. 



Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular ; the central 
ones perfect or sterile, few, with a five-cleft corolla ; the outer 
inmany series, with thread-shaped truncate corollas, pistillate 
and fertile. Involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, na- 
ked. Achenia grooved. Pappus capillary in a single row. 
—Herbs somewhat glandular, emitting a strong camphoric smell, 
with alternate entire leaves and corymbs of purple flowers. 

P. fcetida, DC. Fcctid Marsh Fleabane. 

Nearly smooth; stem erect, very leafy; leaves broadly lanceolate; acute at each 
end, distinctly petioled, veiny, obtusely serrate ; heads numerous, in paniculate 
corymbs. 

Open, hilly grounds and river banks, -western parts of the State. Aug. Per. 
Stem 2 to 4 feet high, sub-simple. Leaves i to 7 inche3 long, iy 2 to 3 wide, sprin- 
kled -with minute dots, on petioles % to 1 inch long. 

Tribe IV. SENICIONIDEiE. The Groundsel Tribe. 

Heads radiaU or discoid ; branches of the style linear, hairy or hisped at the apex, 
which is either truncated or produced into a conical or elongated appendage; haves 
opposite or alternate. 

Section 1. — Heads radiate ; flowers yellowish or greenish. 

22. POLYMNIA, Linn. 

Dedicated to one of the ancient Muses, for no imaginable reason. 

Heads many-flowered. Ray-elowers pistillate, ligulate, 
in one series; disk-elowers perfect, tubular, sterile. Re- 
ceptacle flat, chaffy. Involucre double; the outer scales 
about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading, the inner small and 
membranaceous, surrounding the round obovoid achenia. 
Pappus none. — Tall, branching, viscid and hairy perennial 
herbs, with large opposite leaves, the upper lobed with diluted appen- 
dages at the base, and light yellow heads of flowers in panicled co- 
rymbs. 

1. P. Canadensis, L. Leaf -cup. 

Clammy, hairy ; lower leaves deeply pinnatifid, or lyrate ; the uppermost triangu- 
lar-obovate or wedge-form, shorter than the involucre. 

Moist, shaded ravines. June, July. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, roughly pubescent 
and somewhat viscid, branching. Leaves opposite or alternate, very thin, mostly 
3 to 5 lobed at the apex. Flowers light yellow, with short rays, surrounded by the 
concave leaflets of the double involucre, so as to form a sort of a cup, hence called 
leaf-cup. Heads % inch in diameter. 

2. P. Uvedalia, L. Large Leaf -cup. 

Roughisb, hairy, stout; leaves broadly ovate, angled and toothed, nearly sessile, 
the lower palmately loted, abruptly narrowed into a winged petiole; outer scales of 
the involucre very large; rays 10 to 15. 

Rich soils, July; Aug. Stem 3 to feet high, round. Loxver leaves very large. 



composite. 177 



Heads of flowers large, few, arranged in loose panicles, the rays much longer than- 
the involucre, bright yellow ; disk dull yellow. 

23. SILPHIUM, Linn. Rosin-plant. 

Gt. silphion, the ancient name of a medicinal plant of Africa, transfered to the ge- 
nus by Linnaeus. 

Heads many-flowered: Ray-flowers numerous, ligu- 
late, pistillate and fertile, their broad flat ovaries imbricated 
in 2 to 3 rows ; disk-flowers perfect but sterile, tube short. 
Receptacle somewhat convex, chaffy. Involucre bell- 
shaped, with imbricated scales in several rows, the outer with 
loose leaf-like summits. Achenia broad and flattened, sur- 
rounded by a ring which is notched at the top, destitute of 
pappus, or with 2 teeth confluent with the winged margin ; 
those-of the disk abortive, with an obsolete crown-like pap- 
pus. — Coarse and tall rough perennial herbs, with a copious 
xe&inous juice, and large heads of yellow flowers in corymbose pan-* 
icles. 
* Stem round or slightly 4rdngled, leafy : leaves undivided. 

1. S. trifoliatum, L. Three-leaved Rosin Plant." 

Stem tall and rather slender, smooth, often glaucous ; stem leaves lanceolate? 
ppinted, entire or scarcely serrate, rough, on very short petioles, in whorls of 3 or 
4; upper leaves opposite; heads loosely panicled ; involucre smooth; scales broadly 
ovate, rather obtuse; achenia broadly oval, sharply 2-toothed at the top. 

Dry woods and plains. Aug. Stem 5 to 6 feet high, slightly angled, purplish- 
Leaves thick, 3 to 5 inches long. Heads loosely cymose on rather, long peduncles* 
Rays 12 to 16, expanding about 2% inches, bright yellow. 

**Stem square; leaves opposite, connate. 

2. S. perfoliatum, L. Cup Plant. 

Stem stout, square; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, connate-perfoliate, narrowed 
towards the base ; heads in a trichotomous cyme, the central on a long peduncle. 

Rich soil along streams. Aug. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, often branched above- 
Leaves 6 to 16 inches long, the upper united by their bases and forming a cup" 
shaped disk, the lower narrowed into winged petioles, which are connate by their 
bases. Heads large, with. 15 to 25 yellow. rays. Ache nia winged and variously 
notched. 

24. AMBROSIA, Toura. Rag-weed. 

Gr. ambrosia, the food of the gods, a term strangely applied. 

Heads monoecious ; the fertile at the base and the sterile 
at the top of the spike. Sterile involucre flattish or 
top-shaped, composed of 7 to 12 scales united into a cup, 
containing 5 to 20 funnel-form staminate flowers. Fertile 
involucre oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, and usu- 
ally with 4 to 8 horns near the top in one row inclosing a 
single pistillate flpwer. Achenia ovoid. — Herbaceous chief- 



178 C^MPOSIT^E. 



ly annual coarse weeds, with opposite or alternate lobed or dissected 
leaves, and inconspicuous greenish or whitish /lowers. 

1. A. triflda, L. Great Rag-weed. 

Stem tall and stout; leaves 3-lobed serrate, the lobes oval-lanceolate, acuminate; 
racemes panicled:/™i£6-ribbed, tbe ribs terminating in as many crested tubercles 
Var. — ixtegrifolia has all tbe leaves, or the upper ones, undivided, ovate or oval, 
pointed. 

Low moist grounds, and banks of streams ; common. Aug. Stem 4 to 12 feet 
1 ijhj squs re, rough and hairy as wella;th3 , a?ge]eive c v Leaves 4 to 7 inches broad, 
opposite. Flowers obscure and unattractive, in long leafless spikes, axillary and 
terminal. 

2. A. artemisjefolia, L. Roman Wormwood. Hog- 
weed. Common Rag-weed. 

Stem slender, much branched hairy or roughish-pubescent; leaves opposite, and 
the upper alternate, twice pinnatifid, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath ; 
racemes or spikes loosely panicled ; fruit oboyoid globular, pointed, armed with 
about short teeth. — Yar. hetekophylla. has the stem leaves pinnatifid, those of the 
branches lanceolate. 

Waste places ; common everywhere. July — Sept. An extremely variable weed., 
1 to 3 feet high, with finely cut leaves, embracing several nominal' species. 

25. XANTHIUM, Toura. Cockle-burr. 

Gr. xanthus, yellow; in allusion to the color the plants are said to yield. 

Fertile and sterile flowers occupying different heads 
on the same plant ; the fertile clustered below ; the sterile in 
short spikes or -racemes above. Fertile involucre closed, 
eoriacious, ovoid or oblong, clothed with hooked prickles, so 
as to form a rough burr, 2-celled, 2-flowered, the flowers pis- 
tillate, with a slender filiform corolla. Sterile involucre 
sub-globose, many-flowered, with the scales in one series. 
Achenia oblong, flat. — Low coarse annuals, with stout bran- 
ching stems and alternate lobed ot toothed petioled leaves. 

1. X. STRUMARIUM, L- Common Coclde-burr. Clot-weed. 

Stem unarmed, branching; leaves cordate, lobed, 3-veined, unequally serrate, 
rough; fertile involucre oval, somewhat pubescent, the beaks straight. 

Roadsides and waste places ; introduced. July — Sept. Stem bristly, spotted, 2 
to 3 feet high. Leaves large, 3 to 6 inches broad, on long stalks, rigid. FtrWe 
flowers in sessile axillary tufts. Sterile flowers few together, terminal, globular, 
green. Fruit a hard 2-celled burr, near an inch long, covered with stiff hooked 
prickles. 

2. X. spinosum, L. Thorn Clot-burr. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, wedge-shaped at the base, entire or slightly 3- 
lobed, minutely pubescent above, hoary underneath. 

Waste places ; introduced. Sept.- — Nov. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, armed with 3-par- 
ted slender spurs. Leaves entire or repand-denticulate. Heads few, axillary, soli- 
tary ; fertile in the lower and sterile in the upper axils. 

Tribe V. HELIANTHEJE. The Sun-flower tribe. 



composite. 179 



Heads radiate or rarely discoid; the disk-flowers always perfect and fertile: reccp- 
•cle chaffv ; anthers blackish, ivithout tails at the base; pappus none, or crown-like, or 
or two chaffy axons, never capillary or of uniform chaffy scales: leaves chiefly 
ppos&e. 

26. HELIOPSIS, Pers. Ox-eye. 

Gt. helios, the sun, and opsis, appearance, from the resemblance of the flowers. 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flower 10 or more in one 
series, ligulate, fertile; disk-flowers tubular, perfect. 
Involucre in 2 or 3 rows j. the outer leaf-like and somewhat 
spreading ; the inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle 
conical ; chaff linear. Achexia smooth, 4-angled. Pap- 
pus none, or a mere "border. — Perennial herhs, with opposite 
petioled haves, and large showy heads of flowers with conspicuous 
yellow rays. 

H. ljeyis, Pers. Common Ox-eye. 

Nearly smooth : leaves oval-lanceolate or oblong-orate, coarsely serrate, petiolate, 
3-veinecl. 

A large showy plant in hedges and thickets : common. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 6 
feet high, angular. 2 or 3 times forked above. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, 1 to 4 wide. 
Branches thickened at the summit, each terminating with a large, solitary, yellow 
head. — Tar. 3CABBA,has roughish foliage, and the involucre somewhat hcary, 6 feet 
bigh. Yar. graciles is smafi. and slender, with ovate-lanceolate leaves, acute at the 
base, 2 feet high. 

27. RUDBECKIA, 

In honor of Olaus Rudbeck, Professor of Botany at Upsal, in Sweden. 

Heads many-flowered \ ray-flowers neutral, in a single 
series, ligulate ; disk-flowers tubular, perfect. Scales of 
the involucre leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Re- 
ceptacle conical or columner, with short concave chaff. 
Achenia 4-angular, smooth, not margined, flat topped. 
Pappus none, or a minute crown-like border. — Chiefly per- 
tnnial herbs, icith alternate leaves and showy large heads of flowers 
terminating the item branches, with long and drooping yellow rays, 

* Disk pale green or purplish. 

1. R. laciniata, L. Tall Cone-flower. 

Stem smooth, branching; leaves smooth or roughish, the lower pinnate, with 5 
f ■ 7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets; upper leaves irregularly, 3 to 5-parted: the lobes ovate- 
lanceolate, pointed, or entire; chaff truncate and downy at the tip. 

Low thickets : common. July — Sept. A tall, showy plant, 6 to S feet high. 
ses gradually less and less'divided from the lowest to the uppermost ones. 
R-ads rather large, terminal. Hays linear, 1 to 2 inches long, bright yellow, 
spreading or drooping. Disk greenish yellow. 

* Disk broadly conical, dark purple or brown. 

2. R. triloba, L. Three-lobed Cone-flower. 

Hairy; stem much branched, the branches slender and spreading; upper leaves 
-lanceolate, somewhat clasping, serrate or entire; lower leaves 3-lobed, taper- 
ing at the base, coarsely serrate; scales of the involucre linear, 



'180 COMPOSITE. 



Dry soil. July— Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, very branching. Leaves 2 to 4 
inches long, 3- veined. Heads small, numerous and showy. Rays about 8, deep 
yellow, % to 1 inch long, % as wide. 

3. R. speciosa, Wender. JSJwwy Cone-flower. 

Roughish-hairy, branched ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both 
ends, petioled, 3 to 5-nerved, coarsely and unequally toothed or cut ; involucre much 
shorter than the numerous elongated rays; cltaff of the disk acutish, smooth. 

Dry soil. Aug. — Oct. Stein 1 to 2 feet high, branched, the branches upright, 
elongated and naked above, terminatedby single large beads. Leaves rather thin, 
those of the root 4 to 5 inches long by 3 to 4 wide, on petioles, 6 to 10 inches long. 
Hays about 18, oblong-linear, bright yellow. 

4. "R. fulgida, Ait. Small-flowered Rudbeclcia. 

Hairy; stem with slender branches ; leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, partly 
clasping, 3-nerved, the upper entire, mostly obtuse ; scales oblong, spreading, as 
long as the spreading rays ; 'chaff linear-oblong, obtuse. 

Dry soil. July — Oct. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, branching, the upright branches 
naked at the summit and bearing single heads. Bays 12 to 14, scarcely longer 
than the leafy involucre, deep orange-yellow, 2-cleft at the summit. Disk nearly 
hemispherical, purple. 

5. R. hirta, L. Hairy Rudbechia. 

Tery rough and bristly -hairy ; stem simple or branched near the base; leaves 
nearly entire ; the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile ; the lower spatulate, 3-neTved, 
on petioles ; scales nearly equalling the rays ; chaff hairy at the tip. 

Dry soil. July — Sept. A showy plant, 2 to 3 feet high, with the stem simple or 
branched near the base, naked above, bearing single large heads. Bays 12 to 15, 
bright yellow, 1 inch long, surrounding a broadly conical disk of dark purple or 
brown chaff and flowers. 

28. LEPACHYS, Raf. 

Gr.lepis, a scale, and pakus, thick, refering to the thickened tips of the chaff. 

Heads many-flowered ; the rays few, neutral, in a single 
series ; those of the disk small, tubular, perfect. Scales 
of the involucre few, small, spreading. Receptacle 
oblong or -columner ; the chaff truncate, thickened and 
bearded at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and mar- 
gined achenia. Pappus none, or 2 teeth. — Perennial herbs, 
with alternate pinnate leaves, and showy heads of yellow flowers, with 
lojig drooping rays ,• disk grayish. 

L. PINNATA, Torr. & G-ray. Tall Lepachys. 

Hairy with minute, appressed hairs; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 3 to 7, lanceolate, 
acute at both ends, toothed or entire ; disk oblong ; rays much longer than the disk. 

Dry soil. -July — Sept. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, grooved, -with naked branches 
above, terminated by single showy heads. Bays yellow, about 2 inches long, 
slightly tootbed at the apex. Disk ovate, exhaling an anisate odor when bruised. 
Achenia of the ray 3-angled, hairy ; that of the disk compressed, smooth or ciliate. 

29. HELIANTHUS, Linn. Sunflower. 

Gr. helios, the sun, and anthos, a flower. 

Heads many-flowered -, rat-flowers in one series, ligu- 
Jate ; neutral ; those of the disk ; tubular, perfect. In vol- 



COMPOSITE. 181 



ucre imbricated. Receptacle flat or convex ; the persis- 
tent chaff embracing the 4-sided and laterally achenia. 
Pappus very deciduous, consisting of two thin chaffy-awned 
scales (sometimes additional smaller ones). — Coarse and 
stout herbs, mostly perennials, with mostly opposite leaves , generally 
triple-veined, and solitary or corymbed heads, with yellow rays. 

* Disk flowers dark purple. 

1. H. atrorubens, L. Daffc-red Sunfllower. 

Stem erect, branched above, hisped with long scattered hairs : leaves mostly op- 
posite, oblong-spatulate or ovate, slightly serrate, 3-nerved, scabrous ; involucre 
scales lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, as long as the disk. 

Gravelly 6oils. Aug., Sept. Per. — Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Lowzr leaves very 
large and often slightly cordate. Heads in a loose terminal panicle; rays about 
16, yellow ; disk dark purple. 

2. H. ANNUUS, L. Common Sunflower. 

Leaves cordate, 3-nerved, lower ones opposite; peduncles thick; flowers nodding- 
Native of South America. July, Aug. Stem 7 to 15 feet high. Heads of flowers 
very large, with broad rays of a brilliant yellow color. A splendid variety occurs 
1 with the flowers all radiate. 

* * Disk flowers yellow ; leaves opposite, or the upper sometimes alternate. 

3. H. mollis, Lam. Downy Sunflower. 

Stem villous ; leaves ovate with a somewhat cordate and clasping base, pointed 
: nearly entire, hoary above; involucre scales lanceolate, downy. 

Low grounds. July— Sept, Per.— Stem clothed with soft white hairs, simple, 
leafy, 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves hoary above, very soft white-hairy and reticulate 
underneath. Heads few, rather large ; rays 15 to 25, about one inch long, yellow. 

4. H. STRUMOSUS, L. Pale-leaved Sunflower. 

Stem tall, rather simple ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, long acuminate, serrate, 3-nerv- 
ed, rough above, whitish and- pubesbent beneath, abruptly contracted into short 
margined petioles ; involucre scales broadly lanceolate with spreading tips, equal- 
ling the disk. 

River banks and dry woods; common. Aug., Sept. Per. Stem rough above, 
smooth below, 2 to 4 feet high, slender,- simple or sparingly branched. Heads few, 
on roughly pubescent peduneles ; rays about 10, bright yellow. 

5. H. DIVARICATUS, I*. Cross-leaved Sunflower. 

Stem smooth, simple or forked at the top; leaves sessile ovate-lanceolate, rounded 
at the base, tapering to the point, opposite and divaricate, 3-nerved, serrate, thick 
• i ;h rough ; involucre scales lanceolate, acuminate from a broad base, ciliate, spread- 
ing ; equalling the disk. 

Thickets and barrens ; common. Aug,, Oct Per.— Stem 1 to 5 feet high, some- 
times purple and glaucous, simple or forked and corymbed above. Leaves 3 to 5 
inches long. Heads small, few, in a terminal panicle ; rays 8 to 12, bright yellow ; 
disk yellow. 

6. H. TRACHELIFOLIUS, Willd. Throatwort Sunflower, 

Stem, tall, hairy, loosely branched above ; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong- 
lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved, smoothish or roughish-pubescent on both, 
sides, contracted into short petioles; involucre scales lance-linear, elongated and 
very acuminate, loose, outer ones larger and squarrose, 

-A2 



182 COMPOSITE. 



Dry swamps. Aug. — Oct. P>?r. Stem 3 to G feet high, purplish. Leaves 3 to 6 
inches long, by ^ to 3 inches wide on petioles % to 1/4 inches lorg. Heads mid- 
dle sized, borne at the top of the slender suberect branches ; rays expanding 2 to S 
inched long. 

7. H. gigaxteus, L. Tall Sunflower. 

Stem rough or hairy, branched above • leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, very 
rough above, rough-hairy beneath, narrowed and ciliate at the base, nearly senile ; 
involucre scales long, lineaf-lanceolate, pointed, hairy or strongly ciliate. 

Thickets and swamps ; common. Aug., Sept. Ter. — Stem 3 to-10 feet high, pan- 
iculate! y branched at the summit, sometimes smoothish below. Heads numerous, 
in a loose terminal panicle ; rays 12 to 20, pale yellow ; disk greenish yellow. 

8. H. decapetalus, L. Thin-leaved Sunflower. 

Stem erect, tall and branching, smooth below, rough above ; leaves ovate-lanceo- 
late, on short margined petioles, acuminate coarsely serrate, 3-nerved, thin and 
slightly scabrous ; involucre scales lance-linear, elongated, loosely spreading, the 
crat:r longer than the disk. 

Copses and low banks of streams ; common. Aug. — Oct. Per. — Stem 3 to 5 feet 
high, slender, somewhat branching at the summit. Outer invuhtcral scales some- 
times foliaceous or changing to leaves. Heads in a f&stigiate corymb ; rays S to 10, 
narrow, pale yellow. 

9. H. microcepilalus, "Torr. ..& Or. Small-headed 
Sunflower. 

Stem smooth, with 4 to G slender branches above ; leaves opposite, or the upper 
ones alternate, thin ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, somewhat serrate, veiny, pctio- 
led, rough above, downy or hairy underneath ;piduncles slender, rough; involucre 
scales ovate and ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, the outer with squarrose tips. 

Woods and thickets, western part of the State. Stem 3 to 8 feet high, usually in. 
tufU. Heads small, oblong, % to % inch broad ; rays 5 to G, nearly 1 inch long. 

: * Leaves alternate, sometimes epposite below. 

10. H. MULTIFLORUS, L. Many-rayed Sunflower. 

Stem erect, branching, scabrous ; leaves alternate, petioled,- toothed, 3-nervod ; 
lower cordate, upper ovate; involucre, scales linear-lanceolate, eiliate, inner c&os 
lanceolate. 

Houn tain woods. July — Sept. Per. Stem and peduncles rough hairy. Leaves 
sometimes opposite, rough, serrate. Involucre with 40 to CO scales, imlricatc, net 
squarrose. Heads erect; rays numerous, oblong. Perhaps introduced. 

11. H. tuberosus L. Jerusalem Artichoke. 

Hoot bearing tubers ; Stem stout and tall, branched, rough ; leaves alternate, 
ovate, petiolate, 3-nerved, rough, serrate ; lower cordate-ovate; petioles ciliate at 
b&se; involucre scales linear lanceolate. 

Fields and cultivated grounds; naturalized, also cultivated. July — Sept. Tey. 
Stem 1 to S feet high, branched. Leaves largo wedge-shafed at base; Iwvtr onea 
opposite, rarely ternate or lobed. Heads rather large, terminal, on angular r ubc-s- 
;ent peduncles ; rays 12 to 20 ; yellow. The root is sometimes u^ed for pickling. 

80. COREOPSIS, -Linn. Tickseex>. 

Gr. Jcoris, a hug, and opst's, resemblance ; from the form of the fruit. 

Heads many-flowered j ray flowers about 8, neutral, in a 
single series ; dish flowers, small, tubular, perfect. Invol- 
ucre double; each of about 8 scales, the outer somewhat fo« 



COMPOSITE. 18o 



Ilaceous and'spreatling; the inner broader and appressed. — 
Receptacle flat, with membraneceous chaff. Achenia flat, 
often winged, 2 toothed, 2 awned, or sometimes naked at 
the summit. — Herbs with mostly opposite leaves, and yellow 
or parti-colored, rarely purple rays. 

* Rays wanting. 

1. C. BIDENTOIDES, Nutt. 

Dwarf, diffusely branched, smoothish; leaves lanceolate-linear, cut, toothed t • 
pering Into a petiole ; awns slender, upwards barbed, much longer than the corol- 
la, or the bristly young achenia. 

Near Philadelphia, Nuttall. — Pro£ Gray thinks this a very obscure and undoubt- 
ful plant. 

* * Rays and disk yellow ; leaves opposite, divided-, 

2. C. trichosperma, Michx. Tiekseed Sunflower. 

Smooth, brauched; leaves short peticled, 5 to 7-divlded ; leaflets lanceolate or lin- 
ear, cut-toothed or the upper leaves only 3 to 5 cleft and nearly sessile ; outer invol- 
ucre scales subspatulate, ciliate-serrate ; heads in corymbose panicles. 

Swamps, near the coast. Aug. — Oct. Biennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, obtusely 
4-angled, much branched, smooth. Branches and leaves mostly opposite. Ltaws 
thin, subsessile. Leaflets narrow tapering to a long point with a few unequal re- 
mote serratures. Iliads large showy, yellow. Achenia narrowly wedge-oblong, 
bristly ciliate above, crowned with 2 triangular or awl-shaped stoat- teeth. 

3. C. TRIPTERIS, Michx. Three-leaved Ticlcseed. 

Smooth ; Stem simple, tall, corymbose at summit ; leaves 3 to 5-divided ; leaflets 
lanceolate, acute, entire, scabrous on the- margins; heads small on short peduncles. 
Banks of streams. Aug. — Oct. Per. An elegant species, 4 to 6 feet high, slen- 
der, terete. Divisions of the leaves 3 to 6 inches long, by ^i to 1^ inches wide. 
Heads rather small, in a loose terminal corymb, on short peduucles ; rays about 8, 
spreading % inch long, yellow. The heads exhale the odor of anise when bruised, 

CULTIVATED SPECIES. 
* ** Rays or dish purple. 

4. C. tinctoria, Nutt. Dyer's Coreopsis: Elegant 
Coreopsis. 

Leaves alternate, those of the root subpinnate ; leaflets oval, entire, smooth ; stem, 
l&aves subpinnate ; leaflets linear ; acJienia naked. A handsome border annual, na- 
tive of the Upper Missouri. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, with light smooth foliage. 
Heads with yellow rays, beautifully colored with brownish purple at their base. 
Flowering all summer. Partially naturalized in Union Co. ' 

5. C. DrummOndii, T. & Gr. Brumniond's Coreopsis. 

Pubescent; leaves pinnately dividedj sometimes simple, segments (or leaves) 
oval, entire; involucre scales lanceolate-acuminate; rays unequally 5 toothed, twice 
1 onger than the involucre ; achenia obovate, incurved, scarcely toothed. A beau- 
tiful annual from Texas. <S(ems 10 to 20 inches high. Rays large, yellow, with 
a purple spot at the baee. 

B'. atrosanguinea, a variety in cultivation, with dark oraago flowers. 

31. ZINNIA, Linn. 

Dedicated to John Godfrey Zinn, a German botanist, 1557.- 

Heads man y-flowered ; rays 5 ; persistent, entire^, pistil*- 



184 COMPOSITE. 

late ; disk, flowers perfect. Receptacle chaffy, conical. 
Pappus of the disk of 2 erect awns. Involucre scales 
oval, margined, imbricate. Annual?, native at the South, 
common in cultivation^ with opposite entire haves and showy heads 
of flowers. 

1. Z. elegans, Lk Elegant Zinnia. 

Stems hairy; leaves oordate, sessile-amplexicaul; head? on long peduncles ; chaff 
serrated. July, Aug. Several varieties are known in cultivation with violet, white, 
purple, scarlet and yellowish flowers. 

2. Z. multjflqra, L..,. Many-flowered Zinnia. Youth 
and old age. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate on .short petioles ^ heads on long peduncles with dull scar- 
let rays. Z. pauciflorum, with bright yellow flowers, is also found in cultivation. 

32. TAGETES^ Linn. Marigold. 

Named for Tages, a Tuscan divinity. 

Heads heterogamous ; Kay-flowers 5, persistent. ^ In* 
volucre simple, tubular, of 5 united scales. Receptacle 
naked. Pappus of 5 erect awns.— Annual herbs, natives of 
tropical America , with ,pinnately divided .leaves and showy heads of 
flowers. 

1. T. patula, Li. French Marigold. 

Stem erect, with spreading branches; segments of the leaves linear-lanceolate; pe- 
duncles elongated, sub-cylindric, one-flowered; involucre smooth. Stem 1 to 2 feet 
high. Flowers yellow-orange, striped and variegated with deep brown. 

2. T. erecta,. L. African Marigold. 

Leaves pinnately divided ; segments .-lanceolate;; cilliate-serrate ; peduncles 1-flow- 
ered, ventricose and thickened at the summit \Anvolucre angular. Stem 2 to 3 feet . 
high, with large heads of deep, yellow and; grange colored flowers... 

33. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt. 

Gr. aJdin, a ray, and.»iem, a part, alluding to the small number, or irregularity 
of the rays. 

Heads many-flowered ; rat-flowers neutral, few, elon- 
gated or rarely wanting ; disk flowers tubular, perfect. 
Involucre foliaceous, nearly equal, in 1 to 3 rows. Re- 
ceptacle convex, chaffy^ the. outer chaff embracing the out- 
er margin of the flat, oboyate, compressed and winged ache- 
nia. Pappus of 2 smooth persistent awns. — Tall and branch- . 
ing perennial herbs, with serrate feather ^viened leaves, and corym- 
bed heads of chiefly yellow flowers. 

1. A. SQUARROSA, Nutt. Tall Achtinomeris. 

Stem erect, somewhat hairy and winged above; leaves alternate, or the lower op- 
posite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both. ends; heads in an open corymfced , 



COMPOSITE. 18 5 



panicle; involucre scales in 2 rows, the outer linear spatulate; aclienia broadly" 
■winged. 

Moist grounds: common. Aug., Sept. — Stem 4 to 8 feet high, slender, smooth be- 
low. Heads small, in a terminal lssfly corymbose panicle ; rays 4 to 10 irregular, 
oblanceolate, yellow; disk greenish-yellow. Receptacle globular, 

34. BIDENS, Linn. Burr Marigold, 

Lat. bidenz, "having two teetbTy in allusion to the two awns of the achenia. 

Heads many-flowered, the ray-flowers 3 to 8 neutral, 
often wanting; disk-flowers tubular, perfect. Involucre 
double, unequal, the outer series often large and leafy. Re- 
ceptacle flattish, chaffy, the chaif deciduous with the fruit, 
Achenia flattened, parallel with the scales of the involucre, 
or slender and 4-sided, crowned with ;2 or more rigid and- 
persistent awns which are downwardly barbed. — Annual or 
perennial herbs', with opposite various leaves, and mostly yellow 
flowers: 

* Rcys inconspicuous or ncrte. 

I; B. frondosa, L. Common Beggar-ticks. 

Smooth or somewhat hairy : stem tall and branching ; leaves 3 to 5-divided, the 
Itajltts lanceolate, pointed, coarsely toothed, mostly petioled; outer leafy involucre 
much longer than the head, ciliate below; rays none; achenia wedge-obovate, 
2-a'wned, somewhat ciliate on the margin. 

Moist waste places: common. July — Sept. A very troublesome weed 2 to 4 feet 
high, sending out many spreading branches. Lower Leaves pinnate, upper ones ter- " 
nate, lanceolate, serrate. Flowers in clusters at the ends of the branches, without 
ray*, yellow, surrounded. by a. large cnd4eaty involucre. Achenia 2-aWned, and as 
in the other species, adliering by their retrorsely barbed awns to the dress, and to 
t ie fleece of animals. 

2. B. connata, Muni. Swamp Beggar ticks. 

Smooth; leaves lanceolate, serrate, connate at the base; lower ones mostly trifid 
scales of the outer involucre longer than the head, mostly obtuse, scarcely ciliate; 
rays none : achenia narrowly wedge-form, 3-awned. 

Wet grounds; common. Aug, Annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, smooth and 
4 furi-owed. with opposite branches. Leaves tapering into margined petioles which 
»** slightly united at the base; the lower often divided ; the lateral divisions united 
at the base and decurrent on the petiole. Flowers terminal, solitary, without rays, 
consisting only of the tubular yellow florets, surrounded by a leafy' involucre. 

3. B. CERNUA, L. Nodding Burr-Marigold. 

Nearly smooth, low ; leaves all undivided; lanceolate, unequally serrate, scarcely 
connate; heads discoid or radiate, nodding; outer involucre longer than the head 
achenia wedge-obovate, 4-awned, the margins downwardly barbed'. 

Swamps and ditches. Annual. Aug. — Oct. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, purplish, stri- 
ate above, branched around the base. Branches opposite. Leaves opposite, slightly 
connate. Floicers yellowish-greea, with or without rays. Fays when present, 
about 8, smaller than B. chrysanthemoides, the leaves irregularly toothed and the 
outer involucre more leaf-like. 

4. B. BIPINNATA, L. Spanish Needles. 

Smooth, branching: leaves petioled bipinnately parted, the segments lanceolate 
o* cV.ang ovate, mostlv wedge-shaped at the base; heads on slender peduncleeywitc ! 

A2* 



186 COMPOSITE. 



2 to 4 small rays ; outer involucre of linear scales as long as the inner ; aclienia long 
and slender, 4-grooved and angled, nearly smooth, 3 to 4 awned. 

Dry soil, waste places. Annual. July — Sept. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, branching, 
smooth, 4-angled. leaves 1 to 2 pinnately parted. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, nearly 
smooth. Meads of flowers on-long peduncles, each with 3 to 4- (£r none) obscure/ 
obovate yellow rays. 

**Jtays conspicuous.- 

5. B. chrysanthemgldes, Miehx. Larger/lowered Bi&r- 
Marigold. 

Smooth, erect or reclining at the base ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, 
mare or less connate, acute, serrate ; heads erect or nodding, conspicuously radiate ; 
outer involucre -mostly shorter than the long rays ; achenia wedge-shaped, with 2 to 

4 awns. 

Swamps and ditches; common. Annual.- Aug*, Sept. A low plant, with large 
yellow-rayed flowers. Stem 6 to 20 inches high. Leaves smooth, with few remote 
teath. Heads rather large, solitary at the ends cf the branches, erect or somewhat 
nodding ; rays elliptic, 8 to 10,- bright yellow, 1 inch long. 

35, VEBBESINA, Linn. Crownbeard. 

" Name altered from T&rbena," . 

Heaivs few and many-flowered, mostly radiate; rays pis- 
tillate. . Scales of the erect involucre few, imbricated in 2 
or more rows. Receptacle flat or somewhat convex, the 
chaff concave and embracing, the, flowers. Achenia flat 
(compressed laterally), usually winged at the angles, crowned 
with 2 rigid awns. — American perennial plants, ivithtJie toothed 
or lobed leaves deterrent on the stem, find solitary or corymbose heads 
:>/ yellow flowers., 

1 V. SlEGESBECKlA, Miehx. - Siegesbeck's CrOwnheard. 

Stem smooth, 4-winged; leaves opposite, ovate, 3-nerved, Serrate, pointed at both 
onds, smooth or pubescent underneath; heads in compound corymbs; involucre 
scales obtuse, few: achenia wingless. 

Rich soil. Aug., Sept. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, erect, with 4 leafy wings. Leaves 

5 to 8 inches wide, thin, tapering to a winged petiole* Heads in ecrymbs, yellowc 
Rays 1 to 5 lanceolate, 3 toothed, % inch long. 

2. V: ViRGiNlCA, Virginian Crownbeard. 

Stem narrowly winged, downy pubescent above; leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, 
feather-veined, serrate, acute at each end, the lower decurrent ; heads in compound 
corymbs, crowded; rays 3 to 4 oval ; achenia narrowly winged. 

Dry woods. Aug., Sept. Stem 3 to 6 feet high. Heads about 20-flowered, in 
crowded corymbs. Hays very short,, the tube (and involucre) pubescent, pale yel« 
low, oval, scarcely % inch long. . 

Section 2. — Pappus- composed cf severaldistinct-chaffy scales. 

30. HELENIUM, Linn. False Sunflower. 

Named after Helen, the wife of Me'nelaus. 

Heads many-flowered; radiate ; Ui^ray-flowers in a aia- 



COMPOSITE. 187 



gle series, pistillate, ligulate or rarely tubular, 3 to 5 cleft,. 
disk-flowers perfect, tubular, very shoi 1 4 to 5 toothed. In- 
volucre small, reflexed, the scales linear or awl-shaped. 
Receptacle globose or oblong, naked. Achenia top-sha- 
ped, ribbed. Pappus of 5 to 8 thin and 1-nerved chaffy 
scales, each extended into a bristle or point. — Erect brandl- 
ing herbs, with alternate leaves decurrent on the angled stem 
and branches, which are terminated by single or cor ymbed 
heads of yellow ftoviers^ 

H. AUTUMNALE, L. S eeze-weed, :'. 

Nearly smooth ; stem erect, branched; leaves lanceolate, toothed, acute, decur- 
lent ; disk globose ; rays 3 to 5- cleft, spreading or renexeft. • 

Alruvial soils, low grounds. Per. -Aug.— Oct. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, winged by 
the decurrent leaves. Leaves narrowed at the base, the upper nearly entire, 
Heads showy middle-sized, in a terminal corymb ; rays yellow, wedge-shaped ; dis k 
greenish-yellow. "Whole plant intensely bitter. 

Section ~ 3, Pappus none, cr- a very short croicn.- Heads radiaU or discoid, 
Leaves -alternate. 

Sir MARUTA, Cass. May-weed. 

Heads many-flowered; ray-flowers, ligulate, neutral; 
disk-flowers perfect Involucre somewhat imbricated 
shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical, more or less chaf- 
fy, Achenia obovoid, ribbed, smooth. Pappus none. — An- 
nual acrid herbs, with a strong odor, finely thrice pinnately divi- 
ded leaves, and single heads with white rays and yellow disk termis 
nating the branches. * 

M. COTULA, BO. " Common May-weed. 

Smootbish; leaves 2 or 3 times pinnatifid, the segments subulate-linear scales of 
the inv<>lucre with whitish margins ; receptacle, conic. 

Roadsides, common. Annual. June — Oct. Stem a foot high, erect, branched. 
Leaves pale green, more or less pilose ; segments -very narrow, Heads on elongated 
slender peduncles; rays about 12, white: digit convex, yellow. Receptacle chaffy 
only among the upper flowers, An exotic, every where naturalized. - 

38. ANTHEMIS, Linn. Chamomile. 

Gt. Anthemis, theancient name, -given in allu3ion to the profusion of the nowere. 

Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers in one series ligulate, 
pistillate; disk-flowers tubular perfect. Involucre scales 
imbricate in a few series. - Receptacle convex oblong or 
conic. Achenia terete, striate or smooth. Pappus none 
or a minute crown. — Annual or perennial herbs, with aromatic 
or strong odor, 1 to 2 pinnately divided leaves, and the branches ter<** 
minated by single heads, with white rays and yellow disk. 



188 COMPOSITE. 



1. ■ A. ARVENSis, L. Corn' Chamomile. 

Pubescent ; leaves pinnately parted; divisions linear-lanceolate, toothed, very 
acute ; branchlets leafless at the summit; involucre scales obtuse'; chaff lanceolate, 
pointed ; achenia crowned with a very short margin. 

Fields and cultivated grounds'. Introduced from Europe. June— Au?. Bienn'- 
al. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, branched. Loaves grayish-pubescent. Heads large ; 
rays broad, white, spreading ; disk yellow, convex. 

2. A. nobilis, L. Garden Chamomile. 

Stem prostrate, branching from the base, wcolly ; leaves decompound-pinnatifid ; 
segments linear-subulate ; chaff with a thin membraneous margin, lanceolate, 
scarcely as long as the flowers. Per. Native of Europe. Cultivated in gardens- 
for its tonic and anodyne properties. The agreeable 6cent of the chamomile is well 
known, 

39. ACHILLEA, Linn. Yarrow. 

So named because its virtues are said to have been discovered by Achilles. 

Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers 4 to 6 pistillate, ligu- 
late, short, or none ; disk-flowers perfect, tubular 5-toothed. 
j^fECEPTACLE chaffy, ffattish/ Achenia" oblong, flattened, 
margined. Pappus none. — Perennial herbs, with much di- 
vided alternate leaves and-small corymbose Jieads of whitish flowers. 

1. A. Millefolium, L. Common Yarrow. Milfoil. 

iSCewis mostly simple, erect, somewhat hairy ; leaves twice-pinnately parted; the 
divisions linear, 3 to' 5 cleft, crowded ; corymb compound, flat-topped; involucre ob- 
long; receptacle small. 

Fields and hills; common. Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched at the top. 
Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, cut into very numerous narrow segments. Hexds nu- 
merous, in a dense terminal fastigiate corymb ; rays i. to 5, short, white 6r~f ose-col- 
ored. 

40. : LEUCANTIIEMUM. Tourn. Ox-eye Daisy. 

Gr. leulcos, white, and anthzmon, a flower. ■ 

Heads many-flowered; ray-flowers numerous, fertile, or 
rarely neutral j disk-flowers perfect, with a fleshy somewhat 
2-winged tube. Involucre broad and flat, imbricated; 
scales with scarious margins. Receptacle naked, flat or 
convex. Achenia. of the disk and ray. similar, striate, des- 
titute of pappus. — Perennial herbs, with toothed or pinnati- 
Jid, alternate leaves and large single heads, with white rays and y el* 
low disk terminating the branches. 

1. L. vulgare, Lam. Ox-eye. White Daisy. White- 
weed. 

Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above ; root-leaves spatulate, petioled, toothed ; 
sten, -eaves somewhat clasping, cut or pinnatifid-toothed ; involucre scales with a' 
aarrow rusty brown margin. 

A "pernicious weed, extensively naturalized in fields and meadows. June — Aug. 
Sim 1 to- 2 ftet bigb ; -erect or sub-decumbent at base, smoothis-li. ■ Leaves -compas* 



COMPOSITE. 189 



ativelyfew and small. Heads large, solitary on the branches, with 20 to 30 showy 
white rays, and numerous yellow disk flowers. {Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum.^ 
Lion.) 

41. PYRETHRUM, Linn. Feverfew, 

Involucre hemispherical, imbricate ; scales with mem- - 
braneous margins. Receptacle naked/. Pappus a mem- 
braneous margin crowning the achenia. — European herbs y . 
chiefly perennials, with alternate leaves, and white flowers. 

P. parthenium, L. Fkverfeio. 

Stem erect ; leaves petiolate, flat tripinnate ; segments ovate ; heads on branching . 
corymbose peduncles ; involucre pubescent. Several varieties are' common in cul- 
tivation, and are in great favor with many florists, on account of their pure white • 
double flowers^ borne; on a pyramidal corymb. 

42. CHRYSANTHIBIUM, Linn. 

Gr. Tcrusos, gold, anthos, flower ; many species bearing golden colored- flowers. 

Heads many-flowered; ray-flowers pistillate, ligulate 
12 or more ; disk-flowers perfect. Involucre imbricate^ . 
hemispherical; scales with membraneous margins. Re- 
ceptacle naked. Pappus none. — Annual and perennial, . 
ornamental cultivated plants natives of China and other Eastern: 
countries, vjith alternate lobed leaves and large nhowy heads of flow-' 
ers. 

1. C. CORONARIUM, L., Sfowy Aster. 

Stem branched; leaves bipinnatifid, broader at the summit, acute,: Annual. Na-._- 
tive of S. Europe and N. Africa. Aug. Stem about 3 feet high, striate smooth, . 
esest, with alternate clasping leaves. Flowers large, terminal, solitary, of a deep - 
yellow color, double in cultivation, 

2. C. carlnatum,. WiUxL Three-colored, Chrysanthe- 
mum. 

Mostly smooth; feares bipinnate, fleshy; involucre scales carinate. Native of 
Barbary. Annual. July— Oct. Heads large and beautiful ; disk purple, rays 
white with a yellow base^ . 

3. C. sinense, Sabine. Chinese Chrysanthemum. 

Leaves coriaceous, petiolate, serrate-pinnatifid, dentate, glaucous ; rays very nu- : 
nacrous, long. Native of China, where it has long, been cultivated and highly es- 
teemed for its beauty. Numerous varieties have been produced, with double, 
semi-double and quilled flowers of every possible shade of color. Blooming in No- 
vember, when all other flowers have, disappeared, makes them desirable plants for . 
avery flower garden... 

43. TANACETUM, Linn. Tanzt. 

Said to be a corruption of athanasia, undying, from its durable flowers. 

Heads many-nowered ; nearly discoid ; all fertile; the mar-» 



11)0 COMPOSITE. 



g4rial flowers chiefly pistillate and 3 to 5 toothed, forming a 
kind of ray. Involucre hemispherical ; scales imbrica- 
ted, dry. Receptacle convex, naked. Achenia angled or 
ribbed, with a large flat top. Pappus a short crown. — Bit- 
ter and acrid strong-scented'herbs, with alternate l to 2 pinnately 
dissected leaves and corymbed heads of yellow flowers. 

1. T. vulgare, L. Common Tanzy. 

SleYn erect, smooth ; leaves twice-pinnately parted, the leaflets and the margined 
petiole cut-toothed; corymb dense; rays terete ; pappus 5-lobed. 

Cultivated and naturalized, common. Aug. Per. Stems clus tered 2 to 3 feet 
!algh, branched above into a handsome corymb of yellow flowers. Na'.ive of Europe. 

Yar. crispum has the leaves more cut and crisped. 

U. ARTEMISIA, Linn. Wormwood. 

Dedicated to the Geddess Artemis. 

Heals discoid, few to many-flowered; the flowers all tu- 
bular, those of the disk perfect ; marginal ones pistillate, or 
sometimes all similar and perfect. Involucre ovoid ; scales 
imbricated, with dry and scarious margins. Receptacle 
small and flattish, naked. Achenia obovbid, with a small 
summit and no pappus. — Bitter herbs or shrubby plants, with 
alternate leaves and small heads of yellow or purplish flowers 
in panicled spikes or racemes. 

* Receptacle na\ed. Abkotanum, Tour'ri. 

1. A. vulgaris, L. Common Mugwert. 

Branches and lower surface of the leaves whitish-woolly.; stem-leaves pinnatifid'"; 
segments lanceolate, variously cut or entire ; heads erect, ovoid, subsessile, in open 
leafly panicles. 

Banks of streams, and waste places. Per. Sept., Oct. Stem, 2 to 3 feet high, 
branching; into a panicle of spicate racemes. Leaves very variable. Heads few, pur- 
plish. Intro luced from Europe and naturalized. 

2'. A. AbRotanum, L. /Southernwood.' 

Stem erect; lower leaves bipinnate; upper ones capillary, pinnate ; involucre hem? ■ 
is pherical, downy. A well known shrubby plant, common in cultivation. Stem 
about 3 feet high. Leaves alternate mnch divided into linear segments. Flowers 
numerous, nodding, yellow. Native of South Europe-. 

* * Receptacle hairy. Fiowers all fertile. AE3ixTint T M, Tourn. ' 

3. A. absinthium, L. Common Wormwood. 

Shrubby, erect, silky-can escent; leaves bipinnatifid ; segments lanceolate, often 
incised, obtuse; heads hemispherical, in leafy paniculate racemes, nodding; recp- 
tacle hairy. Common in gardens. Aug. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, angular, sevc ral 
from one root. Heads numerous. Flowers yellowish. The whole plant is very 
bitter, and possessed of valuable medicinal properties as a tonic, stomachic, &c 

4. A. pontica, L. Roman Wormwood. 

/J&Ti-^CJveshipinnate; leaflets linear, tomentos-e beneath; heads roundish, pcuuBp- 



COMPOSITE. 101 



cled, nodding. Cultivated in gardens. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, with simple branch- 
es and racemes of yellow flowers. Hedds about 24 flowered. From Austria. 

45. GNAPHALIUM, Linn. Cudweed. 

Gr. jnapfialon, a lock of wool ; in allusion to the floccose down of the leave*. 

Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular; the out- 
er pistillate and very slender, the central perfect. Invol- 
ucre ovate ; scales imbricated in several rows. Recepta- 
cle flat, naked. Pappus a single row of capillary rough 
bristles. — Woolly herbs, with alternate sessile or- decurrent en- 
tire- leaves, and clustered or corymbed heads of 'whitish-yellow or pur- 
plish flowers. 

1. G. POLYCEPHELUilj Michx. Fragrant Life-everlast- 
ing. 

Stem erect, woolly ; leaves lanceolate, tapering to the base, with wavy margins, 
not decurrent, smoothish above, white tomentose beneath; heads obovate. cluster- 
ed at the summit of the panicled-corynibose branches; involucre scales ovate ard 
Oblong. 

Old fields and woods ; common. Annual. July — Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, 
often much branched at the summit. Leaves sessile, cottony beneath. FU/wera . u 
crowded clusters at the ends of the branches, yellowish-white. Whole plant fra- 
grant. 

2. G. uligonosum, L. Low Cudweed. Low Life -ev- 
erlasting. 

Stem, simple, or branched, woolly all over; leaves lanceolate or linear; heads 
fniall in terminal sessile capitate clusters; involucre scales oblong, inner acute. 

Wet ground*, roadsides; common every where. Annual. July — Sept. Stem 4 
to 6 inches high, much branched. Leaves numerous, acute, narrow at the base ; 
involucre scales yellowish-brown, shining. Whole plant clothed with whitish 
down. 

3. G. purpureum, L. Purple Life-everlasting. 

Stem simple or branched from the base, ascending woolly; leaves oblong-spatu- 
late, mostly obtuse, green above, very white with close wool underneath; heads in 
sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and spiked at the summit of the 
stem ; involucre scales lance-oblong, tawny, the inner often marked with purple. 

Gravelly soil, sandy fields and pastures; common. Annual. June. — Stem 8 
J 2 inches high, sending out shoots at the base. Heads somewhat spiked at the 
top of the stem, with purplish scales and yellow corollas. 

46. ANTENNAMA, Gsort. Everlasting. 

Name in illusion io the bristles of the pappus, which resemble antenna. 

Heads many-flowered, dioecious or nearly so, corolla tu- 
bular ; pistillate flowers filiform, 5-toothed. Involu- 
cre scales dry and scarious, white or colored, imbricated. 
Receptacle convex or flat not chaffy. Achenia nearly 
terete. Pappus a single row of bristles, in the fertile flow- 
ers capillary, in the staminate club-shaped. — Perennial white- 



192 COMPOSITE. 



woolly herbs, with entire alternate leaves, and corymbose heads with 
white scales and yellowish corollas. 

1. A. margaritacea, R. Brown. Pearly Everlast- 
ing. 

Stem erect, tomentose; haves linear lanceolate, acuminate, 1-nerved, sessile: fe.r 
tile heads often with a few imperfect staminate flowers in the centre ; scales of the 
pearly white involucre obtuse or rounded. 

Dry hills and woods, common. 'Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, and with the nu- 
merous scattered leaves clothed with white and cottony down, corymtose at the 
summit with many heads. Heads hemispherical, pedicellate. Involucre pearly 
white. Flowers yellow. Slightly fragrant. 

2. A. plantaginifolia, Hook. Plantain-leaved Ev- 
erlasting. 

Stem simple, with procumbent shoots yleaves silky-woolly when young, at length 
green above and hoary beneath ; radical leaves oval, petiolate, 3-nerved ; stem leaves 
linear ; heads in a small crowded corymb. 

"Wooded banks and sterile hills. April, May. Stem 3 to 8 inches high, often 
branched at the base into several from the same root. Hoot leaves much largeT 
than those of the stem, ovate or oval-spatulate. Stem leaves'few, bract-like. Heads 
clustered, terminal, purplish white. Scales of the mostly white involucre obtuse, 
in the sterile, and acutish and narrow in the fertile plant. 

47. FILAGO. -Tourn. Cotton Rose. 

Lat. filum, a thread ; in allusion to the cottony hairs that cover these plants. 

Heads many-flowered, heterogamous ; the terminal gy 
central flowers numerous, pistillate, ; perfect or infertile, tu- 
bular, 4 to 5-toothed, the outer flowers filiform, pistillate, 
scarcely-toothed. Inyolucre scales few, woolly. Recep- 
tacle elongated, filiform, naked at the summit, chaffy to- 
wards the margins or base. Pappus of the central flowers 
filiform, of the outer none or dissimilar. — Low annual branch- 
ing woolly herbs with entire, alternate leaves and small heads of 
whitish or yellowish flowers in capitate clusters. 

F. Germanica,;L. 'Herba Impia. German Cud-weed. 

Stem erect, short, dichotomous or proliferously branched ; leaves linear-lanceo- 
late, acute, tomentose, crowded; heads woolly in capitate clusters, terminal and 
lateral ; scales of the involucre awned. 

Dry fields ; introduced from Europe and sparingly naturalized. July— Aug.— 
Stem 4 to 8 inches high, woollytomentose, clothed with linear-lanceolate and up- 
right crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of woolly heads, from which 
rise one or more branches, each terminated by a similar head, and continue in the 
aame manner. 

SUBTRIBE 6. SeNICIONQIDEJE. 

Pappus soft and capillary. Anthers without tails at the base. KecfpiacU ?K&*d. 
+Head$ radiate or discoid. Leaves mostly alternate. 

48. ERECHTHITES. Raf. Fire-weep. 

An ancient name of some epecies of smim. 



COMPOSITE. IT) 3 



Heads many-flowered, discoid, the flowers all tubular and 
fertile ; the marginal pistillate with a slender corolla. In- 
volucre cylindrical ; scales in a single row, linear, acute, 
with a few small bractlets at the base. Achenta oblong, stri- 
ate. Pappus copious, of very fine and white soft hairs. — ■ 
Erect and coarse annuals, with alternate simple leaves, and panicu- 
late corymbed heads of whitish flowers. 

E. HIERACIFOLIA, Raf. Fire-weed. Whipriwog. 

Stem grooved, simple or paniculata abe \ . ; ?<?auesoblong or lanceolate, acute, cut- 
toothed, sessile ; upper auriculate at base arid partly clasping. (Senicio hioracifo- 
lia, L.) 

Moist woods, and especially recent clearings, -where the ground has been burnt 
over, hence it is called Fireiveed ; common. July — Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, 
Btout, succulent, somewhat hairy, branching. Leaves light gree-n, large, irregular- 
ly Mat into many deep and' acute teeth. Flowers terminal, crowded, destitute of 
rays, white. Whole plant emitting when bruised a rank odor. The distilled oil 
4b probably one of the most powerful styptics the vegetable kingdom affords. 

49. CACALIA, Linn. Indian Plantain. 

An ancient name, of uncertain meaning. 

Heads 5 to many-flowered, discoied ; the flowers all tubu- 
lar and perfect. Involucre scales in a single row, 5 to 
•30. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Receptacle flat. Achenia 
oblong, smooth. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles.—- 
Smooth and tall perennial herbs, with alternate of ten petioled leaves, 
>and rather large heads of mostly white or whitish flowers, in flat 
corymbs. 
* Involucre ^-leaved and 5-flowered. 

1. C RENIFORMIS, Muhl. Great Indian Plantain. 

Stem grooved and angled ; leaves petioled, smooth above, hairy on the veins ba» 
low; root-leaves broad-cordate, reniform, repand-toothed and angled, palmately 
Teined; stem-leaves oblong, toothed, wedge-form and very entire at the base ; corymb 
large. 

Rich, damp woods. Aug., Sept. Stem 4 to 8 feet high, -nearly simple, smooth. 
Leaves 3 to 12 inches long by 5 to 8 inches wide, repand-dentate-; Zoiuer^'fr'oZes very 
long. Involucre whitish. Heads white. 

2. C. ATRIPLICIFOLIA, L. Pale Indian Plantain. 

Stern erect, smooth, terete ; leaves petioled, smooth, glaucous beneath ; lower leaver 
deltoid-cordate, sinuate-angled, the upper rhomboid or wedge-form, toothed; involit- 
■ ere oblong. 

Bloist rich woods. Aug.. Sept. Stem 3 to 5 -feet high, leafy, round. Lower leaves 
4 to 6 inches long, and nearly as wide,on long petioles, unequally toothed. Heads 
numerous, small, in a loose terminal corymb, greenish white. 

** Involucre 25 to BO-flowered; receptacle flat. 

5. C. suavolens, L. Sweet-scented Cacalia. 

Stem grooved, erect, smooth ; leaves triangular-lanceolate, halbert-shaped, pointed, 
•errate; those of the stem on winged petioles, smooth; scales about ±3; involuer* 
with leveral slender spreading bractlets. 

32 



194 COMPOSITE. 



Rich •woods and banks of streams. Sept. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, grooved and an- 
gled, leafy. Leaves smooth and green on both sides. Root-leaves on long petioles, 
pointed. Stem-leaves on winged petioles. Flowers whitish, in a terminal compound 
eorjmb. 

4. C. COCCINEA, Curt. Scarlet Cacalia. Tassel Flower, 

Radical leaves ovate-spatulate ; sicwAeaves clasping, - erenatc j involucre prats* 
tvlindrie ; scales linear, at length reflexed; achenia t i s in several row s 

A handsome border flower from the East Indies. S!an 1 foot high. Flowers bright! 
•carlet. June — Sept. Annual. 

50. SENECIO, Linn. Groundsel. 

Lat. scnex, an old men; the pappus resembling a white board. 

Heads many-flowered, discoid, with the flowers all perfect 
and tubular, or mostly radiate, the rays pistillate. Invol- 
ucre scales in a single row, or with a few bractlets ft the 
base. Receptacle flat. Pappus of numerous very soft 
and slender capillary bristles. — A vast genus embracing about 
600 species of herbs and shrubs, with alternate leaves and mostly 
yellow flowers exceeding the involucre in solitary or corymbed heads, 

* Says none ; annual. 

1. S. vulgaris, L. Common Groundsel. 

Nearly smooth, or at first woolly; stem erect, often branching: leaves pinnatifld 
and toothed, clasping, the lowest petioled; heads in a corymb, nodding; pappus 
equalling the corolla. 

Waste places; common, .naturalized. May — Get. A common weed, growing 
about bouses, rubbish, &c, 6 to 18 inches high, leafy, branching, mostly smooth. 
Leaves thin, bright green. Heads terminal, without rays, yellow. 

** Rays present ; heads corymbed ; perennial. 

2. S. AUREUS, L. Golden Senicio. Squaw-weed. 

Smooth or downy-woolly when young; root-lea ves simple and rounded, the large"? 
mostly cordate, crenate-toothed, long-petiolcd ; the lower stem-leaves lyre-shaped, 
upper lanceolate, cut pinnatifld, sessile or partly clasping ; corymb umbel-like. 

A very variable plant, embracing several nominal varieties, of which the follow- 
ing are the most common : Yar. 1, obovatus, with the root-leaves round obovate, 
generally found in dry place?. Tar. 2, Balsamite, with the root-leaves cMong, 
•patulate or lanceolate, sometimes cut toothed, tapering into the petiole. Eccky 
places ; common everywhere. May, June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched abov^ 
often woolly. Heads middle-sized, numerous, on long peduncle? which are thiak- 
•ned near the involucre. Rays S to 12, and with the disk yellow. 

3. S. tomentosus > Michx. Downg Groundsel. 

White-tomentose and woolly; radical leaves oval-oblong, obtuse crenatc-tcothe^ 
•n slender petioles; stem leaves oblong, somewhat divided; corymb flat-topped. 

Dry rocks on the Blue Mountains. Pursh. May. June. Stem 1 to 2 feethigB^ 
nearly leafless above. Heads yellow, larger than in S. aureus; rays 12 to 15, cl©a? 
fated. 

4. S. ELONGATUS, Pursh. Elongated Groundsel. 

Smooth ; radical leaves spatulatc, serrate, attenuated into a petiole ; stem U*94» 
pinnatifld, toothed, vary remote; htads on elongated pedanelae, arranged imp 
•omewhat umVtlcd corymb. 



. 



COMPOSITE 195 



Rocks ou banks of streams near Easton. July, Aug. Resembles var. -Bafecw©- 
iU, hut is destitute of ray-flowers. Beek's Bot. 

51. ARNICA, Linn. 

Name supposed to be a corruption of Ptarmicd. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate, the rays pistillate; those' 
of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre canpanulate ; 
scales in 2 rows, equal, lanceolate. Receptacle flat, fim> 
briilate. Achenia spindle-shaped. Pappus in a single 
row, consisting of rather rigid and strongly rough-denticu- 
late bristles. — Perennial herbs, chiefly natives of alpine re- 
gions, with simple stems, opposite leaves and yellow flowers in sin- 
gle or cor y nib ed large heads. 

A. NUDICAULT3, Nuft, V. ' s-bane. 

Hirsute; leaves sessile ; tfce r :red elliptic-ovate, nerved, entire 

cr Blightly toothed ; stzm leaves I ta 2 p&i .aac .- >vatfe ; heads terminal, on loosely 
corymbose peduncles. 

Meadows. Ghester county. Bxrlington; rare. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet 
high, witb. a few peiiuncle-like branches at the summit, somewhat viscid. Heads 
large; rays numerous, deep-yellow, 2 to 3-toothed at the apex; disk greenish-yel- 
16 w. 

Trise V: CYNAREJ3. The Thistle Tribe. 

Hiads ovoid, discoid, rarely radiate, Jiomogdmous (rarely dioecious), or hetercfO- 
Wtous, with the marginal flowers in a single series; style in the perfect flowers often 
i&ickencd near the summit. 

' 52. CENTAURS A, Linn.- 

Named from the Centaur, Chiron, 

Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular, the mar- 
ginal mostly falsely radiate and larger, sterile. Involucre 
imbricated, the scales margined or appendaged. Recep- 
tacle bristly. Achenia compressed; Pappus of filiform 
rough bristles in several series, sometimes none. — JSerhs, with 
alternate leaves, and mostly showy flowers in single heads. 

1. C. jacea, L. Brown Knap-weed. 

Stem erect, branched; leaves linear-lanceolate; lower broader and toothed, peti- 
ole! ; involucre globular, scales scarious and torn, the outer pinnatifid ; heads radi- 
ate ; pappus very short or none. 

Waste places. July, Aug. Per. Stem about 2 feet high, branching. Head* 
with numerous purple flowers. Involucre pale brown, shining. Introduced from * 
Europe. Beck's Bot. This is probably only a variety of the next 

2. C. nigra, L. Black Knap-weed. 

Stem erect, branched ; leaves scabrous, lower angular-lyrate, petioled ; tipper 1«j»p 
•eclate ; involucre globular, scales appendaged; and with a stiff black fringe ; ro%$ 
panting ; pappus very, short. 



196 COMPOSITE. 



Meadows and pastures. Aug. Per. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, simple or often divi- 
ded into elongated branches. Heads terminal solitary. Flowers purple. Involiir- 
cre scales almost black, the teeth brown. Native of Europe, naturalized, and be- 
coming in some places- a troublesome weed. 

CULTIVATED SPECIES. 

3. C. CYANUS, L, Blue-Bottle. Bachelor's Button. 

Cottcny-tcmentose; stem erect, branched; upper leaves linear, entire; lowermost. 
toothed or pinnatifid at base ; involucre globular ; scales fringe-margined ; rays lon- 
ger than the disk ; pappus very short. 

Common in gardens, and in some place3 naturalized along roadsides, <fcc. July, 
Aug. Annual. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Heads in terminal peduncles ; rays few, 
spreading, white, blue and purple ; disk flowers smaller, mostly purple. Native of 
Europe. Justly prized for.its handsome flowers which are variable in color. 

4t. C. Americana, Nutt. American Centaury. 

Stem erect, sulcate, sparingly branched ; lower leaves oblong-ovate, repand-den- 
tate, upper ones lanceolate, acute, all sessile and glabrous; heads few and solitary, 
Tory large; j;ec?«nc?es thickened at summit; involucre depressed-globose, scales 
"with a pectinate-pinnate refiexed appendage. Native in Ark. and La. Cultiva- 
ted in gardens. Aug. — Oct. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, with very showy heads of pale" 
purple flowers. Scales appendaged with a pinnate refiexed margin resembling the 
teeth cf a comb. 

Ambirboa, De Candolle. Pappu.s of ollovg or clovate palae, attenuated to the hate, P 
all similar, rarely small or none. 

5. C. moschata, L. Sweet Sultan. 

Leaves lyrate-dentate ; involucre subglobose, smooth; scales ovate; ray-flower$ 
scarcely enlarged, not exceeding the disk ; pappus none. A handsome border an- 
nual from Persia, with white and pale purple, sweet-scented flowers, blooming from . 
July to Oct. 

6. C. suavolens, Willd. (Amberboa odorata, DC) 
Yellow Sv:eet Sultan. 

Lower leaves broadly subspatulate, dentate, upper leaves lyrate at base or scarce- 
ly pinnatifid ; heads globose ; ray-flowers enlarged upwards, longer than the disk ; 
pappus chaffy, . a little shorter than the fruit. Native of the Levant. Flower 
yellow. 

53. CIRSIUM, Tourn. Thistle. 

Gr. lirsos. a swelled vein, for which the Thistle was a reported remedy. . 

Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular, perfect and 
similar, or rarely dioecious. Involucre ovoid or spherical; 
scales imbricated in many rows, tipped with, a point or 
prickle. Receptacle clothed with- soft bristles or hairs. 
Achenia oblong, flattish, not ribbed. Pappus of numerous 
bristles united into a ring at base, plumose to the middle. — 
Herbs with sessile alternate leaves, armed with spinose prickles, and 
large heads of purple or cream colored /lowers terminating the 
stem with branches. , 
*£<iavts decurrmt. 



COMPOSITE. l&T 

1. CL LANCEOLATtJM, Scop. Common Thistle. 

Sfom branched, hairy ; leaves decur rent, pinnatifid, Msped above, woolly beneafij 
ttgments divaricate and spinous ; scales linear-lanceolate, spinous, outer ones spread- 
ing- 

Pastures and roadsides, common every -where, introduced. July — Sept. Bi«v 
niel. SU.m 2 to 4 feet high, winged by the decurrent leare«, which are white with 
deciduous webby hairs beneath, armed with formidable spines at all points. Huub 
Wmerous, large, purple. 

** Leaves sessile. 

2. C. altissimum, Spreng. Tall Thistle. 

Stem downy, branching, leafy to the heads ; leaves roughish hairy above, whi^-- 
With close wool benoath; radio xl leaves petioled, pinnatifid; stem leaves oblong-la»- 
«eolate, sinuate toothed; scales ovate-lanceolate, spinous, sppressed. 

Old fields and open woods, common. Per. Aug., Sspt. Stem 3 to S feet high. 
Lames (5 to Siaches long, and 1 to 6 wide, oblong-lanceolate, undulate-pinnatifid, 
or undivided, the lobes or teeth prickly, those from the base pinnatifid ; lot^e 
thort, oblong or triangular. HsadslaTge. Flowers purple. 

3. C. DISCOLOR, Spreng. Two-colored Thistle. 

Stem grooved, hairy, branched, leafy; leaves all deeply pinnatifid, smoofchiah' 
above, whitened with elose wool beneath, the diverging lobes 2 to 3-cieft, linea*- 
lanceolate, prickly-pointed ; involucre subglobose; scales ovate spinous. 

Meadows an 1 open woods. Aug., Sept.' Bienniel. Stem 3 to 6 feet high; LTtadt- 
terminating the branches 1 inch in diameter, with reddish-purple flowers. 

4. C. Virginianum, Michx. Virginian Thistle. 

Siem woolly, slender, simple or sparingly branched, branches on long pc-dunc!** 
naked; leaves lanceolate revolute on the margins, green above, white with cloto 
wool beneath, ciliate with prickly bristles ; outer involucre scales scarcely prickly. 

"Woods. July, Sept. Per. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, covered with a white down, es- 
peeraily towards the summit. Leaves entire or sparingly sinuate-lobed. the low«». 
•ometimaj deeply sinuate-pinnatifid Head* 3^Jnch in diameter ; flowers purple, 

5. C. MUTICUM, Michx. Swamp Thistle. 

Stem tail, angled, snioothish ; leaves pinnatifid, aeutely cut, somewhat hairy 
above, whitish with loose webby hair3 beneath, when young ; divisions lanceolate, 
acute, prickly pointed ; iuvolucre glutinous and webby, scales closely appreaisd, 
pointless or barely muuronate. 

Swamps and low places, common. Aug. Per. Stem 3 to S feet high, paniclsd 
at the summit, the branches sparingly ieafly and bearing single or few naked beadg. 
Leaves armed with spines at each angle. HMds middle- sized;- /toilers deep pur- 
ple. 

6. C. PUMILUM, Spreng. Pasture Thistle. 

Stem low, hairy,- 1 to 3 flowered; leaves lance-oblong, partly clasping, green, some- 
what hairy, pinnatifid ; involucre round-ovate, spinose, cuter scales prickly-pointed, 
the inner very slender. 

Low or dry fields, common. July. Aug. Biennial. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, low 
and btout, bearing 1 to 3 very large heads which are somewhat Ieafly bractcd at 
the base. Leaves pinnatifid, with short, and cut very prickly-margined lobag. 
Beads 1% inches broad; powers fragrant 2 inches long, pale purple; paj>put 
more than one inch long. 

7. C. horridulum, Michx. Yellow Thistle. 

Stem stout, webby-haired when young ; leaves lanceolate, partly clasping, pinna- 
tiftd, the short toothed and cut lobes very spiny with yellowish prickles; Tutuk 
large, lurrounded at the base by a whorl of leaf-like and very prickly bracU; in*ti*r 
mm-* »ubglobof« ; tcal4s linear, acute, ieareely ipinou*. 

£2? 



198 COMPOSITE. 

Sandy fields and hills. June— Aug. Per. Stem 1 to 4 feet high, short, webby- 
haired when young, hollow. Leaves somewhat clasping, woolly and hairy, armed 
with stiff spines. Heads large, axillary and terminal,- with 20 to 30 narrow 
bracts at base, the outer of which hare spines somewhat in pair*. Flowers dull 
yellow, rarely purple. 

8. C. ARVENSE, Scop. Canada Thistle. Cursed Thistle. 

Low, branched ; roots extensively creeping; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, 
or slightly woolly beneath, sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined ; involucre round . 
or ovate, with minute spines ; scales close-pressed> ovate-lanceolate. 

Cultivated fields and pastures, naturalized. July, Aug. Per. Stem 3 feet high, 
with a branching panicle at the top. Leaves alternate, thickly beset with spines. 
Heads small, numerous, terminal. Flowers purple rarely whitish; the involucre 
is nearly thornless, and is the only part that can be safely handled. A mosttrula- 
lesome weed, which it is extremely difficult to eradicate. 

54. ONOPORDON, Vaill. Cotton Thistle. 

Heads discoid, homoganious. Involucre ovate-globose ; 
scales coriaceous, tipped with a lanceolate prickly appen- 
dage. Receptacle deeply alveolate. Achenia 4-angled, 
transversely wrinkled. Pappus in several series ', bristles 
numerous, slender not plumose, united at the base into a 
hoary ring. — Coarse branching herbs, with decurrent leaves, 
and large heads of purple flowers. 

1. Q: ACANTHIUM, L. Cotton Thistle. Scotch Thistle, 

Stem and leaves woolly ; 'naves ovate-oblong, sinuate and spinous, decurrent ; 
involucre scales linear-subulate, the outer spreading and woolly at the base. 

Waste grounds, in some places naturalized. Cultivated in Scotland as the 
Scotch Thistle. July. Eienniel. A tall cottony plant 4 to 6 feet high, branched 
and winged at the summit, wings very spinous. Involucre round, cottony, spinous-. 
Flowers purple. 

55. LAPPA, Tourn. Burdock. 

Lat. lappa a burr, from Gr. labein, to -lay hold of, a characteristic term. 

Heads many-flowered, the flowers all perfect and similar. . 
Involucre globose ; scales imbricated coriaceous and ap- 
pressed at the base, with a long subulate hooked point. Re- 
ceptacle bristly. Aceenia, oblong, flattened, wrinkled 
transeversely. Pappus short, of numerous rough bristles, . 
not united at the base, deciduous. — Coarse biennial weeds, 
with large alternate heart-shaped and petioled leaves, with wavy 
margins, and middle-sized heads of purple {rarely white) flower*, . 
solitary or in clusters , 

1; L. major, Gaert. Common Burdock. . 

Upper U aves ovate, lower very Urge, hearlhshaped; involucre smootbish ; tcafa 
tabulate-.-. 

Cultivated and waste grounds, common, introduced. July— Oet. Stem stout I ! 
to 4 feet high. Boot leaves very large, (often 1 to 2 feet long and a feot wide) with 
wit j edge§~ The scales of the involucre nil terminate in a ttinute, firm ho**,- 



COMPOSITE. 199' 



Vhich seizes hold of every thing that pasees by. Meads globoso numerous, ofte* 
•lustered. Flowers purple. 

L. Bardana, a species or variety with pinnatifid leaves, has been observed by Dt» 
Darlington in Chester county. 

' 56. CNICUS, Voffl. ■ 

Gr; Tcniso, to prick ; well applied to these herbi. 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers tubular and sterile, 
•liorter than the rest, which are all tubular and perfect. In- 
volucre swelled, imbricate with deeply spinous scales. Re- 
ceptacle clothed with capillary bristles. Achenia smooth; • 
striate. Pappus in 3 series, the outer 10 toothed, the 2 in- 
ner each 10 bristled. — Oriental somewhat woolly herbs, with 
•lasping leaves and large bracted heads of yellow flowers. 

1. C. benedict^s, L, Blessed Thistle. 

Leaves scarcely pinnatifid, decurrent, dentate and spiny; involucre doubly ipi~ 
ftous, woolly, bracteate. 

Cultivated, scarcely naturalized along roadsides; native of Persia. June. Stent 
1 to 2 feet high, branching. Leaves clasping. Heads large, with yellow flowers, • 
It was at one time in great repute as a medicine, but is now considered of no ia**- 
jjortance. 

EXOTICS. 

57. CALENDULA, Linn. 

2»at. calenda, the first day of the month ; some species blossom monthly. 

Heads radiate. Involucre of many equal leaves, in : 
about 2 series, Receptacle naked, Achenia of the disk 
membraneous, curved. Pappus none. — An oriental genus 
of a?innal herbs, with alternate leaves and showy flowers, in termi- 
nal headsi 

C. OFEICIANALIS, L. Fot Marigold, 

Tisced-pubescent ; stem erect, branched; leaves oblong, acute, mucronate, Besiile., . 
Wbdentate and scabrous-ciliate on the margin; heads terminal, solitary; aehtnim 
keeled, muricate incurved. A common showy garden plant, native of South Eu~ - 
yope. Floioers single and double, largo and brilliant, mostly yellow and orang* 
••lorsd. June — Nor. 

58. CARTHAMUS, Linn, 

Arabic, quorthom, to paint ; from its coloring property. ■ 

Heads discoid ; flowers all tubular and perfect. In- 
volucre imbricated, outer bracts foliaceous. Receptaclk 
with bristly chaffi Achenia 4-angled. Pappus none. — 
Oriental herbs. 

V. C. tinctorius, L. Common Saffron. 



200 COHPOSIT2B. 

Egypt, common in cultivation. July. Annual. Stem branching, 1 to 2 feet hlgfe, 
■triate. Leaves sub-amplexicaul, smooth, and shining, spinose. Heads large, t*c- 
minal, with numerous long and slender flowers, useful in coloring tinctures. 

59. XER ANTHEMUM, Linn. 

Or. zeros, dry, anthos, flower; on account of its dry imperishable flowers. 

Heads discoid. Involucre hemispherical ; scales r&- 
tiient, opaque, colored, scarious. Receptacle chaffy. Pap* 
fftJS bristly-chaffy. — Annual herbs, natives of South Europe, 
with radient involucre scales which retain their beauty a great length 
•f time. 

X. ANNUUM, Willd. Eternal Flower. Straw Flower, ■ 

Stem erect branched ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, alternate, en- 
tire ; ftca^s large, terminal, solitary ; involucre scales obtuse, scarious; inner ones 
•f the ray spreading, lanceolate, obtuse. A singularly beautiful plant, cultivated 
for its imperishable flowers which retain their beauty through the winter. Stem 
ITto 4 feet high. The radiant involucre scales are of a rich purple, but there ar« a 
#ome varieties with red, white, blue and yellow rays; expanding in sunshine, bui 
•losing in rainy weather. . 

Suborder ii. LIGULIFL'ORJE/. 

Flowers all perfect with ligulate corollas throughout. 

Subtribe 6. CICHORACE^. 

Flowers all perfect and ligulate; branches of tha style slender, obtuse, uniibrss*- 
l y. hairy. Plants with a milky juice ; leaves alternate. 

60. CICflOKIUM, Tourn. Succory. 

Said to be derived from the Arabic CMkourych. 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre double, the outer se- 
ries of 5 short spreading scales, the inner of 8 to 10 scales. 
Achenia striate. Pappus of numerous very small chaffy 
aoales, forming a short crown. — Branching perennials, with 
toothed or pinnatifid radical leaves, and sessile axillary and termi- 
nal heada of bright blue showy Jlowers. 

1. C. Intybus, L.. Common Succory, or Cichory. 

Radical haves runcinate; stem leaves small, oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, 
toothed or entire ; heads 2 or 3 together. 

Cultivated and somewhat naturalized in grass fields, roadsides, &c. Stem 2 to 8 
feet high, round, rough, with few long branches. Heads of flowers 1 to 2 inchee 
to diameter, sky-blue, somewhat remote on the long branches. Corollas flat, 6- 
teothed. July, Sept. Native of Europe. 

2. C. Endivia, L. Endive. 

F*tunchg axillary, in pairs, one of them elongated and 1-headcd, the other w*rf . 



COMPOSITE. 201? 



•hort, about 4-hoaded ;. heads capitate. A hardy plant from the East Indies, -es- 
teemed and cultivated for salad, 

61. KBIGIA, Shreber. 

In- honor of Daniel Krig, an early German botonical collector in thi» country, 

Heads 15 to 20 flowered. Involucre in a single serier 
with 8 to 12 scales. Receptacle naked. Achenia tur- 
binate, many striate or angled. Pappus double ; the outer 
of 5 broad, chaffy, rounded scales ; the inner of as many al- 
ternate slender bristles. — Small annual or bienniel acaulesr- 
cent plants, with radical, lyrate or toothed leaves and solitary heads 
with 20 to 30 yellow flowers. 

2. K. VlRGlNlCA, Willd. Dwarf Dandelion. 

Leaves lyrate, smooth; scapes several 1-fiowered; involucre smooth. 

Dry sandy soil. May— July. Scapes 2 to 10 inches high, fmcoth. Primary* 
leaves roundish, entire. Heads solitary, small. Flowers deep yellow. Thisplaat- 
continues in bloom for seme time, during. -which it varies greatly in the length *£> 
th» scape. 

62. CYNTHIA, Don,. 

Probably named after Mount Cynthus. 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre nearly simple:' 
scales in one or two rows. Aceenia short striate. Pap- 
pus double ; the outer of numerous very small chaffy bristles: 
the inner of numerous elongated bristles. — Perennial herh?,_ 
with alternate or all radical leaves and rather shewy single head*- 
of 15 to 20 yellow flowers, on scapes or naked peduncles. 

1. C. Virginica, Don. Virginian Cynthia. 

Smooth and glaucous ; stem scape-like, often 2 or 3 parted, few-leaved; root-leaves ' 
petioled, lyrate, sinuate-dentate or pinnatifld : stem-leaves lanceolate, clasping, near- 
ly entire ; peduncles 3 to 5. 

Moist banks and low open woods. June, July. Steml foot or more high, often' 
2 or 3 from one root, divided into long slender branches, with a clasping leaf at th« 
fous. Heads solitary, middle sized- orange yellow. 

63. LEONTODON, L.,. Juss. Hawkbit. 

Qt. leon, lion, and odons, a tooth ; in allusion to the toothed margins of the leave*. 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated;, 
Scales lanceolate acuminate with several bractlets at the- 
base. Achenia spindle-shaped, striate, all alike. Pappus 
persistent, composed of plumose brUtles which are enlarged" 
and flattened towards the base. — Low and stemless jperennials,. 
with toothed or pinnatifld root-leaves undone or two heads of yellow; 
powers borne on a scape. 



202 COMPOSITE. 



L. autumxale, L. Autumnal Hawkbit. 

Leaves more or less pinnatifid; scape branched; pzduncles several, thickened at 
the summit and furnished with small scaly bracts ; involucre ovoid-oblong. 

A European plant, naturalized in meadows and roadsides. July — Sept. Scap$ 
16 to IS inches high spreading, branched into a few peduncles. Lea ves all radical, 
■preading. 6 inches long, with deep round sinuses, and covered with remote hairs. 
Heads 1 inch in diamator, bright yellow,- resembling the Dandelion. 

64. HIERACITOI, Tourn. Hawkweed. 

Gr. hierak, a hawk, supposed to strengthen the vision of birds of prey. 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbri- 
cated, ovoid; scales linear, obtuse. Achenia oblong or 
columner, striate. Pappus a single row of tawny fragile 
capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with entire or toothed 
alternate haves, and single or panicled heads of y allow flowers' 

1. H. SCABRUM, Michx. Rough Haiclciceed. 

Stem erect, leafy, rough-hairy ; leaves obovato or oval, entire or somewhat den- 
ticulate, hairy, the lower narrowed, at the base the upper closely sessile; pardd* 
•tiff flexuous, at first racemose, at length rather corymbose. 

Woods and dry hills. July— Aug. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, round, striate, rather 
Btout. Leaves subacute, often purplish as well as the stem. Involucre 40 to" 60- 
flowered, den 1 with glandular bristles. Heads large, with yellow flow- 

era. Achenia obtuse at apes, bright red, with a tawny pappus. 

2. H. Groxovii, L, Gronovius's Hawhweed. 

Stem erect, wand-like, mostly simple, leafless and paniculate above, leafy and 
hairy below; leaves oblong and obovate, nearly entire, hairy; involucre and 
peduncles sparingly glandular-bristly. 

Dry sterile soil, common. Jury — Aug. Stem, 1 to 4 feet high, furnished with a 
fiw leaves below, naked above, and forming a long and narrow panicle. Heads 
rather small, 23 to 30 flowered. Flowers yellow. Ashenia spindle-shaped, with a 
very tapering summit. 

3. II. vexosum, L. Veiny JJaicJcweed, Rattlesnake- 

weed. * 

Stem scape-like, naked or -with a siugle leaf, smooth and slender, forking abova 
into a spreading loose corymb; leasts obovate oblong and lanceolate, entire or ob- 
Bcurely denticulate, hairy on the margin and midrib beneath. 

Dry soil and pine woods, common. June— Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Radical 
leaves spreading on the ground, colored with purple veins. Heads 20-riowered on 
very slender pel uncles. Rays rather large for the size of the head, yellow. Re- 
puted as an antidote for the poison ot the rattlesnake. 

4. H, paxiculatum, L. Panicled Haiolsiceed. 

Stem slender, leafy, paniculate, hairy below; leaves lanceolate, acute at both 
ends, slightly toothed, smooth; heids in a loose panicle on slender spreading pe- 
duncles; achenia short, not tapering at the summit. 

Damp wools, common. August. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, diffusely branched. 
Leaves thin, 2 to 4 inches long. Heads small, 12 to 20 flowered. Flowers yellow. 
Aclienia ribbed, reddish-brown. - 



m. NABULUS, Cass. 



Kara* probably from the Greek nulla, a harp, in allusion to the lyrato le»vw of 
some, species. . 



COMPOSITE. 203 



Heads 15 to 80 flowered. Involucre cylindrical. Scales 
5 to 14, linear, in a single row, with a few small bractlets 
at the base. Achenia linear-oblong, striate or grooved, 
truncate at the apex. Pappus in many series of yellow 
brownish, roughish capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs with 
spindle- shaped, bitter . ight hcify stems, with variable leaves 

and racemose-panicled, mostly nodding heads, with greenish-white 
or cream-colored flowers, sometimes tinged with purple. 
* Involucre smooth or nearly so, 5 to V2-f,ov:.ived. * 

1. N. ALBUS, Hook. White Lettuce, Rattlesnake-root. 

Smooth and glaucous; stem tall; leaves angular-hastate or angulate, sinuats- 
: toothed, or 3 to 5-cleft; the uppermost oblong and undivided; racemes short, 
paniculate ; involucre with about 3 scales, 8 to 12-flowered. Var. Serpentari* in 
• form with deeply divided leaves, with their margins- often -rough-ciliate. 

Woods and hill siuc^. in rich ro'.ls, common. Aug., gept. Stcm2 to 5 feet high, 
simple or much branched. Heads numerous, in a loose corymbed panicle. In- 
volucre purplish. Flowers white. Pappus deep cinnamon-color. Achenia yellow. 
Reputed as a remedy for the bite of the rattlesnake. 

2. N. ALTissiMUS, Hook. Tall White Lettuce. 

Smooth; stem tall and slender, branched; leaves all petioled, undivided,, or th-s 
lower 3 to 5-cleft or parted; the lobes or leaves acuminate, rep . d or 

denticulate ; involucre slender, of 5 scales, 5 to C-fiowered ; heads in small axillary 
and terminal loose clusters, forming a long leafy panicle. 

Rich moist woods. Aug., Sept. Stem 3 to G feet high, erect. Leaves very 
yarii 1 a qordate, deltoid or triangular-hastate, with naked or winged 

petioles. Heads nodding with yellowish vrhite flowers, Pappus dirty white, o» 
pale straw color. 

3. N. Fraserii, DC. Lion's-foot. GaU-of-the-earth. 

Nearly smooth; stein erect, branched ; leaves mostly deltoid, roughish; lower 8 
to T-lobed, on margined petioles; upper nearly sessile and undivided; involucr* 
smoothish, of about 8 scales, 8 to 12-flowered; heads in corjmbose panicles. Var, 
iniejrifolia has the thickish leaves all undivided and merely toothed. 

Dry san-ly or st»ri'e roil. Aug. — Oct. Stem 1 to 4 feet high. Leaves very vari^ 
ble. Involucre greenish or purplish, sometimes slighttv bristly. Flowers creaia- 
,aolor, sometimes with a tinge of purple. .Pappus dull straw-color. 

66. TARAXACUM, Haller. Dandelion. 

Qt. iaraJdikos, cathartic; on account of its once celebrated medicinal properties. 

Head many-flowered. Involucre double, the outer of 
short scales ; the upper of long linear scales, erect in a singl# 
row. Achenia oblong ribbed prolonged into a long beak, 
crowned with the copious, white capillary pappus. — Acau- 
lescent perennial herbs, with radical runcinate leaves and slender 
naked hollow scapes, bearing a single Urge. head of yellow flower*, 

1. T. Dens-leonis, Desf. Common Dandelion. 

Smooth or at first pubescent ; leaves unequally and deeply runcinate ; outer t* 
Toluor» scales reflexed. 
Pastures and fielis, common eTeryrrhere. April— Oct. After bloisoming the tfc 



^204 . COMPOSITE. 



sner involucre closes for a time, the slender beak elongates and raises upthe pappn* 
•while the fruit is forming, the whole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the 
vnnd the naked seeds with the pappus displayed in an open globular form. Ihe 
Uavcs are U38d in spring as a pot-herb. 

67. LACTUCA, Tourn. Lettuce. 

The ancient name of Lettuce, from lac, milk in allusion to the milky juice. 

Heads several-flowered. Involucre cylindric ; Scales 
imbricated in 2 or more sets of unequal lengths. Recepta- 
cle naked. Achenia flat, obcompressed, abruptly pro- 
duced into a long thread-like beak. Pappus of very soft 
and white capillary bristles. — Leafy -stemed herbs, with pani- 
cltd heads of various-colored flowers. 

1. L. elongata, Muhl. Wild Lettuce. 

.Stem tall and stout ; leaves partly clasping, pale beneath; the upper lanceolate 
. end entire ; the lower runcinate-pinnatifid ; heads in a long and narrow panicle, 
-varies greatly. The Tar. integri 'folia is mostly smooth, with the leaves nearly all 
entire and the flowers yellow or bluish. Yar. sanguined is smaller, mostly hairy, 
with the leaves chiefly runcinate, and the flowers variously colored. Gr. 

Jtich damp soil, hedges and thickets, common. July — Sept., Biennial. Stem 2 to 
8 fret high, often purple, bearing a leafless, elongated, sometimes eon-mbc Si-spread- 
ing panicle of numerous heads of flowers. Carolles yellow. Achenia oblong, conv 
pressed, about the length of -the beak. 

2. sativa, L. Garden Lettuce. Sallad. 

Stem corymbose : leaves suborbicular, those of the stem cordate. A well known 
. «ultivated exotic, with several varieties. The var. capitata has the leaves so thick a* 
to form heads like the cabbage. Heads numerous, small, with yellowish caroila*. 
She jnilky juice contains opium. 

68. MULGEDIUM, Cass. 

Lat mulgeo, to milk. 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre ealyculate-imbricate, 
-the outer scales much shorter than the inner. Receptacle 
naked, honey-combed. Achenia smooth, compressed, at- 
tenuated in a beak at the summit, appearing as if a part of 
.the achenia, and expanded at the apex into a ciliate disk, 
which bears copious pappus of soft capillary bristles. — Leafy- 
ttemmed herbs, with panicledor racemed heads of chiefly blue flowers. 

1. M. ACUMINATUM, DC. Sharp-leaved Mulgedium. 

Smooth; stem panicled above; stem-leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed 
Merely toothed, sometimes hairy on the midrib beneath, contracted at ih? b&f 
Into a winged petiole; the lower ones sometimes runcinate or sinuate; heads in » 
-thyrse-like panicle ; peduncles somewhat scaly. 

Borders of thickets and shady woods. Aug. — Sept., Biennial. Stem 3 to 6 feet 
high, erect, smooth, simple. Leaves 3 to 6 iuches long, the lower ones often deltoid- 
ihastate or truncate at the base, narrowed into a winged petiole. Hsads small, no* 
«ium«rous, in a widely spreading terminal panicle. Scales dark purple. ConoUm 



COMPOSITE. 205 



2. M. Floridanum, DC. Gall-of -thenar th. 

Nearly smooth; ttem erect, paniculate above; leaves- all lyrate or runcinate, tha 
divisions -sharply toothed; heads hi a loose erect panicle. 

Rich soil, woods and road sides. July — Aug., Biennial. Stem 3 to G f >et high, 
purplish or somewhat glaucous. Leaves 4 to 8 incher long, variable in form, the 
vpper triangular; lower ones petioled. Heads rather small, in an oblong terminal 
panicle. Flowers blue. Pappus dirty whits. Pursh states that this plant is used 
.as a cure for the bite of tha rattlesnake, and is known by the naina of Gull-of-the- 
earth. 

3. M. leucopheum, DC. Tall Mulged 'ium. 

Nearly smooth; stem tall, very leafy; leaves irregularly pinnated, sometimes 
runcinate, coarsely toothed, the uppermost often undivided; lieads in a largo and 
dense compound panicle. 

Low grounds, common. July— Sept., Biennial. Stem 3 to 12 feet high. Leaves 
5 to 3 2 inches long, irregularly divided in a runcinate or pinnatifid manner, the 
8? gmerjts-repand-toothed, those of the root on long stalks, the upper ones sessile. 
Heads small, with pale blue or yellowish corollas. Puppies tawny white. 

69. S0NCHUS, Linn. Sow-Thistle. 

The ancient Greek name. 

Heads many flowered, dilated at base. Involucre im- 
bricated. Receptacle naked. Achenia flattened lateral- 
ty, ribbed or striate, not beaked. Pappus of numerous soft 
and very white, fine capillary bristles. — Leaf/stemmed herbs, 
chiefly smooth and glaucous, with mostly spinulose haves and 
corymbed or umbellate heads of numerous yellow flowers. 

1. S. OLERACEUS, L. Common Sow- Thistle. 

Stem-leaves runcinatc-pinnatifid, or rarely undivided, slightly tcothed, with soft 
-trpiny teeth, clasping by a -heart-shaped base, the auricle acute; involucre downy 
when young; acheniy. striate, wrinkled transversely. 

Waste places, naturalized. July— Sept. S'em 2 to 4 feet high, ho : low, angular. 
Leaves apparently da.'pirg, with laige letroaiingdoles t.t tase,wa\y and serrated 
in a runcinate mtnner. Hcadsin a scmewhatumtelleu corymb, flowers yellow. 
Pappus very white and fill<y. Introduced from Europe. 

2. S. ASPEB, Vill. Spiny-leaved Sow-Thistle. 

Stem-leaves mostly undivided, undulate or slightly runcinate, spinulose-toothed, 
cordate clasping; lower ones spatulate or oval; heads urcbeliate-coryrnbcse ; achenia 
margined, 3-nerved on each side, smooth. 

Fields and waste places. Aug. — Sept., Annual. 'Stem about 2 feet high, smooth 
cr slightly hairy. Leaves with numerous short, spiny teeth; the upper ones 
clasping so as to appear pcrfuliata. -Heads small, somewhat umbelled. Flowers 
■yellow. Introduced from Europe. 

3. S. arvensis, L. Corn Sow- Thistle. 

'Root creeping; Stem erect, smooth; leaves runeinate-pinnatifid, tfpinytcothed, 
cordate clasping, the auricle obtuse ; peduncles and involucre bristly ; achenia trans- 
versely wrinkled on the ribs. 

Near cultivated grounds. Aug — Sept. Per. Stem angular, about 2 fret high. 
Heads large with deep yellow flowers. Introduced from Europe and sparingly na- 
turalized. 

70. TRAGOPOGON, Linn. Salsify. 

•Or. tragos, a goat, poQon, a beard ; in allusion £i the tawny, showy pappus, 
02 



206 LOBELIACE^. 



Involucre simple, of many leaves. Receptacle naked. 
Pappus plumose. Achenia longitudinally striate, contract- 
ed into a long, filiform beak. — Bienniel European herbs, with 
long linear grass-like leaves, and terminal solitary heads. 

1. T. porrifolius, L. Salsify. Vegetable Oyster. 

Leaves long, linear, undivided, straight ; peduncles thickened upwards ; involucre 
•much longer than the corolla. Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Flowers terminal, solitary, 
large, bluish purple or sometimes pale straw-color. Native of Europe, cultirated 
for its long tapering root, which is nutritious, and when properly prepared hat a 
mild sweetish taste, similar to that of the oyster. 

71. CATANANCHE, Linn. 

Gr. kata, anagke, from necessity ; it must necessarily be admired. 

Involucre imbricated, scarious. Receptacle paleaceous 
Pappus paleaceous, 5-leaved; paleje awned. — Annual ori- 
ental herbs, with alternate leaves, and solitary heads of showy flow* 
<ers. 

1. C. CCERULEA, L. Blue-flowered Catananche. 

Leaves linear and lanceolate, villous somewhat bipinnatifid at base ; involuer* 
wales ovate, mucronate. A handsome annual from South Europe, 2 to 3 fee* 
jhigh. Heads solitary, on long peduncles. Flowers blue, ligulate. Corolla* tocibr 
»ed at apes:. July — Sept. 

Order 59. L0BELIAGE2E. — Lobelia Family. 

Herbs (often with milky juice) with alternate leaves and scattered ftowers, an fr- 
rtgular numopetalous b-lobed corolla split down to the base on one side ; the 5 stamens 
free from the corolla, and united into a tube both by their filaments and their aa- 
titers. — Calyx-tube adherent to tht many seeded capsule. StxIe 1 ; etisma fringed* 
anatropous. 



1. LOBELIA, Linn. Cardinal Flower. 

In. honor of Matthias de Lobel, a Flemish botanist of the close of the 16th century. 

Calyx 5-cleft, with a short ovoid tube. Corolla irreg- 
ular, cleft on the upper side, 2-lipped ; loioer lip 3-cleft, up- 
per Up of 2 rather erect lobes. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 
2 -celled, many-seeded, opening at the top. — Herbaceous 
plants, with alternate leaves, and blue, white or red Jloiuers, in ax- 
illary, or terminal, hr acted racemes, 
* Flowers deep red. 

1. L. cardinalis, L. Cardinal Flower. 

Smoothish ; stem erect, simple, pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute ntfcctfe 
ends, i lightly toothed ; raceme elongated, rather one sided ; pt&icds much aborts* 
<&&n .tbe leaf-like bract*; stamen longer than the corolla. 



L0BEL1ACE.E. 201 



Low grounds, common. July, Aug. Perennial by offsets. Stem, 2 to 3 feet 
high, often quite smooth. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, % to \% inch wide, usually- 
denticulate. Flowers few or numerous, in a nodding raceme, very showy, and in- 
tensely red. Corolla 1% inch in length. 

* * Flowers blue, or white. 

2. L. syphilitica*, L. Blue Cardinal Flower. 

Stem erect, somewhat hairy and simple ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, scate, 
slightly toothed, somewhat hirsute; raceme or spike leafy; calyx hispidly-ciliata 
with the sinuses reflexed. 

Wet meadows and along streams, common. Aug. Per. A- handsome plant, 1 
to 3 feet high. Zcavcs broader- at base, acute at each end, pilose. Calyx lobes half 
the length of the corolla, the obtuse reflexed auricles shorter than the tube. 
Flowers large on short peduncles, each solitary in the axil of an ovate-lanceolate 
bract. Corolla bright blue or purplish,. rarely white. I found the white variety 
growing in company with the deep blue in a meadow near Mooresburg, Montour 
Go. 

3. L. puberulA; Michxv Downy JLobefcw.- 

Minutely downy pubescent ; stem erect, simple; leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, 
denticulate with glandular teeth ; flowers in a one-sided spike, the leafy bracts 
ovate, acute, serrate, as long as the flower; calyx hirsute at base the lanceolate 
ciliate segments as long as the tube of the corolla* 

Moist grounds, rare. Aug,, Sept; Per. Steml ta "ifeef high, scarcely furrow- 
ed. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and half as wide, the lower ones broadest towards 
the end, covered with a short down cr silky pubescence. Flowers large on very 
ehort pedicels, in a one-sided raceme. Corolla of a bright purplish blue. 

4. L. spicata, Lank JSpiked Lobelia, 

Somewhat pubescent ; stem slender, and very simple ; leaves obtuse, pubescent 
nearly entire ; radical leaves spatulate or oblong, those of the stem oblong -lanceo- 
late; raceme, spiked one-sided, elongated; segments of the calyx subulate, nearly 
as long as the tube of the corolla. 

Open woods and fields, common. July, Aug. Per. Stem, 1 to 2. feet high, few~- 
lcaved, ending in a long wand-like raceme. Floisers -numerous, crowded, each ax- 
illary to a short bract, pale-blue. 

5.- L> INELATA-, L, Indian Tobacco. Eye-bright. 

Hairy; stem low, panicled, branched above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, unequally 
toothed, the lower obtuse, sessile ; racim.es leafy, somewhat paniculate ; capsule in- 
flated, ovoid. 

Fields and woods, common. July — Sept Bienniel. Stem 1 to 2-feet high, becom- 
ing branched in proportion to the luxurience of its growth. Flowers small, pale 
blue, on pedicels much shorter than the pointed bracts ; lobes of the smooth calyx 
as long as the corolla. This plant is much used in the Thompsonian practice of 
medicine, and is an invaluable emetic, as well as a powerful expectorant, seldom 
failing to give almost instantaneous relief, in attacks of crcup, asthma, &o. 

£ CLINTONIA, Douglass, 

Calyx- 5-sepaled, subequaL Corolla 2-lipped, lower lip 
suneate, 3-lobed j upper erect, 2-parted- Stamens incurved, 
united into a tube., Capsule silique-forni, dry, chartaceous 9 
1-celled, many-seeded y dehiscent by 3 strap-shaped valves. — 
Procumbent annual herbs, with minute leaves and axillary solitary 
fiowers. 



208 C A.MPANULACE.E. 



1. C. ELEGANS, Doug. Elegant Clintonia. 

Smooth; stem slender, angular, sparingly branched ; leaves sessile, orate, 3-vein- 
cd; ovary sessile, long acuminate, triangular, contorted, much longer than the 
leaves. A beautiful garden annual, native of the Rocky Mountains. Flowers of 
tho most intense blue ;-corolla with a white spot-in the middle of the lower lip.. 

Order 60. CAMPANULACEJE,— Bell-flower Family. 

Herbs with a mill-y juice, alternate, leaves, no stipules, and mostly bin*, scattered 
flowers ; the calyx generally 5-cleft; adlierc'ivt to the ovary ; the regular bell-shaped 
corolla 5-cleft, valvals in aestivation ; the 5 stamens inserted with the corolla, on tin 
calyx, free, ami usually distinct. Style 3, beset with collecting hairs above; sxiq- 
aus 2 or more. Capsule 2 or more celled, many-seeded. 

1. CAMPANULA, Tourn. Bell-flower. 

Lat. campanula, a little bell; from the form of the corolla. 

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla mostly bell-shaped, 5-lobed. 
Stamens 5 ; seperate, the filaments broad and membranaceous 
at the base. Stigmas 3 to 5. Capsule 3 to 5-celled, 
opening by lateral valves. — Mostly perennial her us, icith al- 
ternate leaves, and terminal spicate; or axillary flowers. 

1. C. ROTUNDIEOLIA, L. Rock Bell-flower. Hair Bella 

Stem slender, branching; root-leaves rotmcr heart-shaped, crenaie, on long peti- 
oles ; stem leaves linear, narrow, entire, smooth; flowers few, nodding ; calyx-lobzs 
awl-shaped. 

On damp rocks and rocky streams, common. June — Oct. Ah exceedTnglj' delin- 
eate species from G to 15 inches high, smooth. The root-leaves generally decay on 
the opening of the flowers, -when the specific name appears wholly inappropriate. 
Stem-leaves 2 inches long and scarcely a line in width. Flowers terminal, in a 
loose panicle,- bright blue. 

2. C. APARINOIDES, Pursh. Slender B'ell-flbwer. 

Stem weak, slender, simple, somewhat 3-ajngled ; leaves linear-laneeolate ; pedun- 
cles diverging, slender, 1-flowered ; caZyx-Zo&es triangular, half the length of the bell- 
shaped corolla. 

Bogs and wet meadows, common. July, Aug. Stem 8 to 20 inches high, rough 
backwards on the angles, by which it supports itself upright among the grass. 
Leaves smooth on the upper surface, denticulate, the margin and veins rough back- 
wards. Flowers small, nearly white, on thread-like, flexuous peduncles at the top 
of the stem. 

3. C. Americana, L. American Bell-flower. 

Stem tall and wand-like, nearly simple ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, accumihate at 
both ends, serrate, sparingly hairy, thin, the lower somewhat heart-shaped ; flowers 
axillary, sessile ; style exserted ; lobes of the. calyx awl-shaped. 

Moist rich soil, common. July, Aug. A tall erect ornamental species, somctimaa 
cultivated, 2 to 3 feet h ; gh. Stem nearly smooth. Leaves ending in a long point, 
smooth, with fine teeth. Flowers numerous, sessile or on short stalks, one or more 
In each axil, forming a terminal leafy raceme or spike, sometimes 2 feet long. 
Corolla nearly wheel-shaped, deeply 5-cleft, blue.. 



CAMPANULACE/E. 209 



4. C. PYRAMID ALIS, L. Pyramidal Bell-flower. 

Stem upright, elongated, branched below; leaves ovate-cordate acuminate, pe= 
tiolate; uppper ones lanceolate : peduncles about 3-flowered. Native of France. 
Julj — Sspt. A showy pirennial cultivated in gardens for its showy bell-shaped 
flowers, which are borne en pyramidal branches, rising from the border like a Chip 
»*se pagoda. 

5. C. MEDIUM, II. Canterbury Bell. 

Stem simple, erect, hispid ; leaves lanceolate, obtusely serrate, sessile, 3-viened 
ai base; Jloicers erect. Ato. ornamental biennial from Germany, of the easiest cul- 
ture Stun 2 to 3 feet high, branched, rough with bristly hairs. Flowers very 
large, tho base broad, limb reflexed, mostly of a deep blue. Several varieties are - 
cuKivaled with blue, purple and white corollas. June — Sept. 

6. C. PERSICIFOLIA, L. Peach-leaved Bell. flower. 

Stem angular, erect ; leaves rigii, obscurely crenate-serrate, radical oblong obo- - 
tats, stem-leaves lance-linear; corolla, large, broadlyrcompanulate. A beautiful 
species, native of Europe, ranked among the most ancient ornaments of the Eng- ■ 
Luh parterres. Flowers large, blue, varying to white. June — Sept, 

7. C. Carpatica, L* Odrpatic Bzll-Flower. 

Diffuse, spreading; stem trailing, somewhat angled; leaves heart-shaped, coarsely 
wrrate, wavy on the margin, with a few scattered hairs on the midrib beneath ; 
flowers terminal ; calyx-lobes linear-subulate, spreading; stigma 3-cleftj the lobes ; 
•prcading. A beautiful perennial, native of the Carpatic Mountains. July — Oct. 
Sierax prostrate forming dense patches. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, ]/ 2 to 1 inch = 
^ride on petioles 2 to 5 inches long. Flowers purplish-blue 1 to 1 3^ inch in di&n> ■ 
tter on peduncles i to S inches long, - " 

2. speculakia; bo: 

JFamo" from -Speculum Veneris, the ancient name of one of the European species. • 

Calyx 5- (rarely 3 to 4)-lobed, tube elongated. Corolla 
wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, distinct, half as long- 
as the corolla ; filaments bain'-, shorter than the anthers. 
Style included, hairy; stigmas 3. - Capsule elongated, - 
prismatic, 3-celled, opening by 3 small lateral valves. — Low 
annual herbs; with sessile, auxiliary and terminal, erect flowers. ■ 

1. S. PERFOLIATA, DC. Clasping Bell-flower. 

• Btfmewhat hairy ; leaves roundish <orovate, cordate, amplexicaul, crenate ; fl&&- '• 
trs s«*sile, solitary orthree together in the axils of the leaves.-- 

Dry hilla, or open fields, common. May — Aug. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, - most 
Jy simple. Ltaves clasping by the heart-shaped base, distant, alternate. Flower* ■ 
•mall, purple ; corolla with spreading segments; calyx segments acute, l&nceo= - 
kite. 

2. S. speculum, EU Venus* Looking-glass. 

SUm diffuse, very branching ; leaves oblong-crenate ; flowers solitary. July, * 
A-4g. Native of Europe. A pretty border flower. Stem- 6 to-12 inches high, with- 1 
spreading branches. Flowers blue, axillary; corolla salver-shaped, resembling % 
io form, a little round' concave mirror. Towards evening the corollas fold up in-- 
to a pentagonal figure, enclosing the parts of fructification, and securing fircfis** 
%be <k»p air until they are again opened by the morning j 



2*10 ERICACE^. 



Order 61. ERICACEiE Heath family.. 

Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with simple alternate or opposite leaves, often evergreen^ 
without stipules, and regular flowers or nearly so, the stamens as many or twice as 
mrmy as the 4 to 5-lobed corolla, and inserted with it. Anthers 2-celled, mostly ap- 
pendaged, opening by chinks or pores. Otasy i to 10-celled ; style 1. Fruit cap- 
sular, baccate, or drupaceous. 

Sub-order 1. VA0CINE2E. Whortleberry Family. 

OyaRY adherent to the tube of the calyx, becoming a ber- 
ry or drupe-like fruit, crowned with the calyx-teeth. Shrub* 
vfiih scattered leaves. 

1. VACCXNIUM, Linn. Whortleberry. 

Calyx adherent to the ovary, 4 to 54oothed. Corolla - 
OYoid, bell-shaped, urn-shaped or cylindrical, 4 to 5-cleft. 
Stamens 8 to 10. Style, erect, longer than the stamen*. 
Berry globose, 4 to 5-(rarely 10)-celled; cells many-seeded. — • 
Shrubs or under -shrubs, with scattered leaves, solitary or racs- 
mose, white or reddish Jfewers, and succulent many -seeded 
b&rrics. 

Sec. 1. G aylus sacia, Terr. <£ Gray. Flowers in IcUer&lbraeUd racemes. Gw«&» 
b-deft ; stamens 10. 

* Leaves thick and evergreen, not resinous doited. 

1. V. braCHYCERum, Michx, Box-leaved Huckleberry. 

Low, very smooth; leaves oval, finely crcnat.?-toothed; racemes short and nearly 
sessile; pedicels very short; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped. (Gaylussacia brachy- 
ccra, Terr & Gr.) 

Hillsides, rare. May — June. I found this species in the summer of 1850 vary . 
abundant on a small hill near Blbomfield, Perry County. Slem 8 to 12 inches high, 
with leaves resembling those of the Box. 

* * Leaves deciduous, entire ; wlwle plant more or less resinous dotted. 

2. V. FRQNDOSUM ; . Willi Blue-tangle. High Blue- 
berry. 

Smooth; branches slender and divergent; leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse, pale, 
glaucous beneath; racemes slender, loose, with oblong or linear bracts; eorollm 
giobular-bell-shaped. (Gaylussacia frondosa, Torr. & Gr.) 

Low sandy woods, common. May— June. Shrub-- 3 to 6 feet high, with smooth , 
slander branches and grayish bark. Leaves twice as long as wide. Hacemes lateral, 
few-flowered. Flowers small, nearly globose, reddish-white. Beiries large, glo- 
bose, blue, covered with a glaucous bloom when mature, sweet. 

3. V. resinosuMj Ait. Black, Huckleberry or Whor- 
iebcrry. 

Much branched, rigid, slightly pubescent when young; leaves petiolate, oval, , 
ai&ong-orate or oblong, obtuse, very entire, sprinkled with shining resinous dots; , 



JSRICACEJg. 21 1 



rafmes short, clustered, one-sided, bracteate; corolla ovoid-conical or at length 
cylindrical, contracted at the mouth, at length open. (Gaylussacia resinosa, Torr, 
k Cir.) 

\Tocd* and stamps, common. May-— June. Slirub 1 to 3 feet high, bushy, 
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, x /z a* wide, rarely acute, shining beneath with resinous 
spots, on petioles 1 line in length. Flowers reddish in lateral, dense, corymbose 
•lusters, small drooping. Corolla greenish or' yellowish-purple, longer than the 
stamens, bat shorter than the style. Berries black,, globose, without bloom>, «we«t 
and eatable, ripe in, August. 

Sec. 2. Vacciitium proper. Flowers in solitary clusters or racemes, white or 
reddish ; stamens S to 10. 
** Ovary more sr less Completely IQ-celltd by false partitions ; corolla, b-lobed. 

4. Y. stamineum, L. Deerberry. Squaw HuclcU- 
berry. White W hortlcberry. 

Diffusely branched, young branches pubescent; leaves ovate or oval, acute, very 
entire, glaucous beneath; pedicels solitary, axillary, filiform, nodding; corolla 
bell shaped,, spreading; anthers exserted, with 2 awns on the back. - 

Dry woods, common. May,. June. Shrub 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves 1 to 2 indie* ' 
long, }/± to 3-^ as wide, mostly rounded at base and on very short petioles. Flowers 
©n long, slender pedisuls, arranged in loose, leafy racemes. Corolla white, spread- 
ing. Stamens conspicuously exserted, but shorter than the style. Berries large, 
greenish-white, bitter. 

5. V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. Common Loiv Shin- 
irtg-leaved Blueberry. 

Dwarf, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-Ianetolate. acute at each end, , 
minutely serrulate, thin; corolla short, ovoid-eylindrical. 

Thickets and dry hills, in hard soil, common. May. A lew undershrub, 6 to 15 - 
iiiches high, growing in dense patches. Branches green, angled, with 2 pubescent 
buss. Leaves eub-sessiie, crowded]^ to 1 iuehlong, )/£to % wide. Flowers reddish- 
white, J^iuch long, with mostly colored bracts. Btrriei abundant, large andsweet, 
bluish-black, somewhat glaucous, ripening early in July. 

6. V. CORYMBOSUM, L. High Swamp Whortleberry, 

Tall ; flowering branches almost leafless ; leaves oblong-oval, rather acute at each * 
end, neariy entire, pubescent whan young; raeancs short, sessile, bracteate ; corolln 
o^oid-cylindrical, 

Swamps and marshy places, common. June. A tall shrub, 4 to 8 feet high, , 
■with a few stragkog branches, which are green or purplish when young. Leave* " 
smooth on both sides, (when young somewhat downy on the veins). Flowers nu- 
merous, nodding, generally appearing in advance of the leaves, on short tracted 
-pedicels, crowded near, the summit of the naked branches. Corolla large, y^ inch 
in diameter, purplish-white, contracted at the mouth. Berries large, sub-acid, • 
covered with a glaucous bloom; ripening in July and August. 

7. V. FUSCATUM, Ait. Black. Swamp Whortleberry. 

Tall; leaves oval obovate or oblong, downy beneath, and also usually on the 
Teins above; racemes- short; corolla cylindrical. 

Marshes, common. June. Stem 5 to 9 feet high. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long 
when full grown, at length thickish and somewhat shining above, but always soft 
downy underneath. Berry purplish-black, destitute of bloom, erowned with very 
conspicuous calyx-teeth. Gray. Thi3 may prove to be only a variety of V. coryin- 
bosum. 

8. V. VACCILEANS, Solander. Sugar Whortleberry. 

Low; branches angular, smooth; leaves oval or obovate, acute or rather obtuse, * 
•errulate, smooth on both sides, glaucous ben«*th; r&ewnes vnj short, clustered; 
«owIk».cylindrical-beil-8haped. - , 



21 2 ERICACEAE. 



Dry hills and open •woods, common. May. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, with numerous 
yellowish-green branches. Leaves pale and dull, fringed with bristly or glandular 
hairs, which tip the serratures. Flowers greenish white tinged, with red, on short 
petioles. Berries dark blue, glaucous, yery sweet, ripening a little later than those 
i>t No. 5. 

9. V. LIGUSTRINUM, Michx. Privet Whortleberry. 

Branches angular, erect, slender: leaves sub-sessile, erect, thick, lanceolate, 
nmcronate, serrulate, pubescent ; fascicles sessile, with short glomerate pedicels ; 
KfroUa ovoid-oblong. 

Dry woods and mountains. May — June. A small shrub, with straight and 
sender branches. Flowers purplish-red. Berries black. Yery variable in the 
ih*p* and size of the kayos. 

2; OXYCOCCUS, Fers,- 

Gr. oxys, acid, and coccus, a berry. 

Calyx STiperior, 4-eleft. Corolla 4-parted, with elonga- 
ted, revolute divisions. Stamens 8, convergent. Anthers 
tubular 2-parted, opening by oblique pores. Ovary 4- 
eelled, many-seeded. — Slender trailing shrubs, with alternate 
evergreen leaves, with, revolute margins, and red acid berries. 

1. 0. MACROCARPUS, Pers, Common Cranberry. 

SUms elongated, creeping, the flowering branches ascending; leaves oblong, ob- 
Vus», glaucous underneath ; peduncles lateral, from the base of the young shoots. 

Peat bogs, common. June: Stem creeping, and throwing up short erect branch- 
es. Leaves about % inch long, and nearly % wide, rounded at each end. < n Tery 
short petioles, obscurely serrulate. Flowers flesh-colored on slender petioles }/, to - 
1 inch long, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, the 4 segments reflexed.* 
Berry large, scarlet or purplish, ripe in October. Highly prized for its fine aeid-- 
fruit. 

Sub-order 2. ERICINE^r. The Proper Heath Family. 

Ovary free from the calyx. Seed-coat close and thin ; 
rarely loose and cellular. — Shrubs or small trees. 

Tribe 2, ANDROMEDEJE. Fruit a capsule opening? 
hwtiicidally. 

• Calyx becoming lerry-l&e in fruit and enclosing the captult. 

3. GAULTHERIA^ Kalm. 

J)edicated by Kalm to " Dr. Gaulthier," of Quebec 

0ALTX cylindrical-ovoid, 5-toothed. Corolla ovoid-tubu-- 
iar, limb with 5 small revolute lobes. Stamens 10> in- 
tluded. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5*valved, 
many-seeded, inclosed when ripe by the calyx which thickens, 
£fogmingjie#hyj go a* to appear like a globular red berry*-^-- 



ERICACEiE. . 213 



Somewhat shrubby plants, with alternate evergreen leaves, and 
axillary, nearly white flowers, on pedicels which are 2^bracted. 

1. G. PROCUMBENS, L, Creeping Wintergreen. Box- 
berry. Checherberry. 

Stem somewhat creeping, with ascending flowering branches ; leaves obovate or 
oval, obscurely serrate, shining; flowers mostly single in the axils, drooping. 

Cold damp woods and mountain sides, common. May — July. Stems slender, S 
to 5 inches high, extensively creeping on or below the surface, the flowering 
branches ascending, simple, leafy at the summit. Leaves thick, acute at each end. 
CbrdUa white, contracted at the mouth. Iruit having the appearance of a bright 
scarlet herry. The leaves a>nd fruit have the well-known spicy aromatic flavor of 
the Sweet Birch. 

*'*" Calyx dry and unchanged in fruits 

4. EPIGEA, Linn. Ground Laurel. 

Gr. epi'/upon, gc, the earth. 

Calyx deeply 5 parted, with 3 bracts at the base. Corol- 
la salver-form, with a long tube, villous within; limb 5- 
parted spreading.- Stamens 10, with thread-like filamentsv 
Anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Capsule 
5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. — Trailing scarcely shrubby 
plants, bristly with rusty liair$ r everg-£een alternate leaves , and 
pale rose-colored fragrant flowers in axillary clusters. 

- 1. E. REPENS, L. Trailing Arbuiis. 

Stem prostrate, creeping; leaves roitndish-oval and heart-shaped, on slender 
petioles ; tube of the corolla hairy inside. 

Damp woods and north sid? of mountains, common. April, May. A small 
trailing evergreen, covered with a hairy pubescence in all its parts, 10 to 15 inches 
long. Leaves 2 inches long, and 1 to 1% wide, roundish at the end, abruptly 
tipped with a very short point. Flowers very fragrant, white or tinged with va- 
rious shades of red, in small clusters on short stalks. 

5. ANDROMEDA, Linn. 

Named for Andromeda cf ancient fable. 

Calyx small, various in form 5-(rarely 4)-parted, persis- 
tent. Corolla ovoid-cylindrical, the limb 5-cleft, reflexed. 
Stamens 10, rarely 8, included. Capsule 5-celled, 5- 
valved, many-seeded.- — Shrubs prostrate or erect, with ever- 
green or deciduous alternate leaves, and mostly racemed or 
clustered flowers. 

Ssc. 1. Axdromeda proper^ Calyx without- bradsi Anthers 2-awned. Leaves 
evergreen. 

1. A. POLIFOLIA, L. Marsh Andromeda. Wild Rose- 
mary. Rosemary Andromeda. 

Erect, very smooth; leaves thick, lanceolate or linear, entire, with strongly re- 
valuta margins, green above, white beneath; flower* on shozt naked peduncles.* 



214: ERICACE^. 



crowded in a terminal umbel ; corolla glob'ose urn j shaped, much contracted at tho 
top : filaments bearded. 

Sides of ponds, and in swamps. May.' A beautiful evergreen shrub 1 to 2 feet 
high. Leaves very smooth, 2 to 3 inches long, and less than }/£ inch wide, on very 
short petioles. Flowers in pendulous clusters. Calyx white, tipped with redi 
Corolla rose-colored. 

Sec. 2. Ltoota, NnH. Corolla, sub-globose ;'■ capsule vrith 5 'Supernumerary valves. 
Shrubs with deciduous leaves. 

2. A. LIGUSTRINA. MuM. Privet Andromeda. 

Pubescent ; leaves cbovate-oblong, pointed nearly entire, finely serrulate ; flow- 
ers in racemes, crowded in a somewhat leafy or naked'panicle on terminal branches 
of the preceding year ; calyx without bracts ; capsule globular. 

Swamps. June. A- deciduous shrub 4 to 8 feet high, minutely downy when 
young .sometimes rusty. Leaves abruptly acuminate, paler beneath, 2 to 3 inches 
long, and nearly half as wide, on- short petioles: Flowers small, nearly globose, 
White in dense panicles; 

Sec. 3. Cassandra, Don. Calyx with 5 acute sepals &nd 2 bractlets capsule- 
valves double. Shrubs with evergreen leaves. ■ 

3.. A. oA-LY-Cula-FA^ In Bo x-ha/ued Andromeda. 

Erect; leaves oval-oblong, obtuse, sub-revolute, nearly entire, rusty dotted; bracty 
ovate; racemes one-sided, leafy, terminal; corolla cylindrical-oblong, the mouth 
slightly narrowed and 5-toothed ; filaments smooth. 

Swamps and marshy places, common. April — May. Shrub 1 to 3 feet high; 
Leaves coriaceous, shining, dotted, about 1 inch long and % ^ide, those of tho 
racemes not half as large. Flowers numerous. 20 to 30 in each raceme, white, each- 
from the axil of a small leaf. 

Sec. 4. EuBOTiiTS,- Nutv. Cclyx icith 2-bractlets; capsule depressed-globular* 
Shrubs with-dtcidUous leaves. 

4. A» race mo s A, L. Racemed Andromeda. 

Nearly smooth; leaves oval lanceolate or oblong, acute, serruiate; racemes erects 
or spreading; sepals cvate-lanceolate ; corolla cylindrical; anthers 4awnedatthe 
summit. 

Swamps and wet woods. June — July. A branching shrub 3 to 5 feet high. 
Leaves 1 to 2 inchus long, % as wide, minutely notched, veiny, thin. Flowers nu- 
merous, white, closely set in a simple one-sided spiked raceme, 2 to 6 inches long„- 
Bracis awl-shaped. Carolla 4 to 5 times as long as the calyx. 

8tc. 5. Maria, DC. Calyx ivilhoui brucilzts-;- anthers awnUss; capsule-valves 
simple. Shrubs with deciduous leaves. 

5. A. Mariana, L. Maryland Andromeda. 

Nearly smooth ; leaves thiekisb, oval or oblong, entire, paler-beneath ; flowering: 
branches nearly naked; calyx leafy; corolla ovoid-cylindrical; filaments' hairy. 

Sandy woods. June. Shrub 2 to 4 feet-high, with very smooth leaves on short 
petioles. Flowers large, nearly % inch in diameter, white or pale red, arranged. 
in umbel-like clusters crowded on leafless branches, from buds developed in thfi- 
axils of the deciduous leaves- of- the preceding year; 

Sec. 6. Oxydendron, DC. ■ Calyx without bractlets, acuminate ; capsultpyramidal,-. 
pentangular. Trees with large, -acid deciduous leaves.- 

6. A. arborea*. L. Sorrel-tree. Sour-wood.. 

Arborescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, petiolate, shining above^ corolla 
oblong-ovoid, narrowed at the summit, 5-tootbed; filaments thickened; capsvld 
fl-angled. 

Bici woods, rare^ June— Jirfy. A fin© tree,. 20 to CO- feet high, trunk 10 to- 16* 



ERICACEiE. 215 



inches in diameter, with thick and deeply furrowed hark. 'Leaves 5 to 6 inchoi 
long, and 2 to 3 wide, turning bright scarlet early in autumn. Flowers whit% 
arranged in slender, somewhat 1-eided. racemes crowded in a large terminal panic 
do. Brads minute, deciduous. 

6. CLETHUA, Linn. Sweet Pepper Bush. 

Klcthra, the ancient Greek name of the Alder. 

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla of 5 distinct obo- 
rate-oblong petals. Stamens 10, exserted. Anthers in- 
versely arrow-shaped. Pilaments subulate. Style slen- 
der. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled ; 3-valved, many-seed- 
ed, enclosed by the calyx. — Shrubs, with alternate deciduou* 
leaves, and white flowers in single or panided racemes. 

1. C. ALNIFOLIA, L. Sweet Pepper Bush. White Alder., 

Leaves wedge-oboyate, serrate, entire towards the base, smooth, green on both 
-rides; raceme upright, hoary ; bracts as long as the pedicels ; filaments smooth. 

Wet woods and swamps. July — Aug. Shrub 4 to 12 feet high. Leaves 2 to 3 
Inches long, % as wide above, with a long, wedge-shaped base, tapering into a short 
petiole, slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers white, fragrant, in racemes, 3 to 5 
inches long; Corolla spreading, about equaling the stamens and styles, 

•7. MEXZIESIA, Smith. 

In honor of Archibald Menzias, companion of Vancouver in his voyage around the 

world. 

Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft Corolla globose, 
4-cleft. Stamens 8, included. Filaments subulate, 
•smooth. Stigma obtuse. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved. — 
Heath-like shrubs, ,with evergreen leaves, and mostly solitary 
flowers. 

1. M. GLOBULARIS, Salisb. Globose Henziesia. 

Brandies and pedicels somewhat hairy ; leaves oval-lanseolate, ciliate, pubescent 
except on the veins beneath, with a sharp glandular point. 

Mountains. June. Shrub 4 feet high. Leaves very hairy when young. Flower* 
^yellowish-brown, nodding, and mostly solitary on eaeh terminal pediceL 

'Tribe 3. RHODORJE. Fruit a capsule opening sepii- 
mdaUy. 

8. RHODORA, Duhamel. 

•£r. rcdon, a rose, from the color of the showy flowers. 

Calyx minute, 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla irregular 
and 2-lipped ; the upper lip 3-lobed or 3-cleft, the lower 2- 
parted or of 2 distinct spreading petals. Stamens 10, de- 
.clinate, Pilaments .unequal. Capsule 5-celled, j5-Yalyed^ 



.216 ERICACEAE. 



many-seeded, opening at the top. — A shrub with deciduous 
alternate leaves, and pale purple flowers. 

1. E-. Canadensis, L. Rhodora. 

Leaves alternate, oval, veiny entire, nearly smooth above, downy beneath ; jloth 
en clustered on short peduncles. 

Mountain bog?. April — May. Shrub 2 to 3 fesi high, with erect branches; tha 
Stems clothed with a smooth brown bark, each dividing at top into several erect, 
flowering branches. Flowers purple, in. terminal clusters of 2 to 5,- somewhat 
preced jig the leaves. 

9. AZALEA, Linn. 

(Jr. axlecs, arid, inappropriate as applied to our species, which mostly grow in w«t 

places. 

Calyx 5-parted, often minute. Corolla funnel-form, 5- 
lobed, slightly irregular ; the lobes spreading. Stamens 5, 
with long exserted filaments, usually declined, as well as the 
long style. Anthers short, opening by terminal pores, 
pointless. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. — Up- 
right shrubs, with alternate deciduous leaves, and large and 
showy flowers, in umbelled clusters, from large scaly -imbri- 
cated buds. 

* Flavors appearing after the leaves. 

1. A. arborescens, Linn. Tree Azalea. 

Branchhts smooth ; leaves obovatc, obtuse, very smooth on both side?, shining 
above, glaucous beneath, the margins ciliat?, Cowers in leafy corymbs, not viscid, 
tubs longer than the segments ; stamens and style very much exserted. 

Blue Mountain?. June. Shrub 3 to'TO feet high, with thickish leave?. Flowers 
large, rose-colored, fragrant. Scuks of the flower-buds large, yellcwhh-brown with 
a fringed white border. 

2. A. viscosa, L. Clammy Azalea. White Honey- 
miclde. Clammy Swamp Pink. 

Erar.chlels bristly; leaves obovatc and oblong lanceolate; corolla viscid, hairy; 
calyx-lobes minute. 

Woods, common. June — July. SJirub 4 to G feet high, much branched above, 
Clio branches hispid. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long and about x /, as wide, smoothish, 
hispid, . dilate on the petiole, midvein and margin. Flowers white or tinged with 
rose-color, fragrant, in large clusters. 

<** Floiocrs appearing before or with the leaves. 

8. A. nudiflora, L. Purple Azalea. Pinxter-floicer. 

Branchhts rather hairy; leave* obovate or oblong, downy underneath; calyx 
ghort ; tube of the corolla longer than the lobes ; stamens and style much exserted. 

Woods and mountains, common. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high, much branched above. 
hearts crowdi d at the ends of the branches, 2 to 3 inches long, 1 to \ l / 2 broad, with 
ciliate margin?. Flowers pale pink or purple, in terminal clusters, appearing a 
little before the leaves. Stamens purplo, deelinate, twice as long as the corolla. 
JStyle much longer than the stamens. There are numerous varieties, some with 10 
or more stamens. 

4. A. CALENDULACEA, Michx. Flame-colored Azalea. 

JSranchleti comewhafe hairy ; leaves obovateor oblong, mucronate, pubescent >on 



ericace^: 217 



both sides, ciliate on the margin ; flowers large in rather naked corymbs, not yisced >' 
calyx-lobes oblong, conspicuous ; stamens and style much exserted. 

Woods and mountains, southern parts of the State. May. A splendid flowering 
shrub 3 to 10 feet high, covered about the time that the leaves appear with a pro- 
fusion of large and showy yellow or orange flowers, usually turning to flame-color. 
Corolla about 2}^ inches long and 2 wide. Cultivation has produced many varieties, 
from golden yellow to dark crimson, single and double. 

5. A. hispidum, Torr. Hisped Azalea. 

r Branches straight, very hisped ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate at each end, hisped 
above, smooth beneath, glaucous- on both sides, ciliate on the margin; flowers 
very visced, appearing with the leaves; calyx-teeth oblong, rounded; stamens and 
styles exserted. 

Margin of lakes, on high mountains. July, Aug. Shrub of a bluish appearance, 
10 to 15 feet high, very upright. Flowers white, with a red border ; the tube 
reddish- white. Stamens often 10. Professor Gray considers this scarcely distinct 
from A. viscosa. 

10. RHODODENDRON, Linn. RosebaY. 

Rhododendron, rose-tree; the ancient Greek name. 

Calyx 5-parted, mostly small. Corolla somewhat bell- 
shaped, or partly funnel-form, sometimes slightly irregular, 
5-lobed. Stamens 10, vary rarely fewer, commonly de- 
clined. Anthers opening by 2 terminal pores. Capsule 
5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded — Shrubs or low trees, with 
evergreen entire alternate leaves, and large showy flowers in compact 
terminal corymbs or clusters from large sec ly-bracted buds. 

1. R. maximum. L. American Rosebay. 

Leaves elliptical-oblong or lance-oblcng, acute, narrowed towards the base, very 
smooth, paler beneath, thick and evergreen ; corolla companulate. 

Shaded ravines and water-courses, common. July. Shrub 6 to 20 feet high, with 
crooked stems. Leaves when young downy, becoming very smooth when lull 
-grown, 4 to 10 inches long, thick and leathery, remaining on the stem 2 or 3 years. 
Corymbs 15 to 20-flowered. Corolla 1 to 2 inches broad, pale rose-color or nearly 
white, greenish in the throat on the upper side and spotted with yellow or reddish, 

11. KALMIA, Linn. American Laurel. 

Dedicated to Peter Kalm,.a, pupil of Lhrtseus. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between rotate and companul- 
ate, 5-lobed, furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 
anthers are severally lodged until they begin ta shed their 
pollen. Filaments elastic, thread-form. Capsule globose, 
5-celled, many-seeded. — ^North American evergreen shrubs, 
with naked flvwer-buds, alternate coriacious leaves, bracted pedicels 
and showy white and red flowers in umbel-like corymbs. 

1. K. latifolia, L. Mountain Laurel. Calico-bush. 

Branches terete; leaves mostly alternate, on long petioles, ovate-lanceolate cr 
elliptical, tapering at each end, bright-green on both sides; ccrymbs terminal, 
many-flowered, clammy-pubescent. 

m 



,1; ERIC ACE .E. 

Hills and mountains, damp soil, common. Jun? ; July. A beautiful shrub 4 to 

5 feet high, with irregular branches. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, thiek ; smooth and 

ing. Flowers very showy, in spreading corymbs, profuse light or deep rose- 

Cbrolla % to 1 inch in diameter, with a short tube. Leaves poisonous to 

some animals. 

2. K. angustifolta, L. Sheep Laurel 

Branches terete-, leaves mostly opposite or in threes, petiolate, narrowly-:".: 
. ■?. pale or whitish underneath, light-green above; corymbs lateral, slightly 
.ar, rainy-flowered : brads linear-lanceolate. 
Sandy woods and hillsides, common. June, July. A beautiful shrub 2 Tc 
.:.-":. upright. Lcv:cs acutely and narrowly elliptic, with rounded ends. ] 
ies long and }4 as wide, on short petioles. Flowers crimson and pur 
I corymbs forming a kind of whorled fascicle around the stem. Cif. 
to % inch in diameter. 

3. K. glauca, Ait. Swamp Laurel. 

BrancMets 2-edged: leaves opposite, nearly sessile, oblong or lanceolate, white- 

: - us underneath, with revolute margins; corymbs terminal, few-flowered, 

smooth ; bracts large. Yar. rosmarinifolia, Pursh. Leaves linear, conspicuousjy 

t j, nearly green beneath. 

Cold peat bozs and mountains, common- June, July. A delicate straggling 

shrub, about lv foot high, the branches distinctly 2-edged. L 

:ut 1 inch long. Flowers pale rose-color, 8 to 10 in each Qorymb 
tta-% inch in diameter. Calyx red. Bracts 2, concave, obtuse, 

12, LEDUM, Linn. Labrador Tea. 

. the ancient Greek naruj of the Cisfcus. -transferal by Linnaeus to this 
genus. 

Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla 5-petaled, 
spreading. Stamens 5 to 10, exserted. Anthers opening 
by 2 terminal pores. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many- 
needed, splitting from the base upwards. — Lov: evergreen 
shrubs, with alternate entire leaves clothed with rusty wool under- 
math, and handsome white floyjers in terminal umbel-like clusters 
from large scaly-bractcd buds. 

1. L. latifoliuiu, Ait. Broad-leaved Labrador Tea. 

■Leaves elliptical or oblong, revolute on the margin, ferruginous-tomentose be- 
neath ; stamens 5, sometimes 6 or 7, as long as the corolla; capsule oblong. 

Cold boga and damp mountain woods. June. Shrub 2 to 5 feet high, with ir- 
regular woolly branches. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, broad-oblong, obtuse. Flovc- 
terminal corymbs, white. 

2. L. palustre, L. Farrow-leaved Labrador Tea. 

leaves linear, revolute on the margin, ferruginous-tcmentose beneath; stamen* 
10. longer than the corolla. 

Swamps. June. A shrub smaller than the last and with narrower leaves 
i species have been ust-d as substitutes for tea, but the latter is considered the 
•test. 

Sub-order 3. PYROLEJE. The P/rola Family. 
;Oyary free from the calyx. Petals nearly distinct: 



ERICACE^. 21$- 



Fruit a capsule.— Mostly herbaceous plants, with evergreen 
foliage. 

13. PYKOLA, Linn. False Wintergreen, 

A diminutive of the Latin pyrus, a pear, from the resemblance of the leaves of 

some species. 

Calyx minute, 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave, 
Icciduous. Stamens 10, with awl-shaped, naked filaments. 
Style long and generally turned- to one side. Stigmas 5. 
Capsule depressed-globose, 5-valved from the base upwards, 
many-seeded.— Low and smooth perennial herbs, bearing a 
cluster of rounded and petioled evergreen root-leaves, and a simple 
raceme of nodding flowers on an upright scaty bracted scape. 

1. P. ROTUNDLFOLIA, L. Bound-leaved Wintergreen. 

Leaves orbicular, thick, entire or crenulate, usually, shorter than the dilated pe- 
tioles: raceme elongated, many-flowered; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acutish; stigma 
clavate. 

Damp or sandy woods, common. July. Scape 6 to 12 inches high, many-bracted . 
s all radical, V/ 2 to 2 inches in diameter, on petioles about the same length. 
Flowers % inch broaa, nodding, white, fragrant, 8 to 20 in a raceme. 

2. P. elliptica, Nutt. Shin-Leaf. 

Leaves elliptical or obovate-oval, .usually longer than the margined petiole; ra- 
eerae many-flowered, naked or with a subulate bract; calyx-lcles ovate, acute; 
stigma clavate, 5-lobed. 

Rich woods, common. June, July. Leaves all radical, membranaceous, finely 
serrate, with an attenuated base much longer than the petiole. Scape 6 to 10 
inches high, slender, bearing S to 1'2 greenish-white fragrant flowers. 

3.. P. chlorantha, Swartz. Small Pyrola. 

Leaves small, roundish, retusc, thick, shorter than the petiole ; scape few-flowered, 
nearly naked; calyx-lobes very short, obtuse ; petals elliptical, converging; gtigffia 
with the disk 5-lobed. 

Open woods, common. June. Leaves about 1 inch long, varying from orbicular 
te broad-ovate, crenulate, smooth, leathery, shining. Scape G to 8 inches high, U 
-ivj-.vered. Flowers nodding, greenish-white, fragrant, on pedicels V< inch long, 
each in the axil of a very short bract. 

4. P; SECUNDA, L.' One-sided Pyrvla. 

Leaves ovate, acute, thin, serrate, longer than the narrow petiole; raceme dense, 
many-fiowcrcd, secund; ca lyx-lobzs ovate, shorter than the oblong petals; style ex- 
scrted; stigma depressed, 5-lbbed. 

Rich weeds, common. July. Leaves somewhat raised on a decumbent stem> 
about 1 inch long, anl petioles about the same length. ISiaps 3 to 6 inch? -. 
high, with the flowers all turned to one side. Flowers greenish-white. 

5. P. minor, L. Lesser Pyrola. 

Leaves roundish, slightly crenulate, mostly longer than the margined petiole? . 
raceme spiked; bracts as long as the pedicels ; calyx-lodes very short; corolla glo- 
bose ; style included ; stigma 5-lobed. 

Base of mountains, rare. July. Leaves on short petioles, mucronate at the 
apes. Ssage angular, 5 to 10 inches high. Flowers small, white or-rcsoeolcr: 



220 ERICACE^. 



14. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Pipsissbwa. 

Gr. Jceima, winter, and phUeo, to love. 

C alyx^ 5-parted, , Petals 5, spreading, concave. Sta- 
mens 10. Filaments dilated in the middle. Style very 
short, inversely conical, nearly immersed in the depressed 
summit of the globular ovary. Stigma broad and or- 
bicular, the border obtusely 5-toothed. Capsule 5-celled, 
opening from the summit. Seeds numerous. — Low pe- 
rennial, nearly herbaceous plants, with running underground shoots, 
evergreen thick shining opposite or whorled leaves, ana fragrant 
white or purplish flowers corymbed cr umbelled on a terminal pe- 
duncle. 

1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Prince's Pine. Pipsissewa. 

Leaves wedge-lanceolate, sharply serrate, acute at the base, in 4s or 6s; peduncles 
4 to 7 flowered, corymbed; bracts linear-subulate; style immersed in the ovary. 

A beautiful evergreen, common, in dry woods. June. Plant 4 to 8 inches high, 
leafy. Leaves in 2 cr more irregular whorl.?, 2 to 3 inches long, }/ 2 to p£ wide, re- 
motely and distinctly serrate, on .short petioles, shining of ^a uniform dark, green . 
color. Flowers light purple on nodding petioles. 

2. C. MACULATA, Pursh. Spotted Wintergreen. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, remotely toothed, discolored, opposite 
or in threes; peduncles corymbose, 1 to 5-flowered; filaments wooly. 

Dry woods. June, July. A pretty evergreen 4 to 6 inches high, with leaves 1 to 
2 inches long, % as wide, marked with a whitish line along the midyein and vein- 
lets. Flowers purplish-white, en nodding pedicels. 

Sub-order 4. MONOTROPE^E. Indian Pipe Family. 

Ovary free from the calyx.. — Leafless herbs, destitute of 
green. 

5. PTEROSPORA, Nutt. Pine-drops. 

Gr. pteron, a wing, and spora } seed; alluding to the singular wing borne by the 

seeds. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped, 5-toothed, 
persistent. Stamens 10 ; anthers 2-celled, peltate. Style 
short; stigma 5-lobed. Capsule globose, depressed, 5- 
lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved. Seeds very numerous, minute, 
with the apex expanded into a broad reticulated wing. — A 
stout and simple purplish-brown clammy pubescent perennial plant, 
with lanceolate scales in place of leaves scattered along the stem t and 
ivhitish flowers in a raceme. 

1. P. Andromeda, Nutt. Tall Bird's Nest. 

Hard clayey and limestone soils ; rare. July. Plant covered with brownish 
viscid hairs. Stem $ to 21 inches high, straight, simple, grooved, brownish:red or 



AQUIFOLIACEiE. 221" 



purplish, clothed- at the base with imbricated scales. Flowers very nuniarous, 20 
to 60 in a long terminal raceme, rose-red and white. 

16. HYPOPITYS, Dill. Pine-sap. 

GrT.hypo, under, and .pitas, Pin^-tree; from the place of its growth. 

Sepals 4 to 5-colored. Petals 4 to 5, fleshy, with a 
sac-like necteriferous depression at the base. Stamens 8 or 
10 ; anthers kidney-shaped j filaments subulate, persis- 
tent. Style columner, hollow; stigma disk-like, with a 
bearded margin. Capsule ovoid or globose, 8 to 10-groovea, 
4 to 5-cellei, mmy-seedecl. — Parasitic tawny white herbs, 
with scaly roots, simple stems, scales instead of leaves, and bracted 
racemes of flowers, at first nsdding, but in fruit erect. 

1. H. lanuginosa, Nutt. Pine-sap. False Beech-drops.. 

Plant clothed with a velvet-like pubescence ; pedicels much longer than the 
Sower; capsule globose. 

Oak and pine woods. Plant 4 to 6 inches high in flower, and sometimes 12 
inches in fruity tawny-white. Flowers 7 to 12 in a terminal raceme, the terminal 
with 5 petals and 10 stamens, the other with 4 petals and 8 stamens. The whok- 
plant turns black in drying. 

IT. MONOTROPA > Gron. Indian Pipe. 

Gr. mows, one, and tropos, turn; the solitary flower turned to one side. 

Calyx represented by 2 to 4 : scale-like deciduous bracts. 
Corolla 4 to 5-petaled, persistent, gibbous at the base 
Stamens 10 ; filaments persistent, alternating with 10 
reflexed appendages of the torus; anthers short. Stig- 
ma 5-crenate. Capsule 5-celIed, many-seeded. — A singu- 
lar white fleshy parasitic herb, rising in a cluster from-a matted 
mass of fibrous roots, with scales like the petals instead of leaves, 
bearing a solitary flower turned to one side. 

1. M. ¥NlFLORA> L. ; Indian Pipe. Bird's Nest. 

Stem short; scales approximate; flowers nodding ; fruit erect; stamens IG. 
Deep rich woods' ; common. June — Aug. A- small succulent plant from 4 to 6 
laches high, white and smooth, becoming purplish-black in drying. 

Order 62. $QUIF0LIA€E JE.— Holhj Family.. 

Trees or shrubs with alternate or opposite leaves, without stipules, and small axil- 
lary 4 to &-merous white or greenish flowers. Calyx 4 Jo 5-sepaled, imbricate in, 
jestfvation. Corolla regular, 4 to G parted or cleft, hypogynous. Stamens insert- 
ed into the tube of the corolla and alternate with its segments : anthers adnate, 
opening lengthwise. Stigmas 4 to 6 or united into one, nearly sessile. Ovary free 
from the calyx 4 to 6-celled. Fruit a berry-like drupe, with 2 to 6 stones or an*. 
rates : sebd suspended, with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen, 
J iHif 



AQUIF0LIACE2E. 



1. ILEX ; Linn. Holly. 

• Calyx 4 to 5-toothed ; persistent. Corolla subrotate, 4 
to 5-parted. Stamens 4 to 5. Stigmas 4 to 5, gubsessile, 
inited or distinct. Berry 4 to 5-seeded. — Shrubs or - 
with alternate spinose dentate leave:, and icJutish, mostly p: 

■". 1. AjjuifcotmMj Tcurn. Leaves evergreen f .spiny z tQ0tbed~ 
I opaca. Ait. American Holly? 

■Leaves oval, flat, acute, smooth, margins ??avy, armed with, scuttorei spitfj 
in loose clusters along the base of the young branches and from the . : 
3ttle 
Moist - : : Hands, rare. June. An' evergreen tree 10 to 15 feet hizh. Leaves 
tough and shining, with rigid-spines. Flowers small, white, in scattered clusters, 
th . fertile ones succeeded by red berries which remain until late in autumn. The 
wood is fine grained and compact, and is employed by cabinet makers and turners 

Sec. 2. Pmjjoides. — Leaves, membranaceous, deciduous. 

2. I. Montana, Torr. & Get. Mountain B$ly. 

LizvcS oblong-ovate or oval-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate-, smooth, cics;. 

: ximated on the ends of the branches; fertile flowers on very short peduncles ; 

•teeth obtuse. 
2 imj wc " : along the Alleghanies. June. Shrub or small tree 6 to 20 feet 
i jgliag Li ■:• 3 to 5 inches long, very thin. Fertile flowers perfc : 
:rs, if any, unknown. Kutlcis strongly striate-rili: 
(he ba k 

■2 PEINOS; Lnm. Winterberry, 

The Greek name of the Holly. 

Flowers mostly dioecious or polygamous. Calyx mi- 
nute, 4 to 6-toothed. Corolla somewhat rotate, usu: 
6-parted. Stamens mostly 6. Ovary superior, 4 to B- 
oelled. Fruit a drupe, with 6 smooth nutlets,— Shruls 
with alternate leaves, and inconspicuous Jlovjers. 

Learns deciduous; fruit Iright red. 

1. P. verticellatus, L. Black Alder. Wmterberry. 

Leaves oval, obovate. or wedge-lancealate, pointed, acute at the base, sharply 
serrate, downy on the veins beneath-; sterile flowers axillary, subumbellate ; ft 
powers somewhat clustered or solitary ; berry 6-celled, 6-seeded. 

Swamps, common. June, July, Shrub 3. to 10 feet' high, very variable in 
foliage, often rugose veiny. Flowers numerous,- small, white. Fruit globose*. 
bright scarlet, crowded so as to appear in whorls on the branches, and remaining 
until late in autumn. 

'2. P. L/EVIGATUS, Pursh. Smooth Wihterberrt/. 

Leaves lanceolate, pointed at both ends, minutely serrate with appressed hair?, 
shining above, minutely pubescent en the veins beneath: sterile flovjers 2 to 5 in 
a cluster, or single on slender peduncles; the fertile mostly single, and on short 
peduncles. 

■swamps, along cold streams and. mountains.- June. Shrub 4 to 8 feet high, 



EBEXACE.E. 223 



i rayish and warty branches. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, y 2 to 1 inch wile, en 
[cs J^ to 1 inch long. Flowers mostly solitary, the sterile on peiicels near 1 
Inch long," the fertile scarcely y± as long. Berries large red. 
:es coriaceous, evergreen, shining above ; fruit Mac 7 :. 

3. P. glaber, L. Inh-berry. Evergreen Winterherryt 

Leaves welge-lanceolate or oblong, somewhat toothed towards the apes, smooth ; 

its axiilai-y, of the fertile 1-flosvered, the sterile -3 to 6-flowered at the summit. 
Saalr woods. July. Shrub 3 to 4: feet high, much branched. Leaves crowded, 

: iy inch long, broadest above the middle. Flowers white mostly 6-parted. 

:, globose, black ana shining. 

3. NEUOPAXIHE3, Ftaf. Mountain Holly. 

..:. r. thread, poos, afoot, and an'.hos, a flower; a flower with a Aliform pe- 
duncle. 

Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx a minute ring, 
Petals 5, cblong-linear, renexecL distinct. Stamens 5. 
Ovary hemispherical; stigmas 3 to 4. .sessile, Fruit a 
; 4-celled globose berry, with 4 to 5- long nutlets. — A 
thrub with alternate entire deciduous leaves, on short petioles, and 
solitary flowers on long. and slender axillary peduncles. 

1. >~. Canadensis, DC Canadian Edify. 

Leaves ova', very entire, smooth, mucronate-poiatel ; peduncles nearly solitarv, 
- :v long ; fruit somowhat 4-sided. 

mp cold wools. May, June. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high, with smooth fish-gray 
bark. Leaves about 2 inches long on peiioles y 2 as long. Flowers small, grd :. 
^•hite. Berries dry, red. 

Order G3. EBENAGEJE — The Ebony Family. 

Tras or shrubs, toith alternate entire leaves, and polygamous regular flowers which 

a calyx free from, the ovary, the stamens 2 to 4 timts as many as the lobes of the 

U i, and the fruit a several-celled berry. . Seeds anatropous, mostly single in each. 

cell, large and flat, with a smooth coriaceous integument ; embrtq shorter than ■ 

: 1 albumen. 

1, DIOSPYRUS, Linn. Persimmon. 

Gr; Dios, pyrus the fruit of Jove. 

Dioecious. Calyx -4 to 6 -cleft. Corolla-4 tc 6-lobed. 
Stamens mostly 16 in the sterile Sowers,- and 8 in the fer- 
tile, in the latter imperfect; filaments shorter than the 
anthers. Berry large ovoid or globular, surrounded at the 
base by the permanent calyx, 4 to 8-celled, 4 to 8-seeded.— - 
A large genus of shrubs or trees, mostly tropical, with alternate entire 
leaves and axillary flowers, the fertile' axillary and solitary, the 
sterile smaller and often clustered. 

1. D. Virgintana, L. Common Persimmon. 

Leasee* crate-oblong, nearly smooth, entire ; peduncles very short ; calyx 4-parte-ii 



224 PLANTAGINIACE.3E. 

corolla somewhat bell-shaped ; stamens 8; styles 4, 2-lobed at the apex. 

Woods and old fields, abundant near Liverpool, along the Suspuehanna. June. 
A small tree 20 to 30 feet high. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, glaucous beneath. 
Flowers obscure, pale, yellowish-green, the fertile ones succeeded by a plum-like 
fruit, 1 inch in diameter, which is exceediugly astringent when green, golden-yel- 
low when ripe, and sweet and edible after exposure to Irost. 

Order 64. PLA1STAGINIACE&I. 

Chiefly stemless herbs, vjith regular i-merous spiked flowers, the stamens inserted 
on the tube of the dry and membranaceous veinless monopeialous corolla, alternate, 
withits lobes; — chiefly represented by the typical genus- 

1. PLANTAGO, Linn. Plantain. 

The Latin name of the Plantain. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx of 4 imbricated persistent 
sepals. Corolla tubular, withering on the capsule, the 
border 4-parted, renexed. Stamens 4, mostly with long 
and weak filaments. Capsule 2-celled, 2-several-seeded ; 
opening transversely so that the top falls off like a lid. — 
Acaulescent herbs, wUh radical ribbed leaves, and small whitish 
flowers in a bracted spike raised on a naked scape. 

1. P. major; L. Common Plantain. 

Smooth or hairy; leaves oval or orate, somewhat toothed, 5 to 7-nerved, abruptly 
narrowed into a channelled petiole ; spike long, cylindrical, densely flowered ; 
stamens and style long.- 

Rich moist soil, about footpaths near houses. June — Sept. Per. Scape 8 to 12 
inches high, pubescent. Leaves spreading on the ground, coarsely toothed. Spike 

2 to 6 inches long, close. Flowers whitish. Probably introduced. 

2. P. CORDATA, Lam. Heart-leaved Plantain. 

Smooth; leaves ovate and mostly heart-shaped, scarcely toothed, thiekish. on 
long stout petioles; spike very -long, at length rattier loose; bracts ovate, obtuee 
seeds mostly 4. 

Banks of streams, rare. June, July. Per. Scapes stout 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 

3 to 8 inches long, the 6 to 8 ribs or veins confluent below with the thick midrib. 
Flmvcrs in a slender elongated spike, with white corollas. 

3. P. lanceolata, L.' Lance-leaved Plantain. 

Hairy or almost smooth; leaves lanceolate, 3 to 5-nerved, entife or nearly eo, - 
tapering to each end, on slender petioles, remotely toothed; scape slender, elongated, 
grooved; spilce short, ovoid or oblong-cylindrical, very dense r ■ bracts scale-like, 
ovate, pointed ; seeds 2. 

Dry fields among grass, commons May — Aug. Per. Scape 12 to 18 inches - 
high, somewhat hairy. Flowtrs whitish, with 2 of the sepals commonly united- 
into one. Introduced.' 

4. P. Virginicaj L. Virginian Plantain. 

Woolly with soft hairs; leaves oblong or lanceolate-ovate, 5-nerved, sparingly 
toothed, or entire, narrowed into a short margined petiole; spike cylindrical, 
dense-flowered above and interrupted and scattered below ; lobes of the coroUa la 
Truit UiToluW and converging into a sort of beak.. • 



PLUMB AGIN ACE M. 225 



Sandy fields. April — Sept. Biennial. Scapes 3 to 10 inches high, angular. 
Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, obtuse. Bracts nearly as long as the calyx. Flowers 
yellowish, with the anthers exserted in some specimens, and included and small in 
others. Seeds oval, concave on the inner face. 

5. P. pusilla, Nutt. Dwarf Plantain. 

Minutely woolly; leaves linear-subulate, flat, entire, acute ; scape terete, slender; 
longer than the leaves; spilce loosely-flowered, the lower flowers distant; bracts 
ovate, acute; stamens short. 

Dry bare soil and rocky hills. April — Aug. Annual. Scape 2 to 3 incho3 
high, slender. Leaves crowded, about 1 inch long. Spike % to 2 inches long, the- 
flowers interrupted. 

Order 65, PLUMB A&m&GRm.—Leadioort Family. 

Herbaceous plants or under shrubs, with alternate or clustered leaves, somewhat 
sheathed at base, and regular h-merous flowers, in loose panicles or contracted into 
heads. Calyx tubular, plaited, persistent. Corolla monopetalous, or of 5 regular 
petals. Stamexs 5, opposite the separate petals or the lobes of the corolla. Ovarv 
free, 1-celled, with a solitary ovule hanging from a long cord which rises from the 
base of the cell. Fruit an utricle, 

1. STA-TICE, Tourn. Sea Lavender. 

Gr. statike, to stop, on account of its astringency. 

Calyx funnel-form, 5-toothed. Petals 5, united 'at 
base. Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals, 
Styles 5, separate. Fruit membraneous and indehiscenfc, 
1-seeded, in the bottom of the calyx.— Salt-marsh perennials, 
with thick and stalked radical leaves, and small flowers loosely 
spiked on the branches of a compound corymb, one-sided, 'Z-bracied. 

1. S. LlMONiUM; L. Marsh Rosemary. 

Leaves obovate-lanceolate or oblong, tipped with a point, 1-ribbed ; scape much 
branched, the flowers rather crowded along the upper side of the spreading 
branchlet3. 

Salt marshes, rare. Aug. Scape about a fcot high, with several lanceolate 3 
clasping bracts. Calyx pink, hairy along the angles. Cevolla pale-blue. Hcci 
thick and woody, very astringent. Perhaps not a native of this State. 

2. ARMERIA, Willd. Thrift. 

Calyx tubular, bell-shaped, 5-angled, with 5 shallow 
lobes, plaited. Petals 5, almost distinct. Stamens 5, 
inserted on the base of the petals. Styles 5, distinct. 
Fruit indehiscent, invested by the calyx. — Perennials, with 
mostly, linear radical leaves, and a simple scape,~appendaged above, 
with the showy rose-colored flowers in a dense head. 

1. A. vulgaris, Willd. Thrift. 

Leaves linear, flat, obtuse ; outer bracts of the involucre ovate, acute, sherter *■ 
than the sheathing appendage at their base ; scape terete, smooth.- 



226 PRIMULACEJ2. 



Rocky places, rare. July, Aug. Root large, woody. Leaves 3 to 4 inches long, 
and about }/£ * ncn wide, numerous, crowded. Scape about 1 foot high, bear 
singular sheath at top. Flovjers in heads, rose-colored, intermixed with scales. 
Pursh gives this as a native of this State, while Prof. Gray thinks it is not in- 
iigmous in the United States; 

Order. 66. BRMULKOEM,— Primrose Family. 

Herbaceous annual or perennial plants, iviih regular perfect flavors, the eiamc't^ 
as many as the lobes of the monopetalous (rarely poly pctalous) corolla and inserted op- 
posite them on the tube. Caltx 4 to 5-cleft, persistent. Stamens 4 to 5, rarely G to 
S-. Style i; stigma capitate; ovary. 1-celled. Capsule 1-celled, with a central 
placentae. Seeds numerous. 

Tribe i. PKIMULE.E.— The Primrose Tribe. 

Capsule entirely free from the calyx, opening by valves, 

1. PRIMULA, Linn. Primrose. 

3iit. primus, first ; on account of the early appearance of the flowera of 
species. 

Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, 
enlarging above the insertion of tha stamens, 5-lobed ; 
lobes often notched or inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 
5, included. Capsule many-seeded, splitting,, at the top 
into 5 valves or 10 teeth. — Low perennial herbs r with the 
veiny leaves in a tuft at the root, and mostly simple scapes 
bearing the flowers in an umbel. 

CULTIVATED EXCTIC SPECIES. 

1. P. vulgaris, Huds. Common Primrose. 

Leaves obovate, oblong, toothed, rugose, villous beneath ; umbel radical : flow-:r 
sialics as long as the leaves; corona flat. Native of Europe. A beautiful garden 
plant, cultivated and highly esteemed for its early flowering, in the numerous va- 
rieties there are some with red, pink, white, orange, and purple uowers, and in 
some instances the umbels are on ascane. The roots and seeds smell of anise seed. 
April. 

2. P. veris, Cam. Cowslip. 

Leaves toothed, rugose, hairy beneath ; umbels many -flowered : flowers all ai- 
ding: corolla concave. Native of Britain. Flowers yellow. The plant smells 
strongly of anise. Its varieties may be increased by raising from the seeds. 

3. P. elatior, Jacq. Oxlip Primrose. Polyanthus. 

Leaves toothed, rugose, hairy on each side; umbel many-flowered, with the outer 
■flowers nodding ; corolla flat. Native of Britain. This is the Oxlip from which all 
the varieties of polyanthuses have been grown. The flowers are on a scape from 3 
>a 9 inches high, varying from yellow to red, purple and Tvhitc. 



PEIMULACEiE. 22' 



2. DOD.ECATHEON, Linn. American Cowslip. 

twelve.- theoi, gods; alluding to its curious flowers which are about 12, 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft; the divisions lanceolate, reflexed. 
Corolla with a very short tube, and rotate, Smarted limb, 
with reflexed long and narrow segments. Stamens 5, in- 
serted into the throat of the corolla; filaments short, 
monodelphous at the base, with long and linear approximate 
anthers. Style exserted. Capsule oblong-ovoid, 5-valved, 
many-seeded. — Perennial smooth herbs, with fibrous roots, 
—al oblong or spatulate leaves, in clusters, and an erect 
simple scape bearing a terminal .umbel of nodding flowers, 
purple rose-color or sometimes white. 

1. D. media, L. American Cowslip. Mead's Cowslip. 

'Leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, tapering into a margined petiole, toothed or entire; 
utnhel many-flowered ; involucre bracts ovate or lanceolate ; anthers acute, much 
longer than the short filaments. 

Rocky places, along the Susquehanna. May. A beautiful smooth plant, with 
radical clustered leaves, 5 to 10 inches long, by 1 to 2 Inches wide, the margin 
often wavy. Scape G to 12 inches high. Corolla white, rose-colored or purple. 
rs % to y^ inch long, yellow, purple at base. 

2. D. integrifolium, Michx. Dwarf -American Cowslip. 

Lcives ovate or lanceolate, subspatulate, obtuse, petiolate ; involucre bracts lanceo- 
late or linear, acute : umbel few-flowered; flowers erect. 

Mountains, rare. June. A much smaller plant than the precec-ding. Scape 
i to 8 inches high, thick. Leaves 3 to 5 inches Ions, on naked petioles. Flowers 
pale-blue, somewhat crowded, on short pedicels. .This may .prove to be only a va- 
riety ef the preceding species. 

3. TRIENTALIS, Linn. Starflower. 

Lat. trims, the third part of a foot; alluding to the size of the plant. 

Calyx mostly 7-parted. Corolla mostly 7-parted, 
spreading, flat without any tube. Stamens 6 to 8 ; fila- 
ments slender, united into a ring at base. Style filiform. 
Capsule globose, few-seeded. — Low and smooth perenniak, 
with simple erect stems, a whorl of veiny leaves at the summit, 
and a few white flowers on solitary peduncles. 

1. T. Americana, Pursh. duckweed Wintergreen. 

Leaves narrow-lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate; petals finely pointed. 

Low woods, rare. May. Stem 6 inches high. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 6 or 7 
in a terminal whorl, with a few minute .alternate ones below. Flowers white on 
terminal f liform peduncles. 

4. LYSIM ACUTA, Linn. Loosestrife. 

Gr. lusis. a release, and mache, strife. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with a very short tube^ 



228 PRIMULACE-E. 



limb 5-parted. Stamens 5 ; filaments often united into 
a- ring at base. Capsule globose, 5 to 10-valved, few-many- 
seeded. — Perennials with entire opposite or verticellate leaves, 
and axillary or racemzd flowers with yellow corollas. 

1. L. STRICT A, Ait. Upriyht Loosestrife. 

Stem erect, smooth; leaves opposite; of rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each 
end, punctate ; raceme terminal, very long, loose: pedicels long, slender. 

Low grounds, common. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, often with bull/lets 
; .n the axils, at length branched, very leafy. Flowers yellow, on slender padi 
eels in a whorled raceme, 5 to 10 inches long, which is leafy at the base. 

2. L. quadrifolia, L. Whorled Loosestrife. 

Somewhat hairy; stem simple ; leaves whorled in fours or fives (rarely 3s or 6s-), 
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, punctate; flowers on capillary peduncles from the 
asils of the leaves. 

Moist or sandy soils, common. June, July. Stem 12 to 15 inches high, with 
many whorls of 4 to 5 leaves, each bearing a peduncle about 1 inch long in its 
axil, with a single flower. Corolla yellow, with purple lines. Anthers purple. 

3. L. ciliata, L. Hair i/ -stalked Loosestrife. 

Leaves lanceolate-ovate, tapering to an acute point, rounded or heart-shaped at 
the base, on long petioles; petioles ciliate; peduncles mostly in pairs, 1-flowere*; 
flowers drooping; corolla longer than the calyx. 

Banks of streams and thickets ; common. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, square, 
sparingly branched. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, on hairy petioles x /^ to 2 inches 
long, somewhat cordate at base, the upper ones apparently in fours. Flowers 
large, yellow, axillary. Stamens with 5 alternate teeth or rudimentary filaments. 

4. L. lanceolata, Walt. Lance-leaved Loosestrife. 

Lsaves lane«olate, acute, narrowed at the bass into a short and margined petiole 
fringed with hairs, or the upper nearly sessile and linear, the lowest oblong and 
spatulate ; peduncles axillary, mostly in pairs, 1-fiowered ; corrolla longer than the 
calyx. 

Yar. 1. hylrida, has the leaves varying from lanceolate to nearly oblong. 

Tar. 2. heteroplvjla, with the leaves narrow, linear and acute at each end. 

Swamps and moist grounds. July. Stem 12 to 20 inches high, sometimes branehed 
at base. Leaves 2 inches or more long, varying from % to linch wide. Flowcn 
yellow resembling those of L. ciliata. 

Tribe 2. ANAaALLLDEiE.— The Pimpernel Tribe. 

Zapiule free from the caiyx, evening all round hy a transverseline, the top falling off 
Wee a lid. 

5. ANAGALIS, Tourn. Pimpernel. 

Gr. anagalaojto laugh; en account of its supposed exhilerating virtues. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with scarcely 
any tube, 5-parted, longer than the calyx. Stamens 5 : 
filaments hairy. Capsule globose, circumscissile, the top 
falling off like a lid, many-seeded. — Small spreading pro- 
cumbent herbs, with opposite or whorled e?itireleaves } and soli- 
tary .fiotcers on axillary peduncles. 



HHMULACE.S. 229 



1. A. arvensis, L. Common Pimpernel. Poor Man's 
Weather-glass. 

Learnt cvats. sessile, shorter than the peduncles ; sepals linear-lanceolate, about 
a< Icrag as t'Ltf petals; pet.ds obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth, longer 
than the stamens. 

Waste sandy fields, introduced from Europe. June — Aug. Stem 6 to 20 inches 
Ion;, with elong ited branches, or simple. Leaves Yi i QC h long. Flowp.rs opposite, 
sin ill but beautiful, with scarlet, sometimes purple, blue or white petals, quickly 
c'oslng at the approach of rainy weather; whence the common name of " Pvor 
M ui's 1 rcather-tjiass." 

Tribe 8. gAMOLE^.— 'The Water Pimpernel Tribe, 

Capsule half adherent to the calyx. 

6. SAMOLUS, Linn. Water-pimpernel. 

From Santos, the island where the original specie3 was first found, 

Calyx 5-cleft, the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. 
Corolla somewhat bell^shaped, 5-cleft, with 5 sterile fila- 
ments in the sinuses. Stamens 5, included, on the tube of 
the corolla. Capsule 5-valved at the summit, many-seed- 
o i. — Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small 
white flowers in racemes. 

1. S. Valerandi, L. Brook-meed. 

Fi:m erect, subsimple; leaves ovate, obtuse, radical ones on long petioles, upper 
•£"ss':Ic: racemes elongated, loose. many*£owered ; pedicels with a small bract near 
the midlle. 

Wet grayeUy places; July— Sept. S'.em 8 to 12 inches high, smooth. Leave? 1 
inch long, broadly-lanceolate. Flowers small, white. 

Tribe 4. HOTTONIE.E.— The Feather/oil Tribe, 

Cipsulc opening by valves; seeds fixedly the base, analropous, 

7. HOTTONIA, Linn. Featheefoil. 

Calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear. Corolla salver- 
form, with a short tube; the limb Srparted. "Stamens 5, 
included. Capsule 5-valved, many>-seefi*:L Seeds at- 
tached by their base. — Aquatic perennials, with pectinate im- 
>mersed leaves, and white Jiowers whorled at the joints in a tome-, 
what interrupted raceme borne}"cn'-holluw nearly leafless peduncles. 

1. H. INFLATA, Ell. 'Inflated Featherfoil. 

Xeawrdissected into th'rsad-like divisions, scattered on the floating stem?, cr 
whorled or crowded at the base of the cluster of peduncles; peduncles inflated be- 
tween the joints; Jiowers verticellate, mostly in four3, on short pedicels. 

Stagnant water, ditches and pools. Juno. July. SU171 immersed, thick, round, 

E2 



230 LENTIBULACEJ3. 






Fpongy. Peduncles 6 to 10 together, arising in a sort of umbel from the top of tho 
poeiu, 8 to 10 inches long. Flowers small, white in numerous yerticols. 

Order 67. LENriBULAOESS. —Bladdenuort Family. 

SnaU aquatic Jicrbs, with a 2-lipped calyx, and a 2-lipped personate caroUa, 2 sis- 
mens v}it\ \<d'.ed anthers, and a 1-celled ovary teith a free antral placenta, bearing 
anatropmis needs. — Corolla, deeply 2-lipped, spurred at the base in front ; the palat* 
usually bearded. Ov'art free. Sttlk Tery short or none. Stigma 1 to 2-lipped, 
the lower iip longer and rorohato over the appro.xim.ite anthers. Capsule cfrco 
ti>irating irregularly. Scapss 1-few-flowered. 

1. UTRICULAR! A, Linn. Bladder vroRT. 

Name from ulriadus, a little bladder. 

Calyx. 2-parted, subeqnal, the lips entire or nearly so. 
Corolla personate, the palate on the. lower lip projecting, 
and often closing the throat. Stamens 1. Stigma bila- 
biate. Capsule globular, 1-celled. — Iminersed aquatic 
herbs, with axillary dissected leaves, mostly bearing little fiiaadcrs, 
7':hich are fllled with air and fi oat the plant at the time of flowering, 
and cred scapes bearing yellow or purplish flowers. 

1. 'U. INFLATA, Walt. Inflated Bladdericort. 

Tppwleavrsin a whorl, floating ; lecf-sU/lks inf ated, each into an oblong blad- 
der; lower leaves capillaceous, dissected ; scape 4 to 10-flowered; spi*r conical, V£ 
aOong as the corolla; style distinct. 

Ponds. Aus. Slcm very long, branching, rupper.ded in the water by a singlo 
irregular whorl of 5 or 6 floating, inflated loaves which are oblong, cleft, and pin- 
r.&tif>d at the end. Flowers large, yellow, on a scape 8 inches long, pcluncied, 
with sheathing bracts. 

"2. U. purpurea, Walt. Purple Bladdericort. 

Stem long, ■ floating, branched? leaves whorled along the submersed stem*, y-o- 
iidod, decompound, capillary, bearing many bladders; scape assurgent, 2 to 4- 
Cowered; spur appres-sed to the lower lip of the corolla and about }^ as long. 

Pond.'. Aug., Sept. Stem 1 to 3 f;et long. Leaves Ho inches long. Fifteen 
Violet-purple, with a greeni.vh ?par on axillary, solitary scapes 2 to 4 inches iocg. 

3. U. VULGARIS, L. Common Bladder wort. 

floating; sitm immersed. 2-forked ; leaves many-parted, crowded on the long 
rtein*, capillary, bearing many bladders; flowers 5 to 12, on senpos ; upper lip of 
the closed ccrrolla, scarcely longer than the prominent palate; spur ccniealin- 
eurved. 

Pools and ponds of deep water; common. July, Aug. Ter. Root much 
branched. Immersed stems 1 to 3 feet long. Leaver very numerous 1 inch long. 
Flowers ''/, to % inch broad,, yellow, raoeined on scapes 6 to 12 inches long, rising 
cut of vhe'water. 

4. U. CORNUTT, Michx. Horned Bladdertrort. 

-ZU.Vt oract, rigid, 2 to 7 -flowered ; p<dicels not longer than the colyx : upper Vp of 
the corolla obovat.', entire; lower lip large and helmet-shaped ; »pur awl-sh.apt<l, 
turned downwards. 

Peat tcjf and sucdy ewuoj*. June — Ang. Scape 8 te!2 ir<.hc.s high. ka£««, 



OltOB 4-NCUACEiE. 231 

but furnished with a few email, distant, ovate, pals scales, and b?aring at the to? 
2 to 3 large, deep-yellow crowded Cowers. 

Order OS. OROBANCHAOES.— Broom-rape Family 

TTtrbs destitute of green fvliage, growing parasiticatty upon the roots of cihrr 
pl.m'.s, with didynamous flowers, a 1-crfled ovary with2 oriparidal placmUr, and 
many-scaled capsule?. Caltx persistent, 4 to 5-toothed or parted. Corolxa tubular, 
more or le.es2-iipped, ringent, persistent. Stamens 4, more or less dydanamous, in- 
serted on the tubs of -the corolla; anthers 2-celied. Ovary free, ovcid, pointed 
wiJk a long style which is curved at the apex; stigma large. 

1. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. Beech-drops. 

Gr. cpi, upon, plcgus the beech; because it grows on the roots of that tree. 

BlowjERS monoe2iou3ly-polygamoii3, racemose or spiked, 
scattered on the branches. Calyx 5-toothed. Stigma cap- 
itate, somewhat 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved at the apex, 
with 2 approximate placenta) on each. — Low perennials, with 
lur set yellowish or brownish scales instead of leaves, and simple 
branches floriforous their whole length, the vpper flowers 
sterile, with a long tithulur corolla and long filaments and 
s'yle ; the lower fertile, with a very short corolla, ichich seldoiu 
opens, hut is forced off from the base by the growth of the cap- 
sule. 

1. E. Virginiana. Bart. Cancer-root. 

Whole plant purplish-brown; stem branched, leafless; flowers remote, alternate. 

Common under the shade of Beech-trees, parasitic on their roots, 6 to 12 inches 
high, much branched, slender, with scattered inconspicuous scales. Corolla of 
the upper flowers whitish and purple, ]/, inch long, curved, 4-toolhed, the upper lip 
broadest, notched at the apex, arched. Seeds very numerous, shining. 

2. COXOPIIQLIS, Wallr. Squaw-root. 

Gr; Iconcs, Aflrcon:, and pkolis, a scale; the lower scales covering each other' simi. 
lar to those of the fir-cone. 

Flowers in a thick scaly spike, perfect with 2-bractlets 
at the base of the irregular calyx. Corolla tubular, swelled 
at the base, 2-lipped ) the vpper lip arched, notched at the 
summit, the lower short, o-parted, spreading. Stamens 
protruded. Stigma depressed. Capsule with 4 placenta), 
approximate in pairs on the middle of each valve. 

1. C. Americana, WaTkotk, American Broomrape. 

Stem simple, covered with oval lanceolate imbricated scaleg ; spike smooth, terrai- 
ns! ; corolla recurved. (Orobanche Americana, L.) 

C>ak woods, growing in clusters among fallen leaves. May, Juno. A singular 
plan*, chestnut colored or yellowish throughout, 4 tc 6 incheB high, very smooch. 



2:32 BIGNONIACEiE. 



Naked Broomrape. . 

Gr. a, privative, and plmllon foliage, alluding to the naked stalks. 

Flowers perfect, solitary on long naked scapes, without 
fcractlets. Calyx 5-cleft, regular* Corolla-tube long, 
curved, with a spreading border, somewhat 2 -lipped ; the 
upper lip deeply 2-cleft, the lobes similar to the 3 of the 
lower lip. Stamens included,' Stigma broadly 2-lipped 
Capsule with 4 equidistant placentae, 2 borne on each 
valve half way between the midrib and the margin. 

1. A. unlflora, Torr. &.Grr. One-flowered Cancer-root, 

Stein subterranean or nearly so, very short, seal}', often branehed, each branch 
Sending up 1 to 3 slender 1-fiowered scapes; calyx-lobes lance-awl-shaped; corolla- 
lobes obovate. 

Woods. April, May. Hairy, brownish-yellow. Corolla 1 inch long, tinged and 
edged with purple, with 2 yellow bearded folds in the throat. (Orobanche uui- 
flora, L.) 

Order 69. ; BIGMQMikCIIlEL— Bignonia Family, 

Woody or sometimes herbaceous plants, with monopetalous didynamous flowers, a 
mostly 2-celled ovary and the numerous ojiatropous seeds with a large flat embryo an I 
no albumen. — Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft, or entire. Corolla tubular or bell-shaped, 
5-lobed, somewhat irregular and 2-lipped. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla, 1 or 
C sterile. Ovary free, bearing a long style and a 2-lipped stigma. 

Sub-order i. BIGNONIEiE.. True Bignonia Family, 

Fruit a 2 valvedpod ; seeds flat winged. Trees or woody vines. 

1. TECOMA, Juss. Trumpet-flower. 

Abridged from the Mexican name. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 6-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 5- 
lobed, a little irregular. Stamens 4, didyna mous. Cap- 
sule long and narrow, 2-celled, 2-valved, the partition con- 
trary to the valves. Seeds in a siDgle row in each cell. — 
Trees or shrubs, often. climbing, with opposite ; digitate or un- 
equally pinnate, leaves and showy, fldwers. 

1. T; radio Ans, Juss. Trumpet Creeper. 

Climbing by radicating tendrils; leaves unequally pinnate; leaflets 5 to 11, ovate, 
pointed, toothed ; flowers in terminal corymbs ; corolla-tube thrice longer thau the 
calyx ; stamens included. 

A splendid climber in woods and thickets, along rivers. June — Aug. Stem 20 



to 80 feet in length, ascending trees. Leaves 10 to 15 inches long ; leaflets 2. to ,3 by 
1 jto .2 inches. Flowers V/% inch long, orange and scarlet showy. 



bignoniacej:. _oo 



2. T. grandiflora, Delaun. Chinese Trumpet-flowen 

Climbing. - t unequally pinnate ; 3 to 5 pair.?. ovat>acUui> 

nat-o. dentate-serrate: 2 >:ni -' J -< : terminal; p&licds nodding 

jircelv longer than th; 5-cleft ealy:;. Native of China and Japan. FLiv.is 
of a rich-scarlet, shorter and broader than in X. radicals. 

2.' CAT ALP A, Scop., Walt, Indian Bean. 

The aboriginal nam s 

Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, swellings 
irregular border 5-lobed, spreading, wavy. Stamens 5, 
mostly only 2 of them anther-bearing. Pod very long 
and slender, nearly cylindrical, 2-ceIied, the partitions con- 
trary to thii valves. Seeds in a single row in each cell, 
wiaged on each side,, the wings cut- into a fringe. — 
I with simple opposite or teniaiC-ucrtlceliate oeiiolaie Lav <:■?., 
aal terminal panicles of white flowers. 

1. C eignoxioides, Walt. CaiaJpa. 

Leon pedj membranaceous, pointed,, downy beneath: ftoietts in ope?i 

tndpankles; calyx-tips mucroaate. • 

N ;' •' : the South, but naturalized along the Sehuylkil! near Philadelphia. 

June. A wall known ornamental tree growing from 1-3 to 30 ftet high, with a 

ling top. ana comparatively few branched. Leaves large, hearr-ehapeu. 

Ft/rw /•.; white, slightly tinged with violet aner dott d with purple and yellow ii 

throat. Pud remaining on the. tree until the following spring, often 1 foot long. 

Sub-osber ir. SESAMES. The Sesamum Family/ 

/bi or fiesfry and woody fruit f&s&g I fo a ccEaT; seeds winglesf. 

3. MAHTYXIA, Linn. Unicorn Plant. 

In honor of Prof. John Mor'yn of Cambridge. Eng. ] 

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped, 5-lobcd, 
irregular. Stamens 5, one sterile, 4 didynamous. Capsule 
fle3by, and with the inner part soon becomes we-ouyy termi- 
nated by a long beak, which at length splits -into 2 hooked 
horns, the capsule opening at the apex between the beaks, 
imperfectly 5-celled. • Seeds several, wingless, with a thick 
and spongy roughened coat. — Low branching .annuals, clam- 
my pubescent, exhaling a heavy odor, -vc it ii opposite, petiolate } 
tubcordate roundish leaves, and large racemed flowers. 

1. M, proboscidea, Glox. Crowspur. 

Leaves heart-shaped, oblique, or undulate, the upper alternate ; Jlaxccrs on long, 
axillary peduncles; beaJ.s much longer than the capsule. 

Banka of the Susquehanna, near Ilarriaburg. July — Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet "n V'j 
Cb. jlia large, pahv dull-yellow, the limb nearly as broad as the leavesj tinged or 



!34- 



ACANTHACE-E. 



spotted with yellow or purple. Stamens bright yellow, exserted. Weody endoearv 
esested ^n one side, with 2-lon-.: claws.. 



Order 711. ACAMTKACEiU.— AcantJtus iamily. 

tfhiefly Kerbs, with opposite sinipbi leave*', didynamow or- diandrous stdyiumt, in- 
serted on the tube of the more or less '1-lipped corolla. Eeut an S-ecllcd and few- 
seeded capsule. Calyx 5-eleffc. Corolla 5-lobed. subcjual. Style thread-form 
Stigma simple or 2 cleft. Capsule loculieidal; seeks anatfoppos, supported by 
booked projections of the placentae. 



ahlPj md -jnilur Minther/, the separated cells gitfog the appearance oi 

2. anthers on each filament. 



£ DIAXEHERJe.. Gronor 

anihira, anthers; the separated "ells giv 
2. anthers on each filaments 

Calyx: 5-parted. Gobom.4& deeply 2-lipped; the upper 
lip erect, notched ; the fottfer spreading, 3-par.tcd. Stamens 
2 ; anthers 2-celled, the cells placed one lover down than- 
the other. Capsule obovate, compressed, attenuated at 
the Base, 4 to ^seeded.— -Perennial ItcrU, 'jroiciiuj in loiter. 
with narrow and- entire leave*-,, and purplish jlon:ersin axil- 
la rjj pedu ; i cled sp ikes or hca db . 

I. V- Aj-iericana, L. Water Willoir. 

leaves linear-lanaeolaite, .elongated; Spikes oblong, dense, long-peduncied. (Jia- 
id •• peduncuh sn, L.) 

Borders of streams and pond."; cosnihon: July. Aug. Hoot creeping. Stem ° ' 
"^- :. -; iiple or sparingly branched above. Ikqves nearly 6 inches long,- 

ixa .tractcd to a'thort peliolc. Flowers paie.-purple. . 

2. DIPTERI€ANTHUS ; Xees.. (Rijellia^ partly, L.) 

Gr, dij . ■:■<-■ E and aJiOnVios, the Acanthus; on account of the 2-icavv,!- pe - 

« dancler 

Calyx Feebly deleft Corolla funnel-form ; the spread- 
ing liihb near] j regularly and equally 5-cleft. Stamens- 
4*. included, didynanious-;- anthers arrow-shaped; cells 
paiallei, and nearly eqnal., Capsule somewhat compressed,. 
and . Lt the base, 8- to-12-seede I, S&EBS with a mik 

eilag iting. — Percnmwid Merfis, with ovate or elh'ptical 

nearl m J,&a/*/ Wade, and clustered blue, -ov- purple jtuici-ra.. 

\ D -rRZi'ENs, Nees. Two-winged Jhantliils. 

gomewb in a -vale or ovate-obi- >ng, entire-; peduncles, axillary, very 

short ate, filiate, spreading, shorter than the tube of Ike 

Shady n .- July. ,Vik 1 to 2 feet high, often simple, clothed with white 1 
i ixichfcslong.Kto^as.wide. Corolla 2 inche* 
aach broadJ.'vrith a long and slender tubs. 



SCR0PHULARIACEJ3. 235 



3, THUN-BERGIA, Linn. 

Ill honor of Chart: s IWer Thun^erg, Professor of Botany at the University of Upaah 

Calyx double, 5-cleft, with 2 bracts. Corolla bell- 
ihaped, with an. inflated tube, and 54obed limb; lobes equal. 
Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule globose, beaked, 2,-eelled.^ — 
Mostly climbing herbs, with showy axillary jTowtr3. *> 

1. T. alata, L, Maclc-eyed Susan. 

Siem twining^ Jeafes'triaagrtlarly-corf'ate, sinuately toothed, 5-nerved ; prJ.-ioUf- 
1. July. Native of the East Indies* Fluwirs 1 to l},^. inch, broad, pale,, 
huff or orange^with a deep-purple throats 

Order 71. SOKQ?R\JLkElAOEM.^-Flg^ort Family- 

•' '.:';/i y herbs, Vrith didyriamous, dwAidfous, or very rarely o stamens inserted or.- 
l\t tube of the 2-lippert or more or less irretjular>coroNA. Calyx of 5 more or less- 
united Bepakj persistant. 0vAur2-celled, with a single style.. Eruii a2se&Dled aiwfci 
usually many-seeded capsule, with the piac-cjnta) in-= the axis. 

Sub-order l ANTIRRHINIDE^ The Snapdragon 
Eaauly.. 

TJpptr 1% of tlut corolla ccverinj the lobes of. 'the lower i» the bu>$. Cafsuk usitailfy 
septic idal. 

1. VEKB&SCUM, Linn, Mullein 

The ancient Latin name, altered from Sarbascum. 

CAlyx 5-parted- Corolla. 5--lobed r open; or- concave, ro- 
tate, the lobes nearly equal rounded;- Stamens- 5^ perfect,, 
often hairy, the anterior longer.. Style flattened at the apex,. 
Capsule, ovoid or.- globose, many-seeded. — Tall biennial 
Merbs, umally icoolly, with- alternate leavesy and eglwnvcral' 
/hirers in- terminal spikes or racemes. 

1. X. Iiiapsus, L. Common- Mulleim 

Densely woolly throughout; stem siistple tall and' stout; fc.uv.? ovste-ol'long. is- 
feurrciit: flowers- in.: a- prolonged dense cylindrical spike; ■■ lower- stamens usually 

Fields and roadsides; very common. Introduced from. Europe. June. Si&n Z 
I I ■■ •■• high, angular^ winged. Leaves 6 to 12 inches-long.. Flowers yellow in a. 
long 3 :.sj <■;. lindric spike. 

2. X. Blattaria, L. Moth Mullein. 

Green and nearly smooth.; leotrces oblong, clasping, crenate-serrate; the radio** 
or>'S peiio'.el. oblong, doubly serrate, sometimes lyre-shaped; rac&me- long and: 
foose: / i-mcnts all bearded. 

Ro&dsides, common; Introduced from Europe. June, Ju!y. Sfemj 2 feet high,- 
mgjed. Leans acute, serrate or toothed. Flowers yellow or wliitu, with a p.u*t~ 



236 SCILOPIIULARIACE.E. 



ptisli tinge, on pedicels nearly an inch long. Stamens 'unequal, purplish; the fila- 
ments all hairy. 

3'. V. Lyciixitts, L. White Muttein. 

Clothed with a thin powdery woblliness; leaves oblong, wedge-form,, greenish 
above; powers in a pyramidal panicle ; filaments white-woollj'. 

Old fields, roadsides, rare. Introduced from Europe. July. Aug. S'ti-m 2 tc 5 
feet high, angular. Flowers pale-yellow. Calyx- siuuil, with tyoe»-£ttbulate seg- 
ments. 

2. LINABIA, Tourn. Toad-flax. 

Named from Linum, the flax, which the leaves of some species resemble. ' 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, with the promi- 
nent palate nearly closing the throat, spurred at the base on 
the lower side. Stamens 4," didyiianious. Capsule ovoid 
or globose, opening, below the summit by 1 or 2 pores or 
chinks, the orifice split into teeth. Seeds numerous. — IZerlm 
with the lower- leaves opposite or whorkcl, the upper alternate, 
and solitary, axillary flowers often forming terminal leafy 
racemes. 

1. L. CANADENSIS, Spreng. Wild Toad-fax. 

Smooth; stem slender, erect, mostly simple, with scattered linear leaves ; floicers 
xacemed, on short pedicels ; spur thread- form, curved. 

Low grounds. May — Aug. Annual. St<:m about 1 foot high, slerdcr, cft<n 
throwing out suckers at the base, which bear oblong, crowded, mostly opro?ite ur 
whcrled leaves. Flowers blue, in a slender raceme, variable in cize. 

2. L. vulgaris, Mill. Common Toad-flax. 

Smooth and glaucous; stem erect; leaves alternate, crowded^ linear-lanceolate; 
flowers in a dense raceme, on-pt dic'eisVLorc/r than The bracts : spur awl-shaped. 

Roadsides and wafte places: common. June — Oct Ter. Stem 1 to 2 feet high} 
B( metimes somewhat branched. Flowers large and numerous, pale yellow, with a 
deep orange palate, hairy in the throat, in a dense Lracteate raceme, rarely with 3 to 
C> spur.-. 

3. L. Elatixe, Mill. Sharp-pmnted I Toad-flax. 

Hairy; branched from the base; haves alternate, ovate-halbert-furm petioledj 
flowers axillary, on slender peduncles; S2>ur slender. 

Fields and banks, sparingly introduced. July. ' Ann." Stetn procumbent, 1 to 
3 feet high, with spreading branches. Flowers yellow and i urplish. tmail. 

3. AXTIEEHINUM, Linn. Snamkacon. 

Gr. anti, like/rm, a noae; from the resemblance of the Sowers to the snout of sorr.cf 
animals. 

Calyx 5-sepalled. Corolla gibbous (not spurred) at 
base, the upper lip.2-parted, lower 3-parted; closed by the 
prominent palate. Capsule wkhotit valves, opening by 3* 
pores, — European herhs, icith the lower leaves Opposite, the 
upper alternate r and showy, flowers in leafy terminal racemes.* 



SCnOPIIULARIACE/E. 237 



1. A. MAJU3, L. Great Snap-drayon. 

Laves lanceolate, opposite; flowers in raecmes; sepals glandular-hairy, smooth, 
lanceolate, acute. A showy garden flower, native of England. Stem 1 to 2 feet 
high. Flowers large, rose-colored, the lower lip white and the mouth yellow, with 
a gibbous prominence at the base beneath. There are numerous varieties with., 
scarlet, scarlet and white, and white flowers. June, July. 

4: SCROPHULAKIA, Tourn. Figwort. 

So called from its supposed virtues in curing scrophula. 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Co-holla., subglobose ; limb corn- 
tracted, with 2 short lips; upper lip 2-lobed, frequently with- 
a scale or abortive stamen at the summit of the tube. Cap- 
sule 2-celled ; 2-valved ; many-seeded. — Rank herbs, with- 
mostly opposite, leaves, and small greenish-purple or lurid 
flowers, in loose cymes forming a terminal panicle. 

1. S. nodosa, L. Common Figwort. 

Smooth, tall and 'branching; Stem 4-sided; leaves ovate, oblong or the upper- 
lanceolate, acute, cutrserrate, rounded or heart-shaped at the base. (S. lanccolata, 
Pursh, S. nodosa, Benth, in DC.) 

Woods and hedges ; common. June — Aug. Per. . Stem 3 to 5 feet high. Leaves 
3:to 7 inches long, thin,, often long-acuminate. Flowers, oroid 34 $° Vi vakX*. long, . 
purple-brown tinged with green. 

5. COLLINSIA, Nutt. . 

In honor of Z. Collins of Philadelphia, an accurate hotanist.' 

Calyx deeply. 5-cleft. Corolla, bilabiate, the orifice 
closed ; upper Up 2-clef t ; lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe keeled 
and sac- like, infolding the 4; declined stamens and style, 
Capsule globose, many-seeded. — Slender branching an- 
nuals, willi opposite leaves, and handsome flowers in um- 
bel-like clusters, appearing whorled in the axils of the up- 
per leaves. 

1. C. BicoLOR, Bcnth. Two-colored Collb.mw. 

Stem upright, somewhat branched; leaves ovatc-lanceelate, remotely serrate or 
nearly entire, sessile with a somewhat heart-shaped base ; flowers in axillary ra- 
cemes. A pretty annual plant from the Rocky Mountains ;. common in cultiva- 
tion. Stem 4 to 8 inches high, with opposite leaves and branches. Leaves 1 to 2 
inches long, % to % inch wide, broadest at the base. Flowers showy, % to %._ 
inch long. Corolla white, the lower lip a beautiful violet-purple.- 

6. CHELONE ; Tourn. Snake-head. 

Gr. kelone, a tortoise ; the corolla much resambling in shape the head of that 
animal. 

Calyx .5-sepaled ; imbricated. Corolla inflated- tubular, 



268 SCitOPIIULARIACEJ 



with the mouth a little open ; upper lip broad, concave, 
keeled in the middle, notched at the apex; the lower lip 
spreading "3-cleft, bearded in the throat. Stamens 4, di&y- 
a&mous, with a 5th shorter sterile filament; anthers heart- 
shaped, woolly. Capsule 2- celled, 2-valved, many-seeded>; 
seeds wing-margined. — Smooth perennials, with upright 
branching stems, opposite serrate leaves, and large white 
cr purplish flowers, sessile, in spikes or clusters, and close- 'y 
imbricated with roundish bracts and bractlets. 

1. C. GLABRA, L. Turtle-head. Balmony Shell-flower. 

Leaves very short-petioled, lanceolate, pointed; flowers in dense spikes. 

Wet places; common. Aug. — Oct. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, simple. Leaves thick, 
an.l somewhat coriaceous, varying from narrow to very broad-lanceolate. Flowers 
large, white or raiaish, i 

7. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell.. 

Gx.pcnie, Sve, and siemsn, a stamen: in allusion to the 5th large abortive stamen. 

C alyx 5-parted.. Corolla tubular, more c:*-less inflated, 
mostly 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-lobed, and the lower 3- cleft, 
Stamens 4, declined at the base, ascending above; and a 
fifth sterile filament, mostly as long as the other?, either 
naked or bearded. Capsule ovoid, 2-cclled, 2-valved. — ■ 
Perennial herbs, branches at the base, with opposite leaves, 
and shotvy flowers in thyrsoid panicles. 

1. P. pubescens, Soland. Beard-tongue. 

Somewhat pubescent; radical haves petioled, CYfite or oblong; sicm leaves lanceo- 
late f.ora a clasping base, serrate, sometimes entire; flowers loosely panicled; 
sLrile/damaU bearded from the top to below the middle. 

Hills and river banks ; common. June — S^pt. Stum 12 to 15 inches high, round, 
pmo >th below,- supporting a loose oppositely branched panicle of bluish-purple 
t o>vers. CbrvUa 3 inqh long, gradually enlarged upwards, flattened and l-ridgqd 
on the upper side. Sometimes q/aite smooth, when it is P.luvijafits, Sjiand, ^c. 

8. PAULOXIA, Siebold... 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft, fleshy. Corolla^tube long, de- 
dinate, enlarged above, limb oblique, with rounded segments. 
Stamens 4, arched downwards.- Capsule woody, acumi- 
nate ; valves septiferous in the middle. Seeds numerous. — 
A magnificent flower in g tree, native of Japan, with large 
leaves, and large terminal panicles of numerous purplish 
flowers. 

1. P. imperialis, Siebold. Paulonia. 

Leaves broad-cordate-orate, entire or somewhat 3-lobed, villous-canescent on 
irtiifa. eides, Bnioothish-abQye ivken full grown.- A splendid tree with the iiSbit of . 



SCROPHULARIACEJE. 239 



CaUlpa, recently introduced in cultivation in this eountryl Branches crooked, 
n<arly horizontal. Leaves 7 to 20, by 15 or 20 inches, opposite, on petiole?. 
Panicles large, terminal, many-flowered. C-jroUal inches long, pale-violet, striped 
wiihiu, somewhat fragrant. (.Bijnonia iom:n{osa,.Thxm\>.) 

9. DIGITALIS, Linn. Foxglove. 

Lat. dt'gilabulum, a thimble ; from the form of the flowers. 

« Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, ventricose, in 5 
eubequal lobes. Capsule ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, with a 
doable dissepiment. — European and Asiatic herbs or shrubs, 
cultivated Jor ornament, with large fljwers in showy ra- 
cemes- 

1. D. PURPUREA, L. Purple Foxglove. 

Leaves oblong, rugose, crcnatc; calyx segments ovate-oblong; corolla obtuse, up- 
per lip entire; peduncles as long as the calyx. Native of Europe. A well known 
biennial showy border flower, 2 to 3 feet high, with large, rough, downy leaves. 
Flov:ers numerous, in a lon£ ; Pimple spike, large crimson or purplish, often white, 
with beautiful spots within. Medicinal. 

2. I). GRANDIFLORA, Allioni. Great yellow Foxglove. 

Jbeaaes ovate or oblong-lanceolate, veiny, serrulate, amplexicaul; raceme tom'n- 
t>se, lax; calax segments lanceolate, acute ; cwoZ/avcntrlcose-bcll-shaped, segments 
broader than long, lowest twice as broad as the lateral. Native of Europe. A pe- 
rennial plant 2 to o feet high. Flowers Ij^inch long, yellow, varying to browniih 
er grange. 

10. MIMULUS, Linn. Monkey*flower. 

Gr. viimo, an ape, on account of the gaping corolla. 

Calyx prismatic, 5-angIed, 5-toofchcd, the upper tooth 
largest. Cobolla tubular; (he yjrpex lip erect or refiexed- 
Epreading, 2-lobcd; the loiccr spreading, H~lobcd. Stamens 
4. Stigma 2 -lipped. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. — 
Prostrate or erect herbs, ivith square stems, opposite leaves, 
end mostly handsome /lowers on solitary axillary pe- 
duncles. 

1. M. RINGENS, L. Purple Monkey -floiccr. 

Erect, smooth ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, pointed, serrate, clasping by a heart- 
ehapod base; peduncles larger than the flowers. Per. 

Tfot places ; common. July, Aug. Stem, 1 to 2 foet high, somewhat branched.. 
Fkioen pale-purple, ringent. Cutyx-kcih acuminate from a broad base. 

2. M. ALAT.US, Ait. IVing-stem Monkey -floiccr. 

i&cm, somrtwhat winged at the angles above; leaves oblong-ovate, tapering into a 
petiole; peduncles shorter than the calyx; ccdyx-ledh very short, abruptly pointed. 
.Per. 

Low grounds, rare. Aug. Stem 2 feet high with winged angles, somewhat 
branched. Flowers pale-blue, ringent. 



240 SCROPHUDARIACEJ2. 



11. HERPESTIS, Gacrt. 

Gr. hcrpestes, a creeper; from the prostrate habit of the plants. 

Calyx 5-parted, unequal. Corolla bilalfate ■; 'itppe* 

Up notched or 2-lobed; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, 
didynamous. Style concave, dilated or 2-lobed at the 
apex. Seeds small, numerous. — Prostrate or creeping 
herbs, with opposite leaves and inconspicuous solitary or 
subracemose flowers. 

1. H. Monnieria, Humboldt. Wedge-leaved Ilerpesics, 

Smooth, ficshy, prostrate; leaves wedge-obovate, entire or obscurely crcnatc near 
the summit; pedicels as long as the leaves, with 2 bracteoles near the calyx; a:lgx 
segments ovate. Per. 

Inundated hanks. Aug. Leaves opposite, thick, somewhat clasping, variable ia 
size and form. Flower* very small, pale purple, on peduncle? about as long as the 
leaves. 

2. H. micrantha, Pursh. 

Smooth, prostrate ; leaves oval, entire, sessile or clasping, obscurely many-veined ; 
pedicels ebracteatc, nearly as long as the leaves ; corollo scarcely longer than the 
calyx. 

Border of pools and rivers. Aug. A minute weed, 2 to 4 inches in length. 
Leaves about }£ inch long, 5 to 7-veincd. Floivcrs very small, blue. 

12. GRATIOLA, Linn. Hedge-Hysup. 

Name from gratia, grace or favor; on account of its supposed excellent medicinal 
properties. 

Calyx 5-parted; the divisions narrow and nearly equal. 
Corolla tubular subbilabiate; upper Up entire or 2-cleft, 
the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, 2 sterile or wanting. Style 
dilated or 2-lipped at the apex. Capsule ovate, 4-vnlved, 
many-seeded. — Low mostly branched and diffuse herbs, icith 
opposite sessile leaves, and axillary 1-Jtowered peduncles, 
usually with 2 bractlcts at the base of the calyx. 

1. Gr. VlRGlNlANA, L. Common lied gc-ITy sup. 

Smooth or nearly so ; leaves* lanceolate, slightly serrate, narrowed at the base ; 
peduncles longer tban the leaves; calyx segments linear-lanceolate, equal ; sterile 
filaments nearly wanting. Ann, 

Wet places; common. July, Aug. -'Plant 4 to C inches high, branched at ba=e. 
Lc aves 1 to 2 inches long, and % as-Wide, sessile. Corolla whitish, the tub-* pale 
yeflowj often tinged with purple, scarcely % inch long. Cabjx with 2 linear-lance- 
olate bracts, which are rather longer than the sepals. 

2. G. MEGALOCARPA, Ell. Large-pointed Uedge-ITysvp. 

Leaves lanceolate, serrate, pubescent ; peduncles opposite, longer than the leaves ; 
ealyx segments linear, as long as the globose capsule. (G. acuminata of Pureb.) 
Per. 

Ditches and pools. July, Aug. Flowers palc : ycllow ; large. Capsule larger than 
in any ether ejecics. 



SCROPHULARIACE.E. 24 1 



13. ILYSANTHES, Raf. (Lindernia, Muhl.) 

Gr. Hits, mud, anthos, flower; alluding to their place of growth. 

Calyx 5-parted, nearly equal. Upper lip of the corolla 
short, erect, 2-lobed, the lower larger and spreading, 3-cleft. 
Stamens 2, fertile and 2 sterile filaments forked, one of the 
divisions glandular, the other smooth, acute, or rarely with 
'half an anther. "Style 2-lipped at the apex. Capsule 
ovate or oblong, many-seeded. — Small smooth herbs, with op- 
posite leaves and small axillary flowsrs, or the upper racemed. 

1. I. gratiololdes, Benth. False Pimpernel. 

Much branched, diffusely spreading; leaves ovate, rounded, or oblong, or the 
lower obovate, slightly toothed or entire, mostly obtuse, the upper partly clasping; 
capsule ovoid-oblong, a little longer than the calyx. Ann. (Lindernia dilatata, 
and L. aitenuata of Muhl.) 

Eewgrov.ndS; and along rivulets ; common ; flowering all summer. -Leaves ^&- 
riublo hi- size, .},£ to •% inch long. Curolla mudi €S3ortcd, nearly J^ inch long, 
• bluish- white. 

14. HEMIANTHUS, Nutt 

€r. Jitmi, half, anthos, flower; alluding to the une<jo.lly divided coro'.la. 

Calyx 4- toothed, equal. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper 
; Up very short, entire; lower 3-lobed, the middle lobe long, 
spreading. Stamens 2, anterior, with a scale at the base of 
the filament. Style short. Capsule globular, 1-celbd, 
2-valved, many-seeded.—^, sinall inconspicuous annual, icW<, 
crowded opposite roundish leaves, and minute solitary flowers sessile 
in the aa:ils of the leaves. 

1. H. MICRANTIIEMOLDES, Nutt. Creeping ffemianthus. 

' Creeping and rooting ; stem dichotomously branched; leaves roundish-ovate, op- 
posite, crowded, sessile, obscurely 3-veined. 

Inundated banks of the Delaware below Philadelphia. Aug., Sept. ' Stem 1 to-2 
inches long, branched. 

Sub-order ii. RHINANTHIDEJE. 

Inflorescence entirely centripetal or compound. -Lateral lobes of the cor&Ua or o*\e. of 
Viem outermost in the bud. 

15. LTMOSELLA, Linn. Mudwort. 

Lat. limits. mud; in allusion to its place of growth. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla shortly cum- 
panulate, 5-cleft, equal. Stamens 4; anthers by con- 
fluence 1-celled. Style short, club-shaped. Capsule 
. globular, : -2 4 -valved ; many -seeded. — Smalt annuals, growijfy 
F2 



242 SCKOPlIULARIACE^. 



tn mud, creeping by slender runners, with entire fleshy leatts ws 
dense clusters around the simple 1 -flowered peduncle. 

1. L. tenuifolia, Nutt. Common Mudtcort. 

Leaves terete, awl-shaped or thread-form, scarcely dilated at the apex; scape 1- 
flowered, as long as the leaves. 
. II uddy shores. Aug. Leaves, about 1 inch long. Flowers bluish- w hite, minute. 

1Q. VERONICA, Linn. Speedwell. 

Kanie of doubtful origin. 

Calyx 4 r parted. Corolla with ..a deleft spreading 
border, kiccr segments mostly narrow. Stamens 2, one 
each side of the upper lobe of the corolla, exsertcd. Style 
entire; stigma single. Capsule flattened, usually obtuse 
or notched at the apex, 2-celled, few to many-seeded. — 
Chiefly herbs, with various foliage, and blue, flesh color or white 
flowers, axillary or racemed. 

* Spil.es or racmies terminal. Perennials. 

1. V. SERPYLLiroLiA, L. Thyme-hazed Speedwell. 

Much branched, at the base, low; Iranchcs ascending, simple; leaves orate or 
oblong, obscurely crenate, nnoothish; rscem*-. elongated, many-flowered; capsule 
inversely heart-shaped, as long as the style. 

Roadsides and'feld*. ccsuncn; introduced and indigenous. May— July. Stem 
procumbent, S to 8 inches long, srmetimes creeping. Leaves rather lieshy, 3- veined, 
-/i to 1 uucli long. Corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx^Mue and white, beautifully 
pwecih-d with purple lines. 

* * Fpir'.es or racemes axillary. Perennials. 

2. V. £CX t tellata, L. Marsh Speedwell. 

Sioocth, seconding, slender and weak: leaves sessile, linear, acuta, scmeTrha* 
teethed ; racemes very slender, zig-zag, with the flowers few and scattered ; capsvH 
fiat, much broader than long, notched at both end?. 

Moi*t plaerp, cemmon. June — Aug. Plant 8 to 12 inches high. Leaves 2 to 3 
liichee long, ]/ 4 to y t inch -Ride. Fkvcers flesh colored or blukh, in simple rarely 
«otnptru.nd racemes. 

3. Y. Anagallis, L. Water Speedwell 

Smooth, creeping and rooting at the base, erect above; leaves sessile, mostly 
clasping by a heart-shaped base, ovate lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire; pediccf* 
frfTeading; capsule orbicular, slightly notched. 

Ertohs aid ditches. June — Aug. SUm^l to 2 feet high, succulent. Leave" 2 to 
3 Inches long, ~% to % inch wide. Flowers numerous, blue or purplish. Ccrclia 
metked -Kith purple lines. 

4. Y. Americana, Shweiiiita. American BrooMxme. 

Tmcoth. decrmbentat the brse, then erect; leaves ovate or oblong, mostlj pa- 
tloled, acutieh, rerrate, thickisli, somewhat cordate at base; cupiule rounded, 
t«r&id, notched. (T. Btccabunga. Jmei-ican authors.) 

Ercebs r.Ld ditches: cemmen. June— Aug. Hems 8 to 15 inches high. L-cv*s 
1 to 2 inches Jci»g, % to \£ as wide. 1 Unas blue cr bluifeh.-puri le, on rac\xnc* 
Joeger than the kaies. 



BCROPHULARIACEiE. 24b - 



5. V. officinalis, L. Common Speedwell. 

Pubescent throughout; stem prostrate, rooting at the base; leaves oboratc-ellip- 
tical or wedge-oblong. Bhorfepetioled, obtuse, serrate; racemes densely many-flcv- 
ered; capsule triangular-obovatc, broadly notched. 

Dry hills and -woods : common. Mat— July. Plant 'trailing, 6 to 12 inches long, 
"•ith-" ascending branches. Leaves mostly elliptical, 1 to V/. inch long. Flowers 
pale blue, in long, erect, pedunculate spikes. 

*** Flowers axillary, solitary, scarcely racemecl. Annuals. 

G. V. PERIGRINA, L. Neck-weed. Purslane Speedwell. 

Nearly smooth, ascending, branched; lower leaves petioled, oral-oblong, toothed, 
the others sessile, oblong, obtuse; the upper oblong-linear and entire; capsule or- 
bicular, slightly notched. 

Cultivated grounds; common, introduced.. April— Jane, Flint often branched 
frum the base, 4 to 10 inches high:! Leaves tlikkiih. Flowers very small, white 
or pale blue, nearly or quite sessile. 

7. V. AitVENSis, L.- Com Speedwell. 

Simple or diffusely branched, hairy; lower leaves orate, cremate, petioled : the Up- 
permost sessile, lanceolate, entire; flowers suhsessile; capsule inversely heart- 
shaped, the lobes rounded. 

Cultivated grounds; common, introdriecd. June. Sieifb 3 to 8 inches high- 
Flowers on short peduncles, rery small, pale blue, beautifully penciled with pur- 
pie lines. 

8. V. agrestis, L, Field Speedwell 

r Prostrate.. hairy ; leaves petioled, cordate-orate -or round, crenate-tcothed. cOlyx- 
IqfceJ ovate-lanceolate; peduncles as long as the Icares ; capsule -nearly orbicular, 
sharjdy notched, few- seeded. 

Sandy fields, introduced. May — Oct. Stem 3 to 4 inches long, rrnnd, leafy 
branching nearly at the base. Flowers small, light blue or white, veined. 

0. V. HEDER.EFOLIA, L. Icy-lea ved Speedwell. 

Prostrate, hairy; loaves petioled, cordate, roundish, 3 to 5 toothed or lobed: pe- 
duncles scarcely longer than the leaves ; sepals triangular, sub-cordate, acute, at 
length erect; capsule turgid and wrinkled, 2-lobed. 

Shady rocks and hills ; sparingly naturalized. March — May. Stem slender. 4 
to 10 inches long, diffusely branched. Calyx somewhat 4-angled in .fruit. Coroilx 
entailer than the calyx, blue. 

****JSmHcs. Perennials. 

10. V. SPICATA- L. Spiked' Gctrd&n Speedwell. 

Erect, tall; leaves petiolate, ovate-ob!ong or lanceolate, lower OH-"? obtuse, cremate, 
v»per acute, crenate-serrate. entire at apex; raceme mostly solitary ; pedjm's much 
shorter than the sepals; calyx mostly hoary-pubescent. Cultivated in gardens; 
nativB of Europe and Asia. Varieties numerous, with Sowers blue, rose-color, &e. 

17. LEPTANDRA, Nutt. 

Gt. leplos, slender, and aner, andros, a man; in allusion to the stamens. 

Calyx 5-partedj segments acuminate. Corolla tubular- 
bell-shaped; border 4-lobed, somewhat ringenfc, the lower ser/- 
ments narrower. Stamens 2, and with the pistil at length 
orach exserted. Capsule ovoid, acuminate, 2-celled, many- 



244 SCROPHULARIACE^. 



seeded, opening at the summit. — Tall perennials, with mostly 
v:horled leaves and dense spiked terminal racemes of white 
flowers. 

1. L. Virglnica, Bentli. k Nutt. Virginia Speedwell. 

Stem orc:t; leaves whorled in 4s to 7s, short petioled, lanceolate, acute or pointed 
finely serrate; spikes panicled, crowded. 

Rich moist places, often cultivated. July. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, angular, sim- 
ple. Flowers nmnerous, white, nearly sessile in long terminal and verticellate, 
Fubtn-minal spikes. Capsule many-seeded. The root is medicinal. Culver's 
Phytic. 

18. BUCHNERA, Linn. Blue-Hearts. 

In honor of J. G. Buchner, an early German botanist. 

Calyx tubular, obscurely . nerved, 5-parted. Corolla - 
salver-form, with a straight or, curved tube, and a nearly 
regularly 5-cleft limb. Stamens 4, included, 1 approximate 
in pairs. Style club-shaped and entire at the apex. Cap- 
sule 2-valved, many-seeded. — Perennial rough-hair?/ herbs, 
with opposite leaves or the uppermost alternate, and blue flowers in 
terminal bracted spikes. 

1. B. Americana, L. Blue-Hearts. 

Rough-hairy; stem mostly simple and wand-like; lower leaves ohovate-ohlong, 
obtuse; upper ones oblong and lanceolate, sparingl}' and coarsely toothed, vein? ; 
fiowers in an interrupted spike: calyx longer than the bracts. 

Moist places. June — Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long,' 
very rough, appressed to the st-m, . Plotters axillary &nd sessile, blue or purple. 
Ctrolla 1 iiaeh long, hairy. Stamens inserted 2 in the throat of the corolla and 2 
ia the middle of the tube. 

19. GERARDIA, Linn. 

In honor of John Gerard an English botanist. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla bell=' 
shaped-funnel-form, swelling, above, with 5 more or less un- 
equal lobes, the 2 upper smaller and usually more or less 
united. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, hairy. Style 
elongated, mostly enlarged and flattened at the apex. Cap-. 
sule ovate, pointed, many-seeded. — Erect branching herbs, 
with the diem leaves opposite, or the tipper often alternate, and 
showy purple or yellow Jiowers often in racemes or spikes. 
SiiC. 1. Geeardia proper. -<■ Leaves linear ; flowers pu^le. Annual. 

1. G-. purpurea, L. , Purple Gerardia., 

Upright, with long widely spreading rigid branches ; leaves linear, acute, rough- 
margined; flowers nearly sessile; calyx-teeth subulate. 

Swamps and low grounds. Aug. — Oct. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, rough on the 
angles. Leaves % to 1 inch long, and nearly % inch wide, coiled up In drying. 
Flowers large, axillary, often opposite, purple. 



8CR0PIIULAUIACBA 245 



2. G. TENUIFOLIA,- Vubl. Slender' Gerard ia. 

Much branched, very Blender, diffuse; nearly smooth; leaves linear, acnt-:; p*- 
duncles axillary, thread-form, larger than the flowers; calyx teeth short, acuta. 

Dry wood ■<, common. > .Idly — Smt. Stem 8 to 15 inches hiirh. 4-angied. Ltatsx' 
variable, about- 1 inch long, very narrow, entire rough. Corolla x /^ to }^ mch 
loug. pale purple, spotted- within, the border much spreading, smooch and nearly 
equal. 

3. G. SETACEA, YfaltV Sslaceous Gerardia. 

Very slender; brav.cMe.ts and leaves setaceous, ro'ughish; peduncles very mueh 
fahger then the leaves; calyx-teeth awl-shaped; cajisule ovate, larger than the calyx, 
at-length exserted. ■ 

Dry. woods. Tare. Aug., Sept. riant 8 to 12 inches high. Corolla small }4M % 
inch leng. 

Sic. 2. Daststoma, Kaf. Leaves rather large; flowers yellow. Perennials, . 

4. Gr, FLAVA, L. Downy Fake Foxglove. 

Pubescent with a fine close down; stem tall, mostly simple ; leaves ovste-ianoeo- 
la'te or oblong; obtuse, entire, the lower usually si a u ate -toothed or pmaatifi.1; pe- 
duncles very short: flowers axillary. 

Woods and rocky p!aoes 7 common. Aug. S\em 3 to 4 foot high, erect. Lower 
hives variously pinnatifii, cut or tooth.d; upper ones very entire. F&wzrs isuTjgp, 
yellow, trumpet -shaped!. 

5. G. QusaciFOLiA, Pu'rsb. Gliiuzous False Foxglove. 

Smooch and glaucous, tall, mostly branching; lexozr leaves twice pinnatifid ; the 
upper oblong-Ian -eolate, pinnatifid -or entire: pe&tfhcles nearly as long as the ealyat; 

calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, acute, as long as toe at length inflated tube. 

Rich woods; common. Aug. Stem 2 to 5 feet high. Flowers large and of a 
brilliant yellow, opposite and axillary, near the top of the stem, forming a Uxmj 
tpikc. Corolla trumpet-shaped. 2 inches long. 

6. G. PEDIGULARIA, L. « Btushg Gerardia. 

Smoothishor pubescent, much branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, ths 
loL&scutand tooth d ; pedicels longat than the- calyx; cxdyx-iojcs toothed, as kmj 
as the hairy tubs. 

Dry wools; common. Aug; Stela 2 to 3 feet high, very leafy. LtOva 1 to 5 
inches long, and }.-o to 2 inches wide ; segments ereualely incised serrate. JFLvs*rj 
yellow, 1 to Y l /2 in^h long, villose. Slyle longer than the stamens. 

S20. 3. Otophylla, Death. — Upper leaves with a lobe at ike base; corolla purpie 
{rarely white.), sparingly hairy inside. Annual? : 

7. G. AURICULATA, Micbx. Aurlculate Gerardia. 

Rough-hairy; stem erect, nearly simple ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,, tb» 
lover entire, the others with an oblong-lanceolate lobe at the base, en each sid*; 
flowers nearly sessile in the -axils of the upper leaves, forming a prolonged and ia- ' 
terrnpted leafy spike. 

Low grounds, rare. Aug., Sept- Stem 9 to 20 inches high. Leaves 1 to V-/ % by 
x / z to % of an inch, entire en the margiu, sessile. Corolla purpl* cr rarely vbiia, 
pulfcssent, dilated at the mouth, neariy 1 inch long, 

20. CASTILLEJA, Mutis. Painted-cup. 

In honer of Castillejo, a Spanish botanist 

Calyx tabular, flattened, ventricose, 2 to 4-cleffc. Cobol- 
iA 2-lipped ; upper lip loDg and narrow, arcbed, keeled a&d . 



F2* 



246 SCROPnULARIACE^. 

flattened laterally, inclosing the stamens. Stamens 4. 
Capsule ovoid-compressed, many-seeded. — Herbs, with al- 
ternate entire or cut-lobed leives, the floral ones dilated, colored and 
usually more showy than the pale yellow or purplish spiked flowers. 

I. C coccinjlv Sprang. Scarlet Painted- Cap. 

Hairy.; sbzm simple; root-leaves clustered; stem leaves lanceolate, pinnatifidly in- 
cised; fi-oral-lzobves trtfid or incised, colored at .the summit; calyx nearly equally 2- 
cleft, Xhejobes dilated at the apes, nearly entire the length of the corolla. Bien 

Low grounds. May, June.. Slevi 8 to 16 inches high, simple reddish or purple. 
Floral-leaves scarlet towards the summit. Stem-leaves alternate, sessile, with about 
2, long, linear segments on each side. Flowers in a crowded spike, greenish-yellow. 
The variety pcUens of Pursh, -having the fiorai-leave3 dulbyeliow ■ is occasionally 
Ibiind. 

21. SCHWALBEA, G-ronov. Chaff-seed. 

In honor of Cliristian Sckioilbe, a German botanist. 

Calyx declined, very oblique,, tubular, 10 to 12-ribbed. 
5-toothed, the upper rib much smaller, the anterior united 
much higher than the others. Corolla bilabiate; upper Up 
arched, oblong, obtuse, entire; the lower shorter, erect, 2- 
pkited, with 3 very short obtuse lobes- Stamens 4, didy- 
namoua,. included in. the upper lip. Style club-shaped atthe 
apex. . Capsule ovoid-roundish, 2-cclled, 2-valved, many- 
seeded. Seeds winged with the chaff-like coat. — Perennial 
herbs, with alternate, sessile, entire leaves, and leaf y simple stem*, 
terminated by a hose spike of ratlier largefluU yellow flowers. 

1., S. Americana, L. American ChafK.sced. 

Minutely pubescent; stem simple, leafy; leaves ovate er-©blong, the upper gradu- 
ally reduced into lanceolate- and linear bracts, 3-nervcd; psdixl*-rsrj thort, with * 
bractlets under tho calyx. . 

Wet sandy soil; rare. May— July. Plant 1 to 2 feot hi^a, tcmeTrhfc* vdaoei 
pub^aoent. Flowers dull purple or yellowish, I to 1% inch long. • 

22. PEDICULARIS, Tourn. Lousewort.*? 

Lat. pedictdus, a louse; of no obvious application. ' 

CALYX; tubular or bell-shaped, unequally 5-toothed or 2=- 
lipped. .. Corolla, strongly 2-lipped; the -upper lip arched, 
flattened, often beaked at the apex ; the lower erect at the 
base, 2-crested abe.ve, 3-lobe'd, commonly spreading. Sta- 
mens 4, under.-the. upper lip. Capsule ovate or lanceolate, 
mostly oblique, several-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with chiefly 
alternate pinnaUfld^l&meS', and rather large flowers iu ■ t*r initial 
spikes. 

1. P. CANADENSIS^ Li* Cofnmon Lousewort. 

Ujury; stems simple, low, ciatterod-; .leaves »c«kttar«d; ,tbe lew&t piqaatt&IHr 



VEBBENACE^I. 24 



parted, the others half pinnatifid; spike short and' dense; calyx split in 'front, 
otherwise nearly entire, obli'ine ; upper lip of the corolla hooded, incurred, 2- 
toothed under the apes. 

Pastures and low grounds, common..' May — Jofly. Pldnt 5 to I?' inches high, 
often several stems from one root. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, by 1 to 2 wide, chiefly 
radical. Cjrulla yellowish and purple, in a short terminal spike. Capsule com- 
pressed, somewhat sword-shaped. 

2. P. ' lanceolata, Michx. Tall Louse wort. 

Sterh upright, tail, nearly' simple, mostly smooth ; leaves sub-opposite, oblong- 
lanceolate, double-eut-toothcd : spikes somewhat crowded; calyx bifid, with round- 
ish-ovate segments ; upper lip of the corolla truncate at the apex, the lower erect so 
as to noarly close the throat. 

Low grounls. Aug., Sept. Stem 1 to 3 feet hig*h. Floieirs large, straw-color 
&Uyx~iobes leafy, crested. Cipsule ovate, scareoly longer than the calyx: 

23/ MlLAMPYKUM, Tonrn. Cow-wheat. 

$f. &das, blacky and pitro:, wheat ; from the color of the seeds, as Lhey appose 
mixed with grain. 

Calyx tubular, 4-cleft or 4-toothed. • Corolla ringent 
or personate; upper Up arched, compressed, with the margins 
folded back, the lower lip somewliat longer, biconvex, 3- 
lubed at the apex. Stamens 4, under the upper lip. Cap- 
sule- compressed, ovate, oblique or -falcate, 2-celled, 1 to 4- 
aeeded. — JUrect branching .annuals, with appetite leaves, ami 
wlitary axilla ri/ y - or • Iciifif-spiked fawers. 

M. Pratense, L. Yar. Amebicanum. Benth. * Cow-wheat, 

Lower leaves lanceolate or linear lanceolate ; floral leaves lancoolata, toothed at 
the b6ee;fiovKrs remott, one-aided, axillary. 

Dry woods; common- Juno, July. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, branched absrw. 
L*a**t opposite, 1 to lj>^ by }A to % inch, the upper one* broader, with eetaseous 
teeth at the baae. Flower t kiendtir, yeUo»ish, th« eorolia t-arico tiu* leu^Ui of tts 
•ftlyxs 

Order 72. YEBBEHACEiS/-- Vervain Family... 

Htrbt or thrubt, with opposiU feasts, more or U8s%Upptd<or tortyukrr ecnJJae, aaad- 
Aidyiuimoue stannns, Uye 1 to 4 cdled /ruif, dry or diitpaoeous usually Mptratagg 
mfetn ripe into as many l^sscUd ladehiscent nutlets. Caltx tubular 4 to &-4ooth*d, 
inferior, persistent. > Oobqlu. tubelsr, irregukurly 4 to 3-cl#ft, aedluous. 8ss*» 
TriLh. U4U« or no albuHi#n.. 

1. VERBENA; Linn. Verya^. 

Th« Latin name for any sacred herb ; derivation ohasu.** 

Caltx tubular, 5-toothed, with one of the teeth oftefe 
shorter than the others. Corolla tubular, often eurved, 
s*lver-form.- the border somewhat unequally 5-cleft. Sta- 
mens 4 (rareiybut 2), included; the upper pair someiiisas 



248 VEEKENACEvE. 



without anthers, Style slender; stigma capitate. Cap- 
sule seperating into 4 seed-liko nutlets. — Herbs, with oppo- 
site leaves, and mostly alternately spicate, br acted flowers, rarely 
capitate or corymbed. 

1. V. HASTATA, L. Blue Vervain. 

Tall; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cut serrate, petloled, the 
lower often lobed and. sometime lialbert-form atthe-fcase; spikes Blender erect, 
densely flowered, coryrabed or panieled. . Per. 

Low and waste grounds; common, Jul}' — Sept. Stem 3 to 4f -et high, with pan- 
iculate opposite branches above. Leaves rough, opposite, f lowers small, blue, 
arranged in long, c'o;9, imbricated spike-?, erect and parallel to each other. S eds 
4.-= A variety with lance-ovate, or laace-ob'oag sharply serrate leaves and smaller 
fldwers is occasionally met with ;- prebably a hybrei between this and the next 
epecics. 

2. V. urticifolia, L.; Nettle-leaved Vhruairi. 

Erect, somewhat pubesc?nt; leaves oval or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely eerrato, 
potiolcd; spikes very 'slender, at length- mash elongated with the flowers remote, 
loosely panieled; flowers tetrandrdr.sv 

Old fields and roadsides; cornmm: introlaced. Jo!y — Sept. Per. ArougYsh, 
hairy plant With slender spreading- branches, 2 to 3 feet high. Fldiosrs whi», 
Tory small, remote, oa divergent, slender spike3. 

3. V. spuria, L. Catdeaved Vervain. 

Stem decumbent, loosely branched, diluse; leaves sessile, pinnatifid, the !ob«i 
rut toothed; spikes very slender, loosely panieled; brads longer than the calyx ; 
upper stamens imperfect. Annual or Biennial. 

Sandy fields and roadsides ;. rare. Aug. — Oct. Stern square, 1 to 2 feet long, at 
length much branched, half erect. Spikes 3 to 6 inches long, bearing very small 
purplish-blue or rose-eoioi\ u flowers;' at length scattered on the spike. 

4. V. ANGUSTIFOLIA,. Michx. Narrow-leaved Vervain. 

Dwarf, erect, mostly simple; leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate at the bas*, re- 
motely toothed; spikes solitary, the flowers at first crowded. 

Dry hills or sandy fields. July— Sept. A small hairy species' 5 to 12 inches 
high, with leaves 3 inches long, and % inch wide. Flowers purplish -blue, larger 
iha.a in any of the preceding species. 

5. V. melindref, Lind. - Scarlet Verbena. 

Stem and brandies spreading, fa dry ; haves opposite, obovate or broad-lanceolate, 
deeply toothed, rough on .the upper side, hairy beneath ; flowers in terminal 
branches; calyx hairy, tubular, half as long as the corrolla.:-.A beautiful perennial 
border flower, native of Buenos Ayres, blooming all summer, much cultivated la 
Causes and conservitorir3. - Flowers of a dazling scarlet, but in the numerous va- 
rieties some are white, lilac, purple, pink and flesh color. Curolla with a spreading 
&nb, the 3 lower segments larger than the 2 upper ones; 

2.. PHEYMA;-.Linn,-' Lgpseed. 

Calyx: cylindrical, 2-lipped; upper lip of 3 bristle-awl- 
ehaped teeth ; lower shorter, 2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped j 
upper lip notched; lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens 
4j included. Style slender. Stigma 2-lobed. Frui* 
©^long^ X»eelled ; 1-geedecL^-J. perennial herb, with tUnder 



LABIATE. 249. 



branching stems, coarsely toothed ovate leaves, and-small purplish or 
rose color opposite flowers, in elongated and slender terminal spikes. 

1. P. Leptostachya, L. Slehder-npikedr Lopseed. 

Lzavzs ovate, acute, coarsely and unequally toothed, petioled ; calyx in fruit re« 
flexed. 

Rich sandy woods, common. July. S'em 2 to 3 feet high, with a few spreading 
branches above. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, thin, on short stalks, Flowers small, 
mostly opposite, 

3. LIPPIA,Linn. (Zapania. Juss.) 

In honor of Lirpi, an Italian traveler and naturalist. 

Calyx compressed, 2 to 4 # parted, 2-lipped. Corolla * 
tubular, strongly 2-lipped; upper Up notched; the lower 
much longer, 3-lobed. Stamens 4 r included. Style 
slender; stigma .obliquely capitate.. Fruit 2;celled, 2- 
eeeded. : — Shrubs or prostrate herbs, with opposite leaves, and 
heads of flowers on axillary peduncles. 

1. L. nodiflora, Michx.. Fog-fruit. 

Procumbent or creeping ; leaves wedge-ovate or oblanceolate. ferrate above : pe- 
duncles axillary, slender, bearing solitary closely bracted heads of flowers. Per. 

Low grounds. July. St<:m G to S inches long, branching. Leave; with con- 
spicuous veins, 1 to 2 inches long, }/ A to }/j, as wide, on petioles V± to )4 inch long. 
Ftdundes 2 to 3 inches long, bearing ovoid or roundish heads of blukh-wluu . 
flowera, . 

Order 73. LABIATE!.— M,a Family, . 

Chiefiy Jierbs. with square stems, opposite aromatic leaves, more or lasVAippedA 
ecvol'.a. didynamous or diwndrous stamens, and a deeply Globed .ovary, which forms 
in fruit i lit'e seed-Wee nutlets or achenia surrounding the base of the single style in 
the persistant calyx, each filled with a single erect seed. Flowirs axillary or opposite, 
without stipules. Calyx tubular, regularly 5-toothed or cleft. Upper lip of the 
corolla 2-iubed or sometimes entire; the lower 2-parted. Siaiibss inserted on the 
tube of the corolla. , Style 2 lobed at the apex, 

1. ISANTHUS, Michx. False Pennyroyel. 

Sr. isos, equal, and ayii/ios, a flower; referring to the nearly r^gnlar corolla. 

Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-toothed, equal, 10-nerved. 
Corolla nearly regular, 5-lobed; the lobes nearly equal, 
rounded, spreading. Stamens 4, nearly equal, erect, 
distant, scarcely as long as the corolla. Aqhenia wrinkled 
and pitted. — A low branching clammy pubescent annual, with 
entire leaves, and small pale blue flowers on short axillary I to 3«» 
flowered peduncles* 



250 LABIATE. 



1. I. C.ERULEUS, Michx. False Penny roycl 

Tiscid hairy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, strongly G-nerved. 

A branching leafy herb with the aspect of the pennyroyel. Gravolly banks, 
common. July. Aug. Plant about a foot high. Stem round, slender. Leaves 1 
inch- long, and }/ as wide. Flm&iirs numerous, blue with included stamens. Tht» 
whole plant when rubbed, emits a balsamic odor. 

2f. MENTHA, Linn. Mint. 

Mtntha or mialhe. an ancient Greek term. 

Calyx' bell-shaped or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or nearly 
so. Corolla with a short included tube, the border bell- 
shaped, nearly equally 4-cleft, ihe upper tube broadest, entire 
or notched at the apex. Stamens 4, equalj erect, distant. 
AcriENiA smooth. — Aromatic herbs, with opposite leaves, and' 
small pale purple or -whitish fiowers mostly in close clusters, form,' 
ing axillary capitate whorls, sometimes ap)proxinuied in interrupted 



* JSiarly smooth ; naturalized. Perennials, 

!.- M. tiridis, L. Spearmint, 

Leave*, nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrate ; flowers in approxi- 
mate' loose panicled spikes: cdyx somewhat hairy. 

Low grounds; perfectly naturalized. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched, 
4-anglcd. Spi!. es somewhat panicled. long, cun'posed of distinct cymes, apparently 
whorled, a little 1 emote from each other. Corolla pale purple. Myltixmch exserted. 

2. M. piperita, L. Peppermint. 

Leaves smooth, petioled, ovats-obkmg, acute, serrate; whorh of flowers crowded 
in short obtuse spikes, interrupted at the base ; calyx-teeth hairy. 

Low grounds and along brooks: common. Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high . arising 
from underground running shoots, blanched, often purplish. Leaves dark green, 
sharply serrate, rounded at lh^ base. Flowers pale purple. Medicinal. Native of 
Europe. 

3. M. aryensis, L- Corn Mint, 

Ascending, pubescent; 7a:re.s petioled, ovate'er oblong, serrate ', jtlficers in globdse 
remote whorls ; calyx mostly hairy. 

Fields and hedgcrotrs ; common. July. Stem stout often erect, about 1 foot 
high. Leaves varying to oblong or ovato-laceeolate, sometimss nearly smooth, 1 to 
2 inclids Ions, and \$ as wide! Flow:rs small, numerous, pale purple. Stimem 
exserted. The plant when- bruised emit s the odor of decayed cheeac. Native of 
Europe. 

** Truly inlijenom species. PerennLds. 

4-. M. Canadensis, L. Wild Mint. Canadian Mint. 

8Sem low, spreading, whitish-hairy; leaves petioled, oblong, lanceolate or ovalr 
lanceolate, serrate; fiowers numerous, in- globular axillary whorls; calyx hairy; 
stamens exserted. 

Moist grouuds and shady places; common. July — Sept. Plant graykh-greon, 
with tluTodor of Pennyroyel, 1 to 2 feet high.-' Leaves hairy, especially beneath, 
fcapgring to both ends. Fhwers pale-purple. 



LABIATE. 2-6 L 

3. LYCOPUS, Linn. Water Horehound. 

Or. lusos, a wolf, and pou?, a foot ; from some fancied resemblance in th:> leaves. 

Calyx oblong-bell-shaped, 4 to 5-toothed. Corolla 
bell-shaped, nearly equally 4-lobed, scarcely longer than the 
calyx. Stamens 2. distant. Acltenia 4, smooth, with 
thickened margins. — Low perennial licrha, with sharply 
toothed or pinnalifid keves, and dense axillary ivhorh of small white 
Jitnvers. 

1. L. Virginicus, L. Bugle- weed. 

Smooth; stem stolon ifercus at base, smoothish, obtuse 4-angled; leaves oblong or 
ovat«-lanceolate, toothed, entire towards' tbe base, sbort-pe'tioied ; calyx-teeth 4, 
ovato blunt. 

Shady moist places, common. Aug. Plini often purplish 1 . Slem 10 to 15 inch** 
high, often purplish, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves oppasito, Flywen 
Uiiite in minute capitate clusters. 

2. L. binuatus, Ell. Water Horehound. 

Ken erect, sharply 4 angled ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, 
p^tioled, the lower ones piunatifid, the others sinuate toothed, or the uppermost 
linear and nearly entire ; calyx-teeth 5, spiny-pointed. 

.Low grounds, common. July, Aug. Smoothish. Stem 1 to 2 feet bigb. Fhf*- 
eri in d«ase-whorls, white, larger than the last. 

4. OEIGANUM, Linn. Marjoram. 

Gr. ores, a mountain, and gsnos, delight. 

Calyx oyoid-tubnlar, 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat 2- 
lipped ; upper lip erect, nearly fiat, slightly notGhetr; lower 
of 3 nearly equal spreading lobes ■ tube about as long as the 
calyx. Stamens 4, exserted, somewhat didynamous. — Herbs 
with nearly entire leaves, and purplish flowers crowded in cylindri- 
cal or oblong tpikes which are imbricated with colored bracts. 

.1. 0. VULGARE, L. Wild .Marjoram. 

Ferenniel, upright/hairy," branched at the summit; leaves round-orate, petiole**, 
obtuse, nearly entire; bracts ovate, obtuse, longer than the calyx; spiles roundisb, 
panicled, clustered, smooth. 

Iiocky fields and dry batiks, sparingly naturalized. June — Oct. Stem 10 to 15 
inches high, purple. Leaves very slightly serrate, opposite, sprinkled with resinon* 
dots. Bracts tinged with purple. Flowers pale-purple, in numerous small spike* 
Which are crowded together so as -to fonm a terminal head. 

2. 0. Marjorana, Ph. Sweet Marjoram. 

Leave* oval or obovate, obtuse, entire, petiolatej hoary-pubescent ; spftes roundish, 
compact, pedunculate, clustered at the ends of the branches; bracts roundish. Na 
tive of Portugal. A perennial plant, cultivated in gardens for its pleasant aromatia 
flavor, which is employed in various ways as a seasoning. 'Whole plant soft downy, 
1 foot high. Flowers pink. July, Aug. 



252 LABIATiE. 



5. COLLINSONIA, Linn. Horse-Balm. 

In honor of Peter Collins, of London, a'-patron of botany. 

Calyx ovate, about 10-nerved, 2-lipped; upper lip 3- 
toothed, truncate; lower 2-toothcd. Corolla elongated, 
expanded at the throat, somewhat 2-lipped, with the 4 upper 
lobes nearly equal, the lower larger and longer, toothed or 
laeerate-fringed. Stamens mostly 2, much exserted, -di- 
verging. — Strongly-scented perennials, with large ovate leaves, 
and yellowish /lowers on slender pedicels in loose and panicled 
terminal racemes. 

C. Canadensis, L. Common Horse-Balm. Stone-root. 

Nearly smooth; leaves broadly ovate, serrate, pointed, petioled; panicle !oo««, 
many-flowered ; stamens 2. 

Rich moist woods, common. July— Sept. Stem 1 to 3 foot high, somewhat 
branched, 4- angled. Leaves thin, 6 to 8 inches long, and 3 to 4 inches wide. Flow- 
ers large, greenish-yellow, exhaling the odor of lemons. 

6. HEDEOMA, Persoon. Pennyroyel. 

A Greek name tor Mint, alludiug to its agreeable odor. 

Calyx ovoid-tubular, gibbous on the lower side near the 
base, 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed; lower lip 2 -cleft. Co- 
rolla 2-lipped; upper lip erect, flat, notched at the apex; 
lower spreading, 3-cleft, the lobes nearly equal. Stamens 2, 
fertile and ascending, 2 lower, sterile filaments or wanting. — 
Low aromatic plants, with small leaves, and loose axillary clusters 
of pale blue flowers, somewhat approximated in terminal leafy ra* 
cemes. 

H. pulegiOldes, Pers. American Pennyroyel. 

Stem erect, branched, pubescent ; leaves ovate or elongated, obscurely 'serrate, 
narrowed at the base, petioled; whorls about 6-flowered; corolla about as long as 
the calyx. 

Open barren woods and dry fields, common. July — Sept. Plant 6 to 10 inches 
high, branched above. Leaves opposite, with 1 to 2 teelh on each side. Flowers 
6inall ; pale-blue, about 3 in each opposite axil. A popular domestic medicinal herb; 

*7. CUNTLA, Linn. Dittany. 

An ancient Latin -name of unknown origin. 

Calyx ovoid-tubular, equally 5-toothed, hairy in the 
throat, about 13-nerved. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper Up 
erect, flattish, mostly notched ; lower lip 3-lobed, spreading. 
Stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant. Style 2-parted at 
the summit. — Perennial herbs, with small white or,puxplvsh 
.^flowers in corymbed .cymes or close dusters. 



LABIATE. 258 

C. Mariana, L. Common Dittany. 

Stems tufted, coryaabosely branched ; leaves ovate, serrate, smooth, rounded or 
■"jeart-shaped at the base, nearly sessile; cymes ped uncled, loosely corymbed. 

Dry hills and rocks ; common. July— Sept. Plant 1 foot high, sprinkled with 
resinous and pellucid dots, much branched; branches triangled, purple. Floivers 
rose-colored. Stamens and style much exse»ted, of the same hue as the corolla. 
-Whole plant delightfully fragrant, and often used as a substitute for tea. 

8. BLEPMIXIA, Baf. 

(j'r.blcpharis, the eyelash; in reference to the hairy-fringed bracts and calyx-teeth. 

Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, naked in the 
throat. Corolla 2-lipped, inflated in the throat ; upper lip 
erect, entire ; lower lip spreading, 8-cleft, with the lateral 
iobes ovate and rounded. Stamens 2, ascending, exserted. — 
Perennial herbs, ivkh entire or toothed leaves, and small pale 
bluish purple flowers, crowded in axillary and terminal glo- 
bose capitate ichorls. 

1. B. cjliata, &af. Fringed Blcphilia. 

Somewhat downy; leaves nearly sessile, oblong-ovate, narrowed at the base, 
whitish downy underneath; outer bracts ovate, acute, eiliate, colored as long as 
the calyx. 

Dry open places. -July. Stem simple, acutely 4-angled, 2 to 3 feet high, rarely 
with 1 or 2 spreading branches. Leaves 1 to 2]/^ inches long, 3^> to 1 inch wide. 
Flowers small, numerous, pale purplish. 

2. B. HIRSUTA, Benth. Hairy Blephilia. 

Whole plant hairy ; leaves long-petiok-fl, ovate, pointed, rounded or heart-shaped 
at the base; bracts colored, linear-awl-shaped, shorter than the calyx. 

Damp woods ; rare. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, with spreading branches, and 
nunurous close whorls. Leaves l,to 2 inches long, on petioles \^ to % inch long. 
Coro'la scarcely % inch long, pale purple, with spots of a deeper hue. Slyle longer 
than the stamens and corolla. 

.9. MONA.KDA, Linn. Horsemint. 

In honor of Jlonardes, an early Spanish botanist. 

Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equal, 5* 
toothed. Corolla ringent, with a long cylindric tube, up- 
per lip spreading, 3-lobed at the apsx, the middle lobe long- 
er. Stamens 2, exserted from the upper lip of the corolla. 
Odorous erect herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, awl showy 
large flowers in a few capitate whorls closely surrounded with 
bracts. 

1. M. DTDYMA, L. O.ncego Tea. Burgamot. 

Somewhat hairy ; ste)m acutely 4-angled; leaves broadly ovate acuminate, round- 
ed or slightly hecrt-shaped at the base, short-petioled; calyx smooth, incurved, 
nearly naked in the throat; corolla smooth, elongated. Per. 

Moist woods and meadows; cultivated. July. A hahdsom 3 fragrant plant, 2 to 
3 feet high, mostly branched. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, very broad, at base, ser- 
iate, with scattered hairs above. Plowirs crimson or scarlet, in head<, often pro- 
iferous with large ovate lance date bracts, tinged with red. Corolla 2 inch js loaj. 



254 LABIATE. 

2. M. FISTULOSA, L. Wild Burgamot. 

Smoothish or downy ; leaves o^ate lanceolate, rounded and °omewhat cordate at 
V>ase, acuminate, coarsely toothed ; floral leaves and outer bracts slightly colored ; 
cdyx slightly curved, very hairy in the throat. 

Woods and rocky banks: common. July— Sept. A very variable plant 2 to 5 
feet high, embracing: several nominal species and varieties. St?m quadrangular, 
w ith the sides somewhat concave. Leave? 2 to 4 inches long on petioles, % to % 
iuch long. Flowers purplish, rose-color or nearly white. 

3. M. punctata, L. HorseminL 

Minutely downy ; lear'es lanceolate, narrowed at the base, petioled : bracts lance- 
o'ate. obtuse at the base, sessile : calyx-teeth short and rigid, awnless; corolla near- 
ly smooth, the tube scarcely exceeding the calyx. 

Sandy fields and dry branks. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branched. 
/.eaves punctate. Bracts yellowish and purple. Corolla yellowish, the upper lip 
spotted wjth-purple. The whole plant is very odorous and pungent to the taste. 

TO. SALVIA, Linn. Sage. 

Lat. salvo, to save : in allusion to its reputed healing qualities. 

Calyx somewhat bell-shaped, 2-lipped; vpper lip mostly 
3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, 
r^ngent; vpper h'p erect, straight or falcate and vaulted, 
entire or barely notched ; the lower h'p spreading or pendent, 
F-lohed, the middle lobe longer and sometimes notched. 
Stamens 2, on short filaments; connectile transversely 
HTtimilated to the filament, supporting at each end a cell of 
the dimidiate anther. Achenia 4. — A large genus of which 
but few are indigenous, with usually large and showy, spiked, 
raremed, or panicled whorls of flowers. 

1. S. LYRATA, L. Lyre-leaved Sage. 

Somewhat hairy: stem nearly simple and naked; root-leaves obrivn+e. lyre-shaped 
or sinuate-pinnatifid. sometimes nearly ejitire: those of the stem mostly a single 
l vir. smarter and narrower, the tfnral oblong-linear; vjhnrls of flowers loo^e and 
d'stant, forming an interrupted raceme : upper lip of the corolla short, straight and 
vaulted. 

^Woodlands and meadowy 'May. June. Plant 10 to 12 inche? high. Flowers in 
whorls of about 6, distant. Corolla blue, the tube much exserted. 

2. S. URTIC1FOLIA, L. Nettle-haved Sage. 

TVwny with clammy hairs, leafy: leaves rhombic-ovate, pointed, crenate, rounded 
at hasc.short-petioled : tohorls remote, many-flowered; v.pperlip of the corolla erect, 
much shorter than the lower; style bearded. 

Woodlands. Western Cour>t ; es. rare. Leaves very puV«(*eiit. Flmaerjs blue, 
viscid, in remote whorls. Corolla ]/ 2 inch long, the lateral lobes deiiexed, the 
middle notched. 

CULTIVATED EXOTIC SFECIES. 

8 S. officianalis, L. Common Sage. 

Laaves ovate-laueeolate, crenulate, rugose; whorls 5 to 10-fiowered in 2 opposite 



LABIATE. 255 



^ets: calyx striate, the divisions pointed; upper Ufritf the corolla as long as the 
lower, somewhat vaulted. A well known warden plant, cultivated tor its medicinal 
properties. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, of a dull green color 
aromatic. Corolla ringent, blue or purplish, Native in the South of Europe. 

4. S. SCLAREA, L. Clarry. 

heaves oblong, heart-shaped, rugose, serrate; bracts colored, concave, longer than. 
the calyx. A strong- seen ted exotic, native of Italy. Stem 1 to 3 feet hi^h, with 
leaves 5 to 7 inches long and 3 to 4 wide, viscid. Flowers variegated with paie 
purple and yellowish-white, in whorled spikes, Bracts pule purple or yellowish. 

5. S. SFLENDENS, Ker. jSpenaid Saf/e. 

Stem erect, smooth; leaves broad-ovate and ovate, petiolste. rounded or acute at 
base, dentate serrate, acuminate, smooth on both sides: u> acts deciduous; calyx 
and corolla pubescent; upper lip entire. A beautiful species, cultivated in gardens; 
native of Mexico. Plunt2 to 4 fret high, branched. FUAders large, scarlet. Cu'yx 
scarlet. afh.r flowering besoming enlarged and as sfeowj as the eoroiia. 

11. CEDRONELLA, Moench. 

Gr. J.edros, a diminutive of Cedar: from the aromatic leaves of the original species, 
C. triphylla, the Bulm-of-Gitcud of English gaidehs. 

Calyx somewhat obliquely 5-toothed, many-nerved. 0>- 
BOLLA much expanded at the throat, 2-lipped ; upper lip 
flattish or concave, 2-lobed, the lower 3-cleft, spreading, the 
middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending, shorter than 
the tipper lip, the lower pair shorter than the other ! — Siceet- 
seenfed perennials, with pale purplish flowers., 

C CORDATA, Benth. Crerpiivj Cedronrlht. 

Low, creeping by slends r runners, hairy; leaves broadly heart-shared. crena*e, . 
petioled.the floral shorter than the calyx; ivJ L orls few-flowered, aj proximate at th* 
summit of short ascending stems. 

fjiw shady banks of streams. Western part of the State, rare. July. Flowers 
purplish. Corolla hairy inside, l]/ 2 inch long. (Dracocephaium cordatum, Null j 

12. NEPETA, Linn. Cat mint. 

Supposed to he frcni N<ptt, a town iu Tuscany.. 

Calyx tubular, often incurved, obliquely 5-raotTied. Co- 
rolla naked and dilated in the throat,. 2-lipped ; upper tip 
erect, notched or 2-cleft, the loicer spreading, 3-cleft, tie 
middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending under the 
upper lip, the lower pair shorter. — Perennial kerbs 

Sec. 1. Cataria, Benth. — Clusters dense and many-flowered, forming interruptid 
tpikes or raceme . 

1. N. Cataria, L. Catnip. 

Downy, erect, branched;, leaves heart-shaped, oblong, deeply crenate, petioled 
whitish-downy underneoth; spiked racemes somewhat panicled. 
Waste and cultivated grounds, a very common, naturalized weed. July, Aug. 



256; LABIATE. 



Stem square, pubescent, branching, 2 to 3 feet bigb. Flowers numerous) white qt- 
purplish, the lower lip dotted with crimson. , 

Sec, 2. Qlschoma, Lv Axillary clusters I'josely ftw-flowtred. 

2. ]& ®leohoma, Benthi Ground Ivy. 

Creeping and trailing ; leaves peiioled, xeundrkidney-sbaped., crenate ; corolla- 
about 3 times as long as-the calyx. 

"Waste grounds, in shaded places, perfectly naturalized. May— Aug. Steins 
prostrate, from a few inches to 1 to 2 feet long. Flowers axillaiy in 3s. Corolla 
lluish-jurple, with a variegated throat. Anthers with the cells diverging at a light 
angle, each pair, approximate and forming a cross* 

13. DRACOCEPHALTM, Linn. Dragon-head, 

Gy. dralcon, a dragon, and Icephalz, h«ai; alluding to the form of the corolla. 

CALY.X tubulaiy 13 to T5<acrv<ed, 5-toothed, the upper 
tooth much largest; Corolla dilated in the throat, 2-lipped ; 
upper Up slightly arched and notched; the lower spreading,. 
3-cleft, the middle lohe much larger, rounded or 2-cleft. 
Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip. — Whorls of 
flowers mostly spiked or capitate, and usually subtended with 
large conspicuous bracts.. 

D. 2ARYIFLORUM, Nutt; Small -flowered Dragon head. 

Sub pubescent'; stem greet, somewhat branched, leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate-, 
sharply cut-toothed, petioled; whorls crowded in :» terminal globular or oblong, 
capitate spike ; Iract leafy-; ovate, fringed ; biennial. 

Becky places, and gravelly shores, along the Sr.squchanno. May— Aug. Sinn,' 
8 to 20 inches hiph. obtusely 4-; ogled. Hyper calyx-tedh nearly as long as the co- 
rolla. Corolla bluish-purple; the vrpcr h'jl auhed, emarginate, central lobe cf ths 
lower lip crenale. 

11. LOPHANTHUS, Benth. Giant- Htsstjp. 

Gr. lophos. a crest, and cvnihos, a flower. 

Calyy tubular-bell-sbaped, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-tooth'ed,. 
the upper tooth rather, longer than the others. Corolla- 
3-lippcd j upper Up nearly erect, notched ; the lower some- 
what spreading, 3-cleft, with the middle lobe broader and 
crenate. Stamens 4, exserted;. the upper pair declined;. 
the kwer ascending, shortest l-^-Perennial upright herbs, with 
pctioled serrate leaves, and small flow cm crowded in terminal 
spikes. 

L L. nepetoides, Benth. Yellow Giant Bi/ssup. 

Smooth or nearly so; leaves ovate, somewhat pointed; calyoc-tedh ovate, rather 
obtuse, Uttle shorter than the corolla. 

Borders of woods.. Aug: Stem stout, smooth, quadrangular, 4 to 6 feet hig.hv 
Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, coarsely crenate-tocthed. Fhwers small, greenhh-vel- 
*ow, in cylindrical f pikes 2 to i inches long, crowded with ovate-jointed tracts.- 



LABIATES. 257 



2. L. SCROPHULARLEFOLIUS, Beith. Purple Giant Hyssup. 

Stem and lower surface of the leaves pubescent; leaves ovate, acute, serrate, 
crenate; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute, shorter 'than the corolla. 

Borders of rich woods. Aug. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, mostly of a purple color 
branched. leaves often cordate at base, "5 Inezes. Ion* and abmt 3 inch- s wide, 
coarsely serrate. Fboweri m crowded; axillary vwrticels, forming a long, dense, 
terminal spike. Corolla pale purple. Stamens and style ex-serted; 

15. PYCNANTriEMUftf, Miclix. Mountain Mint, 

Qr.puknos, dense, and anthemon; a blossom; from the crowded or capitate flowers. 

Calyx tubular or ovate-oblong, striate, 5-4oothed. Co- 
rolla with a short tube and a somewhat 2-lipped border ; 
upper lip entire or slightly notched, the lower 3-clcft ; lobes 
all ovate and obtuse.- Stamens 4, distant, the lower pair 
rather longest. — Perennial aromatic upriyht herbs, coryni- 
bosely branched above, often whitish floral leaves, and dense 
vi any -flowered whorls, crowded with bracts, usually formiiKj 
terminal heads or close' cymes, with whitish or flesh-colored 
flowers. 

1. P. INCANUM, Miehx. Common Mountain Mint. 

leaves ovate-oblong, acute, remotely- toothed, rounded at the base, downy above 
and hoary with- whitish wool underneath; cymes peiuucled, compound, open; 
bracts subulate. 

Rocky wools and hills, common. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 4 feet hi,'h, obtusely 
4-angled, erect, covered with soft down, blowers pale red or nesh-colored, with 
purple spots on the lower lip of the corolla. 

2: P.* MUTICUIVI, Pers. Veiny-leaved Mountain Mint. 

Smooth or som >wh.tt hoary throughout, corymb33ely branched ; teams ovafcj or 
broadly ovate lanceolate, acute, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, 
mostly sessile, minutely toothed, rigid; whorls den^e mostly in terminal heals; 
Cider bracts and ovate-lanceolate ca'yz teeth hoary with a fine close down. 

Dry hills; common. Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high with Widely spreading branch- 
es, square. Leaves Opposite large, l /> as wide as long. Flowers reddish : white, 
With purple spots, in dense terminal- heads-which are about ]/ z inch in diameter. 

3. P. LANCEOLATUM, Pursh. Lance-kaved Mountain Mint. 

Smoothish or minutely downy, -co rymbosoly branched above, very leafy; leaves 
lanreoiate or nearly linear, entire, ri.j;id. obtuse at the base, sessile, feather-veined ; 
braets ovate lanceolate, barely pointed, downy. 

Th'ck'ds and dry wools; common. July, Au>r. Stem about 2 fcet high, square, 
With obtiis.- angle* Leaves variable in width. Flowers small, redJish-wiiite, 
•with purple dots, in numerous small clustered dtmse hjads. 

4: P. linifbltum, Pursh. Flax-leaved Mountain Mint. 

Smooth, or nearly so; leaves narrowly linear, crowded, 3- veia.nl, entire; brads 
•lightly aw ned ; calyx-teeth lance-subulate. 

Thickets and moist woods. July, Aug Stein erect, 12 to IS inches high, with 
ftotigiate trichotonvms branches, often purplish. Leaves very narrow, punctate, 
withXasiolea of smaller ones in -the axils. 'Flowers small, whitJ, id" numerous 
small, roundish heads, mostly terminal. 



258 LABIATE. 



16. THYMUS, Linn. Thyme. 

The ancient Greek name. 

Calyx 2-lipped, hairy in the throat, 13 -nerved ; upper 
lip 3-toothed, spreading ; lower- 2-deft. Corolla, short, 
slightly 2-lipped ; upper Up straight and nattish, notched at 
the apex ; lower spreading, equally 3-cleft, or the middle 
lobe longest. Stamens 4, mostly exserted. — Low, mostly 
prostrate and diffuse perennials, with small entire veiny leaves T 
and purplish or whitish flowers.. 

T. Serpyllum, L. Garden Thyme. 

Stem procumbent; leaves flat, ovate, obtuse, entire, sbort-petioled, more or le*2- 
ciliate ; flowers approximate at tbe end of the branches in an oblong head. 

Old fields, escaped from cultivation and sparingly naturalized. July. Stim 
spreading, decumbent, branched. Leaves green, more or less hairy. Flowtrs- 
purple spotted. 

17. CLINOPODIUM, Liim* Basil. 

Gr. Mine, a bed, ze&jious, a foot ; from the stalked and flattened head of flowers^ 

Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, nearly equal at the base, hairy 
in the threat, more or less 2-lipped; upper lip 3-cleft, thfr 
lower 2-cleft. Corolla inflated in the throat, distinctly 2- 
lipped; -upper lip erect, entire; lower spreading, 3-parted. 
Stamens 4, ascending.- — Perennials, with many-flowered 
capitate whorls of purplish flowers, and numerous linear- 
shaped exterior bracts forming a sort of involucre, 

C. yulgare, L. Wild Basil. 

Erect, bairy; leaves ovate petioled, slightly tootbed ; wKorls inanj'- flowered, da- 
I ressed-globose ; calyx curved ; bracts subulate, as long as tbe calyx. 

Hills and old fields, naturalized. July. Stem lto 2feet bigh. square, simple or 
ingly branched, and, as well as the whole plant clothed with a -whitish wool.. 
er$ pale purple.. 

18. MELISSA, Linn. Balm. 

Gr, melisso, a bee; the flowers yielding an abundance of honey. 

Calyx slightly gibbous at the base, 2-lipped ; ujper lip 
3-tcothed; lower 3-cleft. Corolla with a recuiTed-agcend- 
ing tube, 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, flattish; lower spreading,. 
3-lobed, the middle lebe mostly broader. Stamens 4, 
unending, mostly approximate in pairs at the summit.—- 
Perennials, with fc w-flcwercd, loose, one-sided clusters of white 
or crcom-colorcd flcwersj and few mostly ovate tracts restm- 
ll'rrj (he leaves, 



LABIATE- 259 



M. officinalis, L. Common Balm. 

Upright, branching ; leaves broadly ovate, crenate-toothed, petfoled, more or 
less hairy; whorls dimidiate or secund, loo-e, axillary. 

Escaped from gardens, partially naturalized. Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, more 
or less pubescent. Flowers white or cream color. Flant exhaling the odcr ol 
lemons. 

19. PRUNELLA, Linn. Self-heal. 

Calyx tubular bell-shaped, 2-lipped ; upper lip broad and 
fiat, truncate, with 3 short; teeth ; lower 2-eIeft. Corolla 
2-lipped j upper lip erect, arched, entire ; lower reflexecU 
spreading, 3-cleft; the lateral lobes oblong, the middle one 
rounded, concave, finely toothed. Stamens 4, use-ending 
under the upper lip; filaments 2-toothed at the apex, the 
lower tooth bearing the anther. — Low perennials, with nearly 
simple stems, and 6 flowered clusters of violet flesh-colored flowers, 
sessile in the axils of rounded and brad-like floral haute, imbricated 
in a capitate spike, 

P. vulgaris, L. Common Self-heal. Heal-all 

Leaves ovate-oblong, entire or toothed, petioled, hairy or smcothish; corolla 
nearly twice as loagas the calyx. 

Woods and fields, common. Aug.- Plant 10 to 15 inches high, erect or aseenOin*, 
somewhat branched, hairy. Flowers large, purple. Fl&ul haves concave, short- 
pointed, tinged with purple. 

20. SCUTELLARIA, Linn. Scullcap. 

Lat. scutella, a dish, in allusion to the form of the calyx. 

Calyx bell-shaped, gibbous, 2-lipped; the lips entire; 
dipper one with a winged appendage on the back, deciduous 
after flowering. Corolla 2-iipped, with an elongated tube, 
dilated at- the throat ; upper lip arched, entire or nearly so, 
lower dilated, convex. Stamens 4, ascending under the 
upper lip; anthers approximate in pairs. — Bitter perennial 
herbs, with axillary, spiked or racemtd jizwers, the short peduncles 
opposite, l-flowered, often t-sided. 
* Floive.rs axillary, solitary. 

1. S. GALERICULATA, L. Common Skullcap. 

Smooth or somewhat downy, mostly branching; leaves OTate-lanceolate, acute 7 
serrate, roundish and slightly cordate at base, short-petioled ; flowers on short; 
pedicels. 

Wet shady places, common. Aug. Stem square, 12 to IS inches high. t\ives 
1)4 inch long, ani J^ wide, on very short petioles. Flowers blue, pubescent, % to- 
1 inch lung, 

2. S. nervosa, Pursh. Nerved Sladlcap. 

Smooth, simple or branched, slender; lowest leaves roundish, petioled; middle 
ones ovate, toothed, somewhat hecrt-thaped, sessile ; upper floral GYate-lanceolat*; . 
'ju-ir-i ; flowers small, opposite,- 



260 LABIATE. 



Moist thickets. June. Stem 10 to 15 inches hisrh, weak, often with a few filiform 1 
tranches. Leaves about 1 inch long, }/ 2 as wide, with 3 to 5 prominent veins un- 
derneath, thin. Flovjers small, pale-blue. 

3. S. PARVULA, Micbx. Small Skullcap. 

Minutely downy, dwarf, branched and spreading; lowest hares round-ovate, 
skort-petioled. the others sessile, ovate, or lanceolate, obtuse, all entire or nearly 
bo: flowers small, axillary. 

Dry banks and fields. May. June. Stein 3 to 6 inches high, srraple or branched 
from' near the base and spreading, mostly purplish. Leaves ]/, to % inch long,- 
senile, dictinctly veined, purplish beneath. Flowers '% to y 2 inch"long, blue, hairy. 

** Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes'. 

4. S. LATERIFLORA^ L. Mad-dog Skullcap. 

Smooth; stem upright, much branched ; leaves lanceolate-ovate or ovate-oblong, 
pointed, coarsely serrate, rounded at the base, petioled : u}yper floral leaves scarcely 
longer thau the calyx ; flowers small, in lateral racemes. 

Wet shaded places, common. Aug. Stem square, 1 to 2 feet high, very branching. 
Haves opposite. 2 to 3 inches lone, on petioles 1 inch long. IftrcMn.es opposite, 
axillary, somewhat 1-sided on Ion? stalks. Flowers small, blue, % inch long, the 
iiU'ir !ij scarcely arched. This plant was in great repjute someye'ars ago as a cure- 
for h\ drc phobia. 

5. S. PILOSA, Michx. Hairy Skullcap. 

Siein erect, mostly simple, hairy; leaves remote, rhombic-ovate, crenate, obtufe,- 
more or less hairy ; the lowest rounded and often heart shaped : the others wedge- 
shaped at the base; upper floral spatulate, shorter than the hairy calyx; raceme 
terminal, shovt. 

Open dry woods. June. July. Stem 12 to IS inches high, often purplish. Leaves 
few, 1 to 2}/, inches long, % as wide, on petioles 1 inch Joug. Raceme mostly sim- 
ple, few-flowered, with opposite elliptical bracts. Corolla tv.be nearly white below, • 
blue at tk"- summit, ><, to ? ^ lack long. 

6. 8. CANESCENS, Nutt. Canescent Slcullcap. 

Stem tall, branched, pubescent ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, crenate, 
the upper nan owed, but the lower rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base, 
nearly smooth above, white downy beneath : flowers in loore pauiculateracem.es. 

Dry op< n woods and meadows. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet hi :h, erect; mostly pur- 
ple. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long. 1 to 2 wide . often v.ith a purple margin and purple 
gp< ts. Flowers rather numerous, % inch long, deep blue, showy, in lateral and 
terminal racemes. 

7. S. INTEGEIFOLTA, L. Entire-lcavcd Skullcap. 

"Whole plant downy, with a minute boariness ; stem upright, nearly simp?**; 
leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, obtuse, remote, the upper on very 
short petioles ; raceme often branched, 1< afy; tracts lanceolate. 

Moiet open grounds. Juno. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high; sparingly branch; d 
ntove, grayish-green. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, variable in width. Cordlu % to 
1 inch long, bright blue at the summit, nearly white at the base. 

8. S. serrata, Andrews. Aer-rate Skullcap. 

Bather slender, upright; leaves ovate, serrate, acute or pointed at both ends, all 
tapeiing into the petiole, green and nearly jmooth on both sides; the floral lance- 
olate, the upper shorter than the slightly hairy calyx; raame moslly simple, loose, 
kfify at the base ; upper lip of the corolla incurved. 

Woods, Southern parts of the State. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, rmootTa, • 
Ltiaui itoa inches long. Flowers deep blue, % inch long. 



LABI AT JE. 201" 



21. BHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. False Dragon-head, 

Gr. ptiusa, a bladder, and strgo, to cover; on account of- the inflated calyx and: 
corolla. 

Calyx nearily equally 5-toothed r obscurely 10-nerved r 
after flowering inflated-bell-shaped. Corolla 2-lipped, with 
a much exserted long tube and' inflated throat'; upper lip 
nearly erect, somewhat concave; fc<°r Up spreading, a- 
lobed, the lateral lobes small, the middle broad and rounded. 
Stamens 4, ascending under the upper )ip ; anthers ap- 
proximate.— Perainiul smooth herbs, with upright slender 
stems, sessile leaves, and large sltowy flesh-colored and purplish 
flowers, opposite, in simple ar ■ panicled terminal, leafless, crowded, 
spikes. 

P. Yirginlana, Benth; Lioii s-Jieari'. Dragon-head: 

Leaves varying from lance-linear to crate lanceolate, serrate; calyx 'acutely and" 
almost equally 5-tootbed; bracts shorter than the calyx, ovate, pointed. 

Moist places, along rivers. July, Aug. Stem variable in height, 1 to 4 feet high. 
Leaves opposite, closely sessile. 4 to 5 inches long. % inch wide, with remote shallow 
tvetb, of a shining dark green. FLoweis in d-rowed spikes, large pale purple^ 
about 1 inch long, spotted inside. 

22.: LAIMIUjI, Linn. Dead -Nettle;. 

Gr. laiinos. the throat; in allusion to the ringent corolla. 

Calyx tubular-bell- shaped, about 5 nerved, with 5 nearly, 
equal serulate teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat : upper 
lip ovate or oblong, arched, narrowed at the base; lower lip 
with the middle lobe broad, notched at the apex, contracted 
at base. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; ae- 
thers approximate in pairs. — Herbs, decumbent at base, with 
the lowest leaves small and long pctioled'.ike middle ones cordate and- 
doubly toothed, the floral nearly sessile, and ao:illa?-y iv-horled clusters-, 
uf purpl'uh flowers, 

L. amplexicaule, L. Common Dead-Kettle, Hen-bit. 

Leaves rounded, deeply crenate-toothed or entire, tbeupperclasping;. lower whorU 
re mole, the upper crowded : corolla eiongated, the upper lip bearded, the lower 
spotted ; lateral lobes truncate. 

Waste and cultivated grounds, introduced. Bienniel. May— Nov. A small '- 
(lender herb, with ascending stems, several from the same root, G to 10 inches high; 
•with opro.-ite, short, broad hairy leaves. Flowers in den? e whorls, purple, downy, 
Corolla-lube much exserted, the lowerJip spotted with; white> 

23. LEONURUS,. Linn, Motherwort-, 

Gr. leon, a lion, and cura, a tail, i. e. Lion's-tail. 

Calyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, with nearly equal subulate 
teeth. Corolla 2 lipped ; vpper lip oblong, entire, some-. 
what arched; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed ; the middle lob^; 



262 LABIAT.E. 



larger, broad and inversely heart-shaped, the lateral oblong:, 
Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; anthers ap- 
proximate in pairs. — Ipriyht herbs, with eutdobed leaves^ 
and close whorls of pale puvple flowers in their axils. 

L. Cardiaca, L. Common Motherwort. 

Somewhat hairy, tall; leaves long-petioled : the lower rounded, pnlmately 
lobed ; the floral wedge-shaped at the base, 3-cleft, the lobe lanceolate ; upper lip- 
©f corolla bearded. 

Waste plac>s. around houses, naturalized. July — Sept. Pfer. £frw 2 to 3 fe-t 
hiirh, branched, villous. Leaves pubescent, pale beneath. Flowers in ninny 
whorls, white or with a reddish tinge. Corolla hairy without, variegated within. 

24. GALEOPSTS, Linn. Hemp-Nettle. 

©v. galea, a weasel, and opsis. resemblance: from seme resemblance of the corolla 
to the head of the weasel. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, 5-toothed, 
equal and spiny tipped. Corolla 2-lipped, dilated at the 
throat; itpprr Tip orate, arched,- entire; lower lip 3-cleft r 
spreading, the middle lobe r,b-eordate, the lateral lobes ovate, 
the palate with 2 teeth at the sinuses- Stamens 4, ascend- 
ing under the upper lip. — Anvuah or birnniek, with spreading 
branches and several to many flowered whorls in the axils of ike: 
floral leaves* . 

Gr. Tetrahit, L. Common Hemp-Nettle. 

Stem swollen below the joints, bristly-hairy ; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate: co- 
rolla 2 to 3 or 4 times the length of the calyx. 

Wrists nlnces, naturalized, rather common. July. Sf-p.ml t-o 2 feet hi'xh. re- 
Trorsely hisped y branched. Flowers numerous, pale purple, with darker spots in- 
dense whorls. 

25. STACHYS, Linn. Hedge-Nettle. 

Gr. stakas, a spike ; in allusion to its mode of flowering. 

Calyx tubular-bell- shaped, 5 to 10-nerved, equally 5- 
toothed, or the upper ones longer. Corolla 2-lipped j up- 
per lip erect or spreading, often arched, entire or nearly so ; 
lower lip usually longer and spreading, 3-lobed, the middle 
lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip ; 
ANTHERS approximated in pairs. — Mostly perennial herbs, 
with 2 to many-jlowered whorls, approximated in terminal 
racemes or spikes. 

1. S. ASPERA r Miehx. Rowgh Hedge-Nettle. 

Stem erect, angles hairy Backwards ; leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate 
acute, serrate, rounded at the base, bristly on the midrib and veins, short-petioled 
calyx bristly ; whorls about 6-flowered. 

Wet banks and thickets. June— Aug. Per. Plant 2 feet high, sparingly branched'. 
Flowers in loose whorls of i to 8, forming a terminal leafy spike, pale purple. . 



LABIAT.E. 263 



2. S. palustrjs, L. Marsh Heilye-Xrttle. 

Stem softly pubescent, or smooth helow : leaves oblong-lanceolate, crenate-tnothed, 
rounded or heart-shared at the baae, rugose, hairy, te; wharU 6 to 10- 

fiowered: calyx Fmooth, the teeth lanceolate, acute and somewhat spiny. 

places. July. Aog. Per. Sb m 2 to 3 feet high, branched. Fiowers pur- 
plish, in •whorls, forming a long tormina 

8. S. hy>>opifolia. Miehx. Smooth Hedge-Nettle. 

Smooth or nearly - >rtiied toward* the 

ppex: whorls 4 to 6-6tsw - en jolate, acute; corolla twice or 
thrice the length of the calyx. 

U>t rtiwlj place.'. July- Per ; - 'v. I r. ascending 9 to 12 inohe= tush. 

I >ften lin<ar. t«ty finely toothed. Flowers purple, sessile in whorls near 
the summit of the stem. 

26. MAfiRrBIUM. Linn. Horeholxp. 

A name of Tiiny. said to be derived from the Hebrew rnarrab. a bitter juice. 

Calyx tubular, 5 to 10-nerved. nearly equally 5 to 1<>- 
toothed; threat hairy. Corolla 2-lipped : upper Up erect, 
f.attish. notched ; spreading, 3-cleft, the middle 

iobe broadest. Stamens 4. in -luded in the tube of the 
rnrolla. — Whitish-irooln bitter perennial herbs i with rugose 
and crenate or cut leaves, and whitish fioi 

M. yulgabe. L. Common Horehownd. 

te-toothed. petiol 3; ft wcrsrn 

■-■■■-.----'. n *oeth. the alternate - 

Eoadsides ar.d waste places, commen, naturalized. July. Av: - 12 to 18 

■- white v^ooi. r 
v-I.-t'-. An aromatic bitter herb, much used a» a domestie 
jatdiei 

27. TRICHOSTEMA. Linn. Blue Curls. 

Or. thriz. :- ' ts the hair like stamens. 

Calyx bell-shaped, oblique, deeply 5-cleft; the 8 upper 
teerb elongated, the 2 lower short. Corolla 5-lobed ; the 
lobes oblong, declined : the o lower more or less united. 
Stamens 4. much exserted beyond the corolla, declined and 
, then turned upward. — Low sometcnat clammy pubescent an- 
nuals, with entire leave*, and mostly blue ftoicers on solitary I- 
: terminating the branches. 

T. DICHOTOMY, L. Bt 

Icing or rbombic-Ianceo'afe. rarely lance-lmear* 
te. entire: *" *i*rvs very long, essertrd. 

Sandy fields ar. i r .. July — Sept. Sttm 10 to 1" inches high, 

usgled, bu?hy. F xillary and terminal, hecominz i « 

" : ■ - r. currei from the lower lip of 

sutifol arch. 



-264 LABIAT.E. 



28. TEUCRIUM, Linn. Germander. 

Named tor Teucer, king of Troy. 

Calyx equally 5-toothed, or the upper tooth larger. 
Corolla 5-lobed; the upper lobes nearly equal, oblongs 
declined; the lower one large. Stamens 4, exserted from 
the cleft between the two upper lobes of the corolla. Achenia 
wrinkled. — A herbaceous downy perennial, ivith white or 
purple flowers. 

T. Caxadense, L. Wild Germander. Wood Sage. 

Hoary-pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rounded at the base, shoft- 
pctiokd; the floral scarcely longer than the calyx; whorls about 6-flowcrcd, 
crowded in a single terminal spike ; calyx belbshaped, with the 3 upper teeth 
bro der. 

Fields and roadsides, not rare. July. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, simple, erect, square 
viih concave sides. Leaves 3 times as long as -wide, green above, boary beneath. 
■Jjracts longer than the calyx. Corolla purple, rarely white, apparently without 
the upper lip ; instaad of which is a fissure through which the stamens are is- 
stFtcd. 

CrLTlYATUD EJTOTICS. 

29. OCYMUM, Linn. Basil. 

Gr. csa, to smell ; on account of the powerful scent of the plants. 

Calyx 2 -lipped; upper Up orbicular; hirer 4-eIeft 
Corolla inverted or sub-bilabiate ; the 4 upper lobes nearly 
equal, the lower one declinate, undivided, flat or concave, 
(•annate or saccate. Stamens 4, declined ; exterior fila- 
ments with a process at their base. 

0. Basilicum, L. Royal Ocymwrn. direct Basil. 

Leaves smooth, ovate-oblong, subdentate, petiolate; calyx fringed. An exotic 
nn-oual from Persia, cultivated for its delightful odor. Stem abdut'a foot high, 
branched, retrorsely pubes-cent above. Leaves smooth and soft, variously colored. 
i'lvvecrs white, in simple terminal racemes. 

80. LAVENDULA, Linn. Lavender. 

Lat. lavare, to wash; the distilled water of this plant being used as a cosmetic. 

Calyx tubular, nearly equal, 13 or rarely 15-ribbed, with 
>5 short teeth, the upper one often largest. -Corolla 2- 
lipped; upper lip 2-lobed ; lower 8-lobed. .Stamens 4, 
•declined ; filaments smooth, distinct, not toothed. — A small 
genus of ode ri/erous shrubby plants ;, with narrow rigid leaves, 
and small white flowers. 

L. sriCA, L. Common Lavender. 

CLcava linear-lanceolate, tapering to the baec^ 6caeik, revolute at the edge, the 



LABI AT M. 205 



upper ones linear! anceclate ; spt?:e; interrupted; bracts awl-shaped. Native in 
the .South of Europe A perennial aromatic plant, exhaling a delightful fragrance. 
12 to IS inches high, branching from the base. Leaves crowded at the base of the 
branches, clothtd with a whitish down. Corolla pale-lilac, much exserted. July. 

31. ROSEMARINUS, Linn. Rosemary. 

An ancient Latin name; ros. dew, and marinus. of the sea. 

Calyx ovate-bell- shaped, 2-lipped; upper lip entire, lower 
2-parted. Corolla bilabiate; upper Up 2 -parted; lower 

lip reflexed, 3-lobed, the -middle lobe largest. Stamens 2, 
ascending, inferior, exserted ; filaments toothed at base. 
Upper lobe of the style very short; stigmas minute, terminal. — 
An erect evergreen shrub, with opposite leaves, and bright blue axil- 
lary and terminal Jiowers. 

R. OFFICINALIS, L. Rosemary. 

Leaves sessile, linear, smooth, with revolute margins ; flowers peduneled. Ns. 
tive of South Europe. Leaves dark green and shining above, downy and sometimes 
whitish beneath. Flowers bright blue, having like the leaves a strong aromatic 
fragrance like camphor. 

32. SATUREJA, Linn. Sayory. 

Arabic s&tur, the general name for labiate plants. 

Calyx 5-toothed, tubular, 10-ribbed. Corolla bilabiate, 
imh the segments nearly equal. Stamens 2 to 4 diverging, 
scarcely exserted. — A cultivated perennial, with numerous 
small narrow leaves, and axillary cymes of pink- colored Jiowers. 

S. hortensis, L. Summer Savory. 

Stem branching; leaves linear-oblong, entire, acute at the ends: peduncles axil- 
lary, cymos*. Native of Italy. Cultivated as a culinary aromatic. Stem bushy, 
1 to V-/ 2 feet high, woody at bs.se, often purple . Calyx about as long as the ccrclla 
(brolla pink-colored- July, Aug. 

33. HYSSOPUS, Linn. Hyssop. 

Hebrew ezob ; Arabic azznf ; English hyssop. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla 2-lip.ped; upper lip erect, 
Hat, emarginate, lower lip 3-parted, the middle segment 
largest, the tube about as long as the calyx. Stamens 2 to 
4, exserted, diverging. — A showy perennial, with delicate 

foliage, and bright blue Jiowers in one sided verticels. 

H. OFFICINALIS, L. Common Hyssop. 

Leaves linear-lanc?olate, acute, entire, sessile; calyx-teeth erect, middle division 
of the corolla 2-lobtd, entire. Native of South Europe; cultivated for its reputed 
medicinal properties. Plant 2 feet high, tuft«d. Flowers bright blue, appearing 
in July. 

H2 



2.QQ BORAGINACE^. 



Order 75. BORA GIN ACEE.— Borage Family. 

Herbs, chiefly rough-hniry, with alternate entire leaves, and sy metrical flowers with 
a h-parted calyx, a regular b-lobed corolla, 5 stamens inserU-d, on its tube, and a deeply 
4-lobed ovary ivhieh forms in fruit 4 seed-like nutlets surrounding the base of tfrt 
single seed. Flowebs axillary, or mostly in one-sided racemes or spikes which 4ir» 
xcvolute (circinate) before expansion, and often bractless. 

I. ECHIUM, Tourn. Viper's Bugloss. 

Gr. echio, aTiper; from the spotted stem of some species. 

Calyx 5-parted; segments subulate, erect. Corolla 
bell-shaped or funnel-form, -with an unequally spreading 5- 
lobed border ) lobes rounded, throat expanded, naked. Sta- 
mens 5, mostly exserted, unequal. Style filiform. Aciienia 
tuberculate, imperforate. — Herbs or shrubs, with entire leaves 
mid irregular cyanic Jlowers, in spicate panicltd racemes. 

E. vulgare, L. Yijzer's Bvgloss*. Blue-icecd. 

Rough-bristly; stem erect, mostly simple ; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile 4 
spikes lateral; hairy, deflected; corolla-tube shorter than the calyx. 

Roadsides and meadows, rare, introduced. June. Biennial. Stem 18 to 20 
inches high. 2^'-r«i - :2 to 6 inches long, and x /^ to 1 inch wide. v.j per ones clasping, entire, 
dull green. Flowers in short lateral spikes, at first spreading, than erect, disposed 
in a long and narrow raceme ; corolla reddish-purple changing to violei-blue. 

2. LYCOPSIS, Linn. Eugloss. 

■Gr. hicos, a wolf, and opsis, appearance. 

Corolla funnel-form, with a curved tube ; the throat 
closed with 5 convex obtuse bristly scales placed opposite 
the lobes. Stamens 5, and with the style included. 
Achenia rough-wrinkled, concave (perforate) at the base. — 
Annual herbs, with blae fiowers, distinguished from Anchusa only 
by the curved corolla tube. 

L. ARVENSIS, L. Small Bugloss. 

Very rough-bristly; leaves lanceolate, obscurely toothed, the upper partly clasp- 
ing; flcicers in leafy racemes; calyx as long (or nearly as long) as the tube of the 
■corolla. 

Dry or sandy fields and roadsides, sparingly naturalized. June, July. Stem 1 
foot high, erect, branching, roundish. Leaves 5 or 6 times as long as wide. Flow- 
*rs small. Corolla sky-blue with white scales within. 

3. SYMPHYTUM, Tourn. Comfrey. 

Gr. sumphein,to grow together; probably in allusion to its reputed heal ing virtues. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla oblong-tubular, inflated above, 
5-toothed, the throat closed with 5 converging linear-subu- 
late scales. Stamens included ; anthers elongated. Style 



BORAGINACEiE. 267 



aliform. Achenia smooth, ovate, fixed by a large perforate 
base. — Coarse perennial herbs, with thick mucilaginous roots r 
aid onesided nodding racemes, single or in pairs, 

S. OFFICINALE, L. Common Comfrey. 

ILiiry; stem branched, winged- above by tbc decurrent leaves, lower ovate-lance- 
Pate, petiolate, upper asid' ./braZ lanceolate ; sepals lanceolate; corolla limb with*' 
recurved teeth. 

Moist places, naturalized, cultivated in gardens. June. Whole plant rough 
with deu^e hairs. Si'm 2 to 3 feet high, bearing terminal revolute racemes of 
white anl pink flowers appearing all summer, lloct medicinal. 

4. ONOSMODIUM, Miclix. False Gromwell. 

So called from its near resemblance to the genus Onosma. 

Calyx deeply 5-parted, with linear segments. Corolla 
eblong- tubular, with b erect lobes, naked in the throat; sey 
mints converging. Anthers included, nearly sessile, sagit- 
tate. Style much exserted, smooth. Achenia ovoid, 
smooth and shining, fixed by a fiat base. — Perennial herbs, 
with eblong sessile nerved leaves, and yellowish-white Jiowers in 
terminal and one sided 7 erect, leafy bracted spiked racemes. 

1. 0. YiRaiNiANini, DCL Yirginiaru Onosmodium. 

Clothed with harsh appresscd bristles ; leaves obloiig or oblong -lanceolate, the- 
lower narrowed at the base; calyx-lobes lanceolate, half as long as the corolla,. 
Bearded with long bristles outside- (Lithospcrmiimi Virginianum, L.) 

Banks and hillsides. Jane — Aug. A very rough erect plant about 18 inches 
high. Leaves 1 to 2}4 inches long, ]4 to % inch wide, 3 to 5 veined. Flowers 
greenish-white, in leafy racemes, which are recurved at first, at length erect. 

2. 0. Carolinanum, DC. Carolina Onosmodium. 

Clothed with long spreading bristly hairs; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblocg- 
lanceolate, acute; corolla twice as long as the calyx, with deltoid-ovate lobes; 
talyxlobe'S lanceolate; anthers oblong, longer than the narrow filaments. 

River banks and Rocky hills. June, July. Stem stout, upright, 3 to -i feet high., 
Lvives 2 to -i inches long, thickly clothed with long and shaggy hairs. OordlUsr 
lobes more or less hairy on the back. 

5. LITHO&PERMTJM, Tourn. Gromwell. 

Gr. Mhos, a stone, and spertneC', seed; from the hard or stony seed.. 

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, or- 
rarely salver- form, 5-lobed; lobes rounded; throat open, 
mostly furnished with 5 small folds or gibbous projections. 
Stamens included; anthers oblong, nearly sessile. 
Achenia ovate, smooth or wrinkled, imperforate at base. — 
Herbs, ivith rough-hairy or downy mostly sessile leaves, and spiked 
or razemzd leafy -bracted white or yellow flowers. 



268 B0RAGINACE2E. 



* Flowers white. 

r. L. ARYENSE, L. Corn Gromwell. Wheat-thief. 

Slender, hoary with minute appressed hairs; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo- 
late; calyx nearly equal to the corolla, with spreading segments; racemes few-flow- 
ered, the lower flowers remote. 

Grainfields, and waste grounds. June, July. Annual. Stem, 12 to 18 inches 
high, more or less branched. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, brigth green, rough- Flow- 
ers small, white, subsessile, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves. 

2. L. officinale, L, Common Gromwell. 

Stem herbaceous, erect, very branching above; leaves broadly lanceolate, acute* 
veiny; calyx about as long as the tube of the corolla; achenia very smooth. 

Waste grounds, introduced, sparingly naturalized. June, July. Stems much 
branched, clustered, 12 to IS inches high. Leaves grayish-green, rough on the- up- 
per side, hairy beneath 2 to 3 inches leng, % to % wide. Flowers small/white, 
axillary, in leafy spike-like racemes. 

** Flowers yellow. Perennials. 

3. L. hirtum, Lehm. Hairy Piiccoon. 

Herbaceous, hairy absve, ereet; leaves linear-lanceolate, rough -hairy, obtuse; the 
floral ovate-lanceolate ; coroIZo-tube about as long as the calyx, bearded at the base 
inside, lobes obovate ; schema .ovoid, shining. 

Dry woods. May, July. Stems 8 to 12 inches high, clasterei. Flowers crowded 
in some what ^corpoid -racemes. Corolla large, orange yellow.- 

6. MYOSOTIS, Linn. Forget-me-not. 

Gr. mus, mouse, and ons, otos, ear, in allusion to the lsaves of some species. 

Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla salver- form ; tube 
short; limb flat; throat closed with 5 short arching ap- 
pendages. Stamens 5, included, on short filaments. Ache- 
nia smeoth compressed. — Low and mostly soft-hairy herbs, 
with entire leaves, and 'small blue or white flowers in naked racemes . 

1. M. stricta, Link. Field Scorpion Grass. 

Whole plant somewhat hoary; stem, erect, simple or branched; leaves oblong-, 
obtuse; raceme leafy at the base, long; pedicels erect in fruit, rather shorter than 
the 5-cleft calyx, corolla-tube included. (M. arvensis, Picrsh, M. verna, Nutt.) 

Dry hills and sandy woods, rare. May— July. Ann. Whole plant of a grayish 
hue from its dense pubescence, 4 to 10 inches high, at length much branched. 
Leaves }A to 1 inch long, sessile, acutish, the lower ones obtuse. Flowers very 
small, white or pale blue, on terminal revolute racemes, short at first but at length 
6 to 8 inches long. 

2. M. laxa, Lehm. Marsh Scorpion Grass, lorget-me-not. 

Ascending sberns rooting along at the base, terete, branching, sprinkled with 
minute appressed hairs; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse ; pedicels filiform, longer than 
the flowers, spreading; calyx 5-cleft; style very short. 

Ditches and marshy places, common. June — Sept. Per. Stem.6 te 15 inches 
high, ascending from long creeping roots. Leaves scattered, sessile, 1 tc 3 inches 
long, % to y 2 inch wide, the lower often petioled. Flowers small bright blue with 
a yellowish eye, on pedicels x /i\.o x / 2 inch long. 

3. M. palustris, With. True Forget-me-not. 

"^hole plant more or less hairy; stem angled; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuti»h«; 



EORAGIXACS.-E. 269 



style- nearly as long as the 5 toothed calyx May — Sept. Per. Native ©f Europe", 
probably wrongiy attributed to this country also. Stem creeping, and with th# 
leaves coTered with cJose appressed hairs. CjrUla bright Blue, with a yellow eve, 
Ys to J4 inch la diameter. 

7.' MERTEXSIA', Roth. Lungwort. 

Ia honor of Prof. Martens, an early German botanist. 

Calyx sliort, 5-clcft or 5-partcd. Corolla trumpet- 
shaped, much longer than the calyx, naked or with 5 small 
folds in the throat; harder; spreading, '5 -lobed. - Stamens 
inserted in th 3 upper part of the tube, protruding. Style 
long and filiform. Aciienia ovoid, smooth or somewhat 
wrinkled. — Smooth! perennial herbs, with pale entire ovale 
Vtkivti, and showy purplish blue (rare!y while) flowers in terminal 
race in ss. 



M. YlRGINTCA, DO. Virginian Cowslip. Lungwort. 

S.'em upright; radical le&ves ovate-oblong, obtuse; stum-leaves narrower: racemes 
at fir^t corymbei, elongated in frait; corolla 4 times as long as tha calyx,, naked 
ia the throat. (Pulmonaria Virgihica.) 

All uyial bank*, often cnlt'Yatel. May. A '- showy plant 10 to 20 inches high, 
wsfcb sm Kith simiwkt glaucous Leaves, 4 to S inches long. Flowers large, bright. 
blue, 1 iacb. long. 

8. ECHINOSPERMUM, Swartz. Stickseelv 

<3t. eJstnos. a hedgehog, and spenma. seed; from the prickly nutlet?. 

Calyx 5 parted. Corolla salver-form, short;, throat 
closed by short scales, the limb with obtuse lobe3. Stamens 
included. Achenia erect, fixed to a central column, triangu- 
lar or compressed, the margin armed with prickles, barbed 
st- the apex. — Rough-hairy and grayish herbs, ivitli oblong or 
linear leaves, and small blue flowers in bracted racemes. 

E. Lappula, Lehln; Common JSiiekseed. Burrseed. 

Stem erect, branched aboYej'fearas lanceolate, sessile, bristly-ciliate: coniila 
longer than tbe calyx, border creet, spreading; aclttnia with 2 rows of hosted 
prickles on the margin. 

Roadsides, probably introduced. July, Aug. Ann. Stem erect, 10 to 20 inches' 
high. Leaves 1 inch long,' % to y± wide". FkAoers minute, blue, in leafy racemes. 

K' CTNOaLOSSUM, Tourn. Hound's-tongue. 

Gr. Jcuon, a dog, and glossa, a tongue; in allusion to the form of the leajfeSi 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, funnel-form,, the threat 
closed with 5 obtuse scales ; lobes rounded. Stamens in- 
cluded. Achenia depressed or convex, laterally affixed to 
the base of the style, covered with short hocked oricklc? — 
112* 






270 BOR AGIN ACE 35. 



Coarse herbs, with mostly panicled racemes of blue, purple or white 
flowers, naked above but usually braciedat the base. 

1. C. officinale, L. Common Hound' s-tongue. 

Clothed with silky hair?, leafy, panicled aboye ; loioer leaves lanceolate, obi on? , 
attenuated into a petiole; upper lanceolate, closely sessile by a rounded or slightly 
heart-shaped base; racemes without bracts ; oalyxlobes oblong, obtuse, shorter than 
the corolla. 

Waste grounds, introduced. May, June. Bienniel. An errct downy plant of 
a dull green color, 18 to 20 inches high. Lower leaves 6 to 10 inches long ant 1 to 
2 inches wide. Flowers purplish-red in naked one-sided racemes. Fruit rough, 
adhering to the fleece of sheep. 

2. C. Virginicum, L. Wild Comfrey. 

Rough: -h with spreading bristly hairs ; siem simple, with few leaves ; lower leaves 
oval-oblong, petiolate ■ upper lance-oblong,clasping by a deep heart-shaped base ; 
raesmes somewhat corymbose, naked ; cslyx tol-es acute, villous, about half as long 
as the tabe of the sorolla-s. 

Rich shady /woodg. May. .Tune. Per. Stein 2 to 3 feet high, very hairy. Root 
laves 5 to 6 inches long and half as wide. Flowers pale blue or nearly white, in 
a terminal corymbose panicle. 

3. C. Morisoni, DC. Beggers Lice. 

Stem erect, hairy, broadly branched, leafy ; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, tapering 
to the base, thin, minutely downy underneath and roughish above ; raccm.es pani- 
cking, diverging^ hairy, with leafy bracts at the- base; pedicels refiexed in 
fru.-.t.- 

Borders of woods, rather common. July. Bienniel. Seem 2 to 3 feet h\srh, fur- 
rowed, with many slender remote branches. Leaves entire, remote, 3 to 4 inches 
long, tapering to eanh end. FVow&rs very small, white or pale blue in forked ter- 
minal racemes. Pedicels reflexed in fruit. Aclienia convex, the prickles with bar- 
bed points. 

CULTIVATED EATGTICS. 

10. BOBAGO, Tourn. Borage. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-form, with acute seg- 
ments j throat closed with rays. Filaments converging. 
Achenia rounded, imperforate at base, inserted lengthwise 
into an excavated receptacle. — European herbs, with alternate 
rough leaves, and -mostly blue flowers in one-sided clusters revolutt 
before expansion . 

B. officinalis, E. Common Borage. 

Leaves ovate, alternate, the lower ones petioled; calyx spreading; peduncle ter- 
minal, many-flowered. Annual. The whole plant is rough with short bristly 
hairs, erect, l_to 2. feet high. Flowers in terminal clusters, sky blue, flowering all 
summer. 

11: ANCHUSA, Linn; Bugloss-. 
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, vaulted ; tube- 
straight; orifice closed with 5 prominent scales* Stamens- 



HYDROPH YLL ACE M. 271 



included. Stigma emarginate. Achenia perforate at the 
base, with mostly rugose surfaces. — Showy, mostly Euro*- 
pean plants with cyanic flowers. 

A. officianalis, L. Bagloss Ox-tongue. 

Leaves lanceolate, clothed with short stiff appressed hairs ; spilces one-sided, im-= 
b'ricated; calyx as long a3 the tube of the corolla. A rough garden plant, native 
of Britain. Stem 2 feet high, rough with bri?tly hairs. Leaves long, rough, 
Bracts orate. I lowers purple, with a long hairy corolla, very attractive to beeg*- 

12. PULMONARIA, Linn. Lungwort. 

Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel- 
form, with a cylindrical tube ; orifice hairy in 5 lines al- 
ternating with the stamens. Achenia imperforate. — Euro- 
pean perennial herbs, with mostly blue flowers. 

P. officianalis, L. Common Lungwort. 

Plant rough; radical leaves ovate, cordate, Feabrous; stem leaves ovate, .fe^s'l--, 
talyx as long as the corolla tube. Native of England,' but naturalized and culti- 
vated in our gard -us. Stem 10 to 15 inches high, wich rough loaves. Flowers-* 
blue, in terminal clusters. 

Order 70. HTDROPEITLLAGEJE!.— Waterhaf Family, 

Herbs, cvtniiori'y hairy, with mostly alternate and ad-tebed leaves, regular 5 ported 
a-nd b-androus blue or white flowers, and an ovoid entirel-cclled ovary, with 2 parietal' 
few to many ovuled placenta, which usually project into the cell and often lines it like • 
xn interior capsule. Stile 2-cleft above. Capsule globular, 2-valved few-seeded. 

1. HYDROPHYLLUM, Linn. Water-leaf. 

Gr. hudor, water, and phulfon, leaf, of -no obvious application to the plant. 

Calyx 5-parted, rarely with a small appendage in each 
sinus. Corolla bell-shap3d, 5-cleft, the tube furnished with 
5 longitudinal appendages opposite the lobe which cohere by 
their middle, with- their edges folded inwards, formings, 
nectcriferous groove. Stamens 5, exserted; filaments more 
or less bearded. Ovary bristly-hairy. Capsule globose, 
2-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded, 3 of the seeds mostly abortive. — 
Nurth American perennial herbs, with petioledpinnately or palmate- 
hj veined haves, and scorpoid braclless clustered cymes of white or 
pale blue flowers. 

* Calyx not appendaged ; filaments much exseried. 

1. H. macrophyllum, Nutt. Great Waterhaf. 

Rough hairy; leaves oblong, pinnato and pinnatifid, tbe divisions ovate, obtasa s . 
•oarsely cut-toothed: peduncle very long; calyx-lobes laneeolate-a«uminate withn 
broad base, very hairy. 



272 HYDROPIIYLLACE.E. 



Allegheny mountains. July. Stem about 1 foot hiarh, almost leafless. Foot- 
leaves 1 foot long, with 9 to 13 divisions. Flowers whife in a terminal g'obose 
syine, crowded. Corolla, twice longer than the sepals. Fihime.nls % inch long. 

2. H. VlRGlNlC¥M, L. Virginian Waterleaf. 

Smoothish; leaves pinnately divided; the divisions ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 
pointedj sharply cut-toothed, the lowest mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confluent; 
peduncle?, as long as the petioles; calyx-lobes narrow-linear, bristly-ciliate. 

Rich moist woods and fence-rows ; common. June. Stem 12 to 16 inches high, 
often branched from the base. Leaves pinnately cut into 5 to 7 segments, on long 
petioles. Flowers white or blue, in crowded clusters: on forked peduncles. 

3. IT. CanADENSE, L. Canadian Waterleaf. 

Nearly smooth: leaves palmately 5 to 7-lobad, rounded, h^art^shaped at th<a base, 
unequally toothed; the radical leaves sometimes with 2 or 3 small and scattered 
lateral leaflets; pa$unel& mostly shorter than the long petioles, forked, the crowd- 
ed flowers on very short petioles. 

Shady woods. .Tun". Stem 12 to 18 inches high, arisincr from a thickened root- 
stock. Leaves 3 to 5 inches htaad ; lohe? broad, cut and toothed. Fuseictes dense, 
axillary and terminal. Corolla white or variously tinged with purple, ;.-J to "< inch 
broad. Filaments hairy about half way up. 

**Qn'd\la appendaged between the sepals at bcese; rtj.mens scarcely vzcudinj the 
tcrolla. 

4. H. APPENDICULATUM, Miclix. Hairy Waterleaf! 

Hairy; stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed, rounded; the lobes toothed and pointed 
the lowest pinnately divided; cymes rather loosely flowered'; sepals lance-subulate. 
(Nemophila panieulata, Spreng.) 

Maist wools, not common. May. S&m 12 to IS inches high, branched. Lsares 
on petioles 1 to 4 inches long, roundish in outline, the broad acute lobes diverging 
in a stellate manner. Cdyx nearly ^ inch lung, appendages defiexed, 1 inch long. 
Chrdla blue, on long peduncles. 

2. PHACELIA, Jtiss. 

Qr.p\alelos. a fascicle, probably in allusion to the clustered or forked racemes. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open b'cll-sbape'd, 5-cleft', the 
scale-like appendages in the tube sometimes obsolete. vary 
with 2 linear adherent placentae," each 2-ovuled. Capsule 
ovoid, 2-valved, 4-seeded. — Hairy herbs, with alternate di- 
vided leaves and usually pale blue flowers in forked scorpoid racemes 
or raceme like cymes. 

1. P. bipinnatifida, Micbx: Pinnatifid PJfacelia. 

Stsr.i somewhat erect, branching, hairy; leaves pinnately divided, the divisions 
or leaflets ovate, acute, ineisely lobed or pinnatifid ; racemes elongated 2 to 4 part- 
ed, many-flowered; corolla-lolies entire, twice as long as the linear- aeuminate calyx. 

Shaded banks end damp woods, rare. May, June. Ann. Stem 10 to 20 inches 
high, often much branched from nearthe base. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, including 
the petiole, thin and smoothish, bright blue % to %inch in diameter, the grooves 
bordered with narrow pubescent margins. Raceme erect in fruit. 

2. P. Purshii, Buckley. Fimbriate Pliacelia. 

Whole plant hairy; stem upright o? ascending ; Irnver leaves pinnately divided, 
p*tiolate, the segments few and entire; upper deeply pinnatifid, eoss-ile and partly 
clasping, the lobes lanceolate, acute-or pointed, entire; raceme 8 to 10-Oowered. ska-- 



HYDIiOPHYLLACE/E. 273 



plo; pedicels elongated; calyx-lobes lancc-linear, acutish; corolla fimbriate. (P. 
fimbriata, Pursh. Cosmanthus fimbriatus, Nolte.) 

Moist woods and river bottoms. April — June. Biennial. Plant 8 to 1 2 inches 
high, slender and with slender branshes. C->rolla li^ht bine, ^ to % inch in. 
diameter, strongly laciniato-fringed, nearly destitute of folds and scales inside. 

3', COSMANTHUS, Nolte. 

Gr. Jiosvios, elegance, anthos, a flower. 

Calyx 5-parted, the sinuses naked. Corolla broadly? 
bell-shaped, 5-cleffc, without scales. Stamens 5, slender, 
about as long as the corolla. Style bifid; ovary 1-celled, 
hairy above. Capsule 2-valved, septiferous in the middle, 
2. to 4, sometimes 8-seeded. — North American annual herbs, 
with.allernate leaves, and white or pale bluejlowers, in long bractlesa 
racemes. 

C. parviflorus, DC. Small -flowered Cosmanthus. 

Diffuse, pubescent; leaves pinnatifid and trifid, middle lobe obovate, lateral acute, 
diverging; lower leaves petiolate, upper sessile; raceme solitary ; calyx-lobes lance- 
ovate, shorter than the corolla ; stamens exserted ; filaments hairy at base. 

River banks and hillsides, common along the Susquehanna. May. Stem, often 
branched from the base, 4 to 8 inches high. Corolla smooth, pale blue inclining to 
violet, greenish white in.the centra, the divisions rounded., 

4. EUTOCA. 

Gr. eutolcos, fruitful 

Galyx^ 5vparted. Corolla 5>cleft, broadly, bell-shaped,, 
caducous, the tube without appendages. Stamens 5, as 
long as- the corolla. Style bifid; ovary hairy. Capstjlb 
1-celled, 2-valved, the valves septiferous in the middle.- 
Seeds numerous, rugulose. — Annual.^ with alternate leaves 
and showy blue or white flowers. 

E. vescida. Viscid Eutoca. 

&fc.7i..ascending, branched, covered with a viscid, glandular pubescence; leaves 
ovate-cordate, crenate-serrate ; corolla broadly bell-shaped or salver-form. A beau- 
tiful garden annual, often cultivated. Sternal to 2ieet high, very vieced, emitting 
a very disagreeable odor. Calyx-segments narrow, % as long as the corolla-lobes 
CcrcUa deep-blue with a. white centre sprinkled with purple in ths form of a. 
pentagon, % to 1 inch in diameter- Filaments hairy. 

5. NEMOPHILA. Grove-love. 

Gr. nemos, a grove, and phileo, to love ; so called from its habitat. 

Calyx 10-parted, the alternate lobes reflexed. Corolla 
fiat bell-shaped, 5-lobed'; the lobes emargihate, with necteri-r 
ferous cavities at the base. Stamens shorter than the eor- 
olla. Capsule fleshy, 2-valved, 4-seeded, , 



274 POLEMOMACE.E. 



1. N. INSIGNIS. Blue Grove-love. 

Li-uses alternate, pinnatifid, with some of the divisions lobed ; calyx }/ 2 the length 
of the corolla, with acute segments; lobes of Vie. corolla roundel, slightly emargin- 
ate : anhers sagittate ; style biSd. A beautiful garden annual 6 to S inches high. 
Stem branched. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, }^ inch wide, the petiole bsset with 
hairs along each side. Pe.Awn.sUs very long terete, 1-flowered. Corolla sky blue, 
white in the centre. Anthers dark purple. June — Aug. 

N. atom vtua, has white flowers, spotted with brown or- black, sometimes found' 
in- eultivation. 

Order 77. POLEMOSn/LOEST.— PO/ewaniM/n Family-. 



Herbs, roith altemiie or opposite lettvgs, regular 5-merous and h-androus flowers,, 
he lobes of the corolla cmvolute. in the bud. a Z-cdled ovary and B-tobed styU, the cip- 
sule, Z-celkd, %-vvdved\ loculicidal, few-many-seeded. Calyx 5-c:eft. persistent. Co- 
rolla with a 5-cleft border. Stamens often unequal or unequally inserted en the: 
£ube of the corolla. 

1. PHLOX, Linn. Lyciinidia. 

(St. phlox, flame, an ancient name of Lychnis, transfered to this genus. 

Calyx somewhat prismatic, the segments erect. Corol- 
la salver-forin, the tube slender, somewhat curved, the limbs 
flat, 5-lobed. Stamens very unequally inserted in the tube 
of the corolla. Capsule ovoid, with a single seed in each 
cell. — Chiefly perennial Nbrfh American plcmts, with oppo- 
site sessile mostly entire haves, and purple pink or ichite flowers, in 
open clusters terminal or crowded in the upper axils, cymose, motily- 
dracted. 
* Lobes of the corolla entire. Perennials. 

1. P. PANICULATA, L. Panichd Phlox. 

Tall and stout, smooth; leaves oblong-lanceolate; lanceolate and* ovate-lanceolate,, 
acuminate, large, tapering at the base, the upper often heart-shaped at the base; 
jmnicZ^ pyrauiidal-corynibed, many -flowered; calyx-teeth awn-pointed; corolladobes 
obovate. 

Rich woods and meadows, cultivated in gardens. June, July. Stem 2 to 3 feet 
nigh. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, %to \\^ wide, the lower ones distinctly pttioled. 
Flowers very numerous, pink-purple varying to white, in a large oblong terminal 
panicle. Var. acuminata, (P. acuminata, Pursh.) has the broad and acuminate, 
leaves downy underneath, like the stem, which is likewise occasionally spotted 
below. 

2. P. maculata, L. Spotted Phlox. 

Smooth or slightly roughish ; stem erect, simple, spotted with purple ; lower leaves 
lanceolate, the tipper nearly ovate-lanceolate, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped 
at the base; panicle oblong, thyreoid or somewhat pyramidal; calyx-teeth triangu 
lar-lanceolate, short, scarcely pointed. 

Rich woods, moist meadows and river banks, common, often cultivated. June — 
July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, mostly simple, sometim--s spotted with dark purple. 
Flowers mostly purple or crimson, sometimes white, when it is P. 8uav«olens, Alt.. 



FOLEMONIACEiE. 275 



\Vh~n the lower branches of the panicle are elongated so as to form a pyramidal 
panicle, it is P. pyraniidalis, Smith. 

3. P. Carolina, L. Carolina PIilox. 

Smooth; stem rather slender, branched at the base, ascending; leaves oblcng- 
l&ncv.o!ate or the upper ovate-lanceolate, acute, the lower with a slender tapering 
base, the upper sessile by a rounded base, margins revolute; calyx-teeth short-acu- 
minate: corollaAube awned, segments entire. 

Open woods and barren places, not common. Jane. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high 
from a decumbent or creeping base. Le ives 2 to 4 inches long, mostly quite nar- 
r o r, 5^ to n inch wide, thick ani shining. Flowers large, pink-purple, 15 to 2o in 
a corymbose panicle. 

4. P. riLGSA, L. Sairy Phlox, 

Downy-hairy throughout; stems slender, rather upright; leaves lance-linear, or 
iarrowly acute, the uppermost broadest at the base ; flowers loosely eorynibed ; 

-'i hair;-, very long, awa-'ike; coroUa-lobes obovate, entire. 
Barrens and wet places, M iy, June. Stem 10 to 20 inches high, weak. Leaves 
l'-4 to 3 inches long, V£ to Y : inch wide, with the margins revolute. Flowers~roaeh 
purple or pale, the c9i.*oila-tube a third longer than the long, slender teeth of tha 
calyx. 

5. P. REPTENS, Miehx. Creeping Phlox. 

Pubescent; stem erect with procumbent suckers at base; lower leaves roundish- 
•obovatc, thick, those of the stem small, oval or oblong, obtuse; cyme simple, 3 1o 
B-flowered; calyx-teeth linear-awi-shaped. 

Damp woods and rojky places, rare. April, May. Runners creeping and bear- 
ing roundish-obovate leaves, tapering into short margined petioles. Stem low. 4 to 
hes high, ascending, elammy-pubescent", with leaves j/ 2 t0 /i i ucn l° n e: 34 to 
% wide, renute. Flowers large, reddish-purple or crimson. 

* * Lobes of the corolla notched at the end. Perennial. 

6. P. DIVARICATA, L. E ' rrlij-floicering Phlox. 

Minutely downy, loosely branched from the base, the flowering stems ascending ; 
haves oval-lanceolate or oblong, obtu=e ; cyme corymbose-panicled, loosely flowered; 
calyx-tzeth linear-awl-shaped; corolla-lobes inversely heart-shaped. 

Rocky damp woods and fence-rows, common. May. Flowerinff-stems 9 to 15 
inches high. Upper leaves nearly clasping and often alternate. Flowers large, of 
a peculiar brilliant grayish-blue color. 

7. P. subulata, L. Moss Pink. Mountain Pink. 

Minutely downy; tufced, procumbent, much branched; leaves awl-shaped ©r 
narrow-linear, somewhat rigid, crowded and with numerous smaller ones clustered 

the axils; corymb few-flowered; calyx-teeth awl-shapecl ; corolla-lobes wedge-shaped, 
emarginate. 

Dry hills and sandy banks, common. April, May. A showy plant, forming low 
matted and prostrate tufts, often cultivated in gardens. Stem ti to 12 inches long, 
with numerous assurgent branches. 2 to 8 inches high. Leaves % inch long. 
V bowers pink-purple or rose-color rarely white with a purple centre, 6 to 5 in on» 
■corymb. 

* * * Lobes of the corolla entire. Annual. 

8. P. Drummondii, Hook. Drummondi Phlox. 

Erect, dichotomously branched, glandular-pilose; leaves oblong or lancelate, 
.scabrous ; corymb dense-flowered ; calyx hairy, segments lanceolate, setaceous, 
•elongated, revolute ; corolla-tube pilose, segments obovate entire. July, Aug. A 
beautiful annual species, native of Texas, common in cultivation. Stem 8 to 12 
inches high, and with the leaves rough-glandular. Flowers very showy, all 
from white to dark-purple, with a deeper colored centre. 



278 CONVOLYULACE^E. 



A vigorous climber, in hedges an 1 low grounds; Jans. July; cultivated. Ftow- 
ers about 2 inches in diameter, wait e, often tiaged with, rose-color, opening at dawn 
and cloudy weather. 

2. G. fSPtSKAMMA.j Pursh. Erect Bindweed. 

Downy; stem low, and mostly simple, erect or ascending; leaves oblong-Ianceo- 
late, sabcordate or auricled at base, obtuse or pointed at the apex; peduncles 
usually longer than the leaves, 1-dowered. (CouvolruluS sfcans, Michs.) 

Dry fields and hilly pastures. Jan?, July. Stem, 6 to 12 inches high, noh twin- 
ing, branching, leafy. L<iaves 2 to 3 inches' Ion?. }4 as wide, with an abrupt, cor- 
date base, on petioies, % to % inch long. Flomirs 2 inches long, white on pe- 
duncles 2 to & inches long. Bracts concealing the calyx. 

% CONVOLVULUS, Linn. Mining- Globf, 

Lat. convolvo, to entwine. 

Calyx 5-parted ; naked. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel- 
form, with a spreading nearly entire or 5-lobed border. 
Stamens 5, mostly included. Style I, often 2-eleft at the 
•apex; stigmas 2, rarely 3. Capsule 2 to 3-celled, 2 to 3- 
yalved. — Chiefly twining or trailing plants, often with milky 
juice, and axillary peduncles, 1-many fiwered. 

.Sec I. Coicvolvulus proper.— Stomas 2, linear; capmle 2 celled. 

1. C. ARVENSis, L. Small Bindweed. 

Stem procumbent or twining, low, angled, somewhat hairy; leaves ovate-oblong, 
arrow shaped, with acute lobes at the base ; peduncles mostly I-fiowered, bibraeteate, 
'near ihe base ; sepals roundish-ovate. 

Fields, common, introduced from Europe; a very troublesome weed. June, 
July. Stems several feet long. Leave* 1 to 2 inches long, the lower ones obtuse, 
on short petioles. Flowers 1 inch long, white, often with a tinge of red, on pe- 
duncles longer than the base. 

S:c ii. Ipjjicea, L. Stigmas 2, globular or united into one; capsule 2-celled, i- 
seeded. 

2. G. pandurattjs, L. Wild Potato-vine. 

Stem trailing or sometimes twining; leaves broad-cordate or panduriform: pe- 
duncles 1 to 5-flowcred, longer than the petioles; calyx smooth, with ovate-oblong 
Rivals; corolla open-funnel-form. 

Sandy fields and dry banks common. July, Aug. Stems long and stout, from 
a thick root which often weighs 10 to 20 pounds. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and 
about the same width, acute or obtuse, occasionally some of them are contracted 
at the side so as to be fiddle-shaped. Flowers 3 inches long, purplish and white, 
opening in the forenoon. Man-of-Lhc-earth. 

3. C. LACUNOSUS, Spreng. Morning- Glory* 

Rather smooth; stem creeping and twining, sleuder ; leaves heart-shaped, point- 
ed, angular-lobed or entire, on long petioles; peduncles very short, 1 to 3-ncwered ; 
sepcels oblong-lanceolate, acute, half as long as the corolla; corolla 5-lobed. 

Woods, dry fields and hills, rare. Aug., Sept. A small prostrate species, 2 to 6 
feet long. Leaves 3 inches long, 1% wide, deeply heart-shaped, often deeply 3-lobed ! 
petioles 1 to 3 inches long. Flowers % to % inch in diameter, % inch long, white 
■wits a purplish rim, the corolla 5-lobed. 

Sec. hi. Pharbitis, Choisy. — Stigmas mostly 3, united, capitate ; eaptult 3-oelled; 
ctUt 2-8eedcd. 



conyolyulaoe^:. 279 



4. C. Nil, L. Blue Morning -Glory. 

Stem hairy, twining; leaves cordate, 3-lobed, the intermediate lobe dilated at the 
base, the lateral ones shorter acute; peduncles short, 1 to 2-fiowered. 

A beautiful plant indigenous in the southern parts of the State, but known as a' 
garden plant. July — Sept. Calyx hairy, the segments long-acuminate. Flowers 
large, the tube -white and the border of a clear blue color. 

5. C. ruRPUREUS, L. Common Morning- Glory. 

Twining, hairy; leaves roundish-heart-shaped, entire, pointed; peduncles elonga- 
ted, 3 to 6-flowered'; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute; corolla funnel-form, with_ a 
spreading entire border. 

Fields and about gardens, common in cultivation. June — Sept. 'Stem climbing 
8 to 25 feet. Flowers- large, beautiful, dark-purple, violet, blue, pink, and some- 
times nearly white. 

S-C. iv. Batatus. Stigma capitate, 2-lobed; ovary 4 or by abortion 3 to 2-celled.- 

6. C. BATATU8, In Sweet Potato. 

Stem creeping, rarely twining ; leaves heart-shaped, hastate, angular, 5-veined r 
smoothish ; peduncles long ; flowers fascicled; sepals, lanceolate; acuminate- The 
sweet potato is found growing wild in both Indies, and is cultivated in all warm 
countries. The stem 13 round, hispid, prostrate, sending out scattered oblong 
tubers which are yellowish or purplish without- Flowers large purple and white,. 

3. QUAMOCLIT, Tourn. Cypress-vine. 

Gr. kuamos, a baan, Jditos, dwarf; resembles the climbing bean, but smaller. 

SePALS 5, mostly mucronate. Corolla tubular- cylindri- 
cal. Stamens exsertecl. Style 1; stigma capitate, 2- 
lobed; ovary 4-ceHed, cells 1-seedecL— Twining herbs, often 
with pinnatijid divided leaves, and delicate white yellow orange and 
mar let flowers. 

1. Q. VULGARIS, Choi3y. Jasmine Bindweed. 

Leaves pinnatifid to the midvein, segments linear, parallel, acute; peduncles 1 to- 
2-fiowered; sepals ovate lanceolate.- 

An exceeding delicate vino, common in cultivation. July, Aug. Ann. Stern 
smooth, very slender, twining and clim bing to the height of 5 to id feet. Flowers 
}4 to % inch, in diameter, scarlet varying to crimson and rose-color, sometimes 
white. Oyrollu-tube slender, limb fiat, 5-parted. 

2. Q. coccinea, Mcench. Scarlet-flowered Morning- Glory. 

Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire or angular at base; peduncles elongated,- 
about 5-flowered; calyx awned. Native of the Southern States, cultivated. July, 
Aug. Annual. Flowers scarlet or yellowish-tinged. 



Sub-order it. CUSCUTLNEiE. The Dodder Family 



Embryo slccaer, spirally coiled, entirely destitute of 
cotyledons. — Parasitic yellowish or reddish plants, with 
thread-like naked stems and minute scales in place of leaves. 

4. CUSCUTA, Tourn. Dodder. 
€alyx 5 (rarely 4) -cleft. Corolla globose- bell-shaped, 



289 S0LANACE2E. 



4 to 5-cleffc, Stamens 4 to 5, attached to the tube of tho 
corolla, furnished with a S3ale-like often fringed appendage 
at their base. Styles 2, distinct (or rarely united). Ovary 
2-celled", 4-ovuieel. Capsule mostly 4*-seeded. Embryo* 
thread-shaped, spirally coiled in the rather fleshy albumen, 
entirely destitute of cotyledons! — L-'.ajUss, chiefly annual 
yellowish or reddish herbs, with thread-like stems, bearing a 
few minute scales in place of leaves ; germinating in the .soil 
at length withering at the root- and becoming entirely parasitic 
on the bark of the herbs and shrubs ; flowers small cymose- 
clustered, mostly white. 

1. C EPILINUM, Wieke. Flax Dodder. 

Stems very slender ; flowers In small and dea^o scattered head*; corolla globusjir- 
cyliudrical. scarcely exceedingthe 5-parted calyx, feai*&$-small ; style at first upright,' 
liot.Iongu' than the ovary. 

Flax-fTold', onviDii; introduced from Europe. .Tan". Stem reddish-orange. 
JPlauizrs, yelloW'usijPwliite. Cdyx tlrclcish. Sii>n-.n; included. Stigma aoutc. CVj> 
sulz djpivs 'eJ-g!o*j33^, surrouu led with the witherin g corolla. 

2. C. GrRONOVIJ, Willd. Common Dodder. 

Steirt tbickish, branched.; Settles oblong, fimbriate; /lowers pedunclcJ : in close or 
open c.yims; orJllj. beli-shaped, 5-ck;ft;, with short spreading or reneged segments, 
with -ring at the b.iso of the capsule; c^-yz-lo'jcj brood-ovate, obtuse; style diverg- 
ing; stigitHt capitate. 

Low groun I ?, very noinm. cYi >fi/ o i horbi. Au? , S ; pi. Stem smooth, slender, 
8 to 5 fjjtloa;. an I with the s dales of a light orange- color, wholly destitute of 
green, always twin! i; from ri^'ii t"> left, or hanging in festoons. Calyx and cjrolr 
la more or ies? dotioi with pelluoid glands, yollp visa-white. 

3. C COMPAOTA, Juss. Compact-flowered Do Idcr. 
Brads and scjials orbicular, concpvve, appfessed, slightly crenate, much shorter 

than the slender cyliHdrlcal tube of the corolla. Flowers sessile, in dense clusters ; 
stamens shorter than tho linear-oblong spreading lobe; of tho corolla; scales piar 
aatifid-fringe 1. 
Dry grounds, on shrubs. Southern parts of the State.- 

Order 79." SDliUSTAOE^J. —Nightshade Family. 

l&rbaeeout or rarely shruVrj plant;, with a colorless jutes, allcrmte leaws, regular 
tanerous and i-androus flowers, and t'if. fruit a2-cMed (rarely ;>to 5-cclled) many- 
S9ecUd c ip-u'e or berry. Cilyx usually persistent. Cj:oi,ia plaited or infolded; 
valval; in the bud. Stamens mostly equally inserted on the corolla. Siyle and 
CTiGn.i single. Plaosni/S in the axis, often projecting far into the cells. SsiJDfl. 
Biparly amphltropous. 

1. NICOTIANA, Linn. Tobacco. 

In honor? of JohnNicot of Languedoc, who is suppo3pd to have introduced It into 
Europe. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla fuunol- 



SOLAN ACB.E. 281 



form or salver-form, usually with a long tube; border plait- 
ed, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2- 
celled, 2 to 4-valved from the apex. Seeds minute. — Bank 
aerid-nnrcatic herbs, mostly clammy pubescent, with large simple- 
entire I'ecres. and lurid Jlcivcrs in racemes or panicles, white tinged 
with green or purple. 

1. N. rustica, L. Wild Tobacco. 

Yisdd-pubercent; leaves petioled, ' ovate; ccrolld-tuie cylindrical, % longer than 
iho calyx, the lobes round.d. 

Sparingly naturalized near dwellings and old fl< -Ida. Said to hr.ro been intro- 
daoadby the Indians, Aug;. StiraVZio 8 inches high. Flowers greeni&h-yell&w, 
la a terminal panicle or racjrae. 

2. N-. Tacacum, L. Vu'fp'nian Tobacco. 

Titcrd- pubescent; leaves lanceolate, srgsile, deenrrcnt; cmoUa-tuhe inflated at 
ike throaty lobes acute. Native of Central America. Extensively cultivated in 
the Middle and Western States, and is exported in vast quantities. Stem 4 to 3 
feet high, paniculate above. Zee rex 1 to 2 feet long: 6 to 12 inches wide, entire. 
3?Iqpvera rose-color. July, Taken into tho stomach, this plant is a powerful nar- 
cotic poison. 

% DATURA, L. Jamestgt7n-Weed. 

Altered from the Arabic name, Tviorali. 

Calyx prismatic, 5-tootIied, separating transversely above 
the base in fruit. Corolla* funnel- form, with a large and 
spreading 5-toothed petioled border. Stamens 5. Stigma 
flipped. Capsule globular, prickly, 4-valved, 2-celled; 
cells 2 to 3-parted, many-seeded. — Narcotic-poisonfms rafiM 
weeds with ovate angular-toothed leaves, and latrgt and showy flow* 
era on short peduncles in the forks of thebranclung stems. 

D. Stramonium, L. Thorn- Apple. Ja??ie^ncn-Wced. 

Leav&i ovate, smooth^ angular-dentate; calix-tcith pointed-; capsula prickly, erect. 

Waste grounds and roadsides, common;, introduced. July— Sept. Annual. 
Plant 2 to 3 feat, often flowering when only 1 foot high. Stem smooth, hollow. 
Ltaves large, situated at the bsse of the 2-f, rked branches. Flowers 2 to 3 inches 
lOng, soiitary ; croWu iunvxel-ioitn, witli along tule and a plaited 5-tcethtd bordes, 
White with a Blight tinge of purple. Tho whole plant is poisonous* 

3. HY03CTAMU3, Tourn. Henbane. 

Gr. hztr, JSTaoSj a ha^, huaraos, a beau: tha fruit is said to bo not poisonous !a 

swine. 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothccl. Corolla funnel-form, ir- 
regular, border 5-lobed, plaited. Stamens 5, declined. 
Stigma capitate. Capsule ovoid, 2-celled, covered 'by the 
persistent calyx, opening transversely all round ' the apes: 
which falls off like a lid. — Clammy -pubescent rank herb^ 
with angled or toothed leaves and lurid flowers in their a<zik* 
12* 



282 SOLANACE.E: 



H. NIGER, L. Black Henbane. 

Stem branching, erect, very leafy; leaves clasping, sinuate-toothed and angled; 
flowers sessile, in one-sided at length recurved leafy spikes. 

A tall foetid weed, sparingly naturalized, growing about waste places. July. 
Annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, round. Flawirs lar^e dull-yellow, with dark pur- 
ple veins. A powerful narcotic Introduced from Europe. 

4: NICAiNTDRA, Adans. Apple of Peru. 

Named after the poet Nicander, of Colophon. 

Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the divisions arrow-shaped, 
enlarged and inflated in fruit, inclosing the 3 to 5-celled 
globular dry berry. Corolla open-bell-shaped^ with the 
plaited border nearly entire. Stamens 5, converging. — An 
annual smooth, herb^ with ovate sinuate-toothed or angled leaves 
and solitary pale blue flowers on axillary and terminal pe- 
duncles, 

N. physaloides, Gaert. Apple of Peru. 

<S?em herbacous ; leaves smooth, sinuate, angular; floiuzrs solitary, axillary on 
short peduncles; ca>?; closed with the angles very acute. 

Cultivated grounds, sparingly naturalized. Natirc cf.Pera. Au^. Stem 2 to 5 - 
feet high, very branching. Leaves large, oblong deeurrent. CoroUa slightly lobod, 
pale blue, white and with 5 blue spots in the centre. 

5. PHYSALIS, Linn. Ground Cherry. 

Gi.phvsa, a bladder, alluding to the inflated calyx. 

Calyx 5-cleffc, persistent, at length much inflated. Co-. 
ROLLA spreading-bell-shaped, with a very short tube, marked; 
with 5 concave spots at the base ; border plaited, somewhat 
5-lobed. Stamens 5, converging. Fruit a 2-eeIled globu- 
lar berry, enclosed within the inflated calyx. — Herbs, rarely 
shrubs, with the leaves often unequally in pairs, and axillary 
or extra-axillary flowers on one-flowered peduncles. 

1, P. VISCOSA, L. Ground Cherry. Yellow Henbane. 

Clammy-pubescent, low, very diffusely branched ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
heart-shaped or acute at base, somewhat angled toothed or entire; fivMzrs nodding. 

Dry fields and hill sides, common. . July, Aug. Per. A very variable plant and 
embracing many nominal species. St-m about 1 foot high, more or loss decumbent. 
Leeves 1 to 4 inches long, y 2 to% cr even as wi Le, acute, acuminate, or often ob- 
tuse at the apex. Corolla pale greeniah-yeilaw with 5 brownish spots at base. B^r- 
ry yellowish', pleasant tasted, wholly inclosed in the much inflated calyx. 

2. P. Philadelphia, Lam. Philadelphia- Ground- 
Cherry. 

Smoothish, erect; leaves obliquely ovate, pointed, angled ; calyx open in fruit, 
scarcely inclosing tho berry. 

Dry river banks. July. Ann. " FUmcrs larger than ia tho proceeding species, 
yellow, with brown stripes." 



SOL AN ACE JS. 283 



6. SOLANUM, Linn. Nightshade. 
Calyx 5 to 10-parted, parsistent, spreading. Corolla 
mostly wheel-shaped ; tuba very short ) limb plaited in the 
bud 5 to 10-lobed. Stamens 5, exserted, converging around 
the style ; filaments very short. Berry usually 2-celled. — 
Herbs or shrubs unarmed or prickly with pinnatifid or undivided, 
sometimes geminate leaves, and lateral, solitary or extra solitary pe- 
duncles. 

1. S. Dulcamara, L. Biltef&weet Nightshade. 

Stem somewhat shrubby, climbing, mostly smooth ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, . 
tho tipper ones halbert shaped, or with 2 ear-like lobes at the base; flowers ia 
small cymes, which become lateral. 

it banks an I around dwellings, naturalised. June — July. Per. Stem-' 
branching several fe t lo >r. Flowzrs drooping on branching peduncles from tha 
»ide of the stem. Corolla of redoxed segments), purple, with a green spot on each 
segment. Berries bright red. 

2. 8. nigrum, L. Block Nightshade. 

Low, much branched and often spreading, ovate, wavy-toothed; flowers small it. 
lateral umbel like clusters, drooping; berries globular. 

Waste places, common, introduced. July — Aug. Biennial. A poisonous plan! 
of no be auty, about a foot high". Lowes mostly (-rose on the margin as if gnawed 
by insects. Flowirs very small, and with white-yellow anthers. Berries black. 

3. S. Carolinense, L. Horse-Nettle. 

Herbaceous, prickly; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sinuate toothed cr angled, 
hbary-pub scent, prickly along the midrib; flowers large in simple loose racemes; 
berry globular. 

Roadsides, sandy soil. rare. June, July. Per. Stem erect, prickly, branched 
about one foot high, Leaves 4 to 8 inehes long. 2 to 3 wide, usually in unequal 
pairs, with a few largo r tpand lobes or teeth. Flowers pale blue or whits, 1 to 1% 
inch in diameter, in lateral racemes. Barry globular, orange-yellow. 

CULTIVATED SPECIES. 

4. S. TUBEROSUM, L. Common Potato. 

Foot tuberous ; stem herbaceous, winged ; leaves interruptedly pinnato, pubescent ; 
flowers subcorymbed; corolla 5- angled. This valuable plant ia supposed to ba a- 
native of South America, where it still grows wild. Although it now constitutes 
a large portion of the food of man, it was scarcely known until the 17th eentury,- 
and w.is not extensively cultivated before the middle of the 18th. Numerous va- 
rieties are raised from the seed, which differ in the time of ripening, quality, form, 
color, size, &c. 

5. S. Melongena, L. Egg Plant. 

Prickly; leaves ovate, aubsinuate, downy ; flowers many-parted. Ann. Stem 

branching, about 2 feet high. The fruit counts of large egg-shaped berries, from. - 
the size of an egg to that of a water melon, smooth, white or of a glossy purple, 
It is prepared in various ways, and considered delicious. 

S20.11. Lyco?£?.2icuk, Mill. Berries o to 6-celled, often torose. 

6. S. Lycopersicum, L. Tomato. 

Hairy; stem herbaceous, weak; leaves unequally pinnatifid, segments e«t, glaa- 



284 S0LAXAC3J2. 



eons bcnenth ; fmit t^rnlose, furrowed, smooth: A common garden plant, re- 
sembling the potato in its general aspect, 2 to 4 foet hiuh. Flrw^s greenish y«J- 
low. Fra& large, mo-tly with or without acute furrows, at fir=t green, becoming 
when ripe of a beautiful red or golden yellow. Tho fruit is prepared in variot* 
ways, for Fauces, stews, &o. 

Cultivated ejtotics. 
7. ATROPA, Linn. Deadly Nightshade. 

Eamo uf ono of ihs three fates of Grori.-m mythology, whose o3ce was to cut the 
thread of human life. 

Calyx persistent., 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped. Sta- 
mens 5, distant. Berry globose, 2-celled, situated on tho. 
calyx. — Herbs, sKrubs or trees, natives of the Old World. 

A. Belladonna, L. Deadly Nightshade. 

S'.tm herbaceous; teives ovate* en tj^» acuminate :;t hoch ends, In pairs, en chort 
petioles:, ./fewer* solitary, rotn awl i :;. on :h-ri. 1-flbw -y pc- 

danrlcs; calyx d )epiy divided into 5 ova to segments; ttar.i-ms shert r than tho 
corolla, hearing heart-shaped 4-1 obed anthers. Native rf Europe; A powerful 
narcotic poison, o:t n cultiVa te 1. Stem 6 f et high, hrar 1 1 id with tl 3 

large 1 externally, darker on the upper in- 

t'irr.l surface, ml yellowish below. D rriesabout the sisoor a small cherry, with 
a transverse furrow, shining smooth, cf a da; h violet bla k color. 

8". LYCITJM, L'nn. False Jessamhol 

From L-jcir. the r.-t've ccr.rirycf tbcorigirral species-. 

Calyx 2 to 5-cleft, short. Corolla tabular-; limb most- 
ly 5-lofccclj spreading) orifice closed by the beard cf 
filaments. Stamens 4 to 5, excited. Berry 2-cellcd; 
seeds several, reniff-rm. — JSftrvbs, iciilt the branches ending 
in zpivose. fointx end often with axillary spincie <tnd cxiUary uli- 
tcry fiower8 or in pairs. 

L. Barbarum; Linn. Miitrimong Vine. 

Stem angular^ with long pcdunculous branches, Fomewhat spiny: feavct c-Txn. 
ftitcirulate, lanceolate; caZ^xmostLy 3-cleft. Native cf Barbary, cultivated trd 
nearly natural issed, A handfome fhrub growing to tho height, of 8 to 12 fv*f, 
with long, slender, trailing or hanging branches, whkh overspread walls, Xc^ with 
a thick tan-led mr.rs. Leavts smooth, 3 times aa '.erg as wide. FLvers grccr.iti> 
purple. Bcrrits orange-red. 

9. CAPSICUM, Tourn. Cayenne Petter. 

Gr. lapt-% to bite; from i.»3 acridity of tl-.efrr.it. 

" Calyx erect, 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla rotate, with a' 
very short tube, and plaited 5-loTbcd limb. Stamens 5, 
with co-nverging anthers. Fruit a juiccicss berry, 2 to- 4- 



GEXTIAXAC2.E. 



celled, many-seeded. — A lar<je, genua of herbaceous or shrubby 

plants, pervaded by a hot and pungent principle, with the leaves o£- 
ten in pairs, and axillary solitary peduncles 

C. ANNUUM, L. Red Pepper. Cayenne Pepper. 

Stem herbaceous, angular, branching above; leaves ovate, acuminate, entire,, 
petiolate, smooth; peduncles axillary, smooth; calyx angular, wiih short, acut<v 
lobes; corolla-lobet spreading, longer than the stanieus ; lerry oblong or subglobofl-. 
Native of South America. Ann. Cultivated in pardons for its stimulating fruit, 
which is well known. S'.em 1 to 2 feet high. Flowyrs solitary, on crowded pe- 
duncles, of a greenish- white color.- 

10. PETUNIA, Jass. 

The Brazilian name is petun, Latinized, petunia. 

Calyx-tube short, the limb, 5-cleft, leafy. Corolla 
funnel-form, with a cylindric tube: limb in 5, unequal, 
plaited lobes. Stamens 5, unequal, included, arising from 
the middle of the corolla-tube. Capsule 2-valved, many- 
seeded. — Herbs, with simple leaves, and axillary, solitary 
shov:y flowers. 

1. P. NYCTAGixiFLORA. White Petunia. 

Diffuse; cloth d with clammy hair.*; lowir leaves alternate, ovate, obtns<?,hrury; 
floral leaves sesn'c. cordate-ovate, opposite ; cproUa-tube cylinclric, 3 or i t'me3 longer 
than the spatulato sepals, limb flat, sproa ling. A handsome border llower, nativo 
of Brazil. Stem 1 to 3 feet long. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long 

2. P. YIOLACEA, L. Purple Petunia. 

Stem weak, viscid pilose, prostrate; leaves ovate, acute, on shor t petioles ; corolla 
ventricose, with ovate, acute segment}. Native of Brazil. A hand.-ome trailing or 
climbing plant, quite popular in cultivation. 'Whole plant clothed with clammy 
hairs. Stems several from the same root, simple or somewhat branched, 2 to 3 
feet long. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, flj-hy. njirly smooth beneath. Peduncles ca 
lon^ as the leaves. Ctrrdlx bright purple, .1 inch or more broad, upper segments 
smallest. These two species are f >und to hybridize freely, and the union of tho> 
two produces a great number of beautiful varieties, such as violet, white and pur- 
ple, fiesh color, &c, some of which arc highly f.-agrant. 

Order 80. GENTIAN ACEJE,— Gentian Family. 

Smooth herbs, with a colorless hitler juice, mostly opposite sessile entireleaves without 
tlipidts, regular flowers with the stamens a* many as the lobzs of the corolla, mostly 
twisted in ccstivation, a 1-celled ovary with 2 parietal placenta:; the fruit a 2-vcdved 
manyseedei capsulc^r-CAlxx. persistent. CoaouA mostly withering-persistent, tha 
stamens inserted on its tube. 

1. SABBATIA, Adans. American Centaury. 

Dedicated to Sabbaii, an early Italiau bitaaist. 

Calyx 5 to 12-parted ; the divisions slender. Corolla 



28G GE^TIAXACS.^. 



5' to 12-parted, wheel-shaped. Stamens 5 to 12, with erect, 
at length recurved anthers. Style 2-parted, slender, with 
spiral divisions. Capsule 1-celled, the valves a little intro- 
ficxed. — Bienniah, with slender stents, and cymose-panicled 
handsome white or rose-purple flowers. 

1. S. ANGLLARIS, Pursh. Common Centaury, 

Stem square and 4-angled, stiff erect, much branched above; leaves ovate, or 
ovate-heart-shaped, elasp:ng; cdyx-fobes lanee-linear, . nearly J^ as long as the 
corolla; corolla-lobes obovate-elliptieal. 

Dry neglected fields and river banks. Julj r , Aug. Stem 12 to -0 inches high, 
with opposite many-flowered branches; Leaves closely embracing the s f rai 1 to 2 
inches lory. \' z to I 1 -, wide, obsourely 5-nerved. Flowers showy 1 to 1^ inch in 
diameter, deer} rose color with a yellowish-green 5-rayed star in the centre. 

2. S. GRACILIS, Salisb. Slender Centaur?/. 

Stem, branches andpedundes very slender, diffuse ; leaves linear, the lower rather ■ 
oblong; calyx-segments lineaj-bristk -shaped, about as long as the Gorolla ; corolla 
5-parted, with elliptic-oblong obtuse 1. 

Wet grounds. July, Aug. Stem 10 to 15 ihshes high, with Ion? diverging 
branches. Panicle terminal, with spreading few-flowered branches. Flowers pur- 
ple, on long peduncles. 

3. S. STELLARIS, Pursh. Star-flowered Centaury. 

Stan weak, nearly round; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, the uppermost 
linear: calyx-lobes linear subulate, about half as long as the obovate lobes of the- 
corolla. 

Brackish meadows'. Aug.. Sept. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, slightly angular, 
dichotomously branched; bra nehes elongated, 1-flowered. Leaves somewhat fleshy 
1 to 2 inches long, s ■- sile. FUmirs bright purplo-rose-eoior, with a yellow star in 
the centre, edged with crimson. 

4. S. ClTLOROlDES, Pursh. Large-flowered Centaury. 

Stem slender, weak, nearly round; leaves oblong-lanceolate, erect ; flowers 7 to 
12 parted; sepals linear, shorter than the elliptical-lanceolate lobes of the corolla. 

Border of braeTcish pon Is. July — Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, loosely pani.ded 
above, with lew, 1-tlowered brandies. Le tves 1 to 1U inch long, opposite, entire,, 
smooth, closely sessile, acute. Corolla \ x /> to 2 inches in diameter, bright purple,, 
with a yellow base, segments spatulate, rounded at end. 

2. ERYTHR/EA, Pers. Centaury. 

Gr. eruthros, red ; from the color of the flow-rs. 

Calyx 4 to 5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla, 
funnel-form, with a slender tube and a 4 to 5-parted limb, 
which in withering twists on. the pod.. Stamens 5, rarely 
4; anthers after flowering spirally twisted. Style slender, 
single j stigma, capitate or 2-lipped. — Low and small branch- 
ing annuals with suh angular stems somewhat cuneate leaves, and 
rose purple or reddish cymose flowers. 

E. ramos issima, Persoon, var. pulchella, Griseb. 

i^w ; stem simple below, 2-forked branched above; leaves ovateToblong. or .oral;:. 



GENTIANACH.E. 287 



forcers all on short pedicels; corolla-tube thrice as long as the elliptical-obloag 
lobes. 

Wet meadows or shady places; rare; probably introduced. July. Sbim 2 to S 
inches high, many times forked above and forming a diffuse cyme. Leaves x /$ to 
% inch long, V£ i 110 * 1 wide, closely sessile. Qiroiki bright purple, tube yellowish- 
greeu, slender, persistent and withering on the capsule. 

•3. BAKTONIA, Muhl. (Centaurella, Michx.) 

Dedicated in the year 1801, to the late Prof. Birton, of Philadelphia,. 

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, without glands 
Fringes or folds. Stamens 4, short. Stigma thick, glandu- 
lous and partly bifid. Capsule oblong, pointed, 1-celled, 
2-valved, many-seeded. — Small annual or biennial erect herbs, 
with slender stems, awl-shaped greenish scale like leaves, and small 
yellowish white pedanclcd Jlowers. 

H TENELLA, Muhl. Small- flowered Bartonia. Screw-stem. 

Stem smooth, branched above, branches mostly opposite, 1 to 3-flowered; leaves 
awl-shaped, niinute; corolla as long as the calyx; style very short. 

Open woods and damp grounds. Aug., S-'pt. Stun 3 to 10 inches high, square, 
•often twisted. P'.dundes opposite or terminal, simple or branched. Flowers sm^ll 
greenish white, on the ends of the branches. Stamens inserted in the clefts of the 
corolla. CiWPAUEELLi Mj3S»i, G-rLsb., is only a variety with the scales and pe- 
duncles mostly opposite. 

4. GENTIANA, Linn. Gentian. 

STrom Gniius, king of Illyria, who discovered the tonic virtues of this genus. 

Calyx 4 to 5-cleft. Corolla 4 to 5-lobed, regular, most- 
ly with intermediate plaited folds, which bear appendages at 
the sinuses. Stamens 4 to 5, inserted upon the tube of the 
corolla, short. Style short or none ; stigmas 2, persistent. 
Capsule oblong, 2-valved, many-seeded. — Herbs of various 
habits, icith opposite leaves, and solitary or cymoie showy 
Jlowers. 

* Corolla without crown or plaited folds ; annual. 

1. G. QUINQUEELORA, Lam. Five-flowered ^Gentian. 

Siem 4-ang!ed, slender, branched; leaves ovate lanceolate, somewhat heart- 
ehaped and clasping at .the .base, 3 to 7-nerved, minutely pointed ; corolUi-lobta 
triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed, about % as long as the slender obconicel tube, 
••the tube 4 times as long as the subulate sepals. 

Hillsides and pastures. Aug., Sept. Stem about 1 foot high, with the branches 
.racemed or panicled, about 5-liowered at the summit. Flow&rs about 1 ineh long, 
dight purplish-blue. 

** Corolla with plaited folds : perennials. 

2. G. Saponaria, L. Soapwort Gentian. 

Stem erect or ascending, often roughish above; haves ovate-lanceolate, oblong or 
dance-obovate, with rough-margins, narrowed at the base; calyx-lobes linear or 
■«patulate, acute, about }-£ as long as the corolla; corolla club-bell-shaped, with 



288 GEXTIANAC2.E. 



roundish-ovate, mostly obtuse, erector converging lobes, which are longer than the 
2-oieft dnd m'nufcely-tooihed append ,-ig s; unt'iers united. 

Meadows an 1 sides of stream-;, common. Sspt., Qst. A very variable speeie?, 
eaabraukij several varieties aalnj.n.an species, Lit) IS iu;he.s high, simple, erect, 
E&ooth, with opposite smooth leaves. Fi >w r.< \\4 inch long, erect, bright blue, 
Bubsessile in branches at the top of the stem ; an.l often solitary iu the upper axils. 

3. G. ochroleuca, Frcel. YeffouHsh- While Gentian. 

Sam a-c ending, mostly smooth; Izaces obovate o'olong, the lowest broadly obe- 
V-vte. obtuse, the upper ones lanceolate, all nerved at the base; flowers in a dense 
irsrmraal "Cluster; tjfffje-labes linear, unequal, longer than the tube; corolla club- 
-shaped, ape:c counivent or slightly expanding, lobes ovate, obtuse, the folds en- 
tire, acu:e short; anthers free. 

Dry grounds, rare. Sept., Oet. Stem9 to 15 inches high, simple, stout. Leaves 
C'aepmg or sessile, 2 til inches long, % to l l 4 \r.d-. Fi win 1 inches long, % 
inch thick. Ciro-li open «* top, green^h-white, painted inside with green vsinj 
ana lilac-purple stripes. 

4. Gr. ALBA, Muhl. Whitish Gentian. 
Stems upright; stout, very smooth; leaves, ovate-lanceolate from a heart-shaped 

closely eiaspiag base ; c.dyx-lobe^ ovate, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and much 
Shorter than the tube of the corolla; c >rolla inflated club-shaped, at length open, 
the short and broad ovate lobes nearly twice as long a3 the toothed appendages ; 
anthers at first united; capsule nearly included. 

Olalesand low grounds. Aug. Stem 13 to 18 inches high, with the flowers 
closely sassiie and much erowde I ina dense terminal cluster, and somatirass also 
clustor<jd in tho-up^er axils. Ua';/xl-j'jis reoete-J-sprealiag. Car ilia white more 
or ie*s tin^lw.t.i geeeJtfah or yellowish. This has g-u.TAiiy b>en confounded 
with >}. oshroieua'a, Oat Prof; Geay conh ters it a very d.stinct species, on whose 
authority 1 have here inserted it, as indiginous to this State. 

* * * C>rollx i-cl'ft, fimbriate o:i fee margins ; annual or biennial. 

5. G. CRINJTA, Frcel. Fringed Gentian. 

St.m erect, branched above ; branches elongated, 1-flowered ; leaves lanceolate or 
ovate lanceolate, with a partly hear L-sbaped or rounded base; Jutes of the 4-cleft 
calyx unequal, ovat ' and lanceolate; crrolla-iu'v. bell-shaped, the limb 4-parted 
wiia wedge o 'uo v a to lobes, strongly fringed around the summit. 

Low grounds and hillsides. Sept., Oct. A beau tiful species 6 to 12 inches high, 
roand auu smoothj with long branches slightly carved at the base, becoming erect 
and straight, eaeh bearing -± leaves at the uriddie and a single flower at the top. 
Leave* 1 to J. inches long, % to ^2 inch wide, broadest at the base. Flowers 2 
inches long, sky b.ue, finely fringed on the margm, expanding in sunshine. 

5. MENYANTHES, Team. Buckuean. 

dr. men, month, and antao<, a flower; because the plant blossoms about that length 
of time. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-parted, 
deciduous; limb spreading, 5-febed, equal, white, bearded 
•within. IStamews 5. Style slender, persistent. Stigma 
2-lobed. Capsule i-cellcd, bursting somewhat irregularly, 
many seeded. — A perennial herb, v:ith a tuickish creeping 
■rootituc/i-, sheathed by the membt aueous buses of the fang petioles, 
which bear o -oval or ohiomj leaflets at the summit, and w?*ify 
or di'jhtly reddish flowers, racemed on the naked scape. 



APOCTXACE^E. 289 



M. TRIFOLIATA, L. Marsh Trefoil. Bucloean. 

-.'.foliate : leaflets obovate : peduncles long naked ; sepals ol>tuse ; ^ as long 
! the corolla ; petals a?ute, about as long as the stam?ns. 

Bogs, margins of ponds. A fine plput ari-ing from large, black roots, descend- 
ing deep into the boggy earth. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, round. Flowers vrhite 
or fleslreolor, beautifully fringed with soft hairs at the base and in the tube of 
the corolla. 

G. OBQLAKIA, Linn. Pennywort. 

Gr. obolos, a small coin, with which the leaves of this plant are compared. 

Calyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the 
leaves. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, withering-persistent, 
4-oloft, the lobes oval-oblong, or sometimes spatulate. Sta- 
mens -1, inserted at the sinuses of the corolla, short. Style 
short persistent : stigma 2-lipped. Capsule ovoid, 1-cel- 
led, 2-valved, many-seeded. — A low and very smooth p>ur- 
plith-green pcrenniel with opposite wedge obovate leaves, and whi- 
tifth or purplish terminal and axillary flowers solitary or in clusters 
/3. 

0. ViRGlNlCA, L. Virginian Pennywort. 

Stem, simple or with a few opposite branches above; leaves cuneate-dbovate or 
roundish-rhembeidal, senile and decurrent at base. 

Rich wools, rare. April. May. Stem 4 to 8 inches high, often in clusters. Cor- 
olla pale-purplish or whitish, longer than the stamens. 

Order 81. AFOGYNACEE.— ityy&ane Family. 

Plants with mill y acrid juice, entire chiefly-opposite leaves without stipules, regu- 
lar 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, with titeb kibes of the corolla convolute and twitt- 
ed in the bud. — Calyx entirely free from the 2 ovaries, persistent. FILAMENTS dis 
tinct : pollen granular, globose or 5-lobed. Fruit a pair of follicles, rarely one .of 
them abortive. Seeds numerous, amphitropous. Chiefly tropical plants. 

1. ABOCYKUil, Tourn. Dogbane. 

Gr. apo, away, and Jcuen, a dog: to which the plant was thought to be poisonous 

Calyx 5-parted, -with acute lobes. Corolla bell-shaped, 
5-cleft, with 5 triangular appendages in the throat opposite 
the lobes. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla : 
anthers arrow-shaped, longer than the filaments : filaments 
Slightly adherent to the 2-lobed stigma by their inner face. 
Ftuit of 2 long and slender follicles. — Perennial herbs, with 
opposite entire mucronate leaves, and small pale flowers in 'terminal 
and axillary cymes. 

1. A. ANDROS^EMiFOLruMj L. Dog'slane. 

Smooth, branched above, the branches diverging; haves ovate distinctly petio* 
J Id 



290 ASCLEPIADACE.fi. 



led; cymes loose, spreading, mostly longer than the leaves; ccroUa ©pan bell-*ha» 
ped, with revolute lobes, the tube much longer than the calyx. 

ttorders of woods and fjnceroAvs.. common. June, July. Stem 2 to 3 feet higfe, 
erect reddish. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long and %$ as wide, dark gre-n above, ptler 
beneath, on petioles l /£ inch long. Oorollx % inch broad, white striped with red, 
with 6 acute, spreading segments. — Varies, also, with the leaves downy uncier- 
xteath. 

2. A. cannabinum, L. Indian Hemp. 

Stem and branches upright or ascending; leaves varying from ©hlong, ova/ 
ovate to heart-shaped; cymes close, many-flowered, erect, usually shorter than tkc 
loaves ; corolla with nearly erect lobes, the tuba about as long as the lanccolata 
lobe3 of the calyx. 

Opan wools and riv^r banks, common. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, gan- 
erally dividing above into long, slender branches. Lnvzs V/% to ± inches long, l /^ 
to % as wide. Var.l, glabsrriinum. DJ. Leaves oblong-lanceoiat«, on f hort peti- 
oles, smooth, obtuse or rounded. Var. 2, pu'ieszms, DO. Leaves obiong. ova!, or 
ovate, downy und'iraoatfa ov ou both sidos, as wjll aa tbe cymes, Var. 3, hypirici- 
foliutn. Leuves more or less heart shaped at the base, on v.ry short petioles, rno? t- 
ly smooth. (A hyparieifofliani, At.) Flowers smiii, with lanceolate acute eapalj. 
Chroliu whitish with straight obtuse segments. 

2. VINCA, Linn. Periwinkle. 

Lat. vinculum, a band, from tho Icag twining branches. 

Corolla salver-form, contorted, border 5-cleft, the loba 
oblique, orifice 5-angled ; 2 glands at the base of the ovary. 
Capsule follicular, erect, fusiform; seeds oblong. — Upright 
or trailing shrubs, with evergreen leaves and showy flowers. 

1. V. MINOR, L. Lesser Periwinkle. Fake Myrtlr. 

SUm procumbpjat, trailing; leavis elliptic-lanceolate, smooth on the margins, 
thick ; flowers pedunculate"; sepuls lanceolate. A handsome evergreen, Towering 
ins in May. Native of Europe. Slews several feet in length, round, smooth and 
pjafy. Leaves opposite; emedth and shining, about an inch long. Flovttrs solitary, 
axillary, alternate, blue, violet and white. 

2. V. MAJOR, L. Greater Periwinkle. 

A beautiful shrub, common in cultivation, native of Europe. Stem 1 to 2 T(x>% 
Tiigh, wiih numerous, slender, stra ;j;*in ; branches, very leafy, forming light mus- 
ses of evergreen foliage. Leaver 1 to 2 inches long, rounded or somewhat hoar t-aha- 
p.-U at base. I lo-wsrs blua, pink and vh'fc?, blossoming nearly all seasons. 

Okdee S2. ASGLEPIADAGS2!.— Milkweed Family 

Plants with m(l 7 ey juice and opponte or whnrlei rarely scattered entire leaxts, rtgU' 
Imr ft-merous, 5-androus flower.?, with a valvule corolla, and singular connection of 
tha anthers wtih the stigma, the cohesion of the pollen matses into wax-like wasccs, du, 
ai explained under the typical genus. 

1, ASCLEPIAS, Linn. Milkweed. Silkweed. 

The Greek name of diiculapiu-i, to whom this genus is dedicated. 

Calyx small, 5-par£ed ; persistent, spreading. COEOLLA 



ASCLEPIADACE^. 291 



deeply 5-parted, the divisions lanceolate reflexed, deciduous. 
Crown of 5 hooded lobes (nectaries) seated on the tube of 
atamans, each containing a horn-like incurved process. Sta- 
mens 5", inserted on the base of the corolla; filament3 
united into a tube which incloses the pistil ; anthers ad- 
herent to the sfcigrav, with 2 vertical cells opening length- 
wise tippad with a nietnbranac30us appendage, each cell con- 
taining a flattened waxy pollon-mass. Stigma depressed, 
5-angled, covering 2 ovaries-. Follicles 2, one of them 
often abortive, inflated, smooth or muricate. Seeds furnished 
with a long tuf& of silky hairs at the hilum-. — Perennial vp- 
right herbs, with thick and deep routs, ivsualty transversely veined 
haves, and terminal or mostly lateral peduncles between the petiole* 
hearing si/nols many Jluwercd umbels. 
• Leaves opposite. 

1. A. Cornuti, Decaisnc. Common Milkweed or Silkweed. 

Slem nearly simplo, larje and stout; leaves ovate-elliptical, with a slight point, 
spreading, petiolate, minutely velvety-downy underneath ; umbel nodding; divi- 
sions of the corolla ovate; hoods of the crown ovate, obtuse, with a lobo or tooth 
©n each side of the claw-like horn ; follicles muricate. 

Rich soil, fields, roadsides, &c, co union. July. A coarse, very milky plant, 3" 
to 4 feet high. Liave; 4 to S inches long, 2 to 3 inches Wide, tapering at both eeds, 
p;de. Wmhels several, dense, globose, each of 20 or more Sweet-scented flowers. 
V/rolla, pale-purple, about ^ as long as the pedicels, reflexed,. leaving the crowa. 
quite conspicuous. 

2. A. phytolaxjooides, Ph. Pblk-learcd Silkweed. 

S'.em simple, erect, smooth; lu,va broadly orate, or the upper oval -lanceolate 
pointed at both ends, short patioled, smooth or slightly downy underneath ;pedicels 
loose and nodding, numerous, elongated, slender; divisions of the corolla orate 
oblong, heals of ths crown truncate, the margins 2-toothed at tho summit, th* 
horn with a long projecting point; follicles minutsly downy. 

Low shady grounds, rather common. June. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, above 
narked with 2 opposite lines of minute pubescence. Laves 5 to S inches lone, and 
nearly \A a* wide. TJm'a.U near the top, on lateral peduncles 4 to inches long, 
with 10 s,o 2J large flowers, on pedicels 2 inches long, Petals green., Cioum flesh- 
colored. 

3. A. PUttPURASCENS, L. Purple Milkweed. 

Slem simple, errct, w.th 2 pubescent lines; leaves elliptical or ovato-oblong, the 
lower mncronate, the upper acumnate, minutely velvety downy underneath,, 
smooth above, contre,ctel at b.ue in to. a short petiole-; pelicds shorter than the 
mostly terminal peduncle; divisions of the corolla lance-ovate; hoods of the 
crown oblong; the horn broadly falcate, with a narrow and broadly iunexod hori 
sontal point; follicles smooth. 

Border of woods and thickets, not common. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, rather 
slender. Leaves pale and dowry beneath, the mid ; ein purple. Flowers in termi- 
nal, erect umbels, with a small green calyx, and dark purple corolla with reflexed 
segment?. 

4. A. VARIEGATA, L. Varieyated Milkweed. 
Syaarlj smooth ;. slam simple, erect; leav&s ovate, oval or ofcovato, some'srhsfc 



292 ASCLEPIABACEiE. 



wary, niueronate, contracted into a short petiole ; pedicels and peduncles short, 
downy; coroll% segments ovate; hoods of the crown orbicular, . entire, the horn 
broad-falcate, with a horizontal point; follicle slightly downy. 

Dry woods. July, Aug. Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Leaves somewhat acuminate, on 
gubese ut petiolas. Umbels 20 to 40-flowered, mostly globose. Corollu and crovin 
white, the latter with a ban! of purple around the base. 

5. A. quadrifoliA; Jacq. Four-leaved Mtlkweed. 

Nearly smooth; stem simple, slender ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, petiolcd, 
mostly acuminate, the middle ones in whorls of four; pedicels capillary; corolla 
segments oblong; hoods of the crown elliptical ovate ; horn very short, incurved ; 
foili:lt linear-lanceolate, smooth. . 

Dry wools and hills ; common. Jane. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves . thin- 2 
to 4 inches long, the upper and lower ones opposite. Uaibels 2 to 5, on slender pe- 
duncles 1 to iy 2 inch long. Flowers small, white or purplish, fragrant. 

6: A. OBTU5IFOLIA. Miclix. War i/ 'leaved Milkweed. 

Sinocth and glaucous: stem simple, erect; leaves oblong or ovate-elliptical, very 
obtuse, mucrbnate, sessile, somewhat clasping by a heart-shaped hase, the margins 
wavy; umbels terminal, many-flowered ; hoods of the crown truncate and some- 
what toothed at the summit, shorter than the slender subulate horn ; follicle 
smooth:- ii. 

Sandy woods and fields, rather common. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, bearing. a 
single (rarely 2) long pedunclcd terminal umbel of 30 to 40 large reddish-green 
flowers. Leaves much waved on the margin,- 4 to 5 inches long, }/, as wide. CoroMa 
light purple. Crown nearly white, the segments large. 

7. A. rubra, L. Red-flowered Milkweed. 

Smooth, slender, erect; leaves ovat -lanceolate or oblcng, acuminate. Bubcordate 
or rounded at baeej on very short petioles; divisions of the corolla lanceolate, 
acute; hoods of the erown oblong, acutish, with an awl-shaped horn. 

Low grounds, rare. Jul}-. Stem 1 to 2 f jet high, with a pubescent line on one 
side, 1; ;aring 1 to 3 few-flowered umbels at the naked summit of the stem. Leaves 
2 to 4 inches long, reugh-ciliate, in remote pairs. Flowers reddish-purple, tinged 
"W-th orange. 

8. A, ixcarnatAj L. Rose-colored Silhweed. 

Stem erect, branching above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed, obtuse 
a(, the base, distinctly petiokd; umbels many-flowered, erect, mostly terminal, of- 
ten in opposite pairs; divisions of the corolla ovate; horns awl-shaped, curving in- 
wards. 

Wet places, common. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, very leafy, with 2 hairy 
lines above and on the branches and peduncles. Leaves^ 3 to p* inches long, J-Ho 
1V< wide, tapering to a very acute point on petioles \( 2 inch long. Umbels close, 2 
to G togeihes at the top of the stem or branches,- oil a peduncle 2 inches long. 
Flowers small. Corolla reddish-purple. Crown flesh-color. 

9. A. T&BEROSA, L. Butterfly Weed. Pleurisy Root. 

Roughish-hairy ; stems erect or ascending, very leafy, with spreading branches ; 
leaves varying from linear to oblong-lanceolate, sessile or slightly petiolcd ; umbels 
numerous, often forming terminal corymbs; hoods of the crown narowly-oblong, 
searcely longer than the slender awl-shaped horns ; follicles hoary. 

Dry hills and fields, common. June — Aug. Root large, tuberous. Plant 1 to 2 
feet high, leafy to the summit, usually with numerous corymbed umbels of showy 
orange flowers on short peduncles. Leaves sometimes broad and cordate, at others 
linear and somewhat tapering at base* Corolla greenish-orange. Crcivn bright- 
orange- Medicinal. 



ASCLEPI ADAGES. 293' 



10. A. VERTICILLATA, L. Wkarled Milkweed. 

Sinoothieh; stems slender, simple or sparingly branched, minutely heary in lines,, 
very leaf/ to the strtamvt; leaves rno-tly wheeled, narrow-linear, revolute on the* 
mar-in; umbels small lateral and terminal; hoods of the crown roundish-oval, 
half as long as the hooked claw-shaped horns. 

Dry'lulls. June — Sept. Stem 1 to 3 feat high, very slender, often a li-feie branched 
fkt the summit. Leaves '2 to 3 inches long, scarcely 1 line wide, 3 to 6 in a whorl, or 
the lowest a st nearjy opposite. Flowers small, greenish-white, in nu- 

merous umbels abVat liiicb. in diameter. 

Ac: JUTES, Ell. Hoods of Che crcfon destitute rf a hern ; whence the name, from 
ft, privative and Ixr^^-atcs, a lorn. 

11. A. yiribiflora, Raf. Green-Cowered Mill-weed. 

Downy-hoary; stens low and stout, ascending; leaves oval, ovate and obovate or 
pemetinvjs almost linear, slightly petioled, mucronatc, acute or obtuse, thick, at 
length smobthish; umbels nearly sessile, densely raany-fiowcrc*!-, globose, lateral; 
crown oblong, strictly erect, sessile at the base of the tube cf filaments, shorter 
Khan the anthers. 

Dry" hills and'sandy fields, common. July—Sept. Stem 12 to IS inches high, 
som -time; cluster: & Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, thick and coriaceous, very varialio 
in form; Tfi<ibeis 2 to 4. sal terminal on short thick hairy peduncles. Fltwsrs 
grjbiiL-h, when expanded about the length of the pfe'di el. 

2. GONOLOBUS, Michx. 

Gr. gonos, an angle, and Lies, a pod. from the ribbed follicles. 

Calyx 5-parted, spreading- Corolla 5-parted, whocl- 
Bhapcd, sometimes reflexed-spreading. Crown a small and 
fleshy wavy-ldbed ring in the throat cf the corolla. Ajsthers 
feorizontal, partly concealed under the fkttcned'' stigma, 
opening transversely. Pollen-masses 5- pairs, horizontal. 
Follicles 2, turgid, somewhat ribbed. Seels comose. — 
Twining; herbaceous or shrubby plants, with opposite heart, shaped 
leaves, usually hairy, and racemed or corymbed greenish or purplish 
jlcwers, on peduncles rising from between the petioles. 

1. G. EURSUTUS, Michx. Hairy Gonolobus. 

Minutely pubescent; leaves ovate heart-shaped, somewhat obtuse or pointed; pe- 
dun:les fjw-nowered, shorter than the petioles; pedicels very short; bractkts awl- 
Bhaped; lobes ot the corolla oblong minutely so tly-hairy outside ; follides covered 
with spine-Hka soft processes. 

Rich river banks. Western part of the State. June, July. Stern trailinc and* 
climbing 3 to -A feet long, the younger branches very hairy. Leaves slightly auri^u- 
late at base. Umbels axillary, 3 to i-flowered. Flowers dark purple-, 

2. G. MACROPHYLLUS, Miehx. Large-leaved Gonolobus. 

Stem hirsute with long hairs; leaves broadly ovate-heart-shaped, pointed ; pe- 
dunzles and pedicels longer than the petioles; bracelets linear; lobes of the corolla 
linear or narrowly oblong, downy outside; follicles ribbed and angled. 

Shady banks, near Philadelphia, Barton. Chester Co., Darlington. July, Stem, 
twining several feet long. Leaves 3 to G inches wide. Flowers purple and green? 
i*h, fjsild, ia loose cymose umbels. 

J2* 



2.9.4 JASMINACEJ2 ANIX OLEACE^. 

Order 83. J ASMINABEM— Jasmine Family. 

Scrubs, often with twining stems, opposite or alternate mostly compound leave* and' 
white or yellow, mostly fragrant flowers in oppooite corymbs. Calyx divided or 
toothed, persistent. Coudlla regular, salver-form, the limb in 5 to 8 divisions. 
Stamexs 2, arising from the corolla and included within its tube. Oyaey free, 2- 
celled, each cell with 1 erect ovule. Style 1; stigma 2-loted. . Fsoit a. double 
berry, or. a capsule- seperablc into 2, 2-secdcd. 

JASMINUM, Linn. Jasmine. 

Gr. iasme, perfume; from- the fragrance of the Sowers-. 

Calyx tubular, 5 to 10-eleft. Corolla salver-form.; 
tube long ; limb flat, 5 to 10-cleft. Fruit a double berry ; 
seeds 2, solitary, ariled. — Bmliy or climbing shrubs, with op- 
posite compowid leaves on articulated petioles, and white or yellow 
moit/y fragrant '■ flowers in paniculate corymbs. 

it J) FRTTTICANS, L.. Yellow Jasmine. 

£nicotb, erect; tranches angular; leaves alternate trifoliate, rarely simple /i 

lanflds cutt el; flowers few, subterminal ; calyx segments subulate; corcllu-tubi 
twice longer than the calyx, limb of 5, obtuse lobes. Native of South Emops. 
Stem 3 feet bigb, bushy. Flowers yellow, incdarous.the tube about r / 2 inch long. . 

2. J. officinale, L. White Jasmine. Common Jasmine. . 

Smooth, scarcely climbing; branches subangulate; leaflets 3 to 7, lanceolate, 
acuminate; panicles terminal, few-flowered, corymbose; corolla-tube twice longer 
than the calyx. Native of Asia* A beautiful and much cultivated epeaiea, several , 
feet high, with fragrant white flowers.- 

Order • 84. OLE AGES'. — Olive Fa m Hi/.; 

Trees or shrvbs, with eppesiie and pinnate or simple leaves, a Ardeft or svmeitvi-n 
obsolete, calyx, a regular deleft or niarl.y i-petalQUS corolla, sometimes apetulcuz, 2, or 
rarely 3, stamen.", and a 2-ceUed= ovary with 2 suspended ovules in each cett. Frit? 
drupaceous, baccate or samaree, usually 1 seeded by abortion. SaED3 anatrooou*, . 
v.uh a large straight embryo usually, in hard fiethy albumen. 

1. LIGUSTKUM, Tourn. Privet. 

The classical name. 

CALYxminutelj 4-toothed, deciduous. Corolla funnel-' 
form, 4-lobed j lobes ovate, obtuse. Stamens 2, on the tube 
of. the corolla, included. Style very short ; stigma 2-cleft 
Kerry globose, 2-celled ; 2 to 1-seeded.— Shrubs with sim- 
pte entire leaves on short petioles, and small white flowers in terminal; 
thyrsvid panicles. 



OLE ACE -E. 295 



L. YULGARE, L. Pricet. Prim. 

Leave* lanceolate and obovat?, acute or obtuse, smooth, thickish ; panid-es dense,' 
terminal. 

Introduced from Europe, used for low hedges; naturalized. May, Jm:e. A 
smooth shrub 5 to 10 fiiethigb, with wand-like opposite branches, andsniooth dark - 
gcaon leaves 1 to 2 inches long, ]/%&$ wide, Birries black, globose. 

2. CIIIONANTIIE3, Linn. Fringe-tree. 

<Sr. s&tes, snow, anla.ii.tos, blossom; alluding to the light snow-white elasiars cf 
flowers. 

Calyx very small, 4-parted, persistent. Corolla of 4 
long and linear petals, barely united at the base. Stamens 
2, yery short, on the base of the corolla. Style very short'; 
sUjm^i notched. Dhupe fleshy, globular, becoming 1-celled. 
and 1 -seeded. — Low trees or shrubs, with entire petiofed leaves, 
cad dilicale flowers in loose and drooping graceful racemes or • 
panicles. 

C. VlRGlNlCA, L. White Fringe-tree. 

Liivi-i oral, oblong, or obovats-lancwolate, smoothLsh or rather downy, veiny; - 
fiomers on slender pedicels. 

Chester Co., Darl- Daion Co. River- banks and mountains, rare. Jane. A ffaaall 
ver y ornamental tree '3 to 12 feet high, with opposite br.1a.eh33. Flrjotn white in 
peniulous panicles ; pUals about. 1 inch long, narrowly linj&r, acute, rarely h So -6 
in number- Drupt purplo with a bloom.. 

3. STRING A, Linn. Lilac. 

Gr. syrinx, a sh3ph?rd'spipo; from thi u=e on^a male of its branches. 

Calyx small, with erect teeth. Corolla salver-form, 
with the tube several times longer than the calyx; limb 
cleft- into 4 deep, obtuse, spreading segments. Stamens 2, 
short, included within the tube. Capsule 2-eeIled,. 2"- 
valved. — Oriental, flowering shrubs, with simple, entire leaves, 
ar.d n>oslly fragrant thy rsoid floaters. 

1. S. vulgaris, L. Common LiUc, 

Lazvts cordate-ovate, entire, smooth, graon on both sides; ffowzrs thyrsoi-d; limb 
of the corolla 3om3what concave. Native of Hungary. There ase several varieties 
with purplish-blue, lilac-purple and white flowers. 

2. S. Persica, L. Persian Lilac. 

Leaves lanceolate, acute, smooth, green on both sides, sometimes pinnatifid; limb 
ol the corolla flatti3h. Native of Persia. May. A beautiful flowering shrub, 
6maller than tho first, with wand-liko -branches in thyrses of white or lilac-blue 
ftowera.. 

4. FRAXINUS, Tourn. Ash. 

Qr,/raxu, a separation, from the facility with which the wood split*.- 

Elowers polygamous or dioecious. Calyx small, 4-cleft 



:96 OLEACEJS. 



or obsolete. Petals 4, slightly cohering in pairs at the 
base, sometimes only 2 oblong or linear, often entirely want- 
ing in our species. Stamens 2, rarely 3 to 4. Style 
single ; stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a 1 to 2-eelled samara, 
flattened, winged at the apex, 1 to 2-seeded. — Treesj ivifh 
peiiolcd unequally pinnate leaves, and snyill flowers in erowdtd' 
panicles or racemes from the axils of the former years growth. 
*CJ.yx present; corolla v>:tnt'nj. 

1 . F. Americana, L. White Ash. 

Leaflets 7 to 9, stalked, oblong-ovate, pointed, nearly entire, glaucous underneath, - 
at length smooth; samara spatulate-linear, obtuse, with a long narrowed base. 

Rich wood«, common. April, May. The white ash is exceeded'' by few tr^es 
in the beauty and magnitude of ifca proportion". The trunk arises often to the 
height of 40 fe:-t without'a-lfraneh and then expands into a regular suinurfcof 
about the same additional h sight. JKtr/i of the trunk gray, furjowed and eraekedr- 
that of the branelilets greenish-gray, smooth. Le.-.vis 1 foot or more long. FLw- 
vrs in loose panicles. 

2. F.' pubescens, Walt. Red Ash. 

Leaflets 7 to 9, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, somewhat scrr-ate, velvety- 
downy underneath, as well as the petioles and young branelilets; .samara narrow- 
ly lanecolate-spatulate, obtuse, usually with an obtuse point, tapering at the base. 

Woods aioncr streams, very common. May. The red ash resembles the last 
species, so as often to be confounded with it. It rises 60 f et high with a straight 
trunk, covered w':t.h bark of a deep brswn color. Lexvejs at length reddish under- 
neath. The wood 'u less valuable tb.iu that of the white ash. 

3« F. juglandieclia, Lam. Swamp Ash.. 

Branches smooth; Uaftits 7 to 9, ovate, serrate,, smooch, somewhat downy on the 
reins underneath, stalked; samara wedge-lanceolate, obtuse, scarcely acuminate" 
at the base. 

Wet woods. May. A small tree 15 to 25 fest hi th. with greenish branchiate* 
Leaves 10 to 15 inches long, green on both sides; with a glaucous! hue underneath 
Flowers greenish. Fruit much smaller than in the other species. 

•* CLljx and corolla, both loinling. 

4. F. sambucifolta, Lam. Bkusk Ash. Water Ash. 

Leaflets 9 to 11, sessile by an obtuse base, elliptical-lanceolate, pointed, mon or 
less hairy on the veins beneath ; samara elliptical-oblong, very obtuse at hot Lends. . 

River banks an 1 swamp's. April. A slender tree 40 to GO feet high, with a very 
tough wood. Branihei ash-color, with dark dots. Leaves 9 to IS inches in length} 
smooth above, and red-downy on the veins beneath. 

DIVISION lit 

APETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

©quolla none; the floral envelopes consisting of a single- 
series of organs (calyx) only, or sometimes wholly wanting.. 



AEISTOT.OCIIIACEiE. 1 \j"J 



Qadsk 85. ARISTOLO0HIAOE1S.— Birthwort Ft 



imiig. 



Climbing shrubs or herbs, with alternate simple, peliolale leave and perfect axffl&rg, 
s~Aita,ry, brown or lurid cole-red flowers, with the calyx coherent below with the 2-cclUd 
ovary, vjhich forms a mmy-seeaed Q-oellad capsule or berry in fruit. Stamen's G to 12, 
more or less united with the style; anthers adnatej extrorse. S-SEDS an&tropo»3, 
with a minute enibryo in fleshy albumen 

1. AS ARUM, Tourn. Asarabagca. 

An ancient name, thought to be derived from- a, privative, and seiron,- bound, be- 
cause it is rejected from garlands. 

Perianth bell-shaped ; limb 3-parted, the tube wholly 
adherent to the ovary. Stamens 12; filaments awl- shaded, 
coherent with the apex of the ovary,. Styles united into a 
short column, bearing 6 radiating crested stigmas at the 
apex. Fruit fleshy, globular, crowned with the per- 
sistent calyx, many-seeded. Stemless herbs, with aromatic- 
pungent creeping rootstocks, hearing a nodding flower close to the 
ground, between the long petioles of the kidney shaped leaves. 

A- Canadense, L. Wild Ginger. Coltsfoot. 

Downy; leaves, a terminal pair, broad kidney-shaped; perianth woolly, cleft to- 
the base, the segments reflexed. 

Hillsides in rich woods. May. Leaves 3 to 4 inches wide, on long and hairy 
petioles. Flowers brownish purple inside. The root has an agreeable and aro-. 
i&atlc flavor. 

- 2.. ABISTOLO01IIA, Tourn. Birthwort. 

From the Greek; in allusion to its medicinal virtues. 

Perianth tubular, the tube variously, inflated above the 
ovary, dilated at the apex and ligulate. Anthers 6, sub- 
sessile, inserted on the style. Stigma 3 to 6^partecl or lobed. 
Capsule 6-sided, 6-valved, many-seeded. Seeds flat. — 
Twining, climbing, or sometimes upright perennial herbs or 
shrubs, with alternate leaves and lateral or axillary, greenish 
or lurid-purple flowers. 

1. A. Serpentaria, L. Virginia Saaheroot. 

Herbaceous, low, pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong, from a heart-shaped base, or- 
h albert form, mostly acute or pointed; peduncles nearly radical ; perianth strongly 
b.nt and inflated at the curvature, the border obtusely 3-lobed. 

Tdch woods; common near the Allegheny Mountains. July. Foot consisting of 
numerous coarse fibres, aromatic-stimulent. Stem. 8 to 12 inches high, pubescent, 
geniculate and knotty at the base. Flowers purplish-brown, bent like the letter S, 
inflated at the two ends. Stigma 3-lobed. 

3. A. Sipho, L'lier. Dutchman's Pipe. 

Woody, twining and climbing, smooth.; ^w«round-heart-£hp£ed,. slightly downy- 



£98 CHEXOPODIACE/E. 



B&derneath; peduncles solitary. 1-fiowered. with a clapping bract; perianth ascend- 
ing curved, contracted at tho throat, the border obtusely 3-lobed. 

Rich mouutain woods. rare. May. Stent sometimes 2 inches in diameter, climb- 
feisc tre^s. Leaves 8 to 12 inches broad. Perianth V/£. inch long, brownish. Stig- 
su slightly 3-lobcd. 

Order 86. 0HEN0PG3IAQEM,— Goosefoot Family. 

Ch r efly herbs of homrlg aspect, more or less succulent, with mostly alternate leaver 
wU'wu' stipules or brails, minute greenish flowers, with thz free calyx imbricated ir» 
the bud; the Stamens about as rainy as the lobes and inserted opposite them or on their 
kue, a I- ".die. I ovary besoming a l-seedid utricle infru't. C vt.yx persistent, inclosing, 
tho fruit. Sr7L3-3 2, rarely 3 to 5. Flowers commemly perfect. 

1. CIIENOPODIUM, Linn. Goosefoot. 

Gr. chen, a goose, andpow?, foot, in allusion to the. shape of ths leaves. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx 5-parted, obtusoly 5-angIecT,. 
partially enveloping the depressed fruit. Stamens 5. Styles 
2. Utricle membranaceous ; seeds horizontal, lenticular. — - 
Smooth-mostly annual weeds with pe/ioled triangular or rhomboid 
toothed or entire leaves often covered with a wlriie mealiness and 
sessile Jlowcrs in small clusters. 

1. C. album, L. L.imb's-quarter. 

Stem uprightj somewhat branched ; leaves rhomboid-ovate with a wedg9-sraoed 
entire base, poarsely sin uate- toothed; flowers in. panicle! spike3> nearly leafless; 
Med smooth and shining. 

Waste grounds, common. July, Aug. A very common plant about gardens, 2 
to3 feet nigh, cover- d with a whitish m alia . s-. Upper leaves mostly oblong-linear 
and entire. Flowers numerous small, graen, in irregular terminal erect racemes. 
A greener variety is the 0. viride of mast authors. 

2. C. glaucum, L. Glaucous Goospfuot. 

Str.ms ascending or prostrate, much branched; leiv:s ovate-oblong, obtuse, sin- 
oato or toothed 1 , mealy-whitened underneath; racemes spiked, rather dense,, 
afceuding, leafless ; calyx-lobes not keeled ; seeds smooth and shining. 

Near Philadelphia, rare. Jul/. Stsni d.iTase thick. 

3. C. hybrid UM, L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot. 

Stem erect, much branched ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped at the base, pointed, angled 
with a few. large and distant pointed' teeth; ra:e,ncs loosely panicicd, spreading,, 
leafless; ca!y<i-l >lci keeled in fruit. 

Waste place--, common. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, with largo 
and bright green leaves. Fkwms greenish, iil-scentcd, in a loose branching cluster. 

4. C. urbicum, L. Tiiinirjidar-leaved Goosrfoot. 

Stem erect, branching; leaves triangular-acute, coarsely sinuatc-tocthed, the up- 
psrmesb lance-linear and nearly entire; rarants spiked-paniclcd, erect; calyr-lcbes 
not keeled. — Yar. rhomUfolium, Moquin (G. rhombifolium, Muhl,), has rather 
rhombic leaves with more prolonged teeth. 

Not comm>n. June, July. Whole plant yellowish-green, 1 to 2 feet nigh* 
branched. Flowers small groen, in roundish dense clusteru. 



chenopodiacej:. 299 



AuarjNA, Spacb. S3SD either vertical or horizontal, tho embrvo not oiled into 
a complete ring; 6TYL33 often 3. — Glandular and qftmpj,hescinl kerbs, exhaling am 
izroxiilio orb.&sami? odor. 

5. C. Botrys, L. Jerusalem Oak. 

Stem ascending; leaves oblong, obtuse, sinuato pinnatifid, the upper Fpafculato- 
lanceolate; ra^mix cymose-panicled, divergent, leafless. 

Wa c te place.", cemtn ~<n. July — Sept. Who'e plant fragrant, 1 to 2 feet high, 
braocheh L<i ives petioled, with de^p sinuses, nam n-cu3. Flowers green, very no- 
m-.r-jus, in numerous short axillary racemes. 

6. G. antkelmintica. L. Wormzced. 

Erect; leave: orate-oblong, narrowed at the base into a p<f.iole, coarsely and un- 
equally cutrtoothed or binuate; racemes elongated and spike-like, slender, leafless; 
Galyj-lo'ei not keeled. 

Roadsides and waste places- Per. Jjly, Aug. Plant 2 feet high, very strcn£- 
FCentfd. the branches teriuinntln-e: in long ppikes of a"a, inconspicuous Cowers. 
IThe seeds yieid the we'd known vermifuge Wjr:n seed oil. 

7. C. AMBROSOIDE3, L. Scoeet Pi/jweed. Mexican Tea. 

Ercet, much branched ; leaves oblong, narrowed at tho base into a petiole, fo- 
motely sinuate-toothed, tlfl upper oblong-iinear and entire; race:r.e« leafy, dense; 
-oalyz-l»lcx somewhat kee'ed. 

EoadsiuC?, common. Aug., Sept. Stem IS inches high, sem^wbat. nubesosnt. 
Leave* on short petioles, acute at each end. Flcwcrs ja-ccn in erect spikes. 

2. BLITUM, Tourn. Elite. 

The ancient Greek an 1 Latin namo of some in?ip"d pot-herb. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx 3 to 5-garted, becoming juicy 
and berry-like in fruit. Stamens 1 to 2. Styles 2, united. 
Seeds vertical, compressed globular. — Nearly smooth «»- 
nuals, with petioled trimvjnlar or halbesi-shitpcd sinuate- 
ioothad leaves, and mosllj? capitate-clustered fiowers. 

1. B. CAPITATUM, L. Strawberry Elite. 

Stem ascending, branched; leaves triangular and somewhat halbert-thspcd, En- 
oste toothed; clusters simple, interruptedly spiked, the u;: per leafless; ssssd smsoth, 
with a narrow sharp margin. 

Dry rich ground-. June. A wRCfUikc plant about a foot in height. The calyx 
become pulpy and bright red in fruit, when the large dusters appear iike straw- 
berries. 

2. B. VIRGATUM, L. Slender Strawberry Elite. 

Stem with spreading branches; leaves triangular-hastate, sinuate-soothed; heads 
•Cittered, lateral. 

Fields and wastes place-,; introduced. Juno. Ste*i», 2 feet in length, spreading 
or procumbent. Leaves 2 to 3 by 1 to 2 inches, coarsely toothed on pet:o.ut< 1 to 2 
inches long. Flowtri always in axillary clusters, terminal. Calyx becoming 
fleshy and red in fruit. 

3. ACNIDA, Mitchell. Water Hemp. 

Or. a, privatlre, and knida, a nettlo; for a nettle-like plant which does not sting 

Flowers dioecious, without bracts. Stekile flowers 



100 AMARANTIIACE.E. 



with 5 membranaceous oblong sepals and 5 short stamens. 
Fertile flowers with 3 acute sepals and a 3 to 5-angled 
ovary bearing 3 to 5 linear revolute stigmas. Fruit a 3 to 
5-angled coriaceous achenia. Seeds vertical, compressed. — 
Smooth and tall annuals, with lanceolate and acuminate entire p di- 
eted leaves, and clustered sessile Jlcwcrs crowded in axillary and ter- 
minal spikes or panicles. 

A. GANNAB'lNAj L. 'Common Water Hemp. 

Leaves elongated-lailifeolatej tapering to a long mostly obtuse point : fruit acute- 
angled, smooth. 

Brackish swamps, craition. July, Aug. Sten 3 to 6 feet high, slightly angled. 
Learns alternate, ribbed, 2 to 5 inches long. Flowers small, green, in large axillary 
and terminal panicles. 

4. BETA, Linn. Beet. 

Celtic left, rod, the usual color of the beet. 

Calyx 5-sepaled. Stamens 5. Styles 2, very snort, 
erect, with acute stigmas. Seed reniform, embedded in the 
fleshy calyx — Biennials, with farrowed stems, alternate leaves, 
and glomerate green flowers in spikes or paniculate racemes. 

1. B. vulgaris, L. Common Beet. 

Lower Uives ovate ; ro it fleshy : flowers in dense, sessile, axillary clusters. Na- 
tive of South Europe. Much cultivated for tin table. Tturc are several varieties, 
of which the purple-leaved is the most esteemed for the kitchen, and the green-lea y- 
cd for extracting sugar. 

2. B. ClCLA, L. Scarcity. Manned- Wurtzel. 

Leaves with very th'iek veins; flowers 3 together. " Native of Portugal. Font- 
Icarcs stalked, those of tha stem sessile. Flowers green, numerous, in very loi:g 
Bpikes-. The variety Sc ir::.ifj has very large leaves, at 1th bat a small root, used as 
a sa'ad &c. The variety M ingel-Wartzel has a very large root, and is much culti- 
vated as food for cattle, for which purpuse it is highly prized. 

Order 87. AHARANTHACEJ&— Amaranth Family. 

Herbs, rarely t/irubs, with opposite, oj; alternate leaves, without stipules and flowers 
m lends or spikes usually colored, imbricated with dry and scarious persistent bracts 
which are usually colored, (he sepsis very similar. Sepals 3 to 5. Stameks 5, or 
some multipleef 6. Ovary 1, free, 1 or few ovuled. Style 1 or none. Stighas sim- 
ple er compound. Fruit a utricle. Seeds pendulous. 

1. AMARANTHUS, Linn. Amaranth. 

Gr. a, not, maraino, to wither, and antlios, flower. 

Flowers monoecious or polygamous, rarely dioecious, 3- 
bracted. Sepals 3 to 5. Stamens 3 to 5 ; separate -. an- 



AMARANTHAGE^. 30 i 



thers 2-celled. Styles or Stigmas 2 to 3, sometimes 4, 
threadlike. Utricle opening transversely all round, or in- 
dehiscent, 1-seeded. — Chiefly annual iceedy herbs, of coarse 
aspect, icith alternate and entire petiokd leaves, and minute spike- 
clustered flowers with green or purple bracts and calyx. 
* Mcncvcious : stamens 3. 

1. A. albus, L. White Cock' 's-corrtb. 

Smooth; stem upright, angular, with spreading or horizontal branches; leaves 
©bovate or spatulate-oblong, pale-green, ohtuse or notched; dusters axillary, in- 
conspicuous; tracts lance-oval-shaped, with spreading spiny tips longer than the 
calyx. 

Open waste places and roadsides, common. Aug. A very homely weed, 1 to 3 
feet high. Leaves % to 2 inches long, somewhat wavy-margined. Flowers incon- 
spicuous, concealed among the greenish bracts, in small clusters. 

'** Stamens *o. 

H. A. iiTBRiDL T s ; L. Hyhred Amaranth. 

Roughish-pubescent; stem upright, grooved angled, sparingly branched, cr sim- 
ple; leaves ovate and lance-ovate; flowers crowded in dense compound terminal 
and axillary naked spikes; bracts awl-shaped, nearly bristle-pointed, longer than 
the flowers. 

Waste and cultivated grounds, common. July — Oct. Stem 1 to 5 feet high, 'stout. 
Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, alternate. Flowers minute, in large-green oblong spikes, 
becoming at length a dull red. 

3. A. retroflexus, L. Hairy Amaranth. 

Rough-hairy ; stem upright, stout, often zigzag, the lower branches recurved at 
the base; leaves ovate, wavy-margined; spikes compact, triply compound, erect ; 
tracts awl-shaped, pointed, much longer than the flowers. 

Waste and cultivated grounds, among rubbish, common. July — Oct. Plant 2 
to 3 feet high, scarcely distinct from A. hybrid us, being rougher and stouter, with 
thicker and more crowded spik.s and larger flowers. 

4. A. SPIN03U?-, L. Spiny Amaranth, 

-Smoothish, branching; leaves ovate-lanceolate, spiny at the axils; Sterile clusters 
crowded in compound panicled and naked spikes, the fertile mostly compact and 
globular in the axils ; bracts not longer than the calyx. 

Roadsides and -cultivated grounds; introduced. June — Sept. Stem 1 to 3 feet 
high, often purplish. Spines % to % inch long. Flowers greenish. 

5. A. Blitum, L. Low Amaranth. 

Smooth, diffusely spreading; leaves ovate or rhomboid, very obtuse or notched; 
flowirs in small and round axillary clusters and in naked terminal spikes ; brads 
shorter than the calyx. 

Gardens and waste grounds; introduced. July — Sept. Stem mostly prostrate 
and spreading. Leaves as long as the petioles, % to % &a wido, Flowin numer- 
ous, greenish. Stamens 3. 

** * Flowers red er purplish. 

6. A. hypochondriacus, L. Prince's Dsather, 

Nearly smooth; stem, upright, stout; leaves ovate, acu te' y flowers clustered on up- 
right cempound spikes or racemes. 

Common ground gardens. July — Sept. Whole plant dark red, 3 to 4 feet high, 
Leaves green with a red pnrple spot or tinged with purple, Fl<mers bright r*&= 
purple asvrell as the subulate bracts. 

K2 



802 N YCT AGIN ACE -E. 



7- A. melancholicus, L. Love-lies-bleeding. 

Lexves ovate lanceolate, colored; racemis axillary, peduncled, roundi3h. A beau- 
'tiful plant from India. 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers redd ish purple. 

CULTIVATED 'EXOTICS. 

2. GOMPHRENA, Linn. Globe Amaranth. 

Bracts 5, colored, the 3 outer ones connivent, carinate. 
Sepals 5, villous. Disk (nectary) cylindric, 5-tbothed. 
IJtricle circumscissile, 1-seeded.— Annual or perennial herbs, 
with opposite leaves, and globose heads of flowers. 

1. A. globosa, L. Annual Globe Amarantli. 

Stem erect, hairy ; leives oblong, pubescent ; flower? in globose solitary hfads, 
keels of the bracts winged. A showy flower from India, much adm'red for na 
heads of flowers, which, retain their beauty for along t me. Stem 12 to IS incLcfl 
Jhigh, with opposite axillary branches. Flowers purple. 

'2. A. PERENNis, L. Perennial Globe Amaranth. 

Leaves lanceolate; heads 2-leaved; flowers with a peculiar calyx. Native of So.u'.h 
America. Stem about 3 feet high. FLwcrs in globose heads, purple, resembling 
he-jMlfi cf clover. July — Oet. 

3. CELOSIA, Linn. Cocks-comb. 

Gr. kelecs, burnt; some of the species appear a s if singed. 

Sepals 3 to 5, colored • stamens united at base by a 
plaited disk. Style 2 to 3-cleft. Utricle circumscissile.— 
Ornamental exotic herbs, with mostly alternate leaves. 

C CRISTATAj L. Crested Cock's-comb. 

Leaves ovate, acuminate; stipules falcate; common pccvnclf striated ; rji'e cl- 
long, com;iresscd- Native of Japan, where the flowers or crests are a foot .in d'n.rae. 
ter, and of an iutcase purpluh red. Siem 2 feet high. June — St .pi. 

Order S3. UYCTAGINACE2E. 

Hzrbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves, one nf-each pair smaller than the ether, c-x<i 
a colored per ion'Ji resembling a coroll.i, with aplaited limb,J'aUing off from the letter 
0Kvrt which becomes indurated in fruit. Stamens hypogynous, dcfiuitel Akteeeb 
2-celled. Ovary free, with a single, erect ovule. Styls 1 : stigma 1. Pi'.mr a thin 
utricle,, en closed within the enlarged inflated bract. 

MIRABILIS, Linn. Four-o'clock. 

Perianth funnel- form, tube contracted, free from the 
ovary, limb plaited, entire, deciduous. Stamens 5. Stig- 
ma globose. — A beautiful genus of flowering plants, native* 
of warm latitudes , with wkii.e red yellow and variugated flowers* 



PIIYTOLACCACE^ AND POLYG0NACE.E. 303 

1. M. JalapAj L. Marvel of Peru. 

Leaves smooth, cordate, acuminate ; flowers in clusters, stalked, large. This well' 
known plant is a native of the West Indies. Stem 2 feet high. Flowers large in 
axillary and terminal clusters, with a wide spreading border, opening at 4-o'clock, 
B. M., bright purple; By cultivation it sports into many varieties with yellow and 
whit©, red and white, and red and yellow flowers. June — Sept. 

2. M. LONGIFLORA, L. Long -flowered Four-o'clock. 

Leaves pubescent ; flowers crowded ; tuhe of the perianth very long, hairy. Na- 
tive of Mexico. Per. June — Sept. Stem-2 feet high. Flcnoers white-, 

Order 89. PHYTOLACCACEffi.— PofcWetf Family. 

Plants with alternate entire leaves, and perfect flowers, with nearly the character of 
(Jkenvpodiacem, but usually a several-celled ovary composed of as many carpels united 
into a ring and forming u berry in fruit ; represented in the Northern States cm)j. 
"by the typical genus 

PHYTOLACCA, Tourn. Pokeweed; 

Gr. phuton, plant, and the French lac, lake, in allusion to the coloring matter whicS' 
the berries yield. 

Calyx of 5 rounded and petal-like sepals. Stamens 5 
to 30. Ovary of 5 to 12 carpels, united into a ring, with 
as many short seperate styles, in fruit forming a depressed- 
globose 5 to 12-oelIed berry, with a. single vertical seed in 
each cell. — Tall and stout perennial herbs, with large pctioled 
leaves, and flowers in racemes becoming lateral and opposite by the.- 
axillary prolongation of the stem. 

P. decandra, L. Common Poke or Scoke. Garget. 

loaves ovate, acute at both, .ends; stamens 10: styles 10. 

Roadsides and moist grounds, common. Jttly — Sept. Soot very 1 a rgev poisonous. 
SUm 5 to 8 feet high, refund, smooth, branching, and when mature of a fine deep 
crimson or purple. Leaves 5 inches long, by 2 to 3 wide, smooth, entire and p - 
ftolcd. Flowers greenish-white. Fruit a dark purple berry, filled with a crimsca 
juke. 

Order 90. POLYGOHACEiEI.— Buckwheat Family 

H ros, with alternate usually entire leaves furnished with stipules in the for^nof~ 
theuths above tJie swollen joints of the item and mostly perfect flowers, with a mcr: or 
Eta persistent calyx, a Veiled ovary bearing 2 to 3 styles -or stigmas, and a singTe -rizt 
orth.tropous seed. St.-uisns 4 to 12, inserted on the base of the 3 to C cleft calyx. 

1. POLYGONUM, Linn. Knotweed. 

Gr. polu, many, and gonu, knee, from the numerous joints. 

Calyx mostly 5-parted, the divisions often petal-like, per- 
sistent, Stamens 4. to 9.. Styles or stigmas 2 to 3 ; shoit 



3-04 POLYaONACEiE. 



filiform. Achenia triangular or lenticular, usually covered 
by the persistent calyx. — Herbaceous plants with jointed 
stems, and small flowers in axillary. andterminal fascicles and spikes, 
or paniculate racemes. 

*-Peesicasia, To am. Flcwzrs in terminator axillary spikes, white or rose colored. 
Mostly annuals. 

1. P; pENNSYLVANICUM, L. Pennsylvania Knot- Grass. 

(Sfcm smooth, tumid at the joints; leaves lanceolate, petiolate ; stipules smooth; 
spaces oblong, crowded; stamens 8; styles 2 or 1. 

Margins of ponds and ditches. July — Oct. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves 3 to 5 
inches long, }/< aswid^, slightly scabrous. Spike* dense-flowered, large and some- 
what nodding. Flowers rose-colored, pedicellate. 

2. P. Persicaria, L. Lady's Thumb. Spotted Knoticeed. 

Stem smooth ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, roughish; sheaths fringed ; spikes ovoid- 
oblong or cylindrical, dense, ereet, on smooth peduncles; stamens mostly 6; styles 
2, united nearly half their length. 

"Waste and damp place?, very common. July, Aug. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, 
often colored. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long. ^ as wide, usually markei with a dark, 
heart-shaped spot near the middle. Flowers greanish-purple, in spikes about L. 
inch long. 

3. P. LAPATHIFOLIUM, L. Pale Knotweed. 

Stem smooth, geniculate; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 
emoothish, s<?metimes hairy beneath ; upper sheaths somewhat fringed ; spikes cy- 
lindrical or oblong, erect or nodding; stamens mostly 6; styles 2, distinct and 
at length divsjgeut. 

Swamps and ditches, rare. Aug. Stem 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves 3 to 5'inchea 
long, x /itoy 2 as wide, on petioles J4 to 14 incu ^ide. Flowers small, white, or 
tinged with red, in numerous- panieled spikes. 

4. P. Hydropip-eR) L. Waterpepper. Smart-weed. 

Smooth; leaves lanceolate, marked with pellucid dots, wavy-margined ; sheaths 
inflated, fringed; spikes slender and interrupted, drooping; calyx dotted with 
glands ; stamens 6 to 8 ; styles 2 to 3, united at base ; fruit lenticular or 3-sided. 
(P. punctatum, Ell.) 

Low grounds, very common. Aug., Sept. A well known intensely acrid plant, 
12 to 20 inches high, with the stem and leaves sprinkled with glandular dota. 
Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 1-5 as wide. Flowers green, tinged with purple and 
■white. 

5. P. Hydropiperoides, Michx. Mild Water-Pepper. 

Stem smpoth, upright or ascending, often rooting at the joints along the base ; 
leaves lanceolate, roughish, slightly hairy or ciliate ; sheaths fringed with long 
bristles ; spikes slender, loosely flowered, weak ; stamens 7 to 8 ; styles 3, united be- 
low; fruit 3-sided, smooth and shining. 

8wamps and along streams. July, Aug. Stem 12 to 15 inches high. Leaves 2 
to 4)inches long, 1-5 as wide, sessile. Spikes several crowded near the summit.ef 
the stem, composed of small fascicles of reddish flowers. (P. mite, Pers.) 

6. P. AMPHIBIUM, L. Water Persicaria. 

Leaves elliptical-lanceolate or oblong, pointed or nearly obtuse, narrowed or 
•omewhat heart-shaped at the base ; spikes very dense, ovoid or cylindrical ; sta- 
mens 5 ; styles 2 ; fruit flattened, smoothish. 

Marshes or ponds. July, Aug. A very variable species, embracing several dis- 
tinct varieties. Stem smooth, furrowed, short-jointed, often very long and creeping, 



POLYGON ACE^. 305 



''or floating and rooting. Leaves 5 to 7 inches long, l.to 2 inches wide, often shin- 
I iag. Stipules large, sheathing, mostiy torn. Flowers rose-rod, in spikes 1 to 3 
Inches long. 

T. P. VlRGlNlANUM, L. Virginian Persicaria. 

Nearly smooth; stem angled, upright; leaves ovate or the upper ovate-lanceolate, 
aeumhiate, rounded at the base, short-petioled. reugh-ciliate ~, sheaths cylindrical, 
truncate, hairy and fringed ; flowers loosely disposed in a long and "slender naked 
spike; stamens 5; sty'r.s 2, nneqal. 

Thickets in rich soil, common. Aug. Stem 2 to 4 feet high. leaves 3- to Ginckeg 
long. x / s as w'.de, on petioles % t0 X A i Qcn ^ on Si Spike 10 to 20 inchus long, simple 
or witn one or two branctilets. Flowers small, white. 

8. P. ORISNTALE, L. Prince s Feather. 

Tall, branching, som ;what hairy ; leaves orate, pointed, petiole!; upper- sheaths 
salver-form; spi'ces numjrous, nodding ; stamens 7 ; styles 2. 

Escaped from cultivation, and naturalized about gardens and waste grounds. 
Au:., S^pt. Sten 4 to 6 feet h : gh, erect, pauieulately branched. Leaves S to- 12 
inches loa^. \£ as wide. Fiowsrs bright rose colored, o^en, in numerous largs) 
plumj-lilie terminal spikes. 

••* AyiOOLAXU^MeisiK Flowers greenish-white, axillary; stamens 5 to 8 ; sty mas 3. 

9. P. ARVICULARIA, L. Knot-grass. Goose-grass. 

Prostrate or spreading ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong ; flcw:-rs apparently 
8:.ssile; sheaths much shorter than the lower leaves: fruit enclosed in the ealjx. 

Roadsides, door-yards and waste places, common. June — Nov. Stems sleEder, 
M t0 l/^ f°°t l° n '-?5 smooth, branching, with short white torn stipules at the joints. 
Leives % to 1 inch long. %as wide. Flowers greenish-white. Var. erectu.-u. Roth, 
(P. erectum, L.) has upright or ascending stanis, larger oval or elliptical leaves and 
usually 5 stamens. 

10. P. tenue, Michx. Slender Knot-grass-. 

SUm low and slender, upright, sparingly branched, sharp-angled : leaves sessile, . 
narrowly-linear, very acute; shzaths capillary-fringed; flowers nearly sessile, oiten 
solitary, greenish-white; fruit nearly smooth, shining. 

Dry soil and r.^eky hiils. July — Sept. Plant <S to 12 inches high. Leaves 1 to \% 
inch long, x /» to X A aa wide, sessile, 3- veined. Flowers greenish-white. 

** *Hjjlxine, L. Calyx 5 parted-, pale-rose-colored or white ; stamens mostly S; sijks 
or capitate stigmas 3; leave* heart-shaped or arrow-shaped ; annuals. 

11. P. ARIFOLIUM, L. HaVoert-leaved Tear-thumb. 

Stem groove-angled; leaves haibert-shaped, acuminate, long-petioled ; flowers 
somewhat racemed, few; peduncles glanduiar-bri3tiy ; c-ilyx often 4-parted, closed; 
stamens 6 ; styles 2, very short. 

Low grounds. Aug. Stem flaccid, somewhat climbing, by the reflexed prickles 
which bjset its angles as well as the petioles. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long and ]/ Q as 
wide, the divergent lobes at the base pointed. Clusters racemose, slender,, loose, 
fuw-flowered at the ends of the branches. Flowers pale rote-colored. 

12. P. sagittatum, L. Scratch-grars. 

Stem 4 angled ; leaves arrow-shaped, short-petioled; flowers. capitate; peduncles 
smooth; stamens 8; styles 3, slender; fruit sharply 3-angled. 

Low grounds, common. July — Sept. A climbing plant often Beveral feet in 
length, smooth except the angles of the stem and midrib beneath, which are close- 
ly beset with a line of sharp prickles pointing downwards. Leaves acute, 1 to 3 
inches long, ]/ 2 as wide, on petioles % to % inch long, with smooth stipules. Fioi»° . 
ers whitish in 6mall terminal heads. 

K2* 



'OS POLYGON AOE33. 



13. P. Convolvulus, L. Black Bindweed. 

Stems twining or procumbent, roughish; leaves cordate-hastate, pomted; flowers 
in small interrupted racemes; calyx segments obtusely keeled; stamens 8; styles 3; 
fruit smoothuh. 

Cultivated mid waste grounds, common. July—Sept. A climbing p^ant 2 to 6 
feet long, wjU-n roughish angled stems. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, U as wide, with 
somewhat ^spreading lobes at base. Flowers whitish. 

14. P. cilinode, Michx! Fringe-jointed False Buckwheat. 

Innately downy; sfe?ajt7i fringed at base with reflcxed bristles; leaves cordate ani 

tlig'nly hastaL-, acuminate; racemes panicked ; siamtwsS; styles B. 

Open woods and rocky hills, common. July— Sept. Stems climbing 3 to 9 feet. 
Flowers whitish. 

15. P. dumetorum, L. Climbing False Bach wheat. 

Smooth; sheaths n : . d; leaves heart-shaped or slightly hastate, pointed; ra- 
cemes int rrupted, leafy ; 3 cuter calyx-lobes strongly keeled, and in fra.it wlr.gcd ; 

Moist thickets, common. Aug. Stem twining 8 to 12 f,:ct c~er bushes. Leaves 
with distinct roan I lotos. Flowers in long interrupted racemes, i 

****Fj:60PTEtj»r, 5Potttn. Cdlyx petdl-Mke; < i fe 1; stands 3 ; styles 3; 

' ;;?i Z-ti'kd.— Annuals, with trianguar-cordale or hastate leaves, mid corf 
racemes or panicles cf white flowers, offen tinged with green or ?os&-i 

1G. P. FAGOPYRUM, L. Bach wheal. 

Smbothish; leaves cordate-sagittate; raceme panielcd; flowers V, honey-be-.rlng 
gli&fuds i : •. • id between the stamens; fruiitwicj as longas t5e calyx, with acute 
and. entire angles. (Fagopyrum eseulentum, Tourn.) 

Old fi( Ids, c scaped from cultivation. Jane— Sept. A valuable grain, much cul- 
tivated on ] ccr land. Stems 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, y z aa- 
wlUe. Flowers cum rous, white, fragrant. 

2. RUMEX, Linn. Dock. Sorrel. 

Th^ ancient Latin name of unknown etymology. 

Calyx of 6 sepals, persistent, the 3 outer herbaceous, the 
3 inner large, somewhat colored, valvately convergent over 
the 8-angled achenium. Stamens 6. Styles 3 ; stigmas 
tufted. — Coarse herbs, with, small mostly . greenish flowers, 
commonly uhorlcd inpanided racemes. 

*Lapathdm, Tourn. Flmvers perfect, or sometimes 2>olyga , mous ; styles free; in- 
ner sepals bearing grain-like tubercle i; bitter herbs, withtlie petioles sheathing at Ui& 
lasc. 

1, R. verticillatus, L. Swamp Dock. , 

Leaves lanceolate, acute, flaty, racemes nearly leafless, elongated, tho Cowers, in 
crowded whorls; sheaths cylindrical; valves broad-cordate, entire, each bearing a 
very large grain. 

Wet swemps and ditches, rather common. June, July. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, . 
branched alovc. Leaves, long, pale-green, thickisk, with conspicuous 6heaths. 
Whorls few-flowered. Fcdiocls )/> to 1 inch long, 

2. R. obtusifolius, L. Broad-leaved Doch. 

Stem roughish; lowest leaves ovate-cordate, obtuse, rather downy on the vels«-iu*v 



laurace^;. 307 



underneath, slightly wavy-margined, the upper oblong-lanceolate, acute ; whorte 
loose and distant; valves toothed, one of them bearing grains.- 

Fields and waste pi aces, common; introduced. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, fur- - 
rowed, branching, leafy. Foot leaves about 1 foot long, 5 to 6 inches wide. Flow- 
ers in loog, nearly naked racemes. 

3. R. ceispus, L. Curled Deck. Yellow Doclc. 

Smooth; leaves lanceolate, 'with strongly wavy-curled margin?, acute, the lower 
truncate or somewhat heart-shaped at the base; whorls crowded in long slender 
racemes, lenf!e-s above ; valves entire, orate, one cf them bearing grain3. 

Cultivated and wast? grounds, very common; introduced. June, July. Stem 3 
to 4 feet high, from a deep spindle-shaped yellow root. Flowers numerous, in a 
large panicle, consisting of -numerous racemes of half-wherls. The root is us«d 
medicinally. 

4. R. sanguineus, L. Bloody -veined Dock. 

Leaves lanceolate, wavy-margined, the lowest cordate at the base; uftorls distant, 
in long and slender leafless interrupted spikes; valves entire, one of them at least 
bearing grains. 

Waste and cultivated grounds; sparingly, introduced. June. Stem 2 to 3 foot 
high, reddish, branching, leafy. Veins of the leaves red, or in the variety viridis, 
green. 

**Ac"T0?ELLA, To urn. Flowers diessiaus; styles adherent to llic angles of tl\& 
ovary ; herbage acid. 

5. R. Acetosella, L. Field Sorrel Sheep Sorrel 

Low; leaves lance halbcrt-forrn, the narrow lobes entire ; whorls leafless, in slender 
panicle J racemes ; ralvrs ovate, without grains. 

A very common weed in sterile soil and worniields. May. Stem 6 to 12 inches 
high, leafy. Leaves very acid, but pleasant tasted. Flowers small, red or reddkh. 

3. RHEUM, Linn. Rhubarb. 

Fha, the river Volga, on whose banks the plants r.rc said to be native. 

Calyx colored, 6-sepaled, persistent. Stamens 9. Styles 
3; stigmas multiple!, reffexed. Achenia 3-angIed, the 
angles margined. — Perennials, with fasciculate ficicers in 
racemose panicles. 

R. RHAPONTICUM, L. Garden Rhubarb. Pieplant. 

Leaves smooth, cordate-ovate, obtuse; petioles channeled above, rounded at the 
edges. May. Native cf Asia, cultivated in gordcus for the juicy acid petioles. 
Stem stout and fleshy, 3 to 4 feet high, hollow with largo sheathing stipules at tho 
joints. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, % as wide, on petioles 6 to IS inches long. Flow- 
ers greenish-white in a terminal panicle, at first cnclozed in a white membraneous : 
fcract. 

Order 91. LAUBAGEU.— Bay Family. 

Aromatic trees or sliruls, with alternate simple leaves mostly marled with minute 
pellucid dots, and cluttered flowers with a regular calyx of 4 to 6 colored sepal3 which 
are barely united at the base, imbricated in 2 series in the bud, free from the ovary* , 
Stamens definite. Style single. Feuit a 1-scedcd berry cr drupe. 



108 ' THYMELEACEiE. 



1. SASSAFRAS, Nees. Sassafras. 

Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted spreading calyx. 
Stamens 9, inserted on the base of the calyx in 3 rows, the 
8 inner with a pair of stalked glands at the base of each : 
anthers 4-celled, 4-valvcd. Fertile flowers with 6 
short rudiments of stamens and an ovoid ovary. Drupe 
ovoid, supported on a club-shaped fleshy, pedicel. — Trees 
with spicy aromatic bark, deciduous leaves, and greenish-yellow flow- 
ers in clustered ana I ped uncled corymbed racemes, appealing with the 
leaves. 

S. OFFICINALE, Nees. Common Sassafras. 

leaves ovate, entire or ssrna of thorn 3-lobed and cuneate at base; racerr.et vrilh 
linear bracts. (Lauras Sassafras, L.) 

R^ch woods and hillsides* corr.mcn. April. May A tree 15 to 40 feet high, with 
yellowish-green twigs. Flowers greenish-yellow, in clustered racemes at iht end cf 
the last years tn igs. Fruit a dark blue drupe, Lorn on a red stalk. 

2. BENZOIN, Nees. Spice-bush. 

Flowers polygamous-dioecious, with a 6-parted open calyx. 
The sterile flowers with 9 stamens in 3 rows, the inner 
1 to 2-lobed and gland-bearing at the base; anthers 2- 
cciled, 2-valvcd. Fertile flowers with 15 to 18 rudi- 
ments of stamens in 2 forms, and a globular ovary. Drupe 
obovoid, the stalk not thickened. — Shrub with entire decid- 
uous leaves, and yellow flowers preceding the leaves in nearly sessile 
umbel like, clusters. 

B. CDORIFORUM, Nees. Spice-wood. Fever-lush. 

Nearly smcoLli; Icavcc. cblong-obovate, pale underneath ; pedicels scarcely as long 
as tho Cowers. (Lauvus Benzoin, L.) 

Damp wood". April, May. A shrub 6 to 10 f.;et high, pervaded with an aromatic 
fiavor similar to gum Benzoin. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and. about % as wide. 
Flowers in clustered umbeis, greenish, appearing before the leaves. Berries lipo 
in Sept. 

Order 92. THYMELEACEiE.— Mezereum Family. 

Shrubs, with acrid and very tough bark, entire leaves, and perfect flowers with a 
regular and petal-lite calyx, bearing usually twice as many stamens as its lobes, in- 
serted into the calyx. Ovaky solitary, with 1 ovule. Style 1 : stigma undivided. 
Fruit hard, dry, drupaceous. 

1. DIROA, Linn. Leatherwood. 

Gr. Dirle, the name of a fountain near Thebes. 

Perianth colored, tubular-funnel-shaped, truncate, the 
border wavy or obscurely 4-toothed. Stamens 8, long and , 



NY.S3ACE2E. 309- 



•slender,, inserted on the perianth above the middle, exserted, 
the alternate ones longer. Style 1, filiform : stigma capi- 
tate. Drupe oval. — A much branched shrub, with jointed 
branches, oval obovute alternate leaves, and light yellow flowers, pre- 
ceeding the leaves. 

D. palustrls, L. Moosewood. Wicopy. 

Leaves oval-obovate, alternate, at length smooth, on very short petioles, entire, 
,.btuse. 

Damp rich woods, not common. April. SJiruh 2 to 5 feet high, with white soft' 
od very brittle wood, bat the fibrous bails is remarkably tough, whence the com- 
ton-name Leathcrwood.. Flowers preeeeding the leaves, 3 in a cluster on a short. 
hick peduncle. Berry oval, reddish when ripe. 

2. DAPHNE, Linn.. Mezereum. 

From the nymph Daphnej who, it is saidwas changed iato a laurel. 

Perianth 2-cleft, mareseent; limb spreading. Stamens^ 
8, included in the tube of the perianth. Style 1. Drupe 
1-seeded. — Mostly evergreen shrubs, with- the leaves generally 
from, the terminal buds and the flowers from the lateral. 

D. Mezereum, L, Common Mezereum. 

Leaves deciduous, lanceolate, in terminal tuft?, entire, sessile, about 3 from each 
lateral bud; perianth funnel-form, the srgments ovate, spreading; stamens inserted 
in 2 rows near the top of the tube; filaments very short ; stigma sessile. A beau- 
tiful European shrub, 1 to 3 feet high, flowering in March. Flowers pink and; 
white, clothing nearly the whole plant. 

Order 93. ITYSSAGEJE.— Tvpelo Family. 

Trees, with dioecious-polygamous flowers, consisting only of the genus Nyssa, 
which has commonly been appended to Santalaceae from which it differs in thes&li- 
ary ovule of the ordinary structure, suspended from the tap of the cell. 

NYSSA, Linn.. Tupelo. 

Sterile flowers with a 5-parted calyx, and about TO 
stamens on the outside of a convex disk. Fertile with the 
tube of the calyx adherent to the 1-celled ovary, th 3 border 
4-parted and deciduous. Stamens 5 : style elongated, 
revolute. Fruit an oval or oblong berry-like drupe, with a 
grooved endocarp. — Trees, with alternate deciduous smooth 
and shining leaves, and axillary peduncles, bearing sterile 
flowers in capitate clusters or racemes ; and the fertile 2 to 4 
together or sometimes solitary. 



S10 SANTALACEiE. 



N. multiflora, Wang. Pepperidge. Sour Gvm. 

Leaves oral and ohovate, acute or pointed at both ends, entire, the petioles and 
midrib hany ; fertile, jloweis mostly in 3s ; drupe oval. 

"Woods, in dry or moist soil, common. May. A middle-sized tree, -with dark pray 
bark, horizontal branches, deep green and shining leaves, and small gr< ei;ish flow* 
era. The wood is very unwedgeable, on account of the oblique direction atd 
crossing of the fibre of different layers. 

Order 94. Sl'NTALKCEM.—jSandelwood Family. 

ITerbs, shrubs, or trees, with entire leaves, the 4 to l-eleft perianth ralvcte in tie 
bud, its tube coherent with the 1-celled ovary, which contains 1 to 4 ovules. Stamens 4 or 
5, opposite the segments of the; perianth and insetted into their tases. SlYLE 1 :: 
btiqjia often lobed. Fruit a nut or drupe. 

1 . COMANDR A, Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax. 

Gr. Jxma, hair, and andres, fcr stamens, 'n allusion to the hairy tufts attached to* 
the anthers. 

Flowers perfect. Perianth Bell-sftapecl cr urn-sbaped r 
the lirnb 5-c-left, persistent. Stamens 5, rarely 4, the an- 
thers adhering to the lobes of the perianth by a tuft of thread.. 
Style single. Fruit dry and rather nut-like, 1-seeded,. 
crowned by the persistent perianth. — Low and smooth pe-j 
rennial herbs, with alternate oblong and sessile leaves, ad 
green ishrwhite flowers in terminal or axillary vmhel-likeM 
cymes. 

C. umeellata, Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax. 

Siem round and erect; leaves okovatc-cblc ng. sulscsfile, entire; cgw.es ccv_ m- 
bose-clustered, several-flowered; perianth-lube copt-niied beyend the ovary, fc-im- 
ing a neck to the globular-urn-shaped fruit; style slender, as long as the stamens. 

Dry or reeky banks, c< miron. May-, Jaine. &icms hrt.T.ihmg, S to 12 inches Li^Lj 
emc(;ihuh. Flutters whitish, lihk reus on tkert pedicels. 

2. PYRULARIA, Michx. Oil -ki :t. 

Name a diminutive of Fyrus, frcm the Fruit, which resembles a small pear. 

> Flowers dieecious. Perianth 5-cleft, the lobes re- 
curved. Stirile flowers with 5 stamens on very short 
filaments, alternate with 5 rounded glands. Fertile flow- 
ers with a pear-shaped ovary invested by the adherent pe- 
rianth; disk with 5 glands: style 1, short and thick:: 
stigma capitate. Fruit fleshy and drupe-like. — A lew 
straggling shrub, with alternate short-petioled and veir>y : 
leaves, and small greenish sessile flowers in simple teiminal 
spikes. . 



LaRANTHACE^ AND ULHAOE.E. 311 

P. OLEIFERA, Gray. Buffalo-nut. Oil -nut. 

Liaves ovate-oblong, pointed at both ends, somewhat downy, or at length nearly 
mnoth, somewhat saceulent. 

Rich wooded banks an 1 imuntains. May. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, with a very 
d^ep root. Litres 2 to 3 inches long, oily to the taste. Flowars. in a terminal 
Bpik<J greenish-yellow. Sjji.es ripening but one fruit, which is about 1 inch long. 

OaDER 95. LOlANTHAOBaS.— Misletoe Family. 

Sfyubby plants with coriaceous greenish foliage, parisiiic on trees, represented in 
the north -rn temperate sone chiefly by the Mistletoe, distinguished from the pr - 
c.:iing order by tin tru'y simp le ovule being solitary and suspended fiom the ape* 
of tin cell. Faj:x a l-seedid berry. 

YISCUM; Linn. Misletoe. 

The ancient Lat'.n nam ■, fro n viscu^ glue, in uJLusion to the glutinous fruit. 

Flowers nDnoojious or dioeelous. Perianth fieshy- 
coriacious; in the sterile flowers 3 to-l-parted, the triangular 
lo'o3S, each with a sessile anther directly adhering to its inner 
face, and opening by several pores; in the fertile the tube of 
the pariani.Li is combined with the ovary, the border obsolete. 
SriGMA sessile. Fruit a globular berry. — Mich branched 
p irUitical shrubs, with jointed stems, ojiposite leaves and 
sm dl jljioers in short spikes. 

V. FLAVS3CENS, Pursh. White Misletoe. 

JS anz'ies round, spreading; leaves obevate or oval, contracted at the base into a 
short p:tiole, 3-nerved; spi'ces axillary, solitary ; stevilz Jtowers mostly trifrd. 

Parasitic an the trunks of old tree-!, especially Elm-', Oaks, and Iliekories. Apri^. 
Wjxe plant veilosYish-green, 9 to 18 inches high. FLuivers small, greeuish-yehow. 
2y.;''i-'jj' pearly- white, l'esamblmg white wax. 

OilDER 93. ULMiUJEH! — Elm Family. 

Trees or Shrubs, with alternate rougldsh leaves, and deciduous stipules, perfect or 
rarelg p fy/gzm vu,s jioiozrs in axillarj cltisle.rs or solihiry, with the definite stamens in- 
serted on tie b tse if t'tefreepzrixrit't, w'ui'i is imbricated in the bud. Peeunth fr,?e 
from Si3 ovary, bell-sh t,ped, 4 to deleft. Sri'LSS or dii3M\3 2 ; 07AEY 1 to 2-©.Ttod. 
P.vjip l-ceLIed, with a single saspenlel seel. 

I. ULMUS, Linn. Elm. 

TLic classical Litin nam3. 

Perianth be!l-shap3d J 4 to 9 cleft. Stamens 4 to 9, 
with long anil sleaier iilamoats.' Styles 2, short. Ovary 
flit, 2-ceiied ; with a single anatropou3 ovule suspanded from 
i,he summit of each ceil. Fruit a 1-celled and 1-seeded 



12 ULMACE.3E. 



membranaceous samara winged all around.— Trees, rarely 
shrubs, with rough leaves, and (often polygamous) purplish 
or yellowish flowers in lateral clusters, preceding the short-pe- 
tioied leaves. 

1. U. Americana, L. American or White Elm. 

Leaves smooth above, downy underneath, oblong-ovate, pointed, sharply doubly 
ferrate; flowers in umbel-like clusters, on conspicuous pedicels ; fruit oval, with 
woolly-fringed margins. 

Moist woods and river banks, common. April. A large tree, 30 to 70 feet high, 
with long spreading pendulous branches, and slender pendulous branchlets. Leaves 
1 to 5 inches long, doubly denticulate. FLowcrs small, purplish. SLnnens about 8. 

2. U. fulva, Michx. Slippery Elm. Red Elm. 

Leaves very rough on the upp?r side, roughish downy underneath, ovate oblong 
doubly serrate; buds rusty-woolly ; Jhiocrs nearly sessile in dense clusters ; fruit 
nearly orbicular, the margins naked. 

Woods, in rich, dry or moist soil, common. April. A m'.ddle-sized or small tree, 
20 to 4 J feet high, and 9 to 20 inches in diameter, with straggling branches and 
rather toagh reddish wood, rem irkabie for the tough naucuagiaoas inner bark. 
iiUmtns about 7, short, reddish. 

2. CELTIS, Tourn. Nettle-tree. 

An ancient Greek name for the Lotus, which this tree is said to resemble. 

Flowers polygamous. Perianth 5 to G-parted, persis- 
tent. Stamens 5 to 6. O^ary 1-celled, with a single sus- 
pended ovule : stigmas 2, long and pointed, recurved. Fruit 
u globular drupe, with thin liesh. — Trees or large shrubs, 
icith pointed, pctioled leaves, and greenish axillary flowers, 
solitary or in pairs, appearing with the leaves. 

1. C OCCIDENTALS, L. Sigar-berry. Jlidc-berry. 

Leaves rougbish, obliquely-ovate, sharply serrate, finely acuminate, unequal and 
oft^n heart shaped at the base; flowers small, subsolitary. 

Woods and river b inks. May. A tree 20 to SO feet high, with the aspect of an 
Elm. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, with a very long acutninotioa an J very unequal at 
the base. Flowers small, greenish-white. Fruit dull-purple or yellowish-brown, 
tweet and edible. 

2. C. CLtASSlFOLlA, Lam. Hackberry. 

Leaves lance-ovate, acumiuat-e, serrate, unequally heartshaped at ba«e, rough 
and hairy on both sides; peduncles mostly 2-fk)>vered. 

Low -rounds. May. A small tree, 20 to 40 feet high, with a straight slender 
trunk, "undivided to a considerable height, covered with an unbroken bark. Leave* 
3 to ti inches long, thick and firm. Flowers small, white, succeeded by a round, 
black drupe about the size of the Whortleberry. 

3. C. PUMILA, Pursh. Dwarf Eaehberry. 

Leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, equally serrate, unequal at the base, smooth 
on both sides, the younger only pubescent ; pylundes mostly 3-aowered; fruit 
solitary. 

River bar.ks, along the Susquehanna. A dwarf very struggling 6hrub, 3 to 10 
feet high. Leaves sometimes heart shaped, nearly as broad as long, with a very 
short acumination. Berries brown or nearly black. 



SAURURACEJE, CERATOPHYLLACE.S AND CALLITMCHACEiE 81o 

Order 97. SAURURACE2E — Lizard's-tail Fonih 

'Herbs, with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves tvith stipules, and perfect flowers 
'Acs, entirely destitute of a perianth, and 3 to 5 more or less united v caries.— 
Ovules few, orthotropous. Fruit a capsule or berry, 3 to 5-celled, few-seedeiL 

SAURURUS, Linn. Lizard's-tail. 

Gr . saura, a lizard, and oura, a tail ; in allusion to the form of the intertscencc 

Inflorescence an ament or spike of 1-flowered scaler 
Stamens mostly 6 or 7, hypogy nous, with long and distinct, 
filaments. Fruit somewhat fleshy, wrinkled, of 3 or 4 
pistils united at the base, with recurved stigmas. Seels 
usually solitary, ascending. — A 'perennial aquatic herb, with 
heart-shaped petioled leaves, and white flowers, each from the axil of 
a small bract, closely aggregated in a slender terminal spike. 

S. cernuus, L. Lizard's-tail 

Stem angular; leaves cordate, acuminate, 

Margins of ponds and streams, common, "June — Aug. Stem 1 to 'ly 2 feet high, 
'weak', furrowed. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, ]/, as 'wide, smooth ami gluucecus. oi. 
petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Spike slender, 3 to"6 inches long-, drooping at the end. 

Order 98. CERAT0PHYLLACE1E,— JFmwon Family, 

Aquatic hcrhs, with iv/tcrled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary and sessile 

acious fou'f.rs without any feral envelopes, lut with a many-cleft involucre.— 

StambbS 1G to 24. Fixiile ovary free, 1-celled with a waspeiided o\ule; style fill- 

form, oblique, sessile. Fruit an acheniuxn ber.ked with the indurated stigma. 

containing 4 cotyledons, 

CERATOPHYLLUM, Linn. Hoknwoux. 

Sr, leras, a horn, phidlon, a leaf, alluding to the horn-like divisions of the leaves. 

Sterile flowers of 12 to 24 stamens with large sessile 
anthers. -Fruit an achenium, beaked with the slender per- 
sistent style. — Herbs, growing under water, in ponds or slow 
flowing streams ,- the sessile leaves cut ir.tu % or 3 forking filiform 
rather rigid divisions. 
C. eciiinatum, A. Gray. Mom wort. 

Achenium elliptical, rough-pointed on the sides, with a termim.1 ami i short 
lateral spines, the slightly winged margins armed with blunt teeth, which finally 
' elongate and equal the lateral spines; divisions of the leaves minutely serrulate, 
mostly 2-toothed at the apex. 

Common. June, July. Flowers minute. 

Order 99. CALLITRIOHAOEIE.— Starwort Family, 

Aquatic small annuals, with opposite entire leaves, and poly yam ous solitary f out s 

L2 



■ ol-i PODOSTEMACEJE. 



.in their -crtik, usually between a pair of bracts, without proper floral envelopes.— 
Eruit 4- celled. 4-lobed and 4-seeded, consisting only of the genus 

C ALLITRICHE, Linn. Water-Starv ort. 

Gr. Icalos, beautiful, tlirix, trichos, hair; alluding to the slender stems. 

Stamens 1, rardly ; 2 : tilaments -slender : -anthers 1- 
celled, kidney-form. Styles 2, awl-shaped, distinct. Fruit 
jndehiscent, nut-like, 4-lobed and 4-celled, but the styles 
only 2, awl-shaped, distinct. Seed solitary and suspended, 
filling each cell, anatropous. — Aquatic small annual s } with 
opposite entire leaves. 

1. C. VERNA, L. Vernal Watcr-starwort. 

Leaves 3-nerved, the floating OEes spatulate or otovatc, the immersed linear; 
bracts incurved ; styles constantly erect; fruit nearly sessile ; the lobes par allel in 
.pair? and bluntly keeled on the back. 

Shallow poo's and slow streams, common. Mar — Sept. Stem floating 1 to 2 feet 
long, composed of 2 tubes, simple or branched! Leave' 2 at each joint, beccming 
crowded above, into a ^tar-like tuft- upon the surface of the water. Flowers white, 
axillary 1 to 2 together. 

2. C. TLATYCABrA, Kutzing. 

I'mU nearly sessile; the lobes parallel in pairs, slightly winged on the beck; 
tiyles erect in (he flowers, refiexed closely over the fruit. Bracts and foliage much 
ps in the last the fruit twice as large : growing in similar situations. 

Order 100. POBQSTEIftACElE.— River-weed Family. 

Aquatics, growing on stones in running water, rescn.llii a Fea-wced? cr Mcsse -f. with 
Vie ininute naled flvwers bursting from a spdhe as in liverworts, producing o 3 - 
cdicd many-seeded capsule; represented in North Americaby the genus 

rODOSTEM-UM, Michx. Keyer-weed. 

Cr. pwj,-ailot, and slemon, stamen; the stamen appearing as if on a common 
foot stalk. 

Perianth or bracts, of 2 to 3 small awl-shaped scales. 
Stamens 2, rarely 3; fiiaments moncdclpl.cus below. 
Styles or stigmas 2, awl-shaped. Capsele 2-cellcd, 2- 
valvcd, many-ribbed. Seeds minute, very numerous en a 
thick .central placentas. — Floueis axillary and soh'ia? y . ptdi- 
celL d from a wittier spatke. 

P. CEEATCTEYLLOi, Michx. Thread-foot. 

Leaves rigid., elicholcmcusly fiif'kecicd; JHcmetits united to above the re it die. 

Common 'in the bottom of shallow streams. July. A small olive-green plant 
re.- mbling a Sea-weed, and tenaccously adhering to loose stones at the bottom, 
similar to a Fucux. by fleshy disks or processes in the place of reds. J.jxvcs nu- 
merous, alternate divided into several long linesr-liistly segment*, 1 to 4 inches 
.ki l-. Fhv.tr: en tLcrt thick peduncles. 



EUPnoiunACEjf. 315 



Order 101. EJPH0R3IACE&I.— Sjrnrge Family. 

Trees, shrubs or hirbs, often aboun ling in an acrid mdl:y juice, opposite or alter- 
mix, si.npU, rarely compo'inl hives, of 'ted furnished with stipules, usually terminal 
or iri'lxry m mxciaus. or dAazzious flowers, and a capv.Ce of 2 to 3 or several 1-seeded 
ovaries united around 'a central axis, separating xolienripe. — Calyx usually valvate in 
the bud, occasionally wanting. Petals soractimc-s present. Siigxas 2 to 5 or more, 
of ton forked, 

i" EUPHORBIA, Linn. Spurge. 

Named after Eaphorbus, physician to King Jaba. 

"Flowers monoecious, included in a cup-shaped 4 to 5- 
lobed involucre resembling a calyx or corolla, usually with 
Farge and thick glands at its sinuses. Sterile flowers 
numerous and lining, the base of the involucre, each from 
the axils of a little bract, and consisting merely of a single 
stamen jointed' on the pedicel like the filament. Fertile 
flowers solitary in the middle of the involucre, soon pro- 
truded on a long pedicel, consisting of a 3-lobed, 3-oelled 
ovary without a calyx or a mere vcstig?. Styles 3, 2-clc£f, 
therefore 6 stigmas. Capsule" 3-lobed, 3-celled; cells 1- 
seedol. — H'rLs or slirul-, with a milk)/ ju'ce, qmeralty oppo- 
site leaves, the uppermost often in whorls or pairs, or sometimes 
wanting, and lateral or terminal peduncles often umbellate clustered. 
* Stem, leaves aUern >.te: flnoirs in involuerate umbels. 

1. E. corollata, L. Flowering Spurge. 

Stems upright, nearly simple ; reaves oblong,- obtuse, entire, the floral leaves 
small ; umbel divided into 5 or 6 rays, then 3 or 2 forked; glands oval, each at tho 
base of a petaloid involucre.- 

Drv bank * and sandy fields, very common. Per. .Taly — ?ept. Stem slender, 1 
to 2 feet hijrb. mostly smooth. Leaves 1 to 2 inches lone:, often qnite lmecr. very 
entire, scattered on the stem, verticillate and opposite, in the umbel/ Corotfa-Wce 
in.otucn large, white, showy. 

2. E. Darlixgtonii, G-ray. Darlington's Spurge. 

S'.e-n-liaviz lance-oblong, pale and minutely downy underneath, the second try or 
"eaves orbicular dilated, all entire ; umbel divided into 5 to S rays, then several 
tlm?s simply forked; segments of the floral involucre colored, entire, sub-remform ; 
ovary warty. 

Miis£ wio Is, Chester Ctftmty, Szc. May, Jane. Per. Stem 2 to 4 feet bleb, 
smooth, rarely branched below the umbd. Lews 3> to 4 inebea lonx, the flora! 
oval, very obtuse,-the others rounded and nearly as broad as lone;. Floral involu- 
cre purplish-brown within. Capsule at length nearly smooth. 

3. E, Heliascopia. L. JSun Spurge. 

Erect: floral leaves obovate ; stem leaves wedge-form, all obovate and nearly 
roundel at the end, finely serrate ; umbel divided into 5 rays, then into Gs, or at 
length simply forked; glands orbicular, stalked; fruit smooth and even. 

Waste places, rare. July— Sept. Ann. Stem smooth, 8 to 16 inches fcigli t 



olG EUPHORBIACE^. 



branched from the root. Leaves scattered y 2 to \y 2 inch long, % as broad at the 
led or retuse apes, Branches of ths umbd mostly short. Slerilejlowers mos t- 
numerous. 

4. E. Peplus, L. Petty Spurges 

■ :^r o spending, branched below; leaves entire, very obtuse, the lower 
r obovate, petioled, the floral round-hear L-shaped; umbel divided into many 
then forking; glands long-horned ; fruit roughiehand thickened on the back 
arpej. otherwise smooth. 
Waste grounds, introduced. July. Aug. Ann. Plant 5 to 10 inches high, 
smooth. Involucd? or floral leaves large, clasping, broader than long. Flowers , 
c mspicuous . 

35em leaves opposite. Heads axillary orfasciculais, . 

5 S. htpericifolta, L. Common Spurge. Eyebriglit 

. ::."?i branching, nearly erect ; haves ovate-oblong or oval-oblong, 
oblique or heart-shaped" at the base, often curved, finely serrate, 3 to 5-ribbed un- 
derneath: corymbs terminal. 

be and cultivated places, common. July — Sept. Ann- Stem 10 to 20 inches 
high, usually purple, very smooth. Leaves % bo 1 inch long, % as wide, on very 
. etioJLes, marked with oblong dots and blotches, ciliate. Corymbs of small 
lefotte. 

E. maculata, L, Spotted" Spurge. Milk Purslane, 

— -)v sometimes smoothish, diffusely prostrate, very much branched from the 
root fetwes oval, minutely serrulate towards the end, unequal at the base, slight- 
G-rifcbed; fruit mostly hairy; seeds 4-angied. 

Jcavelly banks and open places, common everywhere. June — Sept. Annual- 
i- 12 inches in length, spreading flat on the ground. Leaves opposite, v /± to 
% inch long, and % as wide, often purplish, cr with a dark purple blotch oh the 
nipper bids. Eeads'of flowers small, crowded near the summit. 

7. E. Ipecacuanha, L. Wild Ipecac. Ipecac Spurge. 

Procumbent or suberect, smooth; leaves opposite, varying fromobovate or oblong 
to long and narrowly linear, entire; peduncles elongated, axillary, 1-flowered; 
fruit smooth. 

Dry sandy soil, rare. May — July. Per. Stems many from a very long perpen- 
dicular root, low and diffusely spreading, flowering and simply forking frpm the 
base. Leaves Vy^ to 2 inches long,,% to % inch wide. 

8. E: dentata, Michx. Toothed Spurge. 

"Upright, hairy ; leaves ovate or oblong-lanceclatc, coarsely serrate with blunt 
teeth, narrowed into a slender petiole ; flowers crowded at the summit of the stem 

Shady hillsides, in rich soil. Aug. Ann. Plant about 1 foot high, at first simple 
afterwards with side branches. Upper leaves spotted. Involucre lobes cut fringed. 
Fruit smooth, short-stalked. 

CULTIVATED EXOTICS. 

9 E. LathYRUS, L„ Caper Spurge. Mole-tree. 

Stem erect, stout, smooth ; leaves linear-oblong, entire, the floral oblong-ovate 
and heart-shaped, pointed ; umbel mostly 4-rayed, rays dichotomous ; glands of the 
involucre short-horned ; fruit and seeds smooth. 

Cultivated grounds and gardens. July — Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves 2 
be i inches long, % to % wide, numerous and arranged in 4 rows on the stem. 
Umbel of 4 verticillate branches with a central subsessile head. 



EUPHORBIACE^E. 317 



10. E. PUNICA, L. Scarlet Spurge. Splendid Euphorbia. 

Stem shrubby, fleshy, armed with rigid sharp thorns; leaves ovate, tapering to 
the base, smooth, entire, acute, mucronate; peduncles axillary, 2 to 3 times dicho- 
tomoua; bracts scarlet. . A singular and showy garden plant. , 

2. PHYLLANTHUS, Linn, 

Or. phullon, leaf, antlios, blossom ; the flowers being attached to the leaves. 

Flowers monoecious. Perianth 5 to 6 parted, alike in 
the sterile and fertile flowers. Stamens 3 : filaments 
united in a column, surrounded by 5 to 6 glands or a 5 to 6- 
lobed glandular disk. Ovary 3 -celled, the cells 2-ovuled : 
styles 3, 2-cleft: stigmas 6. Capsule separating into 3 
carpels, which split into 2-valves.— Herbs or shrubs, with al- 
ternate stipulate leaves, and minute axillary flowers. 

P. Carolinensis, Walt. Leaf -blossom. 

Stem erect, herbaceous, with alternate branches ; leaves simple, entire, smooth, 
oval and obovate, shdrt-petioled; 'flowers few, subsolitary. 

Gravelly banks. July, Aug. Ann. Stem 6 to 10 inches high, slender. Leaves 
of the stem % to % by % to Y 2 inch, those of the branches y 2 , and those of the 
branchlets % as large. Flowers very small, whitish, 1 to 3 in each axil. 

3. ACALYPHA, Linn.- Mercury,. 

The Greek name for the nettle, which this plant resembles* 

Flowers monoeeious. Perianth of the sterile flowers 
4-parted, of the fertile 3-parted. Stamens 8 to 16 : fila- 
ments short, united at the base : anther-cells separate, 
long, hanging from the apex of the filament. Styles 3, 
cut-fringed. Capsule separating into 3 globose carpels 
which split iuto 2 valves. — Mostly herbaceous plants,- with 
alternate petioled stipulate leaves, and tile clusters of 'sterile flowers 
with a minute bract, the fertile surrounded by a large leaf like cut- 
lobed persistent bract. 

1 . A. VlRGlNlCA, It. Three-seeded 'Mercury. 

Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, obtusely serrate, long petioled ; sterile spile rather 
few-flowered ; involucre of the fertile flowers heart-shaped, broad-ovate, acuminate, 
veined and toothed. 

Fields and open places, common. Ang. Ann. A homely weed 1 to" 2 feet high, 
smooth or hairy, often reddish in autumn. Leaves 3-veined, 1 to 2% inches long, 
}4 as wide. Pistillate flowers at the base of the peduncle, of the staminate spike. 

2. A. CAROLINIANA, Walt. Carolinian three-seeded Mercury. 

Leaves on long petioles, rhombic-ovate, acuminate, serrate, entire at base; braoU 
beart-shaped, lofced ; fertile flowers at the base of the staminate spike. 
Fields, rare. Julv. Aug. Ann. - Stein 9 to 18 inches high. A peculiar specks, 

L2* 



318 JUGLANDAOE^. 



4. RKJINTJS, Linn. Palma Christi. 

Lat. ricinus, an insect, which the fruit of these plants resemble. 

Monoecious. Sterile flowers. Pjerianth 5-parted. Sta° 
mens numerous : filaments united branching. Fertile 
flowers. Perianth 3-parted. Styles 3, 2-parted. Cap- 
sule mostly echinate, 3-celled, Speeded.- — Herbs andshrubs^ 
with peltate, palmate leaves, and monoecious flowers. 

R. CO mmunis, L. Castor-oil Bean. 

Stem herbaceous, glaucous, leaves peltate-palmate, lobes lanceolate, serrate ; cap 
sule echinate. Aug., Sept. Natiye of the JJast Indies Iu our gardens it is a tall, 
smooth plant, of a light bluish green color, but in its native country it beoomes a 
tree. Leaves 4 to 12 inches in diameter, on long petioles. Cultivated extensively 
m various parts of the U. S. for the purpose of obtaining oil.from the seed, 

fe BUXUS, Linn. Box-wooi>. 

Monoecious. Sterile flowers. Calyx 3-leaved : petals 
2. Stamens 4, with the rudiment of an ovary. Fertile 
flowers. Calyx 4-sepaled. Petals 3. Styles 3. Cap- 
sule with 3 beaks and 3 cells : seeds 2. — Evergreen shrubs. 
With opposite leaves , and inconspicuous flowers, , 

B. sempervirens, L; Box. 

Leaves ovate ; petioles hairy at the edge ; anthers ovate, sagittate. Native of Eu- 
rope. Var. angnstifolia has narrow lanceolate leaves. Var. suffruticosa the dwarf 
bos has ohovate leaves and a scarcely woody stem, highly ornamental for edgings 
iu sedans, 

Order 102. JUGLANDAGE®:-- Walnut Family. 

Tre&i MM alirnate unequally pinnate leaves, without stipules, green inconspicuous 
w or.ivcious flowers in aments ivith an irregular calyx, and a fruit which is a kind of 
dry drupe with a bony endocarp (nutshell), containing a large Globed orthotropous 
serA. Fertile FLOWERS solitary or in small clusters, with a regular.3 to 5-lobe<f. 
calyx adherent to the incompletely 2 to 4-celled but only 1-ovuled ovary. 

1. JUGLANS, Linn. Walnut.. 

Lai. Jjvis glans; i. e. the nut of Jupiter. 

Sterile flowers m long and simple lateral aments; the 
: yx scales unequally 3 to 6-parted, somewhat hracteatc 
at base. Stamens 8' to 40 i eilaments very short. Fer- 
tile flowers solitary or several together on a peduncle at 
the end of the branches : calyx 4-toothed, bearing 4 small 
lis at the sinuses. Styles 2, very short : stigmas 2, 
and fringed. Fruit drupacet 



JUGLANDACE^E. 319 



with a fibrous-fleshyindelu scent epicarp, and a rough irregu- 
larly furrowed endocarp or nut-shell. — Large trees, with 
strong scented aromatic bark, 4-c, odd -pinnate leaves of many ser- 
rate leaflets, and sterile flowers in aments, the fertile terminal. 

1. J. cinerea,- L. . BwtternuU White Walnut. 

Leaflets numerous (15 to 17), oblong-lanceolate, pointed, rounded at the base, 
downy beneath; pztioles and branchlets downy with clammy hairs ; fruit oblong, 
acuminate, clammy, the nui deeply and irregularly furrowed. 

River banks and rich woods, common. May; fruit ripe in Sept.. Tree 30 to 50 
feet high, with gray bark, and widely spreading branches. Leaves 12 to 20 inche3 
long. Bxi~ren flowers in long aments : fertile in short spikes. The kernel is oily 
and pleasant-flavored. From the bark is extracted an excellent cathartic 

2. . J. nigra, L: . Black Walnut. 

Leaflets numerous (15 to 21), ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, subcordate at 
base, smooth above, the lower surface and the petioles minutely downy ; fruit glo- 
bose, with scabrous punctures. 

Rieh woods, common. May ; fruit ripe in Oct. A large handsome tree 60 to 9C 
~e«t high, with a diameter of 3 to 6 feet ; bark brown-. The wood is very valuable 
for cabinet work, purplish-brown, turning blackish with age. 

2. GARY A, Nutt. Hickory., 

Or. Karua, the Walnut. 

Sterile flowers in slender lateral catkins, which are 
mostly in threes ona common peduncle : calyx. naked, un- 
equally 3-parted. Stamens 3 to 8: filaments scarcely 
any, Fertile flowers 2 to 3 together at the ends of the 
branches, with a 4-toothed calyx, and no petals. Stigma 
large, 4-lobed. Fruit globular, with a somewhat leathery 
epicarp, which splits into 4 valves, and falls away when ripe 
from the smooth and slightly 4 to 6 angled nut-shell, which 
is incompletely 4-celled. — Trees, with hard and very tough 
wood, odd-pinnate haves of 5 to 9 leaflets, and sterile flowers in 
branched aments. 
* Seed edible and delicious : baric exfoliat&igin shaggy strips or plates* . 

1. C. ALBA, Nutt. Shell-bark Hickory.. 

Leaflets f., minutely downy underneath, finely serrate, the 3 upper obovate- 
lanceolate, the lower much smaller and oeleng-lanceolate, all acuminate; fruti. 
a spressed -glob ul as ; r.:ii somewhat flattened. 

Rich moist wood?, common. April, May ; fruit in Oct. A tall and handsome 
tree with rough and shaggy bark, consisting of long strips adhering by tbe mid- 
die or one end ; the wood is valuable as timber, and especially for f ael. The fruit is 
covered with a very thick epicarp separating into 4-parts, and containing a whitish 
thin-shelled nut with a large richly-flavored kernel. 

2. C. SULCATA, Nutt. Thick Shell-bark Hickory. 

Leaflets 7 to 9, obovate-lanceolate, downy underneath, sharply serrate: fruV. 
ovaJ,4-ribbed aboTe the middle with intervening farrows; nut strongly pointed^ 
:..Cy flattened, vyiib. a thick yellowish shell, 



320 - CUPULIFERJ3. 



Valleys along the Alleghenies ; abundant along Chillisqnaque Creek, Northum- 
berland County. Mav; fruit in Cht. A large tree 50 to 70 feet high. Leaves 10 
%n 20 inches Ion?. Sterile aments very long. Nti& nearly twice larger than in C. 
alba, with a thick shell. 

** Seed sweetish but smiZl ; nut hard-shelled; baric not shaggy. 

3. C TOMENTOSA, Nufcfc. M)ckvmut. Bdlaut , ,kory. 

Leaflets 7 to 9, oblong or obovate-lanceolate, slightly serrate, ro/'^Ma downy 
underneath: aments hairy; fruit globular or ovoid, with a thick and nard shell, 
•which splits almost to the base; nut somewhat 6-angled, the shell very thick and 
hard. 

Rich woods and bills, common. April, May; fruit in Oct. A tall free 40 to 50 
ft&t high, with resinous scented foliage and whitish cracked bark; the wood is 
celebrated for axe-handles, fuel, &c. 

4. C. microcarpa, Nufct. Small-fruited Hiekory. 

Leaflets 5 to 7, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, glandular underneath ; aments smooth 
fruit roundis h-ovoid, with a thin husk ; nut slightly 4-anglcd, the shell rather thin 

Moist woodlands. May; fruit in Oct; A tree CO to 70 feet high with an even 
bark. Aments long, slender, smooth. Leaves 4 to 8 inches lon<:r, 2 to 3 inches 
wide, the under surface tufted in the axils of the veinlets; Fruit % of an inch in 
diameter. 

5. C. GLABRA, Ton*. Phj-nut. Broom Hickory. 

Leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, smooth or nearly so; fruit pear-shaped 
or roundish obovate, thin, splitting about halfway down into 4 coriaceous valves; 
nut hard and tough with a sweetish or bitterish kernel. 

Woodlands. common. May: fruit in Oct. A large tree with a close bark very 
tough and valuable wood, and exceedingly tough sprouts. Fruit of various forrae. 

* * * Seed intensely bitter ; husk thm and soft; nut-shell thin and fragile. 

6. C. AMARA, Nutfc. Bitter-nut Stcamj) Hickory. 

Leaflets 7 to 11, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, smooth, acuminate ; fruit globular, 
with ridged or prominent seams opening half way down; nut inversely heart- 
ehaped. 

Wet woods, -common.- May ; fruit in Sept. A graceful tree with clos? bark, and 
small pointed buds nearly destitute of sftalas.- Na5-8?ieU very -thin, with an intense- 
ly bitter kernel. 

Order 103. CUPULIFERiE.— Oak Family. 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate and simple straight-veined leaves, deciduous stipules, 
and mnncKiou* flenvers ; the star He in aments or clusters, the fertile solitary or dus- 
tefed, furnished with an involucre -which forms a cup'or covering to the l-ce'lr-d 1-seedr 
ed nut. Stacks 1 to 3 times as many as the sipais, inserted iuto their bas->. Ovi- 
ky 2 to 7-cclled, with 1 to 2 pendulous anatropous ovules in each pell; all the 
ovules an 1 cells disappearing in fruit. Fr.mT a bony or Lathery nut, more or leas 
snclosed in the capsule. 

1. QUERCU3, Linn. Oak. 

The classical Latin name. 

Sterile flo t ,yer3 clustered in slender and naked droop- 
ing aments, without bracts ; perianth 6 to 8-parted. SrA- 



cupultferj:. 321 



mens 6 to 12 : anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers 
scattered or somewhat clustered, consisting of a 3-celled 6- 
ovuled ovary with a 3 lobed stigma, inclosed by a scaly bud- 
like involucre which becomes an indurated cup (cupule) 
around the base of the rounded nut or acorn. — A nolle genus 
of trees (rarely shrubs), with greenish or yellowish sterile flowers, 
in axillary, pendulous, filiform aments ; the fertile inconspicuous .- 
flowering in April and May, and ripening their fruit in October, 
Ssc. i. Fruit annual, pedunculate. — Leaves not mucronate. 

* Leaves sinuale-loled or pinnaUfidr Wiiits Oaks, 

1; Q. alba, L. White Oak. 

Leaves smooth, pale or glaucous under neath, obovate-oblong, obtuse, obliquely 
and deeply cut into 3 to 6 oblong, obtuse mostly entire lobes ; cup hemispherical, 
roughish. naked, much shorter than the ovoid or oblong acorn. 

Rich woods, ceuimon. The White Oak is a well knowu and invaluable tree TO 
to 83 feet high, with a diameter of 4 to G feet. Learns bright green above, the 
"iobes variable in breadth, sometimes very narrow. Nut about 1 "inch long, sweet- 
ish, edible. 

2. Q. obtusiloba, Michx. Post Oak. Iron Oak. 

Leaves deeply cut into 5 to 7 roundish divergent lobes, the upper ones much 
longer and often 1 to 3-notcked, grayish-downy underneath, pale and rough above ; 
cup hemispherical, naked, about ]/ 6 the length of the ovoid acorn. - 

Sandy soil, not common. May. A tree 30 to 50 feet high, with straggling irregu- 
lar branches. Fruit sessile, or 2 to 3 together on a short common peduncle. The 
timber is very durable, and is much esteemed in ship building. 

3. Q. macrocarpa, Michx. Over-cup White Oak. 

Leaves obovate, deeply and lyrately sinuate-lobed, pale or downy underneath 
the lobes obtuse, repand; cup deep, fringed around the margin, more than half 
enclosing the ovoid turgid acorn. 

Woods along rivers, rare. May. A tree 40 to 60 feet high, the branches covered 
with a corky bark. Leaves dark-green, 10 to 15 inches long. Acorns very large 
imme*rsed % of their length in the cup which is mossy- fringed on the* border.. 

4. Q. OLiViEFORMis, Michx. Mossy-cup Oak. 

Leaves oblong, deeply and unequally sinuate-pinnatifid, smooth, glaucous under- 
neath: cup very deep, mossy-fringed above, inclosing % of the elliptical-oval acorn. 

Swamps and low places, not common. A large and majestic tree 60 to SO feet 
high, with a diameter of 2 to 4 feet, chiefly remarkable for its smaller branches 
always inclining downwards. Leaves very variable in form- Fruit V/i inch long. 
This species is commonly known through Union County as the Swamp White Oak, 
and is considered very durable for posts, rails, &c. 

* * Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed, not lobed. Chestnut Oaks. 

5. Q. bicolor, "Willd. Swamp White Oak, 

Leaves on short petioles, oblong-obovate, cuneate at the base, whitish-downy be- 
neath, coarsely and irregularly sinuate-toothed ; peduncle elongated in fruit ; cup 
hemispherical, sometimes a little fringed at the border, inclosing less than one half 
the oblong-ovoid acorn. 

Low moist woods, common. A tree 40 to 60 feet high, with the bark separating 
into large flat platey. Leaves 6 to 7 inches long, with 8 to 15 coarse teeth. Awrn 
iaige, in a small thin and roughish cup. 



£•>> 



ClPULIFERJE. 



C- Q. Prinus, L. Siuamp Chestnut OaJc. 

Leans on long petioles, obovate, acute, coarsely serrate with nearly uniform 
roundish teeth, pubescent beneath.; cup .somewhat top-shaped; acorn ovate. 

Shady woods airf river banks. A tree RO to SO feethiach. Twelves large on pe- 
tioles 1 inch long. Acorn large, sweet. The timber is valuable in fhS arts. 

7. Q. MONTANA, Willd. Rock Chestnut Oak. 

Leaves petioled, broadly obovate, coarsely and nearly equally toothed, whitis-h 
downy underneath ; peduncles short; cup hemispherical, with rugose and iuberek-d 
scales; acorn orate. 

Rocky hills, rorirnon. A middle sized tree, seldom more than 00 f>et high. 
Le tves w ; th broroi an 1 oVuw teeth on a yellow petiole. A:orn 1 to 114 inch long. 
The bark is highly esteemed for tanning, and the wood make? excellent fuel. 

8. Q. Castanea, WilicT. Yellow Chestnut Oak. 

Leaves on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at base, acuminate, hoary-white 
underneath, equally and nearly sharply toothed ; cup hemispherical ; acorn Gvoid. 

Rich mountaih w-ods and valleys. A tree GO to 70 feet high. Le'axes narrower 
thm those of the former, with acute teeth, which are callous at the point. Fruit 
nrdd!.-s'z?d. sessile or on a short peduncle. These three Chestnut Oaks are very 
difficult to distinguish, and many prove to be only varieties of one species. 

9. Q. PRINOIDES, Willd. Chinquapin Oak, 

Leaves on short petioles, obovate and lance-oblong, coarsely wavy-toothed, downy 
underneath: ped'gncM short or none; cu^. hemispherical: acorn ovoid. (Q. Chin- 
quapin, Pu^h.) 

Sandy soil. A shrnb 3 toO ft et hisrh, growing in patches intermmcrled with the 
Black Scrnb Oak. i'Q. illicifoiia, Wang.') Acorns swret. middle-sized.' and so 
abundant as often to weigh the shrub to the ground. Divarf Chestnut Oalc, . 

Srx\ ii. Fruit not maturing until the second year, nearly sessile. 

* Leaves entire, narroio. 

10. Q. IMBRICARJA, Miclix. Laurel or Shingle Oal\ 

Leaves lance-oblong, acute at both ends, rnucronete; thickish, smooth and shining 
above, pubescent beneath; cup saucer-shaped; acorn globular. 

Barrens and open woodlands. A tree CO to 50 fret high, with' numerous irre>m- 
lar branches. Leaves darfc preen, thick and firm in texture. 3 to 5 inches lonsr.-*^ 
as wide. Acrn small, in a fiat nearly sessile cup. The wood splits easily, and is 
sometimes used for shingles. 

* * Leaves toothed or lobed. Black and Bed Oaks. 

11. Q. ILLICIFOLTA, Wang. Black Scrub Oak. 

Bwarf; Dawson short petioles, obovate, wed. ere- shaped at the base, 3 to ."-angu- 
larly lobed, white-downy underneath; cup fiattish-top-shaped : ccorns ovoid. (Q. 
Bannister!, Michx.) 

Sandy barrens and rocky hills, common. A straggling crooked shrub, 3 to 6 fret 
high, much branched. Acorns in numerous clusters on the branches. Bear Cak. 

12. Q. nigra, L. Black Jack, or Br oic n Oak. 

Leaves broadly wedge-shaped, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, 
dilated and slightly 3, or rarely 5 lobed at the end, rusty-downy underneath when 
young ; acorn ovoid-globular, half covered by the very scaly cup. 

Dry woods and sandy barrens, common. A scragjry tree. 15 to 30 feet high, 
covered with a thick rough black bark. Leaves leathery, shining above, 4 to 8 
inches long, with rounded often obscure lobes, the principal veins projecting in 
bristle points which are commonly deciduous. Acorns % to 1 inch long. 



CUPULIFER-E. 323 



13. Q. tinctoria, Bartram. Quercitron or Black Oak. 

Le-wes obovate-oblong, slightly or sometimes deeply sinuatc-lobed, the lobe4 
somewhat toothed, more or less rusty pubescent underneath; acorn, depressed- 
globose, in a^Sat scaly cup, 

Dry woods comaara. A large tree, sometimes attaining the height of 80 to 90 
f ■ t, w ith a diameter of 4 to ^5 fet, and a deeply fureowed black or deep brown 
bark. The inner bark is very thick and yellow, used in dying. Leaves 6 to 8 inch- 
es long, broadest towards the end, quite variable. Acorns brown, nearly sessile, 
ttbOttt half covered with the thick scaly cup. 

14. Q. coccinea, Wang. Scarlet Oak. 

Leaves on long petioles, oval in outline/'deeply sinuate-pi nnatifid,'w ith broad and 
open sinuses, the lobes divergent and sparingly cut-toothed, 3 to 4 on each side, 
smooth ; cup top-shaped, conspicuously scaly ; acorn roundish-ovoid. 

ivich woods, common. A tree 60 to «0 feeirhigh, with a diameter -of 3 -or 4 feet. 
Leaves of a blight sinning green on both sides, turning bright scarlet in autumn. 
Awns large % to x / 2 immersed in the cup. The wood is used for staves, and the 
bark for tanning. 

15. Q, RUBRA, L. Red Oak. 

.Leaves en long petioles, oblong, smooth, pale beneath, obtusely einuat -ly-lobed ; 
lobes spreading, sparingly-toothed or entire, 4 to G on each side ; cup saucer-shaped, 
shallow, nearly smooth, much shorter than the oblong-ovoid acorn. 

Forests, common. A tree 7D to SO f et high, with a diameter of 3 to 4 feet. 
Lmv* 6i to 1G. inches long, slightly pubjSce-nt in the axils of the nerves beneath, 
chan -ing to dull red or yellowish in autumn. Acorns 1 inm long, with a flat base 
in cups^so shallow as rather to resemble saucers than cops, eag'-rly devoured by 
be r'. * The wood is reddish and coarse grained, ami the bark is used in tanning. 

16. Q. talustrts, Du Roi. Micbx. Pin Oak. 

Leaves onlcng petioles, oblong, in outline smooth and shining, deeply pinnatifid 
Tjvitli broad and rounded sinuses, the lobes divergent, cut-lobed and toothed, acute; 
cup sane r-?haped, even; acorn nearly globose. 

Swampy woe ds, common. A handsome tree 40 to TO feet high, with numerous 
fpread ing branches and light el. gant foliage. Leaves bright gi eon on both sides, 
A-oriio numerous, small, on short peduncles, in shallow cups. It is called Tin Oak 
on account of its unusual number of secondary branches which die as the tree ad- 
Tances, giving the trunk the appearance of having- pins or tree nails driven into it. 

i Q.. heterophyUa, Michx., f, was founded on a single tree raised in Bartram's gar- 
den near Philadelphia, recently destroyed, which was doubtless a hybred. It u 
.figure .1 and described by Mkhaux in-his Syha Arnericara. 

2. CASTA.NEA, Tourn. Chestnut. 

From Cu.st.tnea, a city of Thessaly, noted for its chestnuts. 

"Polygamous. .Sterile flowers interuptedly clustered 
in long cylindrical aments: perianth deeply 5 to 6-parted : 
stamens 8 to 15. "Fertile flowers 2 or 3 together in an 
ovoid scaly prickly involucre: -perianth urceolate, 5 to 6- 
cleft, with the rudiments of 5 to 12 abortive stamens. ! Ova.- 
ry crowned with the perianth, 3 to 7-celled, 14 to25 i ovuled. 
Nuts coriaceous, ovoid,! to 3 included in the enlarged 
echinate 4-iobed involucre. — Trees and shrvhs } with mod'y 
-deciduous alternate straight veined leaves, the sterile tream-cohr-ed 



824 CUPULIFER^. 



flowers in axillary aments near the end of the branches, and the fer- 
tile flowers at their base. 

1. C. vesca, L. Chestnut. 

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, mncronate-serrate, smooth and green on both 
sides; nuts 2 to 3 in each involucre, flattened on one or both sides 

Eocky or hilly woods, common, especially in stony land. June, July. A large 
tree, with light coarse grained wood. Leaves 6 to 9 inches long, and Y 2 as wide 
with large uniform teeth. Aments 5 to 8 inches long, very numeroue. JVuts about 
3 together, of a peculiar brewn, enclosed in the enlarged cupule or burr which is 
beset on all sides with sharp spines. 

2. C pumila. Michx. Chinquapin. Dwarf Chestnut. 

Leaves oblong, acute, serrate with pointed teeth, white-downy beneath ; nut soli- 
tary. 

Sandy weeds, and sterile places. June. A shrub or-small tree 6 to 20 feet high, 
much branched. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, l^to 2 inches wide, smooth above, en 
petioles y 2 hieh long. Stamcnate flowers in aments 6 to 10 inches long. Kut •: 
pointed, scarcely half as large as a common chestnut, very sweet. 

3. FAGUS, Tourn. Beech. 

iiv.phagn, to eat, in allusion to the esculent nuts. 

Monoecious. Sterile flowers in small heads on droop- 
ing peduncles, with deciduous scale-like braces; perianth 
bell-shaped, 5 to 6-cleft : stamens 8 to 12. Fertile 
flowers 2 within a 4-lobed prickly involucre : perianth 
with 4 to 5 minute awl-shaped lobes. Styles 3 : ovary 
3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Nuts usually 2, sharp- 
ly 3-sidcd, invested by the soft prickly coriaceous involucre, 
which splits to below the middle into 4-valves. — Trees with 
smooth gray bark, undivided sirai gut-veined leaves, and yell. 
flowers appearing with the leaves. 

F. FERRUGINEA, Ait. American Beech. 

Ledves oblong-ovate, acuminate, distinctly and often coarsely toothed, obtuee at 
1 ape; prtchtes of the fruit recurved or spreading. 

Woods along streams, common. May. A beautiful tree, often f.0 or CO feet high, 
covin d with thick smooth ash-gray bark. Leave$,2 to 5 inches long, often a link 
h art-?harid at base, bright green and shining atove, siiky umferdeatb when 
young. Nuts small, oily, sweet and- nutritious. The led Beech is now ccmideied 
as only a variety, with the-wcod softer and easier of cleavage. 

4. CORYLUS, Tourn. Hazel-nut. Filbert. 

Gr. lorus, a helmet or cup, in allusion to the involucre. 

Meroccicus. Sterile tlgweks in drooping cylindrical 
aments, theccccave bracts and the 2-cleftperianth combined 
to form 3. lobe d scales, to the axis of which the 8 short fila- 
ments irregularly cohere. Firtjle nxwiES several to- 
gether in lateral and teimina! scaly buds. Stk :>:a 2, thread- 
like. Cyaey 2-celled with 1 ovule in each cell. Kut long ; 



CUPULIFERiE. 



roundish-ovoid, obtuse, surrounded by the enlarged coriace. 
ous and lacerately toothed involucre. — /Shrubs, with round, 
ish wiequally serrate leaves, the yellowish sterile and red fertile fiovo^ 
ers appearing- in early spring in advance of the leives. 

1. C. Americana, Walt. Wild Hazle-nut. 

Laves roundish-heart-shaped, acuminate, coarsely serrate; involucre roundish, 
bell-shaped, glandular, with a spreading flattened border about twice the ltngth 
of the flattened nut. 

Thickets and fencerows, common. A shrub 5 to S feet high, with the younir 
twigs, &c, downy and glandular hairy. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long and % as wide. 
Barren Jiowers in long pendulous annents flowering in April. Sut line-flavored 
smaller than the European hazel or filbert. 

2. C. ROSTRATA, Ait. Beaked Hade-nut. 

Leaves oblong-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped, acuminate, doubly serrate: involu- 
cre beli-shaped-tubular, prolonged above the globular-ovoid nut into a narrow tu- 
lmlar beak, densely clothed with bristles 

Banks of streams and along mountain ravines. May. A shrub 2 to 5 feet high 
with slender smooth branches. Involucre 1 to 1}4 inch long, contracted at the top 
into a long narrow neck, like a bottle, covered with short still hairs. 

5. CARPINUS, Linn. Hornbeam. iron-woo'd. 

The ancient Latin name. 

Monoecious. Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical 
anients, consisting of from 8 to 14 stamens in the axil of a 
simple entire scale-like bract, destitute of a proper calyx : fil- 
aments very short. Fertile flowers several, spiked in 
an oblong ioosely imbricated terminal anient, with small de- 
ciduous bracts, each with a pair of flowers consisting of a -2- 
celled 2-ovuled ovary terminated by 2 thread-like stigmas. 
Nut small, ovoid, ribbed, acute, each with a simple, 1-seed- 
ed, enlarged, open and leaf-like involucre. — Trees with a 
smooth gray bark, with alternate undivided straight-veined leaves 
appearing later than the flowers. 

C. Americana, Michx. American Hornbeam. 

Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply <loubly serrate, nearly smooth: involk* 
ere 3-lobed, somewhat halbert-shaped, somewhat cut-toothed on one side. 

"Woods along streams, common. April, May. A small tree 1*2 to 20 feet high 
with an irregular rigid trunk, and very hard wood, covered with a light ash-color- 
ed or gray bark. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, % as wide, petiolats. Scales of the 
fertile ament 3-parted, the middle segment much the largest, oblique with a later< 
■al tooth. 

6. OSTHYA, Micheli. Hop Hornbeam. 

Gr. ostreon, a shell ; in allusion to the fruit. 

Monoecious. ' Sterile flowers in cylindrical ament^ 
with orbicular, -acu minute, ciliate scales. Stamens 8 to 10, 
with somewhat irregularly united filaments. Fertile flqw- 
M2 



MYRICACEiE. 



ERS numerous, in a short terminal anient, with small decidu- 
ous bracts j each enclosed in a membranaceous sac-like in- 
volucre which enlarges and forms a bladdery closed bag in 
fruit, those imbricated to form a sort of strobile, appearing 
like that of the hop. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, crowned 
with the entire and bearded border of the calyx, forming a 
small and seed-like smooth nut. — Slender trees with hravin- 
isk finely furrowed lark, entire alternate leaves, and flowers ap- 
pearing with the leaves. 

0. Yirginica, Willd. American Hop-Hornbeam. 

Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, sharply doubly Berrate, somewhat downy' 
fertile aments cblong, pendulous •; inxolucral sacs bristiy-haiiy at the ba6e: lu<te 

acute. 



Rich wcods. April, May. A small tree 20 to SO feet high. The hnrk is rrmnrk- 
ahle for its fine narrow longitudinal divisions. Leaves on hairy petioles, at cut 
twice as long as wide. The fruit is similar in spptaranee to hcjs, consisting d 
membraneous imbricated sacs, containing -erch a flower., The wctd is viry white, 
hard and strong, much used i'or levers, <£e. Lcvtr-wtcd. Iron-wood. 

Order 104. MYBI0AGE2H.— Sweet Gale Family. 

MorHEoioits or dioecious shruls : witkt?te sterile and fertile flowers in short scaly aments, 
■and resinous dotted often fragrant leaves — differing from the Birch Family chiefly 
by the 1-celled ovary with a single erect orthotropous ovule, and a dnpe-like net. 

1. MYPJCA, Linn. Bayeerry. 

Gr. murike, the ancient name of the Tamari.-k. 

Dioecious. Sterile flowers in oblong or cylindrical 
amenta, the fertile in ovoid closely imbricated aments., 
I ,oth destitute of calyx and corolla, solitary under a seale-like 
bract, with a pair of bractlets. Stamens 2 to 8 with the 
filaments somewhat united below. Ovary 1, superior, with 
3 scales at its base, and 2 thread-like stigmas. Fruit a smbll 
globular nut, studded with resinous grains or wax. 

1. M. Gale, L. Sweet Gale. Meadow Fern. 

Leaves wedge-lanceolate, serrate towards the apex, appearing later than the 
flowers; sterile ameni3 closely clustered; fruit in an oblong imbricated anieutae«- 
oii5 head. 

Borders' of pond?! and mountain lakes, rare. May. A branching shrub 3 to 4 
f->vi high. Leaves dark green above, pale beneath, with a strong midvfin. % to 
i/o inch long, ]/* to }/ 2 inch wide, entire J^ the length. Fertile and sterile fewer* 
on'eeperate plants. The fruit and leaves when bruised emit a pungent spicy odor. 

*2. M. cerifera, L. Baylerry. Wax Myrtle. 

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, entire or wavy-toothed toward-i 
the apex, shining and resinous dotted on both sides, somewhat preceding the. Sow- 
ers; eUrile amcRts scattered, oblong; nuts scattered and naked, incrueted with 
white wax. 



BETCLACEJE. 327 



Sandy soil, rare. May. A- shrub 2 to 8 feet high, with a very branching top, 
and grayish bark. Leaves \% to 2]4 inches long by % to %. Aments sessile along 
the last years branches. T ho" fruit consists of a globular nut or stone enclosing a 
kernel; and covered with a coating of whitish was. 

2. COMPTONIA, Solander. Sweet Fern. 

In honor of Henry Campion, Bishop of London a century ago, a patron of botany. 

Monoecious. Sterile flowers in cylindrical aments 
with reniform-cordate pointed scale-like bracts, and 3 to 6 
stamens. Fertile flowers in globular aments, burr-like; 
ovary surrounded by 5 to 6 long linear-awl-shaped scales, 
persistent around the ovoid smooth nut; otherwise as in 
Myrica. — Low shrubs, with long and narrow pinnatifid-lobed 
leaves with small stipules appearing after the flowers. 

C. asplenifolia, Ait. Sweet Fern, 

Leaves long linear-lanceolate, alternately sinuate-pinnatifid, 
Dry woods and hills, common. May. A well known, handsome aromatic shrub, 
I to 2 feet high. Leaves numerous, on short peduncles, 3 to 4 inches long, Yi hich 
■wide; divided nearly to the midvein into numerous rounded lobes. 

Order 105. BETULA0E2E.— Birch Family. 

Monoecious trees or shrubs, with sterile and fertile flowers in scaly aments, 2 or 3 
under each bract, and no involucre to the naked 1-celled and 1-seeded often winged 
nut. which tesults from a 2-ceUed and 2-ovuled cmry. Styles single or none : stiq- 
ha 2. 

I. BETULA, Tourn. Birch. 

The ancient Latin name. 

Sterile flowers 3,- with* 2 bractlets under each scale or 
bract of the ament, consisting each of a perianth of 1 scale 
and 4 stamens attached to its base : filaments short. Fer- 
tile flowers 3 under each 3-lobed bract, consisting of a 
naked ovary with 2 thread-like stigmas, becoming a broadly 
winged and scale-like nutlet or small samara. Seed sus- 
pended, anatropous. — Tree? and shrubs, mostly with the outer 
bark usually separable in thin horizontal sheets, ovate, serrate alter • 
natc leaves, and monoecious flowers , the golden sterile ones expanding 
in early spring preceding the leaves, the fertile in oblong cylindrical 
aments appearing with the leaves. 
* Trees with thebarJc of the trunk white externally, separable in thin sheets. 

1. B. populifolia, Ait. White Birch. 

Leaves deltoid (triangular), long-acuminate, truncate or slightly cordate at base, 
uneiually serrate, smooth and shining on both sides, on smooth petioles; fertile 
amenii on. peduncles : scales with roundish, lateral lobes. 



328 BETULACEJ2. 



Poor soils, in rocky mountainous woods, common. May. A small and slender , 
very graceful tree, 20 to 40 feet high, with a chalky- white bark. Leaves tapering 
to a long point as tremulous as an Aspen, on petioles 1 inch or more long. Amenti 
long pendulous. Poplar-leaved Birch. 

2. B. papyracea, Ait. Paper Birch. Canoe Birch. 

Leaves avate, acuminate, doubly-serrate, the veins hairy beneath, small above > 
lateral toVs of the fruit-bearing braits short and rounded. 

Hillside woods, common. May, June. A tree 40 to 70 feet high, with fine- 
grained wood, and very tough durable bark, white externally, seperating into pa- 
per-like layers. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, % as wide dark-green above, pale- 
glandular-dotted underneath. Sterile aments 1 to 2 inches long. 

** Trees with reddish-brown or yellowish bark ; leaves withshort petioles* 

o. B. NIGRA ; L. Bed Birch. River Birch. 

Leaves rhcmbiG ovate, acute at each end, doubly serrate, whitish -and downy 
underneath ; fertile aments somewhat peduncled, woolly ; bracts with oblong-linear 
nearly equal lobes. 

Low river banks, common. May. A tree 30 to 50 feet high, with reddish -brown 
bark, which at length becomes very loose and torn, hanging in shreds. Leaves 3 
inches long and 2 wide, on petioles % to % inch long, dark-green above. 

4 B. LENTA, L. Black Birch. Sweet Birch. 

Leaves cordate-ovate, pointed, sharply and finely doubly serrate; hairy on the 
veins beneath; fertile aments elliptical, thick, erect, somewhat hairy. 

Moist rich woods, common. April, May. A. beautiful tree 40 to 60 feet high, 
with a diameter of l,to ,3 feet, covered with a chestnut-brown dark, Branches 
slender, spotted with white. Leaves 3 to 4 inches long, about % as wide. ThG . 
wood has a clore grain and is susceptible of a fine polish, valuable for cabinet work. 
The bark and young twigs are spicy-aromatic. 

*** Shrubs with brownish baric and rounded crenate-toothed leaves. 

5. B. pumila, L. Low Birch. Dwarf Birch: 

Erector ascending; leaves obovate or roundish-elliptical, coarsely crenate-toothed, 
the younger downy and nearly orbicular ; fert Ue catkins cylindrical; scales more 
or less unequal 3-iobed ; fruit broadly winged. 

Mountain bogs, rare. Pursh. May, June. A shrub 2 to 5 feet high, with smooth 
or sometimes warty branchlets, the young twigs downy. Leaves on short petioles, 
i to l]/ 2 i n ch long, pale or whitish underneath. 

2. ALNUS, Tourn. Alder. 

The ancient Latin name. 

Monoecious. Sterile aments long and drooping, cylin- 
dric, with 5 bractlets and 1 to 3 Sowers under each scale ; 
each flower with a 4-parted calyx and 4 stamens with very 
short filaments. Fertile aments ovoid or oblong, the 
fleshy scales each 2 -flowered, with a calyx of 4 small scales 
coherent with the scales or bracts of the ament, which be- 
come thick and woody in fruit, all coherent below and per- 
sistent. — Shrubs or small trees, arising from large and strong 
roots, stalked leaf -buds furnished with a single scale, alternate simple 
leaves, and the aments produced at the close of summer, and expand: 
ing in early spring. 



salicace.e. 329 



1. A. incana, Willd. Black Alder . 

Leaves broadly oval or ovate, rounded at the base, sharp ly serrate, often coarsely 
toothed, white and mostly downy underneath; stipules oblong-lanceolate.; fertile 
aments oral ; fruit orbicular. 

Banks of mountain streams, common. A shrub 3 to 20 feet high, with smooth 
brown bark. Fertile aments usually i to 5 iu a paniculate raceme. 

2. A. serrulata, Ait. Common Alder. Smooth Alder. 

Leaves obovate, acute' at the base, sharply serrate with acute teeth, thickUh, 
smooth and green on both sides, a little hairy on th3 veins beneath; stipules oval ; 
fertile, aments ovoid-oblong; fruit ovate. 

Borders of ponds' and streams, common. A well known shrub 6 to 12 feet high,. 
growing in clumps. Liaves 2 to i inches long and % as wide, strongly veined. 
Anznts 2 to 3 inches long, slender, pendulous; the fertile onss short, thick, dark' 
brown, persistent. 

Order 106. S ALIO AGEJE.— Willow Family. 

D'iaiioua trees or shrubs, with alternate undivided leaves, the fertile and sterile 
flowers in aments, one under each bract, entirely destitute of calyx or corolla; Vie 
fruit a 1-ceUed and 2-valved capsule, containing numerous seeds clothed xoith a long 

silky down. Ovary 1-celled or imperfectly 2 celled; 8TT£3S 2, very short, or mor«j 

or kss united, each with a 2-lobed stigma.' 

1. SALIX, Tourn. Willow. Osier; 

Celtic, sal, near, and lis, water; alluding to their usual locality. 

Dioecious. Aments cylindrie, with entire imbricated- 
scales. Sterile flowers of 2 to 6 stamens, accompanied 
with 1 or 2 little glands. Fertile flowers with a small 
fiat gland at the base of the ovary on the inner side; stig- 
mas short. — Trees or shrubs, generally growing along streams, 
with round and flexible branches, mostly- long and pointed 
leaves, entire or glandularis -toothed, and terminal and lateral 
aments appearing 'before or with the leaves. 

Sac. i. Aments lateral and sessile, appearing before the leaves. Shrubs or small ■ 
trees. 

* Leaves entire or obscurely wavy-too'Jiei ; aments ovoid- or short-cylindrical, small; 
stigmas 2 cleft. 

1. S. CANDIDA, Willd. Hoary or White-leaved Willow. 

Leaves narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, or the lowest obtuso, pubescent above, 
white-toinentose beneath; stipules small, lanceolate, toothed; aments oblong-cylin- 
drical, closely flowered ; ovary densely woolly; style distinct 

Bogs in shady woods, rare. April, May. A shrub 2 to 5 feet high with reddish 
twigs, smooth and shining at maturity. Leaves 8 to 12 inches long, 1 to 2 wide, 
Aments about an inch long, dense on short peduncles. 

2. S. tristis, Ait. Dwarf Gray Willow. 

Leaves wedge-lanceolate, almost sessile, pointed, or at the lower obtuse grayish- 
woolly on both sides, the upper side at maturity nearly smooth ; stipules smtlL 

M2* 



S30 S ALIO ACE M. 

hairy; aments globular -when young, loosely flowered; ovary with a long hairy 
beak ; style short. 

Sandy woods. March, April. A small shrub 1 to l^foot high, much branchpd, 
with a profusion of aments in spring appearing before the leaves. Leaves at length 
numerous, thick, 1% inch long, often crowded. Stipules seldom seen, often re- 
duced to a mere gland. 

&, 3. htjmilis, Marshall. Low Bush Willow. 

Leaves on petioles, lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse with an ab- 
rupt point, slightly downy above ; stipules small, semi-ovate and entire, or larger 
and linear with 2 to 4 teeth, shorter than the petioles; aments often recurved; 
avary hairy ; style distinct. 

Borders of fields and roadsides, common. A : shrub 3 to 8 feet high, varying in 
size and appearance. Leaves of the larger forms 3 to 5 inches long, and" %to 1 1 
inch broad. This species, as well as some of the following section often bear cone- 
like excrescences on the ends of the branches, formed of closely imbricated leaves, 

* * Leaves more or less serrate, smooth and shining above ; aments cylindrical, large, 

4. S. dicolor, Muhl. Glaucous Willow. 

Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, irregularly toothed on the 6ides, en- • 
tire at the base and apex ; stipules semiluuar, toothed ; aments erect ; scales very 
hairy, cblanceolate, somewhat acute ; ovary densely silky. 

Low meadows and river hanks, common. A largo shrub or small tree 8 to 15 feet 
high. Leaves when young commonly obtuse and pubescent, at length becoming 
smooth and whitish-glaucous beneath. Young catlins 1}4 inch long, glossy, black- 
ish with the conspicuous stipules, elongating in fruit to 2% inches. 

* * * Leaves finely and evenly serrate, silky-gray or glaucous beneath ; aments ovoid 
or cylindrical; stigma 2-lobed, Shrubs. 

5. S... sericea, Marshall. 8 illy -leaved Willow. 

Leaves lanceolate, pointed, downy above, grayish with short silky hairs under- 
neath ; sterile aments small, the fertile narrowly cylindrical, closely flowered ; scales 
obtuse, round-obovate ; stigma nearly sessile. 

Sandy river bank?.- A shrub 4 to 10 feet high, with green or purple twiga which 
are tough but brittle at base. Fertile aments in flower % inch, at lengthl 1 ^ inch ; 
long. Anthers at first reddish, then yellow, and finally brown. 

C. S. petiolaris, Smith. Long-stalked Willow. 

Leaves lanceolate, pointed, smooth above, glaucous beneath, silky at base, most- 
ly unequal ; stipules lunate: amerds appearing before the leaves, the fertile ovoid- 
cylindrical, loosely flowered ; scales very hairy, obovate ; style short but distinct.:. 

Sandy river banks and low grounds, common. A shrub 6 to 10 feet high, some- 
what resembling the last, but the mature leaves are smooth beneath, and dry leys - 
black. Fertile aments shorter and broaden the eapsule spreading and showing ths 
stalks* . 

* * * * Filaments seperate ; stigmas undivided. Small trees, 

7. S. viminalis, L. Basket Osier. Basket Willow. 

Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long and acuminate, entire or obscurely crenate, 
white-silky beneath; stipules very small; aments cylindrical-ovoid, clothed with 
Jong silky hair ; ovary long ard narrow; styles elongated; stigmas linear, naoetly 
entire. 

Wet meadows; Introduced from Europe. A middle sized tree, with slender and 
flexible branches. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long of a beautiful lustre beneath. Filar- - 
ments yellow. Anthers orange. Considered the best species for basket making. 

Sec. ii. Aments lateral, with 4 to 5 leafy bracts at the base, appearing with qt, 
before the leaves : stamens 2?— Shrubs or smaU trees. 



SALICACE^. 331 



8. S. cordata, Muhl. . Heart-leaved Willow. 

Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes truncate or heart-shaped at 
base, acuminate, sharply toothed, smooth, paler beneath ; stipules reniform or 
ovate, toothed, often large and conspicuous, or sometimes small and almost entire; 
aments appearing with the leaves, leafy at base, cylindrical, the fertile elongating 
io fruit. 

Low river banks and low meadows. A shrub 2 to 6 feet or a small tree 6 to IS 
feet high, with leaves i to 6 inches long. Fertile aments 2 to 3 inches long. 

9. S. ANGUSTATA, Pursh. Narrow -leaved Willow. 

Leaves lanceolate, acute, long and tapering to the base, slightly toothed, smooth . 
and scarcely glaucous beneath ; stipules semi-cordate ; aments large, appearing be- 
fore the leaves; ovary tapering into a long style. 

Banks of streams. A large shrub or small tree 8 to 15 feet high, with very long 
and slender twigs, and long and narrow leaves. 

Sec. ni. Aments peduncled (long and loose) borne on the summit cf lateral leafy 
branchas of the season. — Shrubs and trees, vjWi the branches very brittle at the base. 
* Ovary sessile, smooth; stamens 2, 

10. S. alba, L. White Willow. Yellow Willow. 

Leaves lanceolate or ellirfllc-lanccolate, pointed, toothed, clothed more or less 
with, white silky hairs, espMally beneath; stipules lanceolate ; stigm as nearly ses- 
sile thick and recurved. An introduced tree of rapid growth, attaining a height 
of 60 to 80 feet, with several varieties. Var. 1, vitellina, has yellow or light red 
branches; leaves shortei and broader, (S.vitellina, Smith & Borrer. S. Pameachi- 
ana, Barret.) Var. 2, (lerulea has the leaves nearly smooth at maturity. 

** Ovary stalked, smooth; stamens 2 to 6. 

11. S. FRAGiLlSj L. Brittle Willow. Crack Willow. 

Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, glaucous beneath, serrate with infiesed 
teeth; stipules semicordate, pointed, toothed; stamens mostly 2. 

A tall and handsome tree, with smooth and shining branches, introduced from • 
Europe, and cultivated for basket-work, with several varieties. Var. 1, decipiews, 
has dark brown buds, aud the lowest leaves on the branches broadly obovate, very 
obtuse. (S. deeipiens, Hoffman.) Var. 2, Russeliana, has the leaves long and 
bright, strongly serrate, the younger ones, and upper branches of the annual 
shoots, silky-downy; stipules large and acuminate. (S. Russeliana, Smith.) 

12. S. nigra, Marshall.. Black Willow. 

Leaves narrowly-lanceolate, pointed and tapering at each end, serrate, mostly 
smooth, green on both sides; stipules small, deciduous; glands of the sterile flow- 
ers 2, large and deeply 2 to 3-cleft; stamens 3 to 6. 

Margins of streams. A tree 15 to 25 feet high, with a rough black bf.rk. 
Branches very brittle at base, pale yellow. Sterile amtnts 3 inches leng, and oft«n... 
with but 3 stanuns in the upper scales. 

13. S. LUCIDA, Muhl. . Shining Willotc. 

Leaves ovate oblong or lanceolate and narrow with a long acumination, smooth 
and shining on both sidea, serrate ; stipules oblong, toothed ; stamens mostly 5. 

Overflowed banks of streams. A handsome species, sometimes 12 to 15 feet high,;, 
©ftffn flowering at the height of 3 or 4 feet. Branches smooth, dark shining green.; 
Leaves broad and glossy above. 

14. S. Babylonica, Tourn. Weeping Willow. 

Brandies pendulous; leaves lanceolate, acuminate smooth, glaucous beneath; 
tiipules roundish, oblique, acuminate ; ovary sessile, ovate, emooth. Thij- beautiful 



332 SALIC ACE^. 

epecies is a native of the East, and has been cultivated until nearly naturalized. 
The long slender drooping branchlets very naturally indicate the common name of 
the tree. Only the fertile plant is known in the United States. 
*** Ovary stalled, hairy ; stdmens2. 

15. S. LONGIFOLIA, Muhl. Long-leaved Willow. 

Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long, tapering at each end, nearly sessile, remote- 
ly denticulate with projecting teeth, clothed with gray hairs when young, at lenetfi 
nearly smooth ; stipules small, lanceolate, toothed: scales hairy at the base, often 
glandular-toothed at the top in the sterile aments; stigma very loner, sessile. 

River banks. A variable rooting species 2 to 12 feet high, with brown branches 
and white branchlets, often prostrate. 

2. FOPULUS, Tourn. Poplar. Aspen. 

Lat. populus, the people, being often planted by the public ways. 

Dioecious. Aments cylindric. Bracts (scales) of the 
aments irregularly cut-lobed at the apex. Flowers from a 
cup-shaped disk, which is obliquely lengthened in front. 
Stamens 8 to 30, with' distinct filaments. Stigmas 4, 
elongated. Capsule superior, 2-celIed, 2-valved, many- 
seeded. Seeds comose. — Trees, with soft wood, usually broad 
and more or less heart-shaped or ovate toothed leaves on long 
petioles, and long drooping aments, appearing before the leaves: 

1. P. tremuloldes, Michx. American Aspen. 

Leaves roundish-heart-shaped, with a sharp short point, dentate- serrate, smooth 
on both sides, with downy margins ; scales cut into 3 to 4 deep linear divisions, 
fringed with long hairs. 

Woods and open fields, common. April. A tree 20 to 50 feet high, with smooth 
ereeni«h-whitebark. L°avcs 2 to 2l< inches loner. 2\4 to 3 wide, on petioles 2 to 3 
inche? Ions, which are laterally eom"rps«ed. so that they are thrown into a continues 
agitation by the slightest breeze. Wliile Poplar. 

2. P. grandldentata, Michx. Large-toothed Aspen. 

Leaves roundish-ovate, withlarge and irregular sinuate teeth, vrhite-silky-woolly 
irhcn young, at length smooth on both sides; scales cut into 5 to 6 unequal small 
divisions, slightly fringed. 

Woods and crroves. ratlvr common. A tree 40 to 50 feet high, with a diameter * 
cf 1 foot, straight, covered with a smooth, greenish bark. Leaves 3 to 5 inches lontr 
•aid nearly as wide, generally at the extremities of the distant, coarse and crooked - 
branches. 

3. P. HETEOPHYLLA, L. Yarious-leaved Poplar. 

Leaves roundish-ovate or heart-shaped, obtuse, serrate, white-woolly when your.g, 
at length nearly smooth, oxcept on the vejns beneath. 

Swamps. May. A tree 40 to GO feet high, with- round branches. Leaves large, 
usually quite blunt, the auriclcd lobes at the base often conceal the insertion of . 
the petiole* 

4. P. angulata, Ait. Water Poplar. Cotton- liood. 

Leaves broadly-deltoid, or heart-ovate, smooth, crenate-serrate or cut-serrate, 
ecuminatr. 
Banks of streams. March, ApriL A tree of large dimcusione 40 to SO feet high, 



BALSAMIFLUJE. 



and 1 to 2 feet thick, with acutely angled or winered branches. Leaves often 7 to 8 
inches long, and about as wide on the young shoots; whilst on fall-grown trees 
they are only 2 to 3 inches long. The buds are covered with resin. , 

5. P. balsamifera, L. Balsam Poplar. TdcamaJiac. 

Leaves ovate-acuminate, finely serrate, smooth on both sides, white and reticu- 
late veined beneath; scales dilated, slightly hairy; stamens very numerous. 

Borders of rivers and swamps, rare. April. A tree 60 to 70 feet high, and 1 to 
1)4 feet thick, with round branches. The buds are covered "when young with a 
balsamic resin. 

CULTIVATED SPECIES. 

6. P. candicans, Ait. Balm-of-Gilead. 

Leaves ovate-cordate, acuminate, obtusely and unequally serrate, whitish be- 
neath, somewhat 3-veiued ; petioles hirsute. 

Woods, common in cultivation. April. A tree 40 to 50 feet high, and 18 to 30 
inches in diameter, with smooth and greenish bark, and large dark green foliage. 
Fertile aments 6 inches long. The buds are covered with a balsamic resin, much 
used in domestic practice. 

7. P. dtlatata, L* Lombardy, Poplar. 

Leaves smooth, deltoid, acuminate, serrate, about as wide as long; trunk lobed 
and sulcate. Native in Italy as its name imports. It has long been cultivated in 
this country, and is found in the vicinity of all old settlements. 

8. P. ALBA, L. Aide. Silver Poplar. 

Leaves heart-shaped, broad-ovate, lobed and toothed, acuminate, dark green and 
smooth above, very white downy beneath ; fertile aments ovate ; stigmas 4. A high- 
ly ornamental tree, native of Europe. The silvery whiteness of the lower surface 
of the leaves produce a striking contrast with the dark green of the upper. 

Order 107. BALSAMIFLUIE.— Sweet- Gum Family. 

Trees, with a balsamic colorless juice, alternate palmateriy lobed leaves, deciduous 
stipules, and monozcious flowers in seperate roundish aments, destitute of calyx or cat 
rolla, the fruit of2rbeaked and 2-celled several-seeded woody capsules: consists only of 
the genus 

LIQUIDAMBAK, Linn. Sweet-Gum. 

iAt. Iviuidum, fluid, and Arabic ambar, amber, in allusion to the terebintbine 
jui,ce that flows from the tr,ee. 

Sterile flowers in conical clusters, naked. Stamens 
numerous, intermixed with. minute scales : filaments short. 
Eertile aments consisting of 2-celled ovaries, subtended 
by minute scales, all more or less cohering and hardening in- 
fruit, forming a spherical head, the capsule opening between 
the 2 awl-shaped diverging styles. Seeds small, often abor- 
tive. — Tree, with alternate simple or lobed leaves deciduous 
stipules and racemed nodding aments, inclosed in the hud by a,4- 
Itaved deciduous involucre. 



334 PLATAN ACEiE AND URTICACEiE. 

L. Styraciflua, L. Sweet-Gum. Bllsted. 

Leaves rounded, deeply 5 to 7-lobed, smooth and shining, Srely glandular-ser- 
rtite, the lobes pointed. 

Moist woods. April. A large and handsome tree, with finely grained wood and 
gray bark, with corky ridges on the branchlets. The young twigs arc yellowish, 
putting forth leaves of a rich green, which are fragrant when bruised, turning 
deep red or crimson in autumn. Fruit when mature about 1 inch in diameter, 
forming a brownish woody and prickly strobile. 

Order 108. FLATABIAGE2E.— Plane-tree Family. 

Trees, with alternate palmately-hbed leaves, sheathing stipules and menaeious fiow, 
grs in seperate and nalcd spherical aments. destitute of calyx or corolla; the fruit 
dub-sluiped 1-seeded nutlets, furnished with bristly down along the base : consisting. 
only of the genus 

PLATANUS, Linn. Buttonwood. 

Or. platus, broad, in allusion to the ample shade of its foliage. 

Sterile flowers of numerous stamens with elavate 
srnall scales intermixed : filaments very short. Fertile 
flowers in seperate aments consisting of inversely pyra- 
midal ovaries mixed with little scales : style rather lateral, 
awl-shaped, or filiform, simple. Nutlets coriaceous, small, 
tawny-hairy below, containing a single orthotropous pendu- 
lous seed.. 

1 . P. occidentalis, L. American Plane or Sycamore, 

Leaves angularly-sinuate-lobed and toothed, the short lobes sharp-pointed ; fer- 
tile heads solitary, suspended on a long peduncle. 

Banks of streams. A very large and well-known tree, with a white bark Federa- 
ting early in thin brittle plates. Leaves woolly when young, alternate, on long pe- 
tioles. Aments axillary globose. 

2. P. orientalis, L. Oriental Sycamore. 

A handsome shade tree, native of the East, is occasionally met with in cultiva- 
tion. 

Order 109. URTIGACEiS.— Nettle Family. 

Trees, shrubs and herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, monoecious or dicsewus 
powers, furnished with a regular calyx, free from the mostly 1-cclled ovary which 
forms a 1-seeded utricle or achenium in fruit. Stamens as many as the loles cf the 
calyx and opposite them. Comprising several very distinct suborders. 

Suborder i. MOREiE. The Mulberry Family. 

Shrubs or trees with a milky juice. Funi fleshy, composed of the fleehy calyx <x 
receptacle* . 



UUTICACE33. 335 



1. MOKUS, Tourn. Mulberry. 

fir. Moras, the ancient name. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; the two kind3 in sepa- 
rate axillary auienfc like spikes. Calyx 4-parted, the sepals 
ovate. Stamens 4 : filaments elastic-ally expanding. 
Ovary 2-celled, on-e of the cells smaller and disappearing : 
styles filiform, stigmatic down the inside. Aciienium 
ovate, compressed, covered by the succulent berry-like calyx, 
the whole fertile spike thus becoming a compressed berry. — 
Trees, with millcy. juice, alternate mostly lobed leaves and in- 
conspicuous jiowers. 

1. M. RUBRA, L. Red Mulberry. 

Leaves heart-ovate, serrate, rough above, downy benea'.h, pointed, sometimes 
variously lobed; flowers often dioecious; fruit dark purple, 

Rich woods, common. May ; fruit in July. A small spreading tree, covered 
with a grayish much broken and.furrowed bark. Leaves -1 10 inches long, % a3 
wide, -utire or diviied into lobes, thick, dark green. Berries compounded of a 
,great number of small ones, of an agreeable acid fiayor. 

2. M. ALBA, L. White Mulberry. 

Leaves obliquely heart-ovate, acute, serrate, sometimes lobed, smooth and chi- 
ning ; fruit whitish. 

Naturalized near houses. A small tree, native of China. Leaves 2 to 4 inches 
long, ~A as wide, acute, p'etiolate. Flowers green, in small, roundish spikes or 
heads'." This and the variety multicauiis are cultivated for feeding silkworms. 

3. M. NIGRA, L. Mlach Mulberry. 

Leaves scabrous, cordate, ovate or lobed, obtuse, unequally serrate ; fertfo spikts 
ova!.— Native of Persia, cultivated for ornament. Fruit dark red or blackish, of 
.lia aromatic acid flavor. 

2. BROUSSONETIA, L'Her. 

In honor of P. N. Broussonei, a distinguished French naturalist. 

Flowers polygamous, in cylindric aments. Calyx 4- 
parted. Pistillate aments globose ; receptacle cylin- 
dric-club-shaped, compound ; calyx 3 to 4-toothed, tubular, 
-Ovaries becoming fleshy, club-shaped, prominent. Style 
lateral. Seeds 1, covered by the calyx. — Trees, native of 
Japan. 



B. papyrlfera, L. Paper Mulberry. 



Leaves of the younger tree, roundish-ovate, acuminate, mostly undivided, of the 
-adult tree 3-lobed; fruit kispid — A fine hardy tree, often cultivated, with a low 
bushy head, large, light green, downy leaves, and dark red fruit somjwhat larger 
than peas, covered with long purple hairs. 



336 UHTlCACE.fi. 



3. MACLURA, Nutt. 

Dedicated to William M&clure, Esq., of the U. S., a distinguished geologist. 

Flowers polygamous, in amenta. Ovaries numerous, 
coalescing into a compound globose fruit, composed of 1-seed- 
ed, compressed, angular, wedge-form carpels. Style 1, fil- 
iform, villous. — A lactescent tree, with alternate entire leaves, 
without stipules, and axillary spines. 

M. aurantiaca, Nutt. Osage Grange. Sow-wood. 

Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, obscurely denticulate, somswhat acuminate, cori- 
aceous, smooth and shining above, strongly veined beneath. A beautiful tree, na- 
tive on the banks of the Arkansas. Leaves i to 5 inchos long, V/ % to iy 2 wide, on 
short petioles. Fruit about as large as an orange, golden yellow when ripe, eus- 
penled by an axillary peduncle, which amidst the dark glossy foliage forms a beau- 
tiful contrast. 

Suborder ii. CANNABINEJE. Hemp Family. 

Erect or twining herbs, with a watery juice. Flowers dioecious, the 6terile race- 
med or panicled. SiYUEi '1. Fertile ixowjgrs in a cone-like amjnt. 

4. EUMULUS, Linn. Hop. ■ 

Lat. humus, moist earth; tbc hop flourishes only in rich soil. 

Flowers dioecious; the sterile in loose axillary pani- 
cles : sepals and stamens 5. Fertile flowers in short 
axillary and solitary spikes or aments : bracts foliaceous, im- 
bricated, each 2-flowered : calyx 1-sepaled, embracing the 
ovary. Achenia invested with the enlarged scale-like calyx, to- 
gether forming a membranaceous strobile. — A rough perennial 
twining herb, with mostly opposite heart shaped. 3 to 5 lubed leaves 
and the Jlowers in axillary panicles and strobile like anient s. 

II. LupuLus, L. Hop. 

Leaves mostly 3-lobcd, deeply cordate at base, on long petioles. 

Banks of streams, -truly indigenous. July. Stem twining with the sun. Calyx- 
scales in iruit covered wi'ih orange-colored resinous grains, in which the peculiar 
bittcrnees and aroma of the hop resides. 

5. CANNABIS, Tourn. Hemp. 

The- ancient name, of obscure etymology. 

Flowers dioecious j the sterile in axillary compound 
racemes or panicles : sepals and stamens 5. Fertile 
flowers spiked-clustered, 1-bracted : calyx of a single se- 
pal, swollen at the base and folded round the ovary. — A tali 
roughisH annual with digitate 5 to 1 -parted Heaves, and axillary 
Jlowers, the $t a ruinate in ci/mose panicles and the Jtrtile in tessilt 
spikes. 



urticace^:. 337 



C. sativa, L. Common Hemp. 

Leaves palmately 5 to 7-foliate, the leaflets lanceolate, serrate, the middle one 
the largest. 

Waste places, escaped from cultivation. June. A tall erect plant cultivated for- 
the sake of its fibre, which is the best of all materials for cordage and sail-cloth, 
Flowers green, small. 

Suborder in. URTTCEiE. Nettle Family proper. 

Herbs (in our country) with watery juice, and flowers in spikes, heads, or panicki. 
.fixiLE single or none. 

5. URTICA ; Tourn. Kettle. 

Lat. uro, to burn ; some of the species are armed with stinging hairs- 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious; the sterile mostly 
'with 4 sepals, and 4 stamens : the fertile with 4 or 2 sep- 
erate sepals, and no rudimentary stamens. Achenium ob- 
long or ovate, flattish. — Herbs with stinging hairs, stipulate 
haves, and greenish /towers in axillary panicles, racemes, 
-spikes, or heads. 

Sec. i. Urtica proper. Sterile calyx 4-paTted ; the fertile of '4-very uaequu.1 sa- 
.. pals, the 2 outer small, the inner foliaceous.— -Leaves opposite. 

1. U. ORACILES, Ait. Slender Nettle. 

Sparingly bristly, tall and slender; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3 
■;o 5-nerved from the rounded or scarcely heart-shaped base, smoothish, on elongs 
ted bristly petioles ; flow zr -clusters in slender and loosely panicled branched spikes 

Fencerows and moist ground, rather common. July. Per. -Plant 2 to 3 feet 
high, with scarcely any stinging bairs except on the petioles and sparingly on-tha 
i principal veins, not downy. Flowers minute, green. 

2. U. DIOICA, L. Dicecious or Stinging Nettle, 

Very bristly and stinging; leaves ovate, heart-shaped, pointed, very deeply ser- 
rate, downy underneath as well as the upper part of the stem; flower-clusters lit 
panicled branched spikes. 

Waste places, common; introduced. June — Aug. Per. Stem 2 to 4 feet high t 
• branching, obtusely 4-an^led, with opposite short-petioled leaves, 3 to i inehes long, 
and about % a3 wide. Flowers small, green. Whole plant-copio^siy bes-il witi. 
-etinging bristles. — Like the last mono-dicecious. 

3. U. urens, L. Small Stinging Nettle. 

Leaves elliptic or roundish-ovate, somewhat 5-nerved, acutely sarrate, with 
spreading teeth ; flower-clusters nearly simple, 2 in each axil, short-?? than the pet- 
ioles. 

Cultivated grounds, rare ; introduced from Europe. July. Ann, -Stem JlO to 15 
inches high, stinging. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long on slender petioles 

Sec. 2. Laportea, Gaud. Sterile calyx 5-parted, the fertile of 2: equal sepals :— . 
Leaves alternate. 

4. U. Canadensis, L. Canadian Nettle. 

Leaves ovate, obtusoly serrate, pointed; flowers in long and !««» SiTarisately- 
t ranched panicles, the lower sterile, the upper fertile. 

N2 



838 URTICACEJ3. 



Moist shady grounds, along sh-eams. common. Aug. Per. Stern 3 to 6 feet 
high, branching, stout, erect. Leaves often 6 inches long, strongly feather-veined. 
This species has rcry tough and strong fibres, and was formealy proposed by Mr. 
Whitlow as a substitute for hemp. 

6. BCEHMEKTA, Jacq. False Nettle. 

Earned after C. E. Bcshmer, a German Botanist. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, minute. Sterile 
flowers with 4 sepals, and 4 stamens. Fertile with a 
tubular or urn-shaped entire or 4-toothed calyx inclosing the 
c.vary. Style avrl-shapcd, stigmatic down one side. Ache- 
■-NIUM elliptical, closely invested by the persistent calyx.— 
Herbs or shrubs, (nearly allied to : Urtica) v:ith opposite or 
alternate leaves and clustered flowers in axillary spikes. 

B. CYLINDRICA, Willd. Common False Kettle. 

Snioothkh ; stem tall and simple ; lezves mostly opposite, oblong-ovate or ovat«- 
1 inc-jolate, point', d. serrate, 3-nerved, on long petioles ; fiovjers dkecious or some- 
times intermixed, iu clatters. 

Moist thickets, common. June — Aug. P^r. S'e.m 2 to 3 feet high, obtusely 
4-acglrd. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, % as wide. Flowers minute greenish, ia 
slender racsUy leafy spikes, the sterile interrupted, the fertile mostly uninter- 
rupted. 

7. PILEA, Lindl. Stinglesss Kettle. 

Flowers monoecious; the two kinds often intermixed in 
■the same panicle, bracted; the sterile of 3 to 4 sepals and 
stamens ; the FERTILE with 3 more or less unequal sepals 
or divisions and an incurved scale before each. Stigma 
tessile, pencil-tufted. Aciienium minutely warty. — Smooth 
or hairy herbs, with opposite long peiiulcd leaves ; the flowers in ax- 
illary clusters. 

P. fumila, Lindl. Richweed. Clcarwced. 

Low: slims smooth and shining, translucent; Icives o?ate, coarsely tooth&1, 
poiuted, 3-nerved, smocthish; fawzr-d asters much shorter than the petiole; sepak 
of the fertile flowers lanceolate, scme-what unequal. 

Cool and moitt shaded places, common. July — Sept. Ann. Stem 4 to 13 intihe* 
feigbj with t,mtoih pellucid branches. Flowers very small, greenitih. 

8. PARIETARIA, Toum. Pellttory. 

L^t. paries, & wall; from the place where some of the specie-s grow. 

Flowers monoecious or polygamous, in clusters surround- 
ed by a many-ckft involucrate bract. Calyx 4-parted : 
stamens 4, at first incurved, then expanding with an elas- 
tic force. Style terminal, short or none : stigma pencil- 



CONIFERS. 339 



tufted. — Small herbs, with usually alternate leaves, and green 
Jlowers in axillary clusters. 

P. Pennsylvania, Mulil. American Pellitory. 

Low, simple or sparingly branched, minutely downy; liavis- o'oiong-lanceolat<* f , 
very thin, veiny, roughlsh with opaque dots ; powers often perfect, shorter than 
the iuvolucral leaves ; fertile, calyx bell- shaped, 4-ciefs to the middle ; stigma, sessile 

Shaded rocky banks, rare. June— Aug. Ann. A small homely weed 6 to 12 
inches high. Leaves- alternate, hairy. I 1 /, to 2 int-hea long, y 2 inch wide, on ip>- 
tioles. FiOwers-jieasQ, greenish and reddish-white. 

Sub class II. GYMNO3PEKM0US EX0GEN3. 

Ovules not enclosed in an ovary, fertilized by the pollen 
without the intervention- of a pistil, and becoming truly 
naked seeds, the carpel being represented by a flat open 
Ecale or leaf ; or entirely wanting. Cotyledons often more 
than two. 

ORDER- 110. GONIFEEM.— Pine Family. 

Trees or sKrubs, with rainous juice, mostly with subulate or acerose entire leaves, 
and monitions or dioecious floivcrs in cements destitute of calyx or corolla. Oyvles 
orthotropous. Emts?.yo in the axis of the albumen. (Wood destitute of ducts, 
c mposecl chiefly of a homogeneous large woody fibre which is marked withcirett* 
lar disks on two sides.) Comprises the three following sub orders. 

Sub- order i. ABIETINE/E. Proper Pine Family. 

Fertile flowers in aments, consisting of open imbri- 
cated carpels in the form of scales subtended by a bract, in 
fruit forming a strobile or cone. Ovules 2, adherent to the 
base of each carpellary scale, with the orifice turned down- 
ward. 

1. PINUS, Tourn. Pine.. 

The classical Latin name. 

Flowers monoecious. Strobile large, conical; car- 
TELLARY SCALES thickened at the summit,. becoming strong 
and woody in fruit. Cotyledons 3 to 12, linear. — Trees, 
often of the loftiest dimensions, with evergreen, needle bhaped leaves, 
in fascicles of 2 to 5 from the same slender buds, sheathed by the 
tcarious bud-scales at the bate. Flowering in .May or June ; ihe cones 
alluring the seeds in the autumn of the second year. 

* Leave* 2crZina sheath, rigid, scales of the cones thickened at 0>.e end f an4..moit~ 
1$ HtjkA with a point vr spine ; barl: rough. 



340 CONIFERS. 



1. P. INOPS, Ait. Jersey or Scrub Pine. 

Leaves in pairs, rather short; corns oblong-conical, sometimes curved, the scales 
tipped with a prominent and straight awl-shaped prickle. 

Barrens and sterile hills, common. A straggling tree 15 to 40 feet high, with 
spreading or drooping branchlets ; young shoots with a purplish glaucous bloom. 
Leaves 1% to 1% inches long. Cones 2 to 3 inches long. 

2. P. rigid A, Miller. Pitch Pine. 

Leaves in threes (rarely in fours) from .very, short sheaths, flattish; cones ovoid- 
conical ; the scales tipped with a short and stout recurved prickle. 

Barren sandy or gravelly plains, common. A tree SO to 70 feet high, with very 
rough and dark bark, and hard wood saturated with resin. Leaves rigid, 3 to &• 
inches long, dark green. Corns usually clustered in 3s or 4s, 2 to 3 inches long. 

3. P. resinosa, Ait. Red Pine. 

Leaves in pairs, from long sheaths, semicylindrical, elongated ; cones ovoid-coni- 
cal; scales pointless, dilated in the middle. (P. rubra, Michx.) 

Dry woods, banks of streams ; northern parts of the State, Pine Creek, Lycom- 
ing Co., Canisteo, Tioga Co. A tree 50 to 80 feet high, with reddish and rather 
smooth bark, and compact wood, softer than that of P. rigida. Leaves dark green, 
5 to 6 inches long. Cones about 3 inches long, sometimes aggregated in large and " 
close clusters. 

4. P. mitts, Miclis. Yellow Pine. 

Leaves in pairs (rarely in 3), from long sheaths, channelled, slender ; ccnes ovoid 
or oblong-conical ; the scales slightly enlarged at the end, tipped with a minute and ' 
weak prickly point. 

Dry gravelly or sandy soil, common. A tree 60 to 80 feet high, 18 to 3G inches 
thick, straight, producing a very durable, fine-grained, moderately resinous tim- 
ber, valuable for" flooring, &c. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, softer than in any of the 
preceding, dark green. Cones 2 to 3 inches long. 

5. P. Montana, N, Pome Pine. 

leaves in pairs, short, rigid, very acuminate ; cones large, growing in cluster?, 
sometimes on the trunk of the tree. 

Mifflin, Centre and Union Counties. This somewhat doubtful species was first 
discovered by Mr. F. II. Miller, of New York, growing on the south slope of the 
seven mountains in Mifflin county from thence to the Natural Bridge west and 
south to Cumberland Co., Va. Since then I have found it on high sterile land in 
the western . part of Union Co. The trunk is short, rarely exceeding 30 feet in 
height, with a rough bark and conical top. Foliage light green, very disagreeable 
to the touch. Cones very large, 4 to 6 inches long and 3 to 4 inches in diameter. 
This may prove to be the Table-mountain Pine of Michx. 

* * Leaves 5 in a sheath, soft and slender; scales ef the cones pointless &nd not thick* 
ened at the end ; bark smooth. 

6. P. Strobus, L. White Pine. 

Leaves in fives, very slender, rather glaucous, with deciduous sheaths ; cones-nsx- 
row, cylindrical, nodding, somewhat curved. 

Cool and damp woods, comrnqn. The White Pine is one of the. most majestic 
and most useful of forest trees. The. trunk is. straight, oovered with a smoothish 
bark, and fiom 80 to 120 feet high, with a diameter of 2 to 4 feet, or more. Leaves 
about 4 inches long, bluish-green, forming a very soft and delicate foliage. Cones 
4 to 6 inches long ; the scales very slightly thickened upward. 

2. ABIES, Tourn. Spruce. Fir. 

The classical Latin name. 

Sterile agents scattered or somewhat clustered towards- 



CONIPER35. S4T 



the ends of the "brancblets. Scales of the strobiles thin 
and flat, not thickened at the apex, nor with, a prickly point. 
Seeds with a persistent wing.— Handsome trees or shrubs, 
with evergreen, scattered, short, frequently 2 ranked leaves. 

Sec. i. Cones long, erect, lateral. Bark smooth, with Lifters of balsam.— lucres 
jlat, becoming 2-ranlcd, dlvcry-whitened underneath, cbiuse cr notched at the apex. 

1. A. ealsamea, Marsh. Balsam Fir. Silver Fir. 

Lea ves nan cwly linear; cones cylindrical, large. violet-Tolorcd:; Iracts obovate, 
serrulate, tipped with an alrupt slender point, slightly projecting, appressed. 

Cold damp words and swamps; Munoy Cretk, Lyecming Co, A beautiful ever- 
green, much cultivated lor ornament. The tranches are nearly .horizontal, gradu- 
ally bjccmirg si.orttr upwards, forming a regular pyrfemidal head. Leaves % to 1 
inch long, growing upon the rices and top of lie tranches, of a bright green above 
and silvery" white beneath. Cones 3 to 4 inches long, 1 inch thick, the scales very 
broad and rounded. 

2. A. Fraseri, Pursh. Doulle Balsam Fir. Fraser's Fir. 

Liuves narrowly linear, often emarginate, glaucous teneath: ccnes small, oblong 
ovate; brads oblong-cuneate, short-pointed, the upper t art much projecting and 
reflexed. (A, .balsamifera, Michx.) 

Mountain?, Lsvrls Lake, Pokcna mountain, and Bear meadows, Centre Co. A 
Kisrhly ornamental tree, much resembling the " Norway lir " in foliage. Leaves 
M to % i^ch long, of a yellowish green color. Cones 1 to 2 inches long when ma- 
tare, distinguished by * the long-pointed, yiplet-eolcred, reflexed bracts, Sterile 
entente terminal. 

Ssc. a. Cones hanging, terminal; sterile aments scat teied.-— .Leattfs evergreen. 

* Leaves 2 ran?ced l flat, whitened 'underneath:-- 

3. A: Canadensis, Michx. Hemlock Spruce. 

Liaves linear/fiat, obtuse ; cones oval, of few scales, ecmewhat longer than the 
leaves. 

Hilly, or rocky woods, and along mountain streams, common. A Vrsll known tree, 
70 to 80 feet high, with a light spreading spray, and delicate foliage, bright above, 
eiivery underneath. Cones % inch long. The bark is extensively used in tanning. 

** Leaves needle-shaped, Ji<mgular r equally distributed aU around the branches. 

4. A. alba, Michx. White Spruce. Single Spruce. 

Leaves slender, spreading, of a glaucous or light bluish-green hue; scales of the 
oblong cones entire. 

Cold swamps and moist woods, rare-; Bear, Meadows, Centre Co. A tree 40 to 60 
feet high, slender, with light-colored bark, slender and often drooping brouchlet*, 
and pale soai:what spreading leaves, % to % inoh long, pones small, 1 to 1% 
inch long, pale-brown. v 

5. A. nigra, Poir. Black cr Double Spruce. 

Leaves short, erect, rigid, very dark groan ; corns ovata with the scales wavy and 
toothed at the apex. 

Swamps or mountain woods. A tree 40 to 70 feet high, with a straight trunk, 
and lofty pyramidal head. The Itxves thickly cover the branched, about ]/ z inch 
long, C^-nes 1 to 2 inches long, reddish-brown. 

3; LABIX, Tourn. Larch. 

The ancient n»ma. 

Aments lateral and scattered/ bud-like. Sterile flow- 
N2* 



342 C0NIFER2E. 



ERS nearly as in Pirms. Cones ovoid, erect, the bracts and" 
scales persistent; otherwise as in Abies. — TreeSj with de- 
ciduous soft leaves, collected in fascicles of '20 to 40, (developed 
in early spring) arid crimson or red fertile aments in flower, 

L. Americana, Michx. American Larch. Tamarack. 

Leaves nearly filiform, without sheaths; cones ovoid, composed of few rounded 
ucalcs, inclining upwards ; brads elliptical, often hollowed on the 6ide. 

Swamps, not common. Black-Hole Valley, Lycoming Co. A beautiful tree, SO 
to 70 feet high, often cultivated. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, collected in bunches 
of 12 to 29 on the side of the branches. Cones deep purple, % tu 1 inch long. 

Sub-order ii. CUPRESSINEiEL Cypress Family. 

Fertile flowers consistiug of few carpellary scales, 
without bracts, bearing 1 to 8 erect ovules on their baso ; . 
forming a closed strobile or drupe-like fruit. 

4: THUJA, Tourn. Arbor Vitm. 

Gt. Thua, Tkuoia, the ancient name of some resinous evergreen,- 

Flowers monoecious on different branches, in very small 
terminal ovoid aments. Anthers 4, sessile. Fertile 
aments of few imbricated scales, fixed by the base, each 
bearing 2 erect ovules, dry and spreading at maturity. Co- 
tyledons 2. — Trees or shrubs, with ... evergreen squamose im? 
bricated leaves. 

1. T. occidentals, L. American Arbor Vitce. 

Leaves ovate- rhombic, with a gland on the hack, appressed-imbricated in 4 rows ■■ 
on the 2-edged branrchlcts ; scales of the cones pointless, 1-seeded ; seeds broadly 
winged. * 

Swamps and cool rocky banks, rare. A tree 20 to 30 feet high, with very tough, . 
and recurved branches; Cones about % inch long, yellowish-brown. The wood is 
very light, soft and durable. 

The Thuja oricntalis, Chinese Arbor Vita a beautiful evergreen shrub, wilt ; 
bright green foliage,- is common in cultivation. _ 

5. CUPBESSUS, Tourn., Cypress, 

The classical name. 

Flowers monoecious on different branches, in .terminals 
small aments. Sterile aments composed of shield-shaped- 
seale-like filaments, bearing 4 "anther-ceils under the margin.. 
Fertile, aments globular, with scales in 4 ranks, bearing 
several . erect ovules. Cone globular, firmly closed, but 
opening afc maturity. Seeds compressed, narrowly winged. 
COtfljedons-2 or 3. — Strong-scented evergreen trees, with 



CONIFEEiE. 343 

very small and scale-like closely appressed-imhricated leaves, and 
eery durable wood. 

0. THYOIDES, L. White Cedar. 

leaves minute, ovate, with a small gland on the back, closely imbricated in 4 
rows on the SJ-edged branchlets; ernes spherical. 

Stamps, rare. May. A tree 30 to 70 feet high, with-white, fine-grained and very 
B^ht, soft aal durable wood. Cmt scarcely larger than a pea, few-seeded. 

6. TAXODIUM, -Richard. Bald Cypress. 

Gr. Tuxas, the Yew : and oides, resemblance. 

Flowers monoecious on the same branches. Sterile 
aments spike-panicied, of few stamens. Fertile aments 
ovoid, in small clusters, scaly, with 2 ovule3 at the base of 
each scale. Cone globular, closed, composed of very thick 
and angular somewhat shield-shaped scales, bearing 2 angled 
seeds at their base. Cotyledons G to 9.- -Trees with linear 
%ranked and deciduous leaves. 

T. distichum, Richard. American Cypress. * 

Liav.s limar, strictly 2 -ranked and spreading; sometimes awl-shaped and im- 
bricated on the nosering branches; sterile aments paniculate, pendulous, leaSess; 
com oblong-globose. 

Swamps, along the Delaware, rare. A large tree sometimes attaining the height 
of 100 feet or more, with a wide spread and often depressed head. Foliage light 
green and open. Gjths 1 inch In diameter. The timber is light fine-grained aiad 
durable. 

7, JUNIPERUS, Liiro. Juniper. 

The classical name. 

Flowers dioecious, or sometimes monoecious, in very- 
Bin all lateral aments: anthers 4 to 8, 1-celled. Fertile 
aments ovoid, of 3 to 6 fleshy, 1 to 3-ovuled scales ; in fruit 
forming a sort of drupe or berry, scaly-bracted underneath. 
Seeds 1 to 3, long. Cotyledons 2. — Evergreen-, trees or 
shrubs, with awl-shaped or scale like rigid leaves. 

1j J. communis, L. Common Juniper. 

L&zvis in thrjes, linear-awl-shaped, pri ckly -pointed, spreading, longer than tks 
ovoid berry. 

Dry wood3 and sterile hills. May. A shrub, with numero us prostrate spreading 
tranches, spreading nearly fiat on the ground, rarely ascending. Leaves in whorls ; 
of 3, \4 inch long, bright, green except the glaucoas-white conjave upper surface. 
Berries dark-purple, as large as a pea. 

2. J. Virgin ian a, L. Red Cedar. 

Ltavts 4-ranked, much crowded, on young plants and rapidly-growing Bhoots awl- 
shaped and somewhat spreading in pairs or threes, on older lateral twigs very . 
small and scale-like, closely imbricated, triangular-ovate. 

Dry rocky hills, common, generally in limestone regions. April. A small tree. 
With numerous horizontal branches. Bsrries small, bluish, covered with a W hite 



844 CONIFERS?. 



powder. The wood Is fine-grained and compact, of a reddish hut, very light and 
' durable. 

Z. J. £.ibtxa, L. &.zvin. A widely spreading or almost prostrate shrub, native 
of South Europe, is sometimes fouisd in cultivation. (J. Yirginiana, Var. humiii*, 
nook:) 

Sub-order iii. TAXTNE2E'. Yew- Family. 

Fertile flowers solitary, consisting of a naked ovule, ■ 
ripening into a drupe-like or nut-like fruit. 

8. TAXUS, Tourn. Yew. 

The classical name. 

Flowers mostly dioecious, axillary from scaly buds. Sta-- 
mens 8 to 10, monodelplious; anthers peltate, 6 to 8- 
celled. Fertile flowers solitary, scaly-bracted at the 
base, consisting of a single ovule, becoming in fruit a fleshy 
1-seeded drupe. Cotyledons - 2. — Trees or shrubs, with* 
evergreen, fiat mucronate, rigid, scatter -cd'2 -ranked leaves. 

T. Canadensis, Wilid. American Yew. 

Stems diffusely spreading; leaves linear, with slightly revoluto margins; sterile ■ 
receptacle globose. 

Hoist shaded banks and hills, near streams. April. A small evergreen stragling 
or prostrate bush, with the general aspect of a dwarf hemlock spruce. Leaves- 
nearly an inch long, green on both sides, arranged in 2 opposite rows on the sid«?a 
of the branchlets. Drupes p-Fad > concave or open at the summit, red- and juicy. 
vthgn mature. 



CLASS II. 
ENDOGENS OK MONOCOTYLEDONS 

Stems with no manifest distinction into bark, wood, and 
pith; but the woody fibre and vessels collected into bundles 
or threads which are irregularly imbedded in the cellular 
tissue : perennial trunks destitute of annual layers, increas- 
ing by internal accretions, Leaves mostly parallel- veined 
(nerved) and sheathing at the base, seldom seperating by ait 
articulation, alternate, entire. Flowers commonly in threes. 
Embryo with a single cotyledons (or if two they are alternate)^ 

Sub-class III. AGLUMACEOUS ENDOGENS. 

Plants of the endogenous structure, with flowers con- 
structed on the usual plan ; perianth verticillate, consisting 
of one or more whorls of petaloid organs, or wanting. 

Order 111. ARACEJEL— Arum Family, 

Plants wcih acrid or pungent juice, simple or compound often veiny leaves, and 
monozcious or perfect flowers croivded on a spadix, which is usually surrounded bg a- 
spathe. Floral envelopes none, or of 4 to 6 sepals. Frvit usually a berry. 

1. ARUM, Linn. Indian Turnip. 

The ancient name, of unknown meaning. . 

Flowers monoecious, the upper sterile and the lower fer- 
tile, or sometimes polygamous dioecious, on the base of air 
elongated spadix, surrounded by a hooded spathe, convolute 
at base. Perianth none. Anthers crowded and some- 
what whorled on the spadix, nearly sessile. Berry 1-celled, 
many-seeded. — Low perennial herbs, with a tuberous rootstoch 
or cor m, sending up a simple scape, sheaiked with the petioles ojther 
simple or compound veiny leaves. 

1. A. triphyllum, L. Indian Turnip. Jdch-in+the- Pulpit 

Leaves mostly 2, divided into 3 elliptical-ovate pointed leaflets ; spadix club- 
Bhaped, obtuse, much shorter than the spathe; spzthe ovate, acuminate, flat and 
deflected above. 

Rich moist woods, common. May. Cbrm turnip-shaped, wrinkled, with an in- 
tensely acrid juice. Leaves 2 to 7 inches long, % as wide, smooth. Spathe with the 
petioles and sheaths green, or frequently variegated with dark and whitish stripes- 
^ spots. Berries bright scarlet, in a dense head, ripe in autumn. 



346 AEACE.E. 



2. A. DRACONTIUM, L. Green, Dragon. Dragon-root. 

Leaf mostly solitary, pedately divided into 7 to 11 oldonir-laiiceolate pointed 
leaflets; spadix tapering to a long and slender point, beyond the oblong and point- 
ed spathc. 

IJow grotmds, along; stream 5 ", common. May. Corms clustered. L >af large and 
spreading, on a petiole 1 to 2 feet long, extending much beyond the peduncbi. 
Spalhe greenish, rolled in a tube, with a short erect point. Berries scarlet. 

2. PBLTANDRA, Rhf. Arrow Arum: 

Gr.pslla, a shield or target, and andres, stamens; 'from: the sbield-shaped stamen*. 

Flowers monoecious, thickly covering the long and ta- 
pering spadix throughout; the staminafee above, and the 
pistillate below. Spathe convolute throughout, elongated. 
Perianth none. Stamens peltate. Berry 1-celled, L- 
Beeded. — A stemless perennial herb, with arrow-shaped leaves 
and simple scopes from the rout of thick tufied fihres. 

P. Virginica, Baf. Arrow-leaved Arum. 

Acauleecent; leaves oblong, hastate-cordate, acutaat the apey,,tbe lobes obtuse j 
tpathe elong r.tcd. incurved; spadix covered witK Cowers nearly the whole length 
(Arum Virginicum, L. Leeontia, T.rr.) 

Swampy barders of pond; and s1 reams, common. June. A smooth dark green 
plant, with scapes 8 to 10 innlui-' bigli. Leaves radical, num toik. S to 12 indie's 
long, \f> ao wide, on petioles 3 to 12 inches long. Barries 1 to 3-seedcd, green when 
ripe~. 

3. CALLA, Linn. Water Arum. 

An ancieflt name, of tinKnown meaning. 

Spathe spreading, ovate, persistent. Spadix oblong, 
entirely covered with flowers, the lower perfect, the upper 
often staminate only ; destitute of a perianth. Anthers 
with slender filaments. Stigma sessile. Berries distinct, 
few-seeded. — Perennial aquatic herbs^ with a creeping] thick- 
ish root dock, bearing heart-shaped long-petiokd leaves, and solitary 
& copes. 

C, PALU3TRLS, L. Northern CalJa. Common Water Arum, 

Leaves cordate; spathe ovate, flat ; spadix covered with ovaries, iuterniLxcd with 
etamens. 

I5ogs and shallow waters, rare. Jane. A Una plant. Leaves2 to 3 inches long, 
% as wid*, on long petioles, with -an involute acuminate point. Scape 6 to 8 inches 
high, roundish, smooth: Spathe claspiug at the base, greeniih-y^llow, white and 
soft within. Spadix 1 inch long. 

The C7 JEthio?:c.v, (Ethiopian CaMa) A beautiful plant from Cape Good Hope is 
of tea met with in green houses and parlors. 

4. SYMPLO0AKPUS. Salisb. Skunk Cabbage. 

Gr. symplolio, connection, and Jcarpos, fruit; the barrie3 being united. 

Spathe uooded-shell-forro, pointed, fleshy. Spadix oh.- 



ATWLCEJE. 84-7 



long, entirely covered with perfect flower3. Perianth 
deeply 4-parted, persistent. Stamens 4, opposite the pe- 
rianth lobes, with short filaments. Style 4-angled, with a 
minute stigma. Seeds berry-like, imbedded in the enlarged 
and spongy spadix. — Perennial herbs, pervaded with a Strong 
odor, with a thick descending rootsicch bearing coarse fibrous roots, 
and a cluster of very large and entire veiny leaves, preceded by the 
nearly sessile spaihes. 

S. FffiTiDUS, Salisb. Common Skunk Callage. 

leaves ovate, heart shaped, short-pctiolod; spadix globular, much shorter than 
the spathe. (IctoJes, Bigl) 

Moist grounds, common. Marchf, 'April. leaves 1 to 2 feet long, smeoth. Spai?ie 
1 and striped with purple and yellowish-green, ovst», incurved. Fruit ripe 
in & ; rough and globular mass, 2 to 3 inches in diameter, in decay 

*Ltd'..ing iLe bnlbkt-like seeds. Medicinal. 

5. OBONTIUM, Linn. Golden-club. 

An acclent name, of obscure origin. 

* Statue none. Flowers crowded all over a cylindrical 
epadix, perfect; the lower with a 6 parted perianth and 6 
■ r -tsmeiis, the upper with 4. Ovary free, 1-cellcd ; stigma 
Eessile, mirjnte. Fruit a green utricle or dry berry.— An 
tic perennial, with a cap rootsicck, longpctioled and entire 
nerved foaling leaves, and tic spedix terminating the scapes which 
thicken upwards, covered with yellow fioicers. 

-O. aquaticum, L. Common Golden-dub. 

'Leaves ovate-lanceolate ; spi!:e or spadix cylindric on a club-shaped rcape. 

Tends and marshes. May. leaves 6 to 10 inches Icng, % to % as -wide, smooth 
of a deep green, velvet like above,, paler beneath.. Scape. 8 to 15 inches Icrig. end- 
ing in a sv-adis. of a rich yellow color, covered with small perfect yellow ilowtrs. 

6. ACOflUS, Linn. Caxamus. 

«r. a, privative, and lore, the pupil of the eye; a supposed remedy for-eore eye*. 

"Spadix lateral, sessile, emerging frcm the sice of a scape 
which resembles the leaves, densely covered with flowers. 
riBiAKxn 6-scpaled. Stamens G. Ovary 1, free: stig- 
ma minute, sessile. Fruit at length dry, 1-few-seeded. — 
T tin gent aromatic plants, especially ike thick creeping rootstocJcs, 
.which send up ensi form leaves, and foliaceous scapes bearing tin 
spadix on one edge. 

A. Calamus, L. Sweet Flag. Common Calamus. 

S&'.pe prolonged and leaf-like far beyond the cylindrical spadix. 

Margins of streams and wet medews, not rare. June. F.his:c j nia horizontal^ 
en inatic. Leaves ewcrd-sl aped. 2 to 2 fret long, and ^ tc % inch wide. Spudim 
2 to S inches long, stssile en the side cf the «caje, covered with niiant* grv^oiifth, 
lowers. 



348 LEMXACEJS AND TYPHACEJL 

Order 112. LEMNACEJE — Duckweed Family. 

Minute stemless plants, floating free on the water, destitute of distinct stem and 
foliage, but a flat frond, producing one or two monoecious flowers from a chink hi 
the edge or upper surface, and usually hanging roots from underneath. Fructifica- 
tion much as in Aracese, of wMcn these plants appear to be minute and greatly 
reduced forms. 

LEMNA, Linn. Duckweed. 

The Greek name cf uncertain meaning. 

Flowers 2 to 3, appearing from the margin of a Sat 
frond, enclosed in a spathe, monoecious: the sterile consist- 
ing of 1 to 2 stamens with long filaments ; the fertile of a 
1 -celled ovary, a short style and a simple stigma. Fruit a 
utricle. — Floating annuals, consisting of a stem and leaf 
confounded (frond) sending down from the under surface, 
roots which hang loosely in the water, and producing the 
spathaceous flowers from the margins, which are seldom found. 

1. L. minor, L. Lesser Duckweed, 

Fronds roundish-obovate, thickish,-*;ften grouped; root solitary ;-<>uuZe solitary ; 
seed horizontal. 

Stagnant water, Tery common ; but not yet found in flower in this country. 
Fronds }/ A inch long, somewhat fleshy, increasing rapidly by gemmos (young fronds; 
so as often completely to cover the surface of the water. 

2. L. trisulca, L. Star Duckweed. 

Fronds oblong-lanceolate, from a stalked base, thin, denticulate at the tip, pro- 
liferous from the sides near the middle so as to form crosses: flowers yery minute; 
ovule solitary, half .anatropous. 

Ditches and ponds : rarely in flower. Fronds y % inch or mere long. 

3. L. polyrhiza, L. Larger Duckweed. 

JVonc7sroun<]i>h-eraie, thickiah, flat above, palmately veined, 04 to y 2 inch long) 
often dark purple beneath; root a bundle of S to 10 simple fibres in the middle of 
the frond. 

Stagnant waters, rare. It is said never to have been seen in flower in this 
country. 

Order 113. &YPHAGEJE,— Cat-tail Family. 

Marsh herbs, with nerved arid linear sessile leaves, and monoecious flowers on a spa* 
diz or in heads, destitute of proper floral envelopes. Ovary tapering into a slender 
style, and usually an elongated tongue-shaped 1-sided StigEia. ; Frcit nut-like wken 
! xipe, 1-seeded. Seed suspended, anatropous. 

1. TYPHA, Tourn. Cat-tail Flag. 

Or. typhos, a marsh ; alluding to the place of .its growth. 

Flowers in long and Yery dense cylindrical spikes ; termi- 



- 



TYPHACEJE. 349 



nating the stem ; the upper part consisting of stamens, in- 
termixed with simple hairs ; the lower or fertile part consist- 
ing of ovaries, surrounded by club-shaped bristles, which 
form the copious down of the fruit Nutlets minute, very 
long-stalked. — Marsh herbs, with perennial roots, very de- 
ciduous spatlies or bracts, and narrow leaves sheathing the base of the 
erect thickish jointkss stems, 

1. T. latlfolia, L. Common Cat-tail. Reed-mace, 

Leaves linear, nearly flat ; sterile and fertile spikes close together or continuous. 

Borders of ponds. J ilj. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, round and smooth, leafy below, 
terminated by the large cylindric spike, which is 6 to 10 inches long, 1 inch thick., 
brownish at the surface. 

2. T. ANGUSTIFOLTA, L. Narrow -leaved Cat-tail 

Leaves channeled towards the base, narrowly linear; sterile and fertile spikes «■ 
little remote. 

Muddy pools and ditches, rare. July. Stems and sjpihes more slender, and the 
leaves narrowsr than in the last. 

2. SPARaANIUM, Tourn. Burr-reeb- 

Gfr. sparganon, a fillet, from the ribbon-like leaves. 

Flowers collected in seperate dense globose heads, scat- 
tered along the summit of the stem, subtended by leaf-like 
bracts, the upper ones sterile, consisting merely of stamens 
with minute scales irregularly interposed; the lower or fer- 
tile larger, consisting of numerous sessile pistils, each sur- 
rounded by 3 to 6 scales much like a calyx. Fruit nut- 
like when mature, 1 to 2-celled. — Aquatic herbs, with fibrous 
perennial roots, simple or branching stems, sheathed by the base of 
"ihe linear leaves. 

1. S. ramosum, Hudson. Great Burr-reed* 

Stem erect, branching above ; leaves triangular at base, the sides concave ; Stales of 
the fertile flowers thickened and dilated above ; stigma linear, longer than the style* 

Borders of ponds and ditches, common. July, Aug. Mem 2 feet high, round. 
Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, % to y 2 inch wide, thickish. Heads of flowers light greeny 
fertile ones 2 to 5, the lowest generally somewhat stalked, sterile ones above, more 
numerous, smaller, sessile. Stigmas often 2. 

2. S. xiMERiCANA, Nutt. American Burr-reed. 

Stem erect, mostly simple ; leaves triangular at the base, the sides flat ; st(gm& 
conical* oblong, oblique,. about % as long as the slender style,. 

Small streams and ponds, common. Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, simple or di- 
vided at base. Leaves mostly radical, 1 to 2% feet long, % inch wide, keeled at 
base. Fertile heads sessile, mostly 3, below the several barren ones, with the Bim= 
pie styles conspicuous. 

3. S. NATANS, L. Floating Burr-reed. 

Stem weak; leaves flat, thin, often floating; heads few, the sitrih 1 to 2; stigma 
■oblong, shorter than the style, 

02 



S50 NAIADACEiE. 



Ponds and streams, common. Aug. Stem long and slender, and with the leare* 
floating. Leaves when floating, elongated, narrow, and pellucid. 

Order 114. NAXABAGE1E.— Pondweed Family. 

Immersed aquatic plants, with jointed stems and sheathing stipules within the pc- 
Holes, or sessile sheathing bases, inconspicuous mono-dioecious flowers, ivhich are naked 
or ivith a free merely scale-like calyx. Stamens definite. Ovaries 1, or 2 to 4, free, 
1-ovuled. Stigma simple, often sessile. Flowers usually bui-sting from a spathe. 
Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded. 

I. NAIAS, Linn. Naiad. 

Gr. Naias, water-nymph ; from the habitat. 

Flowers dioecious, or sometimes monoecious, axillary, 
solitary and sessile. Fertile floaters consisting of a 
single ovary tapering into a short style ; stigmas 2 to 4, awl- 
shaped. Stamens 1, with a slender filament. Fruit a 
little seed-like nutlet, enclosed in a loose epiearp. — Slender 
branching herbs, growing entirely under water, with opposite and 
whorled crowed linear leaves, sessile and dilated at the base, and very 
small /lowers, solitary, but often clustered with the branch leaves in 
the axils. 

1. N. FLEXILIS, Rostk. Bending Water Nymph. 

Leaves membranaceous, spreading, narrowly linear, Tery minutely denticulate, 
opposite or in os, -Is or es at the joints ; s^V/masusually 3 to i. (N. Canadensis, Michx. 
Oaulinia. Wdhl.) 

Ponds nnd slow streams, common. July — Sopt. Stem 6 to 20 inches long, many 
times forked. Leaves }£ to 1 inch long, less than 1 lino wide. Blowers very small, 
wssile. 

2. N. MINOR, L. Smaller Water Nymph. 

Leaves alternate or opposite^ limar-subulate, rtcurvtd. prickly-toothed, rigid. 
In water, not common. Aug. Stem long, submersed, rather rigid. Fl&tcert 
pxntiiL 

2. ZANNICHELLIA, Mitchell. Horned Pondweed. 

In honor of ZannicheUi, a Venitian botanist. 

Flowers monoecious, sessile, naked, usually both kinda 
from the same axil; the sterile consisting of a single stamen, 
with a slender filament; the fertile of 2 to 5 (mostly 4) 
sessile pistils in a cup-shaped involucre. Stigma large and 
peltate. Fruit a nutled, on a short stipe, beaked with a 
short style. — S'ender branching herbs, grencing entirely under 
water, with very slender stems opposite or alternate long and 
linear thread-form entire leaves, and sheathing membraneom 
stipides. 



^ 



NAIADACEJ5. 351 



- Z. palustris, L. Common Horned Pondweed. 

Stem filiform, floating; style half as long as the fruit, which is flattish, some- 
what incurved, even, more or less toothed on the hack, nearly sessile. 

Ponds and slow streams. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet long, round, smooth. 
Leaves grass-like, 2 to 3 inches long, sessile. Flowers issuing from axillary bracts, 
email, 2 together, a sterile and fertile. 

3. POTOMAGETON, Tourn. Pondweed. 

Gr. potomos, a river, and geiton, near. 

Flowers perfect, spiked. Perianth single, 4-leaved. 
Stamens 4, nearly sessile, opposite the perianth lobes. 
Ovaries 4, pedicellate : stigma sessile or nearly so. Fruit 
4 sessile nutlets or drupes, flattened on one or two sides. 
Seeds hook-shaped. — Mostly perennial aquatic and submersed 
herbs, with creeping and rooting stems, two-ranked pellucid leaves, 
united membraneous sheathing stipules, and small greenish flowers 
3 to 10, in apedunculate spike, rising above the water. 
* Leaves of two forms, the upper floating. 

1. P. natans, S. Broad-leaved Pondweed. 

Leaves all long-petioled, the floating ones coriaceous, oval, elliptical, or ovate, 
chiefly rounded or a little heart-shaped at the base, many-nerved ; immersed ones 
linear or lanceolate ; spikes rather dense, shorter than the peduncles ; fruit short- 
pointed, more or less keeled on the hack. 

Ponds and slow waters, common in the Susquehanna. July, Aug. Stem slender, 
1 to 3 feet long, branched. Spike 1 to 2 inches long, 20 to 40-flowered. Varies with 
the lower leaves all reduced to petioles. 

2. P. oblongus, Viv., Fries. Oblong-leaved Pondweed. 

Leaves oblong-elliptical ; nutlets small, obtuse and pointless, always rounded at 
the back. 

Pools and ditches. Floating leaves oblong-elliptical or oblong-lanceolate. Fruit 
rounded, not half as large as in P. natans. 

3. P. heterophyllus, Schreb. Various-leaved Pondweed. 

Floating leaves elliptical or oblong, or the lowest lance-spatulate, on long pe- 
tioles; immersed leaves lanceolate or linear, sometimes elongated and grass-like, 
flaccid, obscurely denticulate or roughish on the margins, the lower sessile ; p6- 
dun<;les much thicker than the stem, elongated; spike cylindric, many-flowered. 

Pools and shallow slow streams, common. Aug. Stems numerous, branched, 
filiform. Floating leaves 1 inch long, very variable. Peduncle 1 to 2 inches long. 
Nutlets roundish, flattened on the sides, obtuse and rigid o'n the back. 

4. P. hyrridus, Michx. Hybrid Pondweed. 

Floating leaven oval or lance-oblong, 5 to 7 nerved, on petioles; immersed leaves 
capillary ; spile globular, few-flowered, on a short somewhat club-shaped peduncle. 

Shallow pools and streams. Aug. A delicate species, with thread-like branching 
stems 1 foot or more in length, and the floating leaves %to% inch long, some- 
times none. Fruit nearly roimd, flattened on the sides, somewhat keeled ami 
crested on the back. 

** Leaves all submersed, uniform. 

5. P. lucens, L. Shining Pondweed. 

Leaves oral-lanceolate, flat, large, the short petioles continuing in a thick midjrib^ 



352 alismace-e. 



small pointed ; peduncles thicken ed upwards ; spikes cylindrical, many-flowered ; 
nutlets slightly keeled. 

Ponds and deep streams. June. Stem long, Branched, leaves large, very pel- 
lucid, and when dry shining above, heautifuliy veined, 3 to 5 inches long, y 2 to I 
inch wide, acuminate, each with a lanceolate bract above the base. Spike 2 inches- 
long, of numerous green flowers. 

6. P. perfoliatus, L. Perfoliate Pondweed. 

Leaves clasping by a heart-shaped base, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sometime* 
round ovate, obtuse ; spikes terminal, with a few alternate flowers; nutlets rounded 
on the back, short-pointed. 

Ponds and rivers, common. July. Stem 2-forked, very leafy, 6 to 10 inches 
long. Leaves shining, 1 to V/% inch long, % as wide, obtuse, flat, more or les* 
wavy or crisped. Spike on a peduncle, 1 to 2 inches long. 

7. P. PAUCIELORUS, Pursh. Grassy Pondweed. 

Stem very slender, and filiform, flattish ; leaves narrowly linear, acutish ; spike? 
few-flowered, short-peduncled ; nvMets obliquely lenticular, distinctly crested on 
She back. 

Ponds and streams, common. July, Aug. Leaves numerous 2 to £ inches long, 
Scarcely 1 line wide, obscurely 3-nerved, of a bright green color. Flowers 3 to 5$ 
greenish, on a terminal peduncle an inch long. 

8. P. pectinatus, L, Fennel-leaved Pondweed. 

Stems thread-like, many-times forked; leaves bristle-form, 1-nerved; spikes inter* 
gupted, on long peduncles ; nutlets rounded-obovate. 

Ponds and deep streams. June; Plant much branched and leafy. Leaves 3 ti> 
6 inches long, less than 1 line wide, thickish. Spike in clusters of 3 or 4 seperated- 
in fruit by considerable intervals. Fruit purplish. 

* * * Stipules nene ; leaves all opposite and immersed. 

9. P. dfnsus, L. Dense Pondweed. 

Leaves pellucid, elliptical or lanceolate, clasping ; spike few-flowe »ed, shorfc-pe* 
funded, reflexed in fruit; nutlets beaked and keeled. Bethlehem, Schwenitz. 

Order 115. ALISJffiAGEIEf*— Water-Plantain Family. 

Marshy herbs, with parallel-veined leaves sheathing ai'the base, scape-like flowering 
Stems, and perfect or monoecious flowers, not on a spadix, furnished with both calyx 
and corolla; sepals and petals each 3, distinct. Stamens definite or indefinite. Ova- 
ries 3 to-many, distinct or partly so. Styles and stigmas as many as the ovaries. 
Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1 to 2-seeded. 

Sub-order i. JUNCAGINEiEL Arrow-Grass Family. 

Calyx and corolla colored alike (gieenish). Seed ana- 
tropous, with a straight embryo. — Leaves petiole-like without 
a blade. 

1. TKIGLOGHIJST, Linn. Arrow-Grass. 

(Jr. treis, three, and glochin, a point; ia allusion to the points of the capsule. 

Sepals and petals nearly alike, ovate, concave, deciduous 



ALISMACE.3E. 353 



Stamens 6, with oval anthers, on short filaments. Pistils 
united into a 3 to 6-celled compound ovary j stigmas ses- 
sile : ovules solitary. Capsule splitting when mature 
into 3 to 6 carpels, which seperate from a central axis. — 
Herbaceous aquatic or marsh plants, with ensiform rush-like leaves, 
sheathing the base of the slender and joint less scape, and small 
greenish flowers in a spiked raceme, bractless. 

T. MARATIMUM, L. Sea-side Arrow-grass. 

Scape and leaves fleshy, thickish ; fruit ovate, acutish, of 6 united carpels which 
are rounded at the base and slightly grooved on the back. 

Salt marshes, rare. July. Scape 18 inches high, from a horizontal rootstock. 
Leaves linear, smooth, thick, 6 to 12 inches long, less than a line wide* Floweri- 
greoaish, 3G' to -aQ on the obtusely angled sc&pe, 

2. SCHEUCHZERIA, Linn. 

In honor of the two brothers Soheuchzers, Swiss botanists. 

Sepals and petals 6^ oblong, acute^ persistent, spread- 
ing. Stamens 6, with linear anthers. Ovaries 4, globu- 
lar, slightly united at base, with flat sessile stigmas, 2 to 3- 
ovuled, in fruit forming 3 diverging and inflated capsules, 1 
to 2 seeded, opening along the sides. — A low 'perennial hog- 
herb, with a creeping jointed rootstock, tapering into the ascending 
simple stem, whicfi is partly sheathed by the grass like leaves. &r»ii» 
naied by a loose raceme of a few flowers with sheathing bracts. 

S. PALUSTRIS, L. Marsh Scheuchzeria. 

Peat bogs, rare. July. A rush-like plant, 8 to 12 inches high, angular. Leaves 
4 to 6 inches long, scmi-cylindric. Flowers yellowieh-green r on short pedicels, 
*ach axillary to a bract. 

Sub-orker II. ALISMEiE. 

Calyx green and persistent. Corolla white, deciduous. 
Seed campylotropous. — Leaves commonly furnished with a 
blade. 

3. ALISMA, Linn. Water-Plantain. 

Qr. alysmos, anxiety, from the supposed remedial properties. 

Flowers perfect. Petals and sepals 3. Stamens G, 
Ovaries and styles numerous, in a simple circle on a flat- 
tened receptacle, forming coriacious achenia in fruit. — Aqua- 
tic perennials, with radical several-ribbed leaves, and the scape with 
tvhorkd panicled branches, bearing small white or pale rose colored 
flowers. 

02* 



354 HYDROCHARIDACE^!. 



A- PlANTAGO, L. Common Water- Plantain. 

Leaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, narrowed rounded or somewhat cordate at 
the base, 3 to 9-nerved, on long petioles ; panicle loose, compound, many-flowered- 

Ditches and marshy places, common. July, Aug. Scape 1 to 2 feet high. Lvxh* 
4 to 6 inches long, % as wide. 

4. SAGITTAILIA, Linn. Arrow-head. 

Lat. sagitta, an arrow ; from the peculiar form of the leaf. 

Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious or perfect. Petals 
3. Sepals numerous (about 14). Ovaries many, collect- 
ed in a spherical head on a globular receptacle, in frudt form- 
ing membranaceous achenia, covered with the persistent 
style. — Marsh or aquatic herbs, with milley juice and; fibrous 
roots, radical, mostly sagittate leaves sheathing at the base the sczpes, 
which bear the white or whitish flowers in 3s. 
Sec. I. Smuttaria, proper. Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious. 

1. S. variabilis, Engelin. MSS. Gray. Common 
Arrow-head. Variable Arrow-head. 

Leaves triangular-arrow-shaped, or entire, oblong, lanceolate, linear and some- 
times mere naked petioles ; scapes simple. 

Ditches, pools, streams, and moist grounds, common. July, Aug. Petals white. 
*'This with its Protean varieties of which almost every pool and stream furnishes 
a goodly number, embraces many nominal species of authors, and may safely be 
held to include all that are found within our limits," Gray. The largest forms 
boar sagittate leaves 12 inches or more long and 7 wide, others have both tho 
main blade and the lobes linear, many bear entire leaves, or else mere naked pe- 
tioles; the smallest forms being only from 3 to 5 inches high. 

Sec n. Echinoixhius, Richard, Engelmann, in Gray. Flowers perfect. Sia* 
mens 7 to 21. 

2. S. pusilla, Nutt. Dwarf An-ow-head. 

Leaves linear, obtuse and short, with foliacious summits; scape simple, about tut 
long as the leaves, umbellately 3 to 8 flowered, some of them becoming proliferous 
runners; pedicels elongated, recurved; petals inversely heart-shaped; stamen* 
about 9 ; styles much shorter than the ovaries. 

Muddy margins of ponds and streams. Aug. Scape 2 to 4 inches high. Leave* 
rarely ever subulate 1 to 2 inches long, scarcely a line wide. Flowers 3 to 6> 
each ripening 8 to 15 carpels. 

Order 116. HYDR0CHARIDACE1E.— Frog's -bit Family, 

Aquatic herbs, with dioecious or polygamous regular flowers on scapelike pedundt* 
from a spathe, and simple or double floral envelopes, which in the fertile flowers art 
united into a tube and coherent with tJie 1 to 6-ceUed ovary. Stamens 3 to 12, dis- 
tinct, or monadelphous: anthers 2-oelled. Stigmas 3 to 6. Pruit ripening undor 
water, indehisoent, many-seeded. 

1. UDORA, Nutt. Water- WEEix 

Qr K udor, water; in allusion to its place of growth. 

Polygamous. Flowers- solitary and sessilej from a sossilo 



HYDR0CIIARIDACBJ5. 355 



and tubular 2-<5left axillary spathe. Sterile flowers 
minute, with a 6-parted perianth; anthers 9, oval, nearly 
sessile. Fertile flowers with 3 to 6 oblong anthers, and 
the perianth extended into an extremely long and capillary 
tube, the small lobes obovate, spreading. Style long and 
filiform : stigmas 3, large and spreading, 2-lobed. Ovary 
3-celled, with 3 projecting pointed placentas, each bearing a 
few orthotropous ovules. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few- 
seeded. — A perennial herb, growing under water, with long 
branching stems, thickly beset with pellucid and reinless, 1 nerved 
sessile, whorled or opposite leaves, and very small whitish sessile 
jlowers. 

U. Canadensis, Nutfc. Ditch Moss. Water -weed. 

Leaves oblong-ovate or lanceolate, finely serrulate, in 3s and 4s; perianth fc»5« 
filiform. (Elodea Canadensis, Michx. Serpicula verticillata ; Muhl.) 

Ponds and slow streams. July. Stem submerged diffusely 2-forked, filiform 
Lf-aves \Z± to \£ i" 10 ' 1 l° n £' l yss than 1 Hue wide. thin. Flowers miuut >, of a dingy 
white, the slender hair like tu^e 2 to 3 inches long. The staminate flowers break 
of, and float on the surface, wher.s they expand and shed th -ir pollen to fertile 
the stigai is, wai-di are raised to the sarfacj by thj excessively prolonged calya- 
tube. 

2. VALLI8NEKIA, Micheli. Tape-grass. 

In honor of Antonio. Yallisneri, an early Italian botanist. 

Dioecious. Sterile flowers numerous, crowded in. a 
head on a conical receptacle, inclosed in an ovate at length 
3-val-ved spathe, which is borne on a very short scape : pe- 
rianth 2-parted: stamens mostly 3. Fertile flowers 
solitary and sessile in a tubular spathe which is borne on a 
very long scape: perianth elongated, 6-parted; the al- 
ternate segments linear; tube linear, coherent with the 1- 
celled ovary : stigmas 3, large, 2-lobed. Ovules very nu- 
merous on 3 parietal placentae. Fruit elongated, cylindric, 
"berry-like, 1-celled, many -seeded. — Stemhss plants, with, long 
arid linear grass-like leaves, growing entirely under water, 
and spiral scapes. 

U. spiralis, L. Ed-grass. Tape-grass. 

Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon-like, obscurely serrulate, obtuse, som3waat 
nerved and netted-veined. 

Slow waters, common. Aug. Per. Leaves all radical 1 to 2 feet long, \£ inch 
wide, grass like, smooth and deep-green. Perianth reddish-white. The statninata 
clusters of flowers break away from the bottom, as in Udora, and float on the sur- 
face, where they expand and shed their pollen around tbe fertile flowers, which 
are raised to the surface at this time; fertilization being thus accomplished, th© 
filiform scapea which are 2 to 4 foet long, coil spirally and draw the ovary 
water to ripen. 



§56 ORCHID ACE JE. 



Order 117. ORCHIDACE2E.— Orchis Family.. 

Perennial often acaulescent herhs, with fleshy cor ms, or tuberous fasciculated 'roofs, 
limple, parallel-veined entire leaves, and irregular 6-merous flowers ; the perianth ad- 
herent to the 1-celled ovary with 3- parietal placenta'., gynandrous stamens, and pollen 
eoliering in waxy o-r mealy masses. Peiuaxth segments iu 2 rows, the outer (calyx) 
usually colored and petaloid like the inner, the lowest one (lip) different from the 
ethers and often spurred. Stamens 3, nnitad with the style and thus forming the 
tohtmn, on which the 2-celled anther is variously situated. 

I. MICROSTYLUS, Mutt, Adder's-moutb. 

Gr. mikros, little, and stylos, a diminitive column or style. 

Sepals spreading. Petals filiform or linear, spreading. 
Lip auricled or halbert- shaped at the base^ entire or nearly 
so. Column very small, with 2 teeth or wings at the sum. 
mit. Pollen masses 4, collateral, cohering by pairs at the 
apex. — Small kerbs, arising from solid bulbs, producing sim- 
ple stems or scapes, ivhich bear 1 or 2 leaves p aud a raceme of 
minute greenish flowers. 

M. OPniOGLOSSOiDES, Nutt. Common Adder's-movth. 

Leaf solitary near the middle of the stem, ovate, clasping ; raceme short and ob- 
tuse; pedicels much longer than the flowers; lip obtusely auricled at the base,- 
3-toothed at the summit. 

Damp woods, rare. July. Stem 4 to 10 inches high, 5-angled, with a single leaf 
about 234 inches long and 1 inch wide. Flowers whitish,. minute, numerous, iu » 
Sermiaafraceine an inch or more in length. 

2. LIPAMS, Richard. Twayblade. 

Gr. liparos, fat or shining; in allusion.. to the smooth leaves-. 

Sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, or the petals- 
filiform, spreading. Lip fiat, entire often bearing 2 tubercles 
above the base. Column elongated, incurved. Pollen 
MASSES 4, collateral. — Small perennial herbs, arising from 
solid bulb?, with 2 root-leaves and a low scape, bearing a ra- 
ceme of few purplish or greenish flowers-.. 

1. L. LILIIFOLIA, Richard- Lily -leaved Twaybladc. 

Leaves 2, ovate, shorter than the scape; petals filiform, reflexed ; lip large, wedge- 
©bovate, abruptly short-pointed. (Malaxis liiiifolia, WUld.) 

Moist woodlands. June-. Scape 6 to- 8 inches high, triangular. Leaves radical, 
3. to 6 inches long, % to V£ as wide, tapering into a sheathing base. Flowers rather 
large, 10 to 20 in a terminal raceme : the 3 sepals greenish- white, 2 upper petals, 
yellowish-whito, and the large lip white; 

2. L. Lceselh, Richard. Smaller Twayblade. 

Leaves 2, elliptical lanceolate or oblong, sharply keeled; scape angular; lip obo- 
*ate or orat<«, entire. (Malaxis Correana, Bart.) 
Bogs and wet meadows, raze. June, July. &Mpe 5 to 8 inches Ligh,.3 k> Wangled. 



ORCHID ACE M. 357 



Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 1 inch wide, sheathing at base. Flowers small, ercct^ 
about 4, appressed to the rachis in a thin raceme, greenish-white. 

3. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. Coral-root. 

Gt. komllion, coral, and rhiza, root; the root being coral-like. 

Flowers ringent ; the sepals and petals nearly alikey 
the lateral ascending and the upper arching ; ; lip recurved,, 
spreading above, 2-ridged below, adherent at the base of the- 
straightish column. Anther 2-lipped, terminal : pollen 
MASSES 4. — Brownish or yellowish herbs, destitute of green 
foliage, with much branched and toothed coral-like root-stocks, and 
»imple scapes furnished with sheaths, bearing dull colored flowers im 

spiked raceme. 

1. C. multielora, INFutt. Large Coral-root. 

Scape many-flowered ; lip wedge-ovate, 3-lobed, the middle lobe recurved, 3 times'- 
as long as the lateral ones-; ovary and capsule oblong. 

Woods, about the roots of trees ; commons. Aug., Sept. Abrowni3h or purplish' 
plant 10 to 18 inches high, with a few sheathing bracts instead of leaves, and 10 to 
30 rather large brownish-yellow flowers. Lip whitish, spotted with crimson, J4 to 
% inch long. Spur yellowish, conspicuous-. 

2. C. Wistariana, Conrad. Smaller Coral-root. 

Scape few-flow«red; Up oblong, minutely 2-toothed near the base, minutelyr 
Botched; spur obsolete ; ovary elongated. 

Woods, near Philadelphia. June, July, Plant about 6 inchesdiigh, with 3 to 1G J 
flowers, nearly as large as in C. multiflora. 

3. C. innata, R. Brown. Early Coral-root. 

Scape few-flowered; lip oblong, 2-toothednear the base; ovary and capsule oblong; 
©r club-shaped ; spur obsolete. 

Swamps and wet woods. May, June. Scape slender, 5 to 8 inches high, yellow- 
ish-green, with 3 or 4 membraneous sheaths. Flowers 5 to 10, dingy-yellowish;: 
lip white, seldom spotted. 

4. C. odontorhiza, Nutt. Small Late Coral-root. 

Scape several-flowered ; lip roundish,.en.tire, thin with a crisped or wavy margin}: 
evary and capsule globular or roundish oval ; spur none. 

Rich woods, about the roots of trees. Aug., Sept. Scape 8 to 10 inches high, & 
little enlarged at the base, with 2 or 3 sheaths. Flowers 10 to 12 in a terminal 
pendulous raceme, purplish ; lip whitish, spotted with purple, with 2 oval protub- 
erances on the palate, 

4. APLECTRUM, Nut*.. Adam and Eye; 

Gt. a, without, and pleJctron, a spur; from the total want of the lattezv 

Flowers ringent. Sepals and petals nearly equal, 
Lip with a short claw, free, 3 k)bed, with a 3-ridged palate j 
without a spur. Anteer situated? a little below the sum- 
mit of the column. Pollen-masses 4. — A perennial herb r 
with a simple scape, invested below with 3 greenish sheaths^ 
springing up in May from the side of a thick globular soliiM 




353 0RCIIIDACE.E. 



bulb or corm, which also produces late in the summer a large 
oval, many-nerved and plaited petioled green leaf from its 
apex, lasting through the winter. 

A. HYEMALE, Nutt. Patty-root. Adam-and-Ece. 

Rich shady woods, rare. May, June. Bxlbs 2 or 3 together, horizontally con- 
nected, often 1 inch in diameter, filled with exceedingly glutinous matter. Leaf 
solitary, i to 6 inches long, elliptic acute at each end, on a petiole 2 to 3 inehes long, 
inserted on the summit of tha bulb. Flowers brownish, erect, racenied, on a scape 
1 foot high. Lip whit:-h and speckled. Capsule large, smooth, nodding. 

5. TIPULARIA, Nutt, Crane-fly Orchis. 

Tipula, the crane-fly; from the faucied resemblance of the flowers. 

Sepals and petals spreading oblong or spatulate. Lip 
3-lobed, prolonged underneath into a filiform spur twice as 
long as the flower. Column narrow and wingless. Anther 
lid-tike, terminal : tollex-masses 2, each 2-parted. — A 
perennial herb, with solid bulb*, connected horizontally, pro- 
ducing a single orate nerved leaf, and a long and naked slen- 
der scape, bearing a many-flowered raceme of greenish flow- 
ers, tinged with purple. 

T. discolor, Nutt, Two-colored Crane- fig Orchis. 

Pine woods, rare. July. Soaps 10 to IS inches high, with 1 or 3 sheaths at the 
base. Leaf solitary on a slender petiole. Flowers small, nodding, greenish with 
a tinge of purple. Spar nearly 1 inch long. 

6. ORCHIS, Linn. Orchis. 

The ancient Greek name. 

Flowers ringent. Sepals and pltals nearly equal, all, 
or nearly all converging upwards and arching over the column. 
■Lip turned downwards, with a spur on the under side at 
base. PoLLEN-MA^ES pediciliate, collected into 2 large 
masses borne on a slendei stalk, the base of which is at- 
tached to the 2 ^lauds of the stigma : glands contained in 
a common little poach — Perennial he,bs, with showy flow- 
ers in a spike. 

O. SPECTABILIS. L. Showy Orchis. 

Leave* 2, radical, oblong-oboT&te, o tu-e; scapt angular, naked, few-flowered, 
acaroely longer than the leaves; briets leaf-like, lanceolate; sjmr club-shaped, 
■horter than the o-. arj . 

Shad v woods. May . Juuo. Scape 4 to 7 inches hiorh, arising from a thick fleshy 
fibrous 'root. 5 angled, smooth. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long. Sepals and petals all 
TauUed, pink-purple; lip ovate, undivided, and with the obtuse spur white. 



ORCHID ACE J5. 359 



7. GTOINADENIA, R. Br«wn. Naked-gland Orchis. 

Gr. gymnos, naked, and aden, a gland. 

Flowers as in Orchis. Anther-cell parallel; the ap. 
proximate glands naked. 

Gr. tridentata, Lincll. T hree-tootJied Gymnadenia. 

Lower leaf oblong, rather acuta; upper leaf much smaller bract-like ; floiturt 
few, in an oblong terminal spike; lip wedge-oblong, 3-toothed at the apex. 

Wet woods, and swamps. July. Stem slender, 6 to 12 inches high, with a sinelc 
leaf. Spike G to 12-flowered, compact. Flowers pale yellowish-green. Spur club- 
shaped, curved upwards, longer than the ovary. 

8. PLATANTHERA, Richard. False Orchis. 

GY.plUus, wide, and anthera, an anther. 

Flowers as in Orchis, but with the lateral sepals spread- 
ing. Anther-cells diverging at the base; the two naked 
glands widely separated. Lip with a spur at the base. — 
Perennials, with spicateor racemose flowers, often showy. 

* Scape 2-leaved at the base; spur very long; lip entire. 

1. P. orbiculata, Liudl. Round-leaved Orchis. 

Leaves very large, orbicular, spreading flat on the ground ; scape bracted, bear- 
ing many flowers in a loose raceme ; upper sepal orbicular, the lateral ovate; Up 
lineaT-spatulate, drooping, nearly 3 times as long as the sepals; spur curved, Blen- 
der, linear-cl ub-shaped. 

Ilich shady woods, Dear meadows, Centre Co.. rare. July. Scape 1 to 2 feet high, 
with several small appressed scales. Leaves 2. very smooth, shining above, silvery 
underneath. 4 to 8 inches wide. Flowers yellowish-green. Lip % to 1 inch long. 
Spur \y z to 2 inches long. 

* * Stem leafy; lip entire about the length of the spur. 

2. P. BRACTEATA, Torr. Bructed Green Orchis. 

Lower leaves obovate. the upper oblong, and gradually reduced to lanceolate 
bracts; pdals linear-lanceolate, erect; lip oblong-linear, truncate and minutely! 
to 3-toothed. 

Damp wools. Jur.i'. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, with 6 to 12 small, green flowoH 
in a loose spike. Lip more than twice the length of the sac like, somewhat 2-iobat 
spur. 

3. P. flava, Gray. Yellowish Orchis. 

Stem leafy ; h.wer leaves oblong acute; uppir lanceolate, acuminate; spikt dense, 
cylindric: petals ovate; lip oblong, obtuse, toothed at the base, and with a small 
protuberance on the palate; >pur filiform, rather shorier than the sessile ovary, 

Wet places. June — Aug. Stem 10 to 20 inches \x\sh, with small greenish-yellow 
flowers, in a long spike at first dense, at leugih loose. Leaves about 3, with ionf 
sheaths. 3 to 7 in lies long, and %to 2 inches' wide. 

*** Stem leafy; lip fringed along the side, undivided, shorter than the spur; ovary 
vriih an acuminate beak. 

4. P. cristata, Lindl. Crested Orchis. 

Lower leaves lanceolate, elongated, the upper gradually reduced to Bharp-pofciWdl 



360 ORCHID ACE m. 



bracts ; spike oblong or cylindrical ; petals rounded, crenate ; lip ovate, with a torH- 
fringed margin ; spur shorter than the ovary. 

Swamps, rather common. June, July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers small, 
yellow, in « crowded terminal spike. 

5. P. CILIARIS, Lindl. Yellow Fringed Orchis. 

Loaves oblong or lanceolate, the upper passing into pointed bracts; spike oblong, 
rather closely many-flowered; lateral sepals rounded, reflexed; .petals linear fringed 
at the apex ; lip oblong, about y 2 the length of the spur. 

Swamps and wet places, common. July, Aug, Stem 1 to 2 feet high, with a 
short spike of very showy flowers. Leaves sheathing at base, the lower ones 3 to 5 
inches long. Flowers bright orange-yellow. Lip furnished with a very long and 
•copious capillary fringe, % inch long. 

6. P. blepharioglottis, Lindl. White 1 'ringed Orchis. 

Lower leaves lanceolate, channeled ; spite oblong ; petals oblong, slightly cut or 
toothed at the apex ; lip oblong or lance-oblong. 

Swamps, rare. June, July. Stem 1 to 1% foot high, with the lower leaves 6 to 8 
inches long, the upper gradually smaller. Flowers pure white, in a dense oblong 
spike. Lip fringed in the middle. 

* ** * Stem leafy; lip S-parted shorter than the long spur, narrowed at the base in* 
to a claw. Floiocrs white or greenish. 

7. P. lacera, Gray. Ragged Green Orchis. 

Leaves oblong or lanceolate ; raceme loosely many-flowered ; petals oblong, linear, 

entire; lip 3 parted, with wedge-shaped segments; spur filiform, club-shaped, as 

long as the ovary- 
Swamps and moist thickets. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, smooth, slender. 

Leaves few, 3 to 6 inches long, mostly acute. Flowers greenish-yellow, numerous. 

Lip with narrow divisions, deeply parted into a few long nearly capillary lobes. 

***** Flowers p urple. 

8. P. PYSCODES, Gray. Small Purple Fringed Orchis. 

Leaves oblong, the upper passing into linear-lanceolate bracts; raceme cylindri- 
cal, densely many-flowered ; lower sepals round-oval, obtuse; petals wedge-obovata 
or spatulate, denticulate above ; divisions of the lip broadly wedge-shaped, many- 
•ck-ft into a short fringe. 

Moist meadows. July, Aug. Stem 2 feet high, smooth, slender.. Flowers bright 
purple, in a crowded spike 4 to 7 inches long, small, very showy, fragrant. Lip 
short-stalked, scarcely % inch broad, its 3 fan-like, spreading segments, as well as 
Hie petals beautifully fringed. Spur nearly 1 Inch long. 

9. P. fimbriata, Lindl. Large Purple Fringed Orchis. 

Lower leaves oval or oblong, the few upper ones passing into lanceolate bractr» 
spile or raceme oblong, loosely-flowered; lower sepals ovate, acute; petals oblong, 
fringe-toothed down the slde3; lip fan-shaped, with pendant, largediyisions. many- 
cleft into a -capillary fringe. (0. grandiflora, Bigl.) 

Wet meadows, rare. June. A superb plant, 1% to 2 feet high, with a thick, 
hollow, stem with a few sheathing bracts at base. Leaves 2 or 3 principal ones 4 
to 7 inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide, the upper ones linear, 1 or 2 inches long. Flow- 
ers very large, showy, lilac-purple, in a terminal raceaae 3 to 6 inches long. Lip 
much dilated, % to 1 inch broad, with a deep and nearly capillary crowded fringe, 

10. P. peramcena, Gray. Fringeless Purple Orchis. 

Lower leaves oblong-ovate, the upper lanceolate; spike oblong or cylindrical, 
■densely flowered ; lower sepals round-ovate ; petals rounded-obovate, raised on a 
claw ; Up large, with broadly wedge-shaped divisions, the middle one 2-lohed. (Q, 
fisse, Pursh. P. fissa, Lindl.) 



ORCIIIDACEJE. 361 



Moist meadows and bank3, rare. Aug. Stem 2 to i feet high, slightly winged, 
Zeaves 4 to 6 inches long. Flowers large and very showy, v iolet-purple. Lip% 
c'nch long, with minutely and variably toothed divisions. Spur 1% inch long. 

9. ARETHUSA, Gronov. Arethusa. 

Dedicated to the Nymph Arethusa. 

■Flower ringent, with the lanceolate sepals and petals 
nearly alike, united at the base, ascending and arching over 
the column. Lip spreading towards the summit, "bearded 
inside. Column adherent to the lip below, dilated at the 
apex. Pollen-masses granular, 2 in each cell of the lid- 
like terminal anther. — A beautiful low herb, with a sheathed 
scape from a globular solid bulb, bearing a single large purple flow- 
er, and a solitary, linear, nerved leaf. 

A. buleosa, L. Bulbous Arethusa. 

Sphagnous swamps, rare. May. Scape 6 to 10 inches high, the lower partbear- 
in» 3 to i loosely sheathing scales, with lanceolate points, from the upper of which 
there is often a linear-lanceolate leaf. Flowers 1 to 2 inches long, very handsome- 
bright-purple. Lip yellow and white, bearded in the middle. 

10. POGONIA, Juss. Pooonia. 

Gr. pogoii. a biard, from tho bearded lip of the original species. 

Flowers irregular, the sepals and petals separate and 
■somewhat spreading. Lip crested or 2-lobed. Column 
free, elongated, club-shaped, wingless. Anther terminal, 
stalked, with 2 farinaceous pollen-masses, 1 in each cell. — ■ 
Terennial herbs, with 1 to 5 -leaved stems, and purplish flowers. 

1. P. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Adder 's-tongne Pogonia* 

Root fibrous; stem bearing an oval or lanceolate, clasping leaf near the middle- 
and a smaUer leaf-like bract next the flower; Up spatulate, beard -crested and 
fringed. 

Eogs, common. June, July. Scape S to 12 inches high. Flowers mostly soli- 
tary (sometimes 2 to 3), handsome, linch long, pale purple. 

2. P. yerticillata, Nutt Whorlecl Pogonia. 

Boot of thick fibres ; stem bearing a whorl of 5 oval or oblong-ovate pointed ses- 
sile leaves at the summit, 1-flowered; sepals narrowly linear, twice as long a3 the 
oblong petals; Up short, 3-lobed, the middle lobe wavy and crested. 

Bogs, rare, June. Scape about 12 inches high. Flowers mostly solitary ; ths 
sepals 2 inches long, brown; petals paler and obtuse. 

11. CALOPOGON, E. Brown. Calopoggn. 

G r. Jcalos, beautiful, and pogen, beard ; from the bearded lip. 

Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading, distinct. Lip 
rather spreading, dilated at the summit, strongly bearded 
along the upper side. Column free, winged at the apes. 
P2 



862 ORCHID ace &-. 

Anther terminal, sessile; Pollen-Masses 2 (one in cacl 
cell). — Scapes from a solid bulb, sheathed below by the base 
of the grass -like leaf, naked above, bearing several showy flowers. 

C. pulchellus, R. Br. Grass Pink. 

Leaf linear, 8 to 10 incLes long, sheathing the base of the stem. Scape 12 to 18 
incLes high, 2 to 6-flowered. Flowers 1 inch broad, pink-purple, fragrant. Sepals 
and petals ovate-lanceolate, acute. Lip beautifully bearded towards the spreading 
summit with white, yellow, and purple clavate hairs. 

12. SPIRANTHES, Richard. Ladies' Tresses. 

Or. spelra, a coil or curl, and anthos, blossom. 

Spike spiral. Flowers somewhat ringent ; the lateral 
sepals rather obliqne at the base and nearly opposite the lip, 
the upper one cohering with the petals. Lip oblong, con- 
cave and embracing the column below, with 2 callous pro- 
cesses at base. Column arching, obliquely short-stalked, 
mostly with a 2- cleft beak. Anther dorsal : pollen-masses 
2, club-shaped, affixed to a common gland. — Perennial herbs, 
with clustered tuberous roots sending zip mostly naked scapes, bear- 
ing a spirally twisted spike of small white Jfowers, bent horizontally, 

1. S. GRACILIS, Bigl. Slender Ladies' Tresses. 

Leaves radical, ovate, caducous; scape very slender, smooth, sheathed; spike 
Blendar, with the flowers in a straight or usualJj spiral row; bracts ovate, pointed; 
lip spatulate-oblong, strongly wavy-crisped. 

Hilly woods and sandy plains. July. Aug. Scape 8 to 12 inches high, erect, with 
a few sheathing scales or leaflets. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, thin, sometimes fall- 
ing off before the flowers expand. Flowers white, 1-5 to % inch long ; the calli at 
first oval, at length elongating and incurved. 

2. S. CERNUA. Richard. Nodding Ladies' Tresses. 

Leaves radical, linear-lanceolate, veined, those of the stem smaller, passing into 
bracts; spike, dense, minutely pubescent; bracts ovate-lanceolate, pointed; lip 
oblong, furnished with 2 minute callosities at the base. 

Wet grassy places, common. Aug.— Oct. Scape 6 to 18 inches high; the root 
leaves -1 to 12 inches long. S-nle thick, 3 to 8 inches long, seldom twisted. Flow* 
ers white or croata-color, fragrant. 

13. GOODYERA, R. Brown. Rattlesnake Plantain. 

Dedicated to John Goodyer, an early English botanist. 

Flowers ringent. Calyx herbaceous, upper sepal 
vaulted. Lip saccate at the base, sessile, over the 2 lower 
sapals. Column small, straight. Pollen-masses 2, con- 
sisting of angular grains, loosely cohering by a manifest 
vf ah. —Perennial herbs, with a root of thick fibres from a 
fleshy somewhat creeping rootstock, bearing a tuft of tki&kisk 
vct'oled leaves next the ground, and small greenish-white flowers in 
a spike on a slender scape. 



ORCHID ACE^J. 3 Go 



f 1. G-. PUBESCENS, R. Brown. Rattlesnake Plantcrm. 

Leoves radical, ovate, conspicuously reticulated and blotched with white; scape 
6heathed, with numerous flowers in a crowded spike; Up inflated with an abrupt 
ovate apex; stigma rounded at the summit. 

Rich woods. July, Aug. Scape S to 12 inches hiph. Leaves 1 to 2 inches lonr > 
contracted, at ba*e into a winged petiole,, scarcely half as long, dark green, veined 
with white. Ftowers whitish, in a terminal oblong spike. 

2. G. REPENS, R. Brown. Smaller Rattlesnake Plantain, 

Small and slender; leaves ovate-lanceolate, somewhat reticulated with white* 
flowers several in a loose 1-sided spike ; lip inflated, with an oblong obtuse apex j 
stigma distinctly 2-toothed. 

Rich woods, under evergreens, and on mountains. Aug. Scape C to 8 inches 
high.. Leaves 1 inch, long. Flowers greenish-white. 

11. LISTERIA, R. Brown. Twayblam:. 

In honor of Martin Lister, an eminent British botanist. 

Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed. 
JjTP mostly drooping, longer than the sepals, 2-lobed or 
2-cleft. Column wingless l stigma with a rounded beak. 
Anther dorsal, orate : pollen-masses powdery, in 2 
masses, joined to a minute gland. — Perennial herbs, with 
fibrous roots, the stem bearing a pair of opposite sessile leaves in the 
middle, and a spike or raceme of greenish or brownhh purple small 
flowers. 

1. L. AUSTEALIS, Lindl. Twayllade. 

Leaves ovate; raceme loose and slender; floicers very small, on pedicels twice the 
length of the ovary; Up linear, slightly sagittate at the base; 3 or i times a« long 
a>thc sepals, 2-parted, with the divisions linearise taceous. 

Damp thickets, rare. June. Plant 4 to 6 inches high. Leaves % inch long. 
Flowers small, purplish on minutely glandular-pubescent pedicels. 

2. L. CONVALLARioiDES, Hook. Large Ticayblade. 

Leaves oval-roundish, sometimes somewhat cordate at base, often acute ; raceme 
loose, pubescent; flowers on slender pedicels; Up wedge-oblong, 2-lobed, at the 
spreading apex, and 1-toothed on each side at the base; sepals narrowly lanceolate, 
spreading, twice as long as the lip. 

Damp mossy woods, rare. Jun<?. Stern very slen.der^ o to 10 inches high, sheathed 
with a few bracts. Leaves nearly 2 inch long, y4 as wide. Flowers dark brown 
said green, the purplj.sb, lip nearly ]/ 2 inch long. 

15. CYPRIPEDIUM, Linn. Lady's Slipper. 

Gr. Kapros, Yenus, an&podion, a sock or slipper. 

Sepals spreading; the 2 anteriar distinct, or commonly 
united into one under the lip. Petals similar but usually 
narrower, spreading. Lip a large inflated sac,, somewhat 
slipper-shaped. Column short,. 3.-iobed,. the middle lobe 
diluted and petaloid^ the lateral bearing a 2-cclled anther. 



364 GA.NNACE2R 



under each of thein. Stigma terminal. — Perennial herls r 
with tufted fibrous roots, large many -nerved plaited leaves, sheathing 
at the base, and solitary or few large and showy flowers. 

* Stem. Uafy. 1 to o-fowcred. Flowers yellow and whits. 

1. C. PUBESCENS,Willd. Large Yellow Lady's Slipper- 

: leafy; sepals and linear wavy-twisted potals longer than the lip, pointed; 
lip flattened laterally, yery convex and gibbous above; sterile stamen triangular. 

Bogs and damp low woods, rare. May, June. Stem 2 feet high, pubescent, 
Le es large. pubescent. 3 to 6 inches long, ovate-lanceolate, plaited, acute. J7otv- 
ers 1 to S. greenish-yellow, spotted with purplish-brown. Lip 1% to 2 inches long, 
much inflated, pale yellow. 

2. C. daryiflorum, Salisb. Small Yellow Lady's Slipper, 

Leaves oval, pointed ; sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate; lip fiattkh above and be- 
low; stcrite stamen triangular, acute. 

Rich low woods. May, June. Stem 10 to 15 inches high. Leaves clasping the 
■fease, pubescent, 3 to 5 inches wid^, strongly veined. Flowers yellowish, fragrant, 
the perianth more brown-purple than in C. pubescens.. Lip bright yellow, % to 1 
inch long.. 

3. C. CANDIDUM, Muhl. White Lady's Slipper. 

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute ; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; Up flattish, laterally 
convex above ; sterile stamen lanceolate. 

Low grounds, rare. May. Stem 5 to 10 inches high, slightly pubescent, 1-flow- 
ered. Feials and sepals greenish. Lip white, % inch long,. 

* * Scope natced, 2-kaved at the bass.. Flowsrs purplishi 

4. C. ACAULE, Ait. Common Lady's Slipper. 

Downey; scape leafless, 1-flowercd ; leaves 2, oblong, obtuse; septals oblong- 
lanceolate, pointad, nearly as long as the linear petals ; lip drooping, cbovoid, with 
a fissure in front; sterile stamen rhomboid, pointed. (0. humiia, SalisK). 

Moist woods and sides of mountains, common. May, June. Scape S to 12 inches 
high, with a bract at the top. Leaves 5 to 7 inches long, 2 to 4 inches wide, plaited 
and downy. Flowers solitary, large purplish or pale pink. Lip nearly 2 inches 
long, veiny, purple or sometimes nearly white. 

Order 118. CA13JNACE2EL— Indian Reed Family. 

Tropical plants with the nerves of the leaves diverging froma midrib, thein-egular 
parianth ivith 3 petaloid filaments, only one ofivhich is fertile, with al-celled anther.. 
/Trott a 3-celled capsule. Seed round, not winged.. 

CANNA, Linn. Indian Beed> 

The Hebrew name of the reed.. 

Perianth unequal, variable in the number of its part*,, 
acarcely lip-shaped. Stamens petaloid, only one with half 
an anther on> its edge. Style flat, strai ght, nearly free 
Ovary 3-celled ; with many ovules. Fruit membraneous, 
3-celled, with a deciduous granular surface. Seeds round, 
smooth. — An extensive genus of herbaceous tropical plants. 



AMAKYLLIDACEJE. 3t>D 



with erect stems bearing distant slieathing leaves and handsome 
flowers in spikes or racemes. 

C. IndicAj L. Indian Shot. Indian Reed. 

A beautiful plant often found in cultivation, nativa of the East Indies-. Stem- 
leaves 1 to 2 feet long, and 3 to 6 inches wide. Flowtrs scarlet and yellow, borne 
in a spike. 

Order 119. AEXARYLXJBiLCEIE.— Amaryllis Family. 

Chiefly bulbous and scape bearing herbs, with linear flat root-leaves and regular 
&-androus flowers, the tube of the ^-parted perianth coherent with the Z-celled ovary. 
A-NTUER3 iutrorse. Style single. Caps CLE Scelled, loculicidal, many-seeded. 
S££DS with fleshy albumen. 

1. AMARYLLIS; Linn. Amaryllis, 

A poetical name. 

Perianth with, ^-petal-like similar divisions-. Sta- 
mens 6, inserted in the throat of the perianth : anthers 
versatile. Capsule membranaceous, 3-lobed. — A splendid 
genus, with the long linear leaves and scape from a coated budb, and 
the showy flowers issuing from a I to c £-feavzd : spaitie. 

A. Atamasco, L. Atamasco Lily. 

Spnthe tubular ; 2^deft ; 1-fiowered; perianth .unnel-form; stamens and style de- 
clined. 

Shady woods., rare. June. Leave* a foot Inng. linear, concave, smooth. Flow- 
ers solitary, white and pink, o inches long, caa scape 6 inches high. 

A. fciRmosissima. L. Jacolea EHy. A beautiful flower from Mexico, sometimes 
cultivated. Flower dark red, on a scape 6 to 10 inches high. 

2. AG A YE, Linn. American Aloe. 

Gr. etgavos. wonderfubin allusion to A. Americana, the Century-plant. 

Perianth tubular-funnel -form, persistent, 6-parted; the 
divisions narrow, nearly equal. Stamens 6, soon exserted : 
anthers linear. Capsule coriaceous. 8-celled, many- 
seeded. Seeds flattened. — A splendid American genus, 
with mostly thick and fleshy radical leaves, often spiny, or cartilagi 
nous teeth, and a large manyfaweredpyra-nddut panicle on a scape, 

A. Virginica, L. False Aloe. 

Steinless, herbaceous; leaves linear-lanceolate, fleshy, smooth, with cartilaginous 
eerratures on the margin; scape simple, smooth; the fl.oxoers scattered in a loose 
epike, with leaf-like scales- 
Rocky banks, southern part of the State.- Sept. Scape 3to6 feet high, rovmd^ 
loosely spieate above. Flowers greenish-yellow, very fragrant.. 

A. AaiEEiCAXA, L, American Aloe. Century Plant, A splendid herbaceous plant 

P2* 



366 AMARYLLIDACE-E. 



from tropical America, is sometimes found in our conservatories.- Leaves radical, 
3 to 6 feet long, 4 to 12 inches wide, very thick, spinose-toothed. Scape rising to 
the height of .15 to 25.feet r bearing a pyramidal panicle of yellow flowers. 

B: HYPOXIS5 Linn. Star-grass.- 

Gr. hypos beneath, and ozus, sharp-;- on>eccount of the pointed base-of'the fruit. 

Spathe 2-leaTed. Perianth persistent, 6-parted, spread- 
ing, the 3 outer divisions somewhat herbaceous. Stamens 
Q f , with erect anthers. Capsule crowned with the withered, 
or closed perianth, not opening by ; valves. Seeds roundish. — 
Ataulescent small herbs, with grassy and 'hairy linear leaves,. 
a.nd yelldiir- flowers on slender scapes from a solid bidb-.- 

H. eregta>.L. Btar-grass. 

Leaves linear, gra-ss-like j : scape- uruhellately 3 to 4-flowered, mostly shorter than 
the leaves. 

Meadows and open woods, common. Jolly. Scape i to 6 inche? bigh. Leaves all 
radical, 6 to 12 inches long, % mc b wide. E lowers .usually. 1, yellow within .green- 
ish without.- . 

CUL TIT A TED- EXOTICS.- 

4. GAL ANTHUS, Linn. Snow-drop. 

3?. gala, milk, anthos, flower ; on account of the whiteness of the flowers. 

Plotters spathaoeous. Sepals 3 ; concave; corona formed- 
off 3 small iemarginate petal.like segment; stigma simple.— 
Ah»omaamntail bid-boits exotic-; sending, up tn» early • spring a; 
scape with a single white jhiocr.. 

Gr. NIVALIS,. L. Snow-drop.- 

Xcteves linear, radical, keeled, acute ; scape 1-flowcred. Native of the Alps, flow - 
©ring 'n early, spring. Scape- 3 to C inches high, arising from a perennial tult = 
bearing a single, large nodding, ftbwer as white as snow, issuing from a spathe- 
Cioxcn (petals) striate with green, 

5: NAft'CISSUS, Linn; Daffodil:. Jonquil. 

Gr. narke, stupor; from the effects produced by the smell of some species. 

Perianct: regular, 6-parted. Crotvn- raonoph-ylIou3- ; 
bell-form-, sal ver> form, or with the tube funnel-form. Sta*- 
mens 6, short:. Style longer than the stamens : stigma 
3-parted. — Showy bulbous exotics; with linear or ensiform 
leaves ,. and yellow straw-color or white flowers, issuing from 
a withering, compressed spai}te, opening on one side. - 

1. Ns JbNQUILLA, L. Jonquil. 
Leave* linear; scape 1 to 3-flowered ; segments of the perianth spreading, ellipti- 
cal or spatulate, acute ; ci^ (corona) bell-shaped, creaate. Native of Spain. April. 



HfEMODORACEJE. 337 



May. Scape 9 to 12 inches high, roundish, slender, bearing a few fragrant flowers, 
of a rich chlorine yellow, V/ 2 to 2 inches in diameter.- tt/p.%. inch, long. • Leaves 
S to 10 inches long, with the edges somewhat rolled.' 

2. N. posticus, L. Poet's Narcissus: 

Scope 1-flowered; segments -of the perianth, imbricate at base, somewhat reflexed, 
nearly round ; crown short, flat, rotate, crenulate ; 3 anthers shorter than the tube. 
Native of Soutb Europe. - June. . Scape about 1 foot high, bearing a single white 
flower, 1% to 2 inches in diameter ; the cup or crown singularly adorned with cir- 
cles of crimson, white and yellow. 

3. N. Pseuda-Narcissus, L.- Daffodil. 

Scape 2-edged, straight, striated; segm ertt-1 of the perianth ovate or spatulate- 
ovate, sulpher-yellow ; crown very long, with a crenate-serrate orifice. Native of 
England. April, May. Leaves linear, 9 to 12 inches long, striate, veined. Scape 
9 to 12 inches high, bearing at the top a single large flower, about 2 incbes in 
diameter, commonly doubled by cultivation. Cup 1% to 2 inches long, orange- 
yellow. 

4. N. sulphtjreuSj L. Sulpher-colbrcd Daffodil 

Scape 2-edged; leaves linear, flat; spathe 1-flowered; segments of the perianth 
elliptic-spatulate ; crown somewhat bell- form, crenate. May, June. Flowers 
straw-colored,. 2 inches in diameter, on .a scape 1 foot high.- Crown % jnch long 
orange-yellow,. Style-long^ 

6. LEUCOJUM, Linn. Snow-Flake, 

Perianth. regular, 6-parted :. segments equal, spreading. 
Stamens 6, equal i. anthers long. Style elavate, longer 
than the stamens. — Exotic bulbous plante, with ensiform 
haves and often numerous white flowers issuing from a termi- 
nal spathe,. 

L. ^estivum, L.. Summer Snow- Flake; 

Leaves long, ensiform; spathe many-flowered, long; divisions of the perianth 
regular, oval. June. A pretty border flower; native of Austria. Scape 1 to &.- 
feet high. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, y^ inch wide. Spithe 2 to 3 inches long, with 3 
t© 10 flowers, on peduncles at last l}^.to 2% inches long. Flovjers white; the (L> 
visions tipped with green, 

Order- 120. HtEMGDORAOEJE;— Bloodwort Family: 

Herbaceous plants, with fibrous perennial roots, equitant leaves and perfect 3 to o 
androus regular flowers, vihich are- usually more or less woolly outside; the tube of 
ike 6-lobed perianth coherent with the whole surface, or with merely. the lower part, of 
the Z-celled ovary. Style single, sometimes 3-partible. Capsule crowned or inclcsed-- 
by the persistent perianth, SfcelTedj loculicidal, 3-many-secded.. 

ALETBIS) Linn.. Star-grass. 

Gr. Aletris, a female slave who grinds corn, in allusion to the apparent mealiness 
of the flowers. 

Perianth cylindrical, .tubular*bell-.shap i ed ; rough-wrinkled 



168 IRIDACEJE. 



on the outside, 6-cleft at the summit. Stamens G, inserted 
at the base of the lobes, included. Style awl-shaped, 3- 
eleft at the apex. Capsule ovate, inclosed in the roughened 
perianth, 3-celled, many-seeded, opening at the summit.— 
Perennial and smooth stemless herbs, with very little fibrous 
roots, spreading clusters of thin flat lanceolate leaves, and 
small white or yellowish flowers, in- a, slender spiked raceme. 

A. farinosa, L. Star-grass. Colic Root. 

Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, smooth ; flowers pedicellate, oblong-tubular ; loin 
lancc-oblong. 

Grassy sandy or gravelly woods, not common. July, Aug. Scope 2 feet high r 
•with several minute bract-like leaves. Flowers white, appearing as if •overed with 
a rough powder. 

Order 121. IRIDAGE2E.— Iris Family. 

LTeibs with equitani 2-ran7.ed leaves, arid regular or irregular perfect flowers, thr 
fuleof the Z-cltft petal-lile perianth coherent with the Z-celled ovary, and 3 distiii'.t 
w monodelphous stamens with exirone anthers. Flowers from a 2-leaved spathc,. 
usually showy and ephemeral. £xrLiS single: stigmas 3. Capslle 3-ceiIed. lccu- 
licidal, many-seeded. 

1. IBIS. Linn. Feower-de-Luce. 

8r, Iris, the rainbow deified; on aeaount of the bright and various color of the 
blossoms. 

Perianth 6-cleft, the 3 outer divisions spreading or re- 
flexed, the 3 inner smaller and ereet. Stamens distinct, 
placed before the outer divisions of the perianth, and under 
the 3 petal-like stigmas. Capsule 3 to 6-angled. Seeds 
fiat. — Perennials, icith svjord-shaped or grassy leaves and' 
large Hue, white and yellow flowers. 

1. I. versicolor, L. Blue Flag. 

Sum stour angled on one side, more or less flexuous; leaves sword-shaped; pe' 
rianth beardless; ovary obtusely triangular with the sides flat; capsule cbloig, 
turgid, with rounded angles* 

"Wet places, common. Mi»y, June. Stem 2 to 3 feel high, rarely branched, from 
a large ileshy creeping root^ Leaves % inch wide. Flowers'! to 6 at the summit 
of the stem, blue, variegated with green, yellow and white at the base. 

2. I. Yirginiga, L. Slender Blue Flag, 

Stem slender, round, smooth; leaves narrowly linear; pcrikmth beardless; ovary 
3-sided, each side deeply 2-grooved; copsule triangular, aoute at both ends* 

Wet meadows, rare. June. Root tuberous, creeping. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, 
somewhat flexuous, round. Floioers 3 to.G at the summit of the stem, blue and 
yellow, more delicate than in the prececding.. 

3. I. CRISTATA, Ait. Crested Iris. 

Scage mostly l-£ow«red r as long as the leaves ; periattfh beaaded? fee bea?d crested 



IRIDACEJ3. 



Mountains, southern part of the State. April, May. Scope. 10 to 15 inches high, 
hearing a solitary flowsr. FIovjcts hlue and yellow. 

CULTIVATED EXQTIQ SPLCIES. 

4. I. PUMILAj L, Dwarf Iris. 

Scape short, 1-flowered ; spathe shorter than the tube ; reflexed sepals narrower 
than the erect petals. April, May. Native of Hungary. A handsome dwarf 
species, cultivated in the edgings of walks Leaves numerous, 4 to 6 inches long, 
broad-sword-shaped, suberect. Flowers large, deep purple, bearded on a very short 
scape. 

5. I. OCHROLEUCA, L. Yellow Iris. 

Beardless; leaves ensiform, depressed, striate; scape sub-terete, many-flow ered ; 
ovary nearly round, somewhat 6-angled. July. Native of the Levant. Stem % 
to 4 feet high. Leaves 1% to 2 feet long. Flowers yellow or sulphur-colored. Cox- 
awle 2 inches long, round. 

6. I. G-ermanica, L. Flower-de-Luce. Fleur-de-Lis, 

Stem many-flowered; leaves long-ensiform; sepals reflexed, bearded ; petals emar- 
ginate, bent inwards at the point. Native of Germany, common in gardens. June » 
Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves numerous, 1^ to 2 feet long, % to 1 inch vide 
Flowers 3 to 4 inches in diameter, purple. Sepals with a beautiful yellow and 
white beard. 

7. I. XIPHIUM, L. Bulbous Iris. Spanish Flag. 

Boot bulbous ; leaves linear, strongly channelled, the margins confluent toward li- 
the apex; scape few-flowered. June, July. Native of Spain. Leaves 6 to 10 inches 
high, thick and fleshy, J4 i* 10 * 1 in diameter, white on the upper or hollow side, 
round towards the point. Floivers very showy, blue yellow and white, the outer. 
perianth lobes short, on a scape 10 to 12 inches high. 

2. SISYBINCHIUM, Linn. Elue-eyed Grass. 

Hr.SMS, a hog, andrw^c/ios, a snout; from a fancy that hogs are fond of rooting it up. 

Perianth 6-parted ; the divisions equal, spreading. Sta- 
mens 3 ; monodelphous. Style short :: stigmas 3, involute, 
filiform. Capsule glcbular-3-angled. seels globular.— - 
Low slender perennials, with fibrous roots, grassy or lanceo- 
late leaves, and small mostly blue flowers in umbelled clusters 
from a 2-leaved spathe. 

S. Bermuliana, L. Common Blue-eyed Grass. 

Scape winged, naked or 1 to 2-leaved; leaves narrow and grass-like; spathe urn- 
bellately few-flowered; divisions' of the perianth obovate, more or less notched at 
the end, and bristle-pointed from, the notch. — Var. anceps (S. anceps, Cav.) has a 
broadly winged scape, and the outer leaf of the very unequal spathes longer thaa> 
the flowers.— Var. 2. mucronatum (S. mucronatum, Michx.) has a slender and nar- 
rowly winged scape, very narrow leaves, those of the spathe acute, unequal, one 
of them usually longer than the flowers. 

Moist meadows, common among grass. June— Aug. Scape 6 to 10 inches high, 



870 IRIDACEJE. 



Flowers small, delicate, blue, changing to purplish, 4 to 6 opening in. succession. 
Epatlue, often purplish. There are various intermediate forms. 

CULTIVATED EJTOTICS.. 

3. PARDANTHUS, Linn, Blackberry Lily. 

Gr. partialis, a panther, and antJios, flower ;■ the flowers are spotted like the panfeker. 

Spathe of 2 or 3 ovate short bracts. Perianth regular, 
G-parted; the divisions equal. Stamens 3, with thread- 
like filaments. Stigma straight or incurved, fixed by the 
base, suMlifcrm. — An ovnamental garden giant, withyellov:- 
ialk and reddish spotted flowers. 

P. Chinensis, L. Blackberry Lily. 

Stem round, flexuous, leafy; leaves ensifbrm, vertical, sheathing; panicle some- 
■what dichotomous and corymhose; perianal flat, spreading; segments lance-linear. 
July, Aug. Nasive of Sourth Africa. Common in cultivation. Stem 2 to S.foet 
high. Leaves tapering to an acute point. Flowers yellow, spotted with red, 1 to 
V/ 2 ^ acu in diameter. Fruit composed of numerous black glossy seeds attacked 
round the rachis, resembling a blackberry. 

4. CROCUS, Linn. Saffron. Crocus. 

Famed from the youth Crocus, who, according to Grecian mithology, was changed 
into this flower. 

Perianth funnel-form, the segments united at base into 
a slender tube. Stamens 3. Stigma 3-cleft, convolute, 
crested. — Bulbous plants, with a radicul 1 to 2-leaved thin 
transparent spathe, the long tube of the ffowers nearly or quite sessili 
upon the bulb. 

1. C. SATIYA, L. Saffron Crocus. 

Leaves linear, rcvoluteon the margins; stigma 3-partcd, as long as the corolla, 
reflexed. Sept. From Asia. Leaves radical, with a longitudinal while farrow 
above. Flower nearly sessile on the bulb, with a long white tube, and purple el- 
liptical segments. Stigmas long, emarginate, exgert of a deep orange color. The 
Btigmas compose the saffron of the shops so much used for medicinal and coloring 
purposes. There is a variety with yellow perianths. 

2. C. VERNUS, L. Spring Saffron. 

Leaves short, linear; stigmas included within the flower, with 3 short wedge-- 
ghaped segments. Native of the Alps. Slope 1 to 2 inches high, 3-sided. Flowers 
mostly purple, often yellow, pale blue or white, very variable; tube very slender, 
gradually enlarged upwards, closed at the mouth with a circle of hairs; limb bell 
shaped, shorter than the tube. Anthers yellow, sagittate. March, April. 

5. TIGRIDIA, Linn. Tiger Flower. 

Name in reference to the large spotted flowers, 

Spathe 2-leaved, carinate, 1-flowered. Perianth. 6- 



DIOSCOREACEyE AND SMILACEiE. 371 

parted, with oblong segments, upright-spreading ; the altern- 
ate ones the broadest. Stamens 3, monodelphous : fila- 
ments united into a long tube : anthers subovate, double. 
Style filiform, the length of the tube. Capsule oblong, 
3-sidcd : seeds numerous, roundish, covered with a pulp. — 
Shoivy South American bulbsus plants, with large, very evanescent 
yellow and red spoiled Jlowers. 

T. Pavonia, L. Tiger Flower, 

S^em simple, flexuous ; leaves sword-shaped, veined ; segments flat ; petals pandu- 
riform. July — Sept, A superb plant, native of Mexico and Peru. Stem 2 to 2}^ 
f jet high, ereet, round, leafy, somewhat branched. Leaves erect, 8 to 12 inches 
long, smooth. Flowers 5 to 6 inches broad, yellow, variegated with scarlet, crhn- 
srn and purple, very evanescent, lasting but a few hours, but a new one appears 
daily for several weeks. 

Order 122, DI03G0REACE&I, -Yam Family. 

twining herbs or under shrubs, from targe tuberous roots or knotted rootstocls, 
ribbed and netted-vcined leaves on petioles and small dioecious Q-androus and regular 
Jlowers in spikes. Ovary adherent, 3-celled. Styles 3, united below or distinct 
Fruit usually a membranaceous 3-angled or winged capsule. 

DIOSCOREA, Plumicr. Yam. 

In honor of the celebrated Greek naturalist, Dioscorides. 

Flowers very small, dioecious. Stamens 6 at the base 
of the divisions of the 6-parted perianth : filaments sub- 
ulate. Styles distinct nearly to the base. Capsule 3- 
celled, triangular, 3-winged. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, 
flat, with a membranaceous wing. — Climbing perennials, with 
alternate often heart-shaped leaves, and inconspicuous greenish jlow- 
ers in axillary branched racemes or spikes. 

D. villosa, L. Wild Yam-root. 

Herbaceous ; leaves mostly alternate, sometimes nearly opposite or in fours, 
more or less beart-shaped, pointed, 7 to 11 ribbed.— Var. qcaterxata, (D. quaterna- 
ta, Watt.) has tbe leaves more acuminate and 7-ncrved, tbe lateral nerves 2-parted. 

Thickets and old fields, common. July. A slender vine twining over busbes, 
sometimes 10 or 12 feet long. Flowers minute, greenish-yellow, the iterile in pen- 
dulous panicles; the fertile in pendulous simple racemes. 

Order 123. SMILACEiE.— Smilax Family. 

Herbs or shrubs, often climbing, with ribbed and conspicuous netted veiny leaves, 
regular 6-androu* fiowers with the 6-parled perianth free from the 3-celled ovary. — 
Flowers dioecious or perfect. Ovary 3-ccllcd. 1 or many-seeded. Fruit a few to 
many-seeded berry. 



372 SMIL ACE M. 



SMILAX, Tourn. Greenbrier. 

An ancient Greek name ef obscure meaning. 

Dioecious or polygamous. Perianth of 6 equal spread- 
ing segments, deciduous. Stamens mostly 6, inserted at 
the base of the perianth segments: filaments short. 
Stigmas 3, thick, on a very short style. Berry globular, 
1 to 3-celled, 1 to 3 -seeded. Seeds globose, suspended, 
orthotropous. — Shrubs, or rarely perennial herbs, often ever- 
green and prickly .climbing by tendrils on the petioles, with greenish 
stems, cordate or ovate leaves, and small Jlowers in axillary peduncled 
umbels. 
Szc. i. Smilax proper.— Stems woody, often prickly ; ovules solitary. 

* Leaves broad, thicJcish, often persistent. 

1. S. rotundifolia, L. Common Greenbrier. 

Stem nearly round; branchlets more or less 4-angular ; leaves round-ovate, often, 
broader than long, slightly cordate, abruptly short-pointed, 5-nerved ; peduncles 
scarcely longer than the petioles. 

Moist thickets, common. June. Stems armed with stout scattered prickles, 
often climbing 20 to SO feet. Flowers yellowi&h-green in small globose axillary 
umbels. Berries bluish-black. 

2. S. QUADRANGULARis,Willd. Square- stemmed Greenbrier. 

Brandies and branchlets square, armed with stout scattered prickles; leaves 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, cordate at base, 3 to 5-nerved; peduncles 
about the length of the petioles. 

Dry woods. June, July. Leaves about 3 inches long, >.< as wide, fhinnish, some- 
times minutely rough-ciiiate on the margin. Flowers greenish-yellow. Berrict 
black. 

* * Learns, broad, thin, entirely deciduous) pricldes bristle-like. 

3. S. niSTIDA, Muhl. Hispid Greenbrier. 

Stem round, the lower part very hispid; leaves ovate, mostly heart-shaped, point- 
ed, strongly 5-nerved ; peduncles 6 to 10-Sowercd, 2 or 3 times the length of the 
petioles. 

Moist thickets. June. Stem climbing high, densely beset below with shining 
brown weak and slender prickles ; the flowering branches often naked. Leaves 3 
■to 5 inches long, minutely rough on the margins, bright green on both sides. Pe- 
duncles 1% to 2 inches leng. 

Sec. n. Coprosjjanibxs, Torr.— Stem herbaceous, not prickly. Leaves long- 
petioled, thin. 

4. S. herbacea, L. Carrion- Flower. 

Stem erect and recurving, or climbing ; leaves ovate-oblong or rounded, mostly 
lieart shaped, 7 to 9-nerved. mucronate or pointed, smooth; tendrils sometimes 
none ; peduncles very long, compressed. 

Moist meadows and river-banks, common. June. Stem 3 to 6 feet long, climb- 
ing or leaning on other plants. Leaves very variable, on petioles 1 to 3 inches 
long. Flowers numerous, on peduncles 3 to 6 inches long, yellowish-glreen in glo- 
bose axillary umbels of about an inch in diameter, exhaling the stench of carrion. 



twlliace:e. 378 



Order 124. TlHLLLkQEM*— Trillium Family. 

Herbaceous plants, with simple stems, v&rticillate, net-veined leaves, and large termi- 
nal mostly solitary trimerous flowers. Perianth 6-parted. Stamens 6 to 10. Ovary 
I a 6-celled, with as many styles. Feuit succulent, 3 to 5-celled. Seei-s 
numerous. 

1. TRILLIUM, Linn. Trillium. 

Lat. trikx, triple; all the parts being in threes. 

Flowers perfect. Sepals 3, lanceolate, spreading, 
-. persistent. Petals 3, larger. Stamens 6, 
with linear adnate anthers, on short filaments. Styles 3, 
awl-shaped, distinct or united at base, stigmatic down the 
inner side. Berry 3-sided, ovate, 3-celled. Seeds hori- 
zontal, several in each cell. — Low perennial herbs, with a 
Imple stem rising from a short and abrupt tuberous rootstock, 
bearing at the summit a whorl of 3 broadly ovate haves, and a ter- 
__ I large flower, 

1. T. CERNUUM, L. Nodding Trillium. Wake-Robin. 

broadly rhomboid, pointed, nearly sessile : petals white, oblong-ovate, 
irved, somewhat wavy. 

-. June. Stem slender 10 to 15 inches high. Leaves 3 to 5 
iter, nearly round. Flower white, pendulous beneath the leaves, 
on a peduncle 1 to 2% inches long. Semis oblong-lanceolate, green, 1 inch long. 
< to 1 inch long, x / z to % inch wide. 

2. T. erectum, L. Purple Trillium. Birth-root 

: broadly rhomboid, abruptly acuminate ; petals dark dull purple, ovate, 
somewhat pointed, flat, spreading. 

IlicL woods, common. May. Stem 12 to 15 inches high. Leaves 3-nerved, 3 to 
long. Flower on a peduncle 2 inches long, soon reclining. Petals 1 to V £ 
inch long; greenish outside. Ovary brown-purple. Medicinal. 

3. T. GRANDIFLORUM, Salisb. Large-flowered Trillium. 

Leaves obovate-rhomboid, pointed, barely sessile; petals obovate, spreading from 
an erect base, longer and much broader than the sepals, white, changing to rose- 

Kieh woods, rare. June. Stem 10 to 12 inches high. Flower on a slightly in- 
clined peduncle, which is 2 or 3 inches long. Petals 2 to 2}4 inches long, broadest 
roar the apex. 

4. T. erythrocahpum, Michx. Painted Trillium. 

ovate, acuminate, rounded at the base, short petioled; petals ovate or 

oval-lanceolate, pointed, wavy, widely spreading, nearly twice as long as the sepals 

shorter than tbe peduncles. 

Cold damp woods. May. June. Stem S to 12 inches high, leaves long acumi- 

i rved, 3 to 4 inches long, % as wide. Petals 1 inch long, white, painted 

with purple lines at the base. Medicinal. 

5. T. sessile, L. Common Sessile Trillium. 

ovate or oblong, sessile or nearly so, acute ; petals lanceolate, erect, much 
longer than ;Le sepals, dark dull purple. 

Q2 ' 



374 LILIACE.E. 



Rich woods, rare. April, May. Stem, 6 to 8 inches high, smooth. Leaves rather 
"thiek. l},< to V/ 2 inches long, x to 2 inches -wide, smooth and entire. Sepals green, 
% inch long. Petals narrow, 1 inch long. 

6. T. nivale, Riddell. Snowy Trillium. 

Small; leaves oral or ovate, obtuse; petals oval-lanceolate, obtuse somewhat 
-wavy, white, as long as the peduncle, longer than the sepals. 

Rich shady wood?, rare. April. Stem 2 to i inches high, from a thick tuberous 
root. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, by }4 to 1 inch wide. Sepals green, much narrower 
than the petals. Petals % to 1 inch long. Styles long and filiform. 

2. MEDEOLA, Gronov. Indian Cucumber-root. 

Named after the sorceress Media, from its supposed medicinal virtues. 

Perianth revolute, of 3 sepals and 3 petals. Stamens 
6, inserted at the base of the perianth : filaments thread- 
like, longer than the linear-oblong anthers. Styles 3, fili- 
form, recurved-diverging, deciduous. Berry spherical, 3- 
celled, few-seeded. — A perennial herb, with a simple slender 
stem rising from a horizontal and tuberous white root stock, bearing 
a whorl of 5 to 10 sessile leaves near the middle and another of 3 
smaller ones at the too, subtending a sessile umbel of small recurved 
Jiowcrs. 

M. Yirginica, L. Cucumber Root. . 

Leaves rf the lower whorl obovate-lanceolate. pointed; upper ones ovate. 
Kich damp woods, common. June. Stpm 1 to 2 feet high, erect. I'lcwcrs 3 t3 
6, greenish-yellow, reflexul, with long dark red reflexed stigmas. 

Order 125. LXLIACEiE— Lily Family. 

U>rbs, with parallel-nerved sessile or sheathing leaves, regular perferi C-(rartly 4)- 
andrmis flowers with a petal-lile S-mcrous perianth free from the 2 to S-ceUed ovary. — 
Stamens 6 inserted into the perianth; anthers attached by a point. Sttte single; 
stigma simple or S-loted. Fruit a 3-valved lcculitidal capsule or berry, few-many- 
eeeded. 

Tribe 1. ASPxiRAGE^E. The Asparagus Tribe. 

Frwit a few-seeded berry, 2 to 3-celled. Rootstocks creeping or tuberous. 

1. ASPARAGUS, Linn. 

The ancient Greek name. 

Perianth 6-parted, spreading above. Stamens 6, with 
peltate anthers. Style short: stigma 3-lobed. Berry 
spherical, 3-celled; cells 2-seeded.— Perennials, with much- 
branched stems from thick and matted rootstocks, narrow 
leaves in clusters 1 and small greenish-yellow axillary jiowen. 



LILIACEiE. 875 



A. OFFICIANALIS, L. Garden Asparagus. 

Sttm herbaceous, erect, rounded, much branched; leaves thread-like, fasciculate 
»nd flexible ; peduncles jointed in the middle. 

Cultivated in gardens, and naturalized. June. Stem 1 to 3 feet high. Flowers 
imall, solitary, drooping. Berry globose, red. 

2. POLYGONATUM, Tourn, Solomon's Seal. 

Qr.polus, many, and gonu, knee, alluding to the many jointed steme andrhizoma.. 

Perianth tubular, 6-lobed at the summit. Stamens 6, 
inserted 011 or above the middle of the perianth-tube, in- 
cluded. Ovary 3-celled : style slender : stigma capitate 
or triangular. Berry globular, blue or black, the cells 1 
to 2-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with simple erect or curving 
stems from thick and knotted creeping rootstocks, mostly alternate and' 
gessile or half clasping nerved leaves, and axillary nodding green- 
ish flowers. 

1. P. CANALICTJLATUM, Pursh, Great Solomon's ScaL 

Stem stunt, angled or channelled; leaves oblong-ovate, obtusely pointed, partly 
clamping, smooth, nearly equally many-nerved; peduncles 2 to 6-fiowered, smooth; 
filar:' t horter than the anthers, inserted on the middle of the perianth- 

tube. (Convallaria eanaliculatuni, Muhl.) 

Rich sandy river barjks, common. June. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, curved. Lcavti 
green on both side3. Perianth cylindrical-obloug, greenish-white. 

2. P. puesscens, Pursh. Smaller Solomon's Seal. 

Stem round, or slightly grooved on one side ; leaves ovate-oblong or elliptical- 
tanceolate, minutely downy and glaucous underneath, with 3 to 5 principal nerves, 
Bessil to --flowered, smooth :fdam ents minutely glandular-puberulent, 

inserted near the summit of the perianth. (Convallaria pubeseens, Muhl.) 

nnd rocky banks, common. May, June. Mem 1 to 2 feet high, slightly 
curved. Perianth y 2 inch long, cylindrical-oblong, greenish. Ocules often 6 in 
each cell. 

3. SMILACINA, Desf. False Solomon's Seal. 

Name a diminutive of Smilax, to which this genus, however, has little resemblance, 

Perianth 4 to 8-parted, spreading deciduous. Stamens 
4 to 6, inserted at the perianth-lobes : filaments slender: 
anthers short. Ovary 2 to 3-celled. Styles short and 
thick: stigma obscurely 2 to 3-lobed. Berr/ globular, 
1 and 2-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with simple stems from 
creeping or thiclihh rootstocks, alternate nerved leaves, and white 
often fragrant flowers in a terminal simple or compouud raceme. 
Ssc I. Smuactn-a, Desf. — Divisio7is of the perianth and stamens 6. 

1. S. eacemosa, Desf. False Spikenard, 

Minutely downy: stem somewhat flexuous ; leaves numerous) oblong or oval- 
lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, abruptly sliort-petioled ; raceme compound, panicled; 
wary. 3 celled. 



376 LILIACE/E. 



Moist woods. May, June. Stum zigzag, 2 feet high from a thick and fleshy root- 
stock. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, ahout }/£ as wide, contracted into a long acumi- 
nation. Flovjers very numerous, small, white, on white pedicels, with white ex- 
serted filaments. Berries pale red, speckled with purple, aromatic. 

2.- S. stellata, Desf. Star-flowered Solomon's Seal, 

Smooth or nearly so ; leaves 7 to 11, oolong-lanceolate, acute, minutely ciliate, 
slightly clasping, thickish; raceme simple, few-flowered; ovary 2-celled. 

Moist banks. May, June. Stem about 12 inches high, round. Leaves smooth, 
glaucous beneath, 4 to 6 inches long, % to 1 inch wide, tapering to the apex. Flow- 
ers about 8, white, stellate. Berries blackish. 

3. S'. trifolia, Desf. Three-leaved Solomon's Seal. 

Smooth, dwarf; leaves 3, sometimes 2 or 4, oblong or oval-lanceolate, sho rt-pointed, 
aarrowed into a sheathing base; raceme simple, ovary 2 to-3-celled. 

Swamps. May, June. Stein 3 to 6 inches high. Leaves smooth on the margin, 
about 2 inches long, % as wide. Raceme terminal, erect, consisting of 4 to G white 
flowers. Perianth-lobes spreading. Anthers brownish. Berries red. 

Sec. n. Maianthemum, Desf. Divisions of the -perianth and stamens 4. 

4. S. bifolia, Ker. Two-leaved Solomon's Seal. 

Smooth or nearly so; stems low, mostly 2-leaved; leaves heart-shaped, petioled or 
sessile; raceme simple, crowded. 

Shady moist woods, common. May. Stem 3 to 5 inches high, with 2 or some- 
times 3 leaTes near the summit, and often a larger radical leaf on a long petiole; 
Flowers white, small, fragrant, in an oblong raceme, one inch long. Barries re-i- 
dish, speckled.. 

i. CLINTONIA, Rafi 

Dedicated to Be Witt Clinton. 

Perianth 6-parted, bell-shaped, lily-like, deciduous - . 
Stamens G, inserted at the base of the segments: fila- 
ments long and thread-like : anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 
Qvoid-oblong, 2-celled ; style long, compressed : stigma 
depressed. Berry ovoid, blue, few to many-seeded-. — Acau- 
lescent perennials, with slender creeping rootstocks, sending tip a 
naked scape, sheathed at the base by 2 to 4 large oblong or oval ciliate 
leaves, and bearing rather large, umbelled or rarely single, white or 
greenish flowers at the summit. 

1. C. BOREALis, Raf. Northern Clintonia. 

Umbel 2 to 7-flowered; ovary with 10 to 12 ovules in each cell: (Draccena 
borealiSj Ait.) 

Cold mpist mountain woods. June. Scape 6 to 8 inches high. Leaves radical, 
5 to 8 inches long. Perianth % to % inch long, greenish-yellow. Berry blue. 

2. C. umbellata, Torr. Small-flowered Clintonia. 

Umbel 12 to 30-flowered ; cells of tho berry 2-seeded. (Convallaria umbellata,. 
Slichx.) 

Rich woods, through the Alleghenies. June- Scape many-flowered, 9 to 12 inches 
high. Leaves 2 to 5, 6 to 9 inches long. Flowers 15 to 30, white, speckled, witis, 
purple l /ito% inch long, odorous. 



LILIACE.E. 377 



5. CONYALLABIA, Linn. Lily of the Valley. 

Lat. convallis, a valley, the locality of some species. 

Perianth belhshaped, 6 parted. Stamens 6,. divergent,, 
arising from the base of the segment. Berry globose, 2- 
celled. — An elegant sweet-scented perennial herb, often culti- 
vated' in gardens, with mostly 2 radical ovate leaves, and a slender 
scape hearing white* Jlowers in a single rank. 

C. MAJALIS, L. Lily of- 'the Valley. 

Scape naked, smooth, semi^cylindric ; Zeates nearly radical, ovate; raceme simple, 
one-sided. 

Allegheny mountains, common in cultivation. May. Scape 6 inches high. 
Heaven 4 to 7- inches long, ovate elliptical, pointed. 

Tribe 2. ASPEODELEiE. The Asphodel Tribe. 

WiM a few to many seeded capsule, 3-celled, loculicidal. Seeds anatropous ox 
smpliitropous. 

Sec. i. Not bulbous: 

6. HEMOROCALLIS, Linn. Day Lily. 

Gr. hemera, a day, and mllos, beautiful ; its flowers lasting' but a day. 

Perianth funnel-form, lily-like, the short tube enclosing 
the ovary, the spreading limb 6-parted. Stamens 6, insert- 
ed on the throat of the perianth : filaments long and 
thread-like, declined r stigma simple. Capsule rather 
fleshy, 3-angied, 3-valved, with several black round seeds in 
each cell. — Showy perennial exotics, with fleshy fibroids roots, 
radical linear, keeled 2-ranhed leaves and yellow or reddish 
floioers, (which collapse and decay after expanding for a 
single day) borne on tall scapes. 

1. H. ftjlva, L. Common Day Lily. 

Inner divisions of the perianth wavy and obtuse, the veins branched. 

Damp grounds, escaped from cultivation and naturalized. July. Leaves nu- 
merous, about 2 feet long, and ; an iush wide, smooth, acute. Flowers large, tawny 
orange or reddish. Scape round, thick, smooth, 3 feet high. Style striata 

2. H. FLAVA, L. Yellow Bay Lily. 

Divisions of the perianth flat, the veins undivided. Native of South Europe, . 
July. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, % inch wide, keeled. Scape 2 feet high, branching. 
J'lowers large, yellow, sweet-seented. Cultivati-d. 

3. H. GRAMINEA, L. &rass-leaved Bay Lily. 

Leaves grass-like, linear, keeled ; 3 inner perianth lobes larger, waved, the cuter 
smaller. Native of South Europe. July. Leaves 6 to 18 inches long, narrower 
and much smaller than in cither of the preceding species. Scape 9 to 12 inches 
high, 3 to 6-flowered. Perianth orange-yellow on the inside, reddish on the cuteids . . 
Rare in Cultivation. 

Q2* 



878 LILIACE31. 



7. FUNKIA, G^ert. Japan Day Lilies. 

Perianth funnel-bell-shaped, 6-parted. Stamens 6. 
Filaments long, declined, the upper ones the shortest : 
anthers oblong, fixed. by. their sides, turned up at the ends. 
Style long,, declined,, superior, furrowed : stigma obtusely 
Spangled, Capsule 3-sided, 3-eelled, 3-valved. Seeds 
very numerous, flat. — 'Ornamental perennial herbs, from Ja- 
pan, loith somewhat heart-shaped longpetioled leaves, and 
wjrite or bluish, flowers on br acted scapes. 

1. F. ALBA, Gaert.. White Day Lily. 

Leaves cordate, oyate, acuminate; perianth funnel-form, with a long tube, 
Aug., Sept. Scape 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves smaoth, on long radical petioles 3 to 5 
inches wide- Flowers large, -white, verj fragrant, 3 .to 4 inches long, somewhat 
crowded, each axillary to a large bract. Anthers yellow. 

2. F. cgerulia, G-gert. Blue Day Lily. 

Leaves heart-shaped, on petiole?; perianth tubular-bell-shaped, swelled. Julyy- 
Aug. Scape 2 to 3 feet high. Bracts 3-ellowish. Flowers bluish-purple, 2 to 3 
inches long, the slender tube enclosing the cvary: border inflated, round-bell- 
shaped. Anthers blue. 

3. F. Japgnica, Grert. Japan J^ty Lily. 

Leaves lanceolate or orate-lanccolate; perianth funnel- form, with somewhat 
reflexed segments. July, Sept. Leaves 3 to 4 inches long, narrowed into a petiole 
of 4 to 5 inches in length. Scape slender, 12 to 13 inches high. Floictrs muck, 
smaller than in the preceding species,, pale-purple, 1 to 2 inches long. 

3. ASPEOBELTTS, Linn. King's Speak. 

Gr. a. privative^ sphallo, to surpass ; a flower not surpassed in beauty. 

Perianth 6-parted, spreading, with 6 valves, covering 
the ovary. Stamens 6, issuing from the valves. Capsule 
globular, manvrseeded. — Fine garden plants with showy 
flowers. 

1. A. lutees, L. King's Spear. Yellow Asphodel. 

Stem leaf y : leaves linear 3-nerved. A showy garden perennial from Sicily, of 
the easiest culture and rapid increase. June. Stem 2 to 3 ftet high, thickly in- 
vested with the long linear hollow tapering striped leaves. Flows yellow, in a . 
Tory long spike. 

2. A. RAMOSUs, L. Branching Asphodel: 

Stem naked, branched ; leaves ensiform, keeled, smooth; peduncle as, long as the- 
bract. Native of-South Europe. June. Not so. tall as the preceding, but with, 
longer white flower?. 

Sec. ii. BulVouSr 

0. OKITCTEOGALUM, Tourn. Star-of-BEthleeem. 

Gr. ornilhos, a bird, and goJ/j,, milk; why so called is not obvious. 

Perianth deeply 6-parted, spreading above the middle : : 



LILIACEiE. 379' 



the divisions several, nerved. Filaments 6, flattened-awl* 
shaped. Styles 3-sided : stigma 3-angled. Capsule* 
roundish-angular, with a few roundish seeds in each cell. — 
Perennial herbs , with radical leaves and a naked- racemose or 
corymbed scape from a coated bulb. 

O: umbellatum, L. VHiite Slar-of- Bethlehem., 

Flotvers corymbose. 5 to 8 on long spreading pedicels; sepals green in the middle 
outside. 

Moist meadows, naturalized, common in gardens. Native of England. June. 
Scape. 5 to S inches high. Leaves linear and narrow, emarginate, 5 to S inches Ion?, .. 
•»rith a white liueon the upper side. Flowers white, few in a loose corymb. Fe- 
riarU'i-lobzs beautifully marked with a longitudinal green stripe on- the outside. . 

10. ALLIUM, Linn. tferiON. Garlic. 

The ancient Latin name cf the Garlic. 

Perianth of 6 entirely colored sepals, which are- distinct 
of united at the very base, 1-nerved, becoming dry and more 
or less persistent. Filaments awl-shaped or dilated afc 
their base. Style, filiform : stigma simple. Capsule 
lobed, 3-celled, 3-valved, with a few black and rough seeds 
in each cell. — Strong-scented and pungent acaidcsccnt herbs, 
with the mostly radical leaves and the scape from a coated 
bulb, the flowers in a aimjile umbel, and a 1 to2-valved Fpathe. 

* T~;nbd often densely biilb-l earing ivith or luilLoid flowers. 

1. A. VINE.ale, L. Field' Garlic- r. 

Scape slender, clothed with the sheathing cases of the Scares below the middle ; 
leaves round, hollow, slender, channelled aTJcve ; filaments much dilated, the al- 
ternate one 3-cleft, the middle divisions anther bearing. 

Moist meadows and fields, naturalized and some places very troublesome. June. 
Bidb ovoid, small. Leaves 6 to 12 inches long. Scape 1 to 2]4 feet high, bearing ai 
snathe of 2 small bracts at the top, and an umbel of rcse-colorcd and green flowers 
at the top with which bulbs are sometimes intermixed. 

2. A. Canadensis", Kalm. Wild Meadow Garlic. 

Scape leafy only at the base ; leaves narrowly linear, fiattish ; umbel few-flowered ; 
filaments simple, dilated below, about as long as the perianth, 

Meist fields, common. May, June. Jeares very long and narrow. Scape 12 to* 
15 inches high, round, smooth, bearing a spathe of 2 ovate acute bracts at the top, 
•with a head of bulbs and flowers. Flowers whitish or pale rosercolor, on pedicels ]■■ 
the bulbs ars. sessile, each furnished with a bract beneath. 

* * Umbel Bearing m&y flowers. 

o. A. cernuuMj Roth. Nodding Garlic. Wild Onion,. 

Scape naked, angular, elongated, often nodding at the apex, bearing a loose or 
Irooping many-flowered umbel ; leaves linear, elongated, sharply keeled; sepals 
cblOEg-ovate, acute, much shorter than the slender filaments ; ovary 6-toothed at 
the summit, becoming a roundish 3-seeded capsule. 

Banks and steep rocks, common. July. Scape 10 to 12 inches high, bearing a 
• umbel cf 20 to SO flowers. Leaves 8 to 12 inches long. Fltncers white or. 



380 liliace^;. 



rose-color. The variety with white flowers grows abundantly in steep rocky 
places along the Susquehanna. The plant is very strong-scented. 1 

4. A. tricoccum, Ait. Wild Leek. Lancc-haved Garlic. 

Scape naked, bearing an erect many-flowered umbel ; Leaves lance-oblong or ellip- 
tical, flat; sepals obtuse, oblong ; capsule strongly 3-lobed. 

Rich shaded sandy woods, rare. July. Bulbs clustered, pointed. 2 inches long. 
Heaves 5 to 10 inches long. 1 to 1V£ inch wide, acnite, tapering into a petiole, ap- 
pearing in early spring and decaying before flowering. Scipe. 12-to 15 inches high, 
Dearins: a thin 2-leaved deciduous spathe at the top, with an umbel of 10 to 20 
white flowers. 

5. A. triflorum, Haf. Mountain Lech. 

Scape naked, terete, shorter than th9 leaves; leaves lanceolate, nerved; iimhd 
ffcw-flowered. Pursfi. 
Mountains, rare. May, June. 

CULTIVATED EXC TIC SPECIES. 

6. A. sativum, L. Common Garlic. 

Iiidb compound ; skm leafy, bulbiferous ; slam ens tricuspidate. Native of Sicily; 
Jhly. Stem 3 feet high. Flowers small, white. Bulbs strong-scented and acrid. 

7. A. Sciksnoprasum, L. Chives. Circs. . 

S;ape as long as the round subulate leaves. Flowers small, -rose-color. June/ 
Common in gardens. 

8. A. Posrum, L. Leek. 

iSSem compressed, leafy; leaves sheathing at base; stamens tricuspidate. Native 
of Switzerland. July. Hoot bearing a scaly cylindrical >ulb. Stem 2 feet high. 
hearing long linear alternate sheathing leaves, and at the top a large urubsl of 
email white flowers. 

9. A. Cepa, L. Common Onion. 

Scape fistulous, swelling towards the base, longer than the terete fistulous leaves. 
Native of Hungary. Universally cultivated for the kitchen. Culture has pro- 
duced numerous varieties. 

11. HYACINTHUS, Linn. Hyacinth: 

A fabulous name. 

Perianth sub-globose or- bell-shaped, regular G^cleft. 
Stamens 6, issuing from the middle of the segments. 
©vary with 3 necteriferous pores at the summit. Capsule 
3-celled, about 2-seeded. — Ornamental bulbous plants, native 
of the Levant, with fragrant white, pink blue and purple 
flowers. 

H f . orientalis, Ik Common- Hyacinih. 

Perianth funnel-form, half 6-cleft, swelled at the base. May. The hyacinth is 
« woll known garden flower, long prized and cultivated. Leaves thick, linear- 
lanceolate, 3 to 6 inches long. Scape 5 to 10 inches high, thick, bearing a dens« 
Htjr?s©idraoeia*-ofidiff8rsii.t shades. of blue, pink,purpleor white fragrant flowers. 



liliacej;. 381 



12. PQLYANTH03, Linn. Tuberose. 

Gr. polus, many, anthos, flower ; the plant bearing numerous flowers. 

Perianth funnel-form, incurved. Filaments inserted 
into the throat. Stigma 3-cleft. Ovary at the bottom of 
the perianth. — A beautiful bulbous exotic, ivith white fragrant 
flowers. 

P. tuberosa, L. Tuberose. 

Leaves linear-lanceolate; flowers alternate, in pair? : perianth-lobes oblong. Na- 
tive of Ceylon. Aug., Sept. Scape scaly, 2 to 3 feet high, with white regular flow- 
ers of a delicious fragrance. 

Tribe 3. TULIP ACEA Tulip or true Lily Tribe. 

Fruit a many-seeded 3-celled loculicidal capsule. Seeds anatropous. Perianth 
6-leaved — Bullous. 

23. L1LIUM, Linn. Lily. 

The classicalLatin name. 

Perianth funnel-form or bell-shaped, colored, of 6 dis- 
tinct sepals, spreading or recurved above, with a nectariferous 
furrow at the base, deciduous. Stamens 6, somewhat ad- 
hering to the bases of the sepals: anthers linear, versatile. 
Style elongated, somewhat elub-shaped : stigma 3-lobed. 
Capsule oblong, 3- celled, containing numerous flat seeds 
densely packed in 2 rows in each cell. — Perennial scat)/ 
bulbous herbs, with simple stems, numerous alternate-scattered 
or whorled short and sessile leaves and cne to several large and 
skowy flowers. 

* Flowers erect, bell-shaped, the sepals narrowed below into claus. 

1. L. PiiiLADELPiiicuM, L. Wild Orange Lily. 

Leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper chiefly in whorls of 5 to S; flowers 1 to 3 or 
sometimes 5, open-bell-shaped, with lanceolate sepals. 

Open woods, hillsides and fence-rows, not rare. June — Aaag. Stem 2 to 3 feet 
high, round, smooth, simple. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, l /ito}/ 2 inr-h wide, 1 to 3 
nerved. Flowers large, reddish-orange, the inside spotted with purple near the 
base, 2% inches long, on a peduncle 1 to 3 inchts long. 

2. L. Catesb.ei, Walt. Wild Red Lily. Catesby'sLUy, 

Leaves linear-lanceolate, scattered.; flowers solitary, open-bell-shaped, the long- 
clawed sepals wavy on the margin, and recurved at the summit, the margins of 
the claws involute. 

Low sandy soil, and meadows, rare, Montour Co. July. Stem 12 to 18 inches 
high, bearing a single large terminal scarlet flower, spotted with dark purple end 
yellowish inside. Sepals ovate or rhombic-ovate, with the mid-vein green on the 
aatside. 



382 liliace^;. 



* * Flowers nodding, bell-shaped, the sessile sepals revolute. 

3. L. Ca.naj^ense, L. Wild Meadow Lily. 

Leaves remotely whorled', la-nceolate, strongly 3-nerved, the margins and nerve* 
rough; flowers mostly 3, sometimes 5 or more, long-peduncled, funnel-bell-shaped, 
the sepals recurved-spieading above the middle. 

Moist meadows, common. June, July. Stem 2 to 3 foot high. Flowers 1 to 3 r 
sometimes 5 to 20, pendulous, yellow or orange at the base; densely spotted with 
brown-purple inside and outside above, 2 to 3 inches long. 

4. L. SUPERBUM, L. TarJcs-cap Lily. Superb Lily. 

Lower leaves whorled, lanceolate, pointed, smooth, 3-nerved, upper ones scattered ^ 
flowers often 3 to 40 in a pyramidal raceme, nodding' with revolute sepals. 

Rich low grounds rather common. July, Aug. A superb plant 3 to 5 feet high,, 
with an erect, round, straight stem. Flowers bright orange, with numerous dark: 
purple spots inside. Sepals 3 inches long, linear-lanceolate, beautifully and full* 
revolute. 

CULTIVATED EXOTIC SPLCITS. 

5. L. TIGRINUM, L. Tiger-spotted Lily. 

Leaves scattered, sessile, 3-nerved. the upper ones cordate-ovate ; sepals revolute";. 
papillose inside. A.ug. Native of China, common in cultivation. Stem 4 to 6 fee* 
Sigh, woolly, bearing bulbs in the axils of the leaves. Flowers large, dark orange- 
©r reddish, spotted with black, in a pyramidal raceme. Segals 4 to G inches long r 
feeautifully revolute, scabrous on themidyein, inside. 

* * * Flowers bell-shaped. 

6. L. BULBJFERUM, L. Orange Lily. Fire Lily. 

Leaves scattered, 3-veihed, pubescent when young ; flowers bell-shaped, erect 
rough within. July. Native of Italy. Stem thick, round. 2 to -1 feet high, bearing 
email, roundish bulbs in the axils of the leaves. Flowers large, orange-colored, 
acabrous within. Gommon in cultivation. 

7. L. candidum, L. Common White L ■'[//. 

Leaves scattered, lanceoUte, narrowed at the base; flowers bell-shaped, Smooth 
an the inside. July. Native of the Levant. A much cultivated and beautiful 
garden plant, with a thick stem, 3= to 4 feet high. Flowers large, snow- .'■bite,. 
Te'ry fragrant, in a terminal raceme-. 

14. ERYTHRONIUM, Linn. Dog's-tooth Tiolet. 

Cr. eruthros, red, which is inappropriate as respects our species. 

Perianth liliaceous, of 6 distinct lanceolate sepals, re- 
curved or spreading above, deciduous, the 3 inner usually 
with a callous tooth on each side of the erect base and a 
groove in the middle. Filaments 6, awl-shaped r anthers 
oblong-linear. Style elongated. Capsule obovate, con- 
tracted at the base, 3-valved. Seeds ovate. — Nearly stem- 
less bulbous perennials, with two smooth and shining flat leaves 
tapering into petioles and sheathing the base of the \-fiower.ed 
scape. 



LILIACEiE. 383 



1. E. AMEEICANUM, Smith. Yellow Dog's-tooth Violet 

Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, involute at the point, spotted; scape naked; sepals 
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, inner ones bidentate near the base ; style club shaped.^ 
stigmas united. 

lows in sanely soil, common. April. May. A beautiful little plant. Scape 
6 to 9 inches high. Leaves 2, shotted with purple, anddotted 5 inches long, one of 
them nearly twice as wide as the other. Flower drooping, yellow, revoiute in the 
sunshine, spotted near the base. 

2. E. albidum, Nutt. White Dog's-tooth Violet. 

Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, spotted, not dotted ; sepals linear-lanceolate, the 
inner without lateral teeth; style thread-like and club-shaped; stigma 3 -cleft. 

Low tbicfefets and sandy meadows, often in company with the other species- 
April, Mi.y. Leaves without an acumination, including the petiole 4 to 5 inches 
long, spotted with purple. Scape o to 7 inches high, bearing a single white flower. 
Sepals 1}4 inch 

15. FIUITILLAitLi, Linn. Crown Imperial. 

Lat. fiitiUur. a chess-board; alluding to the checkered flowers. 

Perianth bell-shaped, with abroad base and necteriferous 
cavity above the claw of each segment. Stamens 6, as long 
as the sepals. Seeds flat. — Bulbous perennial exotics, with 
showy, but ill-scented flowers. 

1. P. imperials, L. Common Crown Imperial. 

Jtaceme comose, naked below ; leaves lanceolate, acute. May, June. Native of 
Persia. A showy flower of easy culture, common in cultivation. Stem thick, 1 to 
2 feet high, the lower part inserted with the long leaves, the upper part is naked, 
bearing at the top a cluster of several red or yellow nodding flowers beneath a 
-crown formed by the pairs of leaves at the base of each pedicel. 

2. F. maleagris, L. Checkered Crown Imperial. 

Leaves alternate, linear, channelled; stem 1-flowercd. May. Native -of Britian 
Stem a feet high, with alternate, long, very narrow leaves. Flower usually soil 
tary. large, nodding, and beautifully checkered with purple pale red or yellow. 

16. TULIPA, Linn. Tulip. 

Persian thouliban, a turban; alluding to the form of these magnificent flowers. 

Perianth bell-shaped, with sepals. Stamens 6, short, 
subulate : anthers 4-angled. Stigma thick. Capsule 
oblong, triangular. Seeds flat. — Bulbous exotic perennials, 
with radical leaves and a showy solitary flower on a scape. 

1. T. Gesneriana, L. Common Tulip. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate : flower erect, smooth, with obtuse sepals. May. Nativa 
of Persia. There are more than 500 varieties enumerated in catalogues, with red, 
scarlet, crimson white yellow, brown, purple, striped, blotched and fringed flowerg 

2. T. suateolens, L. Sweet-scented Early Tulip. 

Zcavos linear-laneeolsto ; flowsr erect, waooth with a*ut« sepals, the alternate 



384 MELANTIIACE M. 



ones lanceolate, the ethers orate. Native of Persia. Flowers mostly yellow, 
fragrant, appearing in April. 

Tribe 4. ALOINE.E. 

Fruit 3-eelled, 3-valved. with a leculicidal dehiscence, opening at the summit 
Seeds numerous. — Xot bulbous. 

17. YUCCA, Lfcra. Adam's Needle. 

Jucca, the Iudian name. 

Perianrh inferior globular or bell-shaped. Stamens 
with awl-shaped filaments. Style none. Capsulb oblong, 
with 3 obtuse angles 3-celled, many-seeded, opening at the 
summit. Seeds flat. — Evergreen perennials, icith narrow 
filament accous radical leaves , and a scape of numerous white flowers, 
in a terminal panicled raceme or spike, 

1. Y. ANGUSTIFOLIA, L. Narrow-leaved Yucca. 

Leaves long linear, filamentose on the margins, raucronate. Aug. Native of the 
S mthern States. Leaves 10 to 15 inches long, }.<, to % inch wide, with white 
threads along the margin. Panicled spiJx terminal, on a scape 2 to 3 feet high, 
many-flowered. Flvivers glohular-bell-shaped, white. 

2. Y. filamentosa, L. Adam's Needle. Silk-grass. 

Leaves lance-linear, filamentose, mucronate ; 3 inner sepals broad-lanceolate ; 
capsule large oblong-obovate. July, Aug. Native of the Southern States. Leaves 
12 to IS inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide, very filamentose on the margin. Scape 3 
to 5 feet high, beaaiug a terminal panicle of numerous white fragrant flowers. 
Perianth globose. Stir/mas recurved, spreacliug. 

Order 126. 2SELANTHAGE2E — Jlclanthium Family. 

Herbs, with perfect or polygamous and regular Qs-mcrous and 6-androus flowers, 
the petuloid perianth free from theZ-cdlcd ovary, cztrorse anthers, and 3 (sometimes 
united) more or kss distinct styles. 

Suborder i. UVULARTEiE. The Belltv t ort Family. 

Perianth soon deciduous, the divisions distinct, petaloid. 
Styles united at the base or throughout. Fruit a 3-celled 
few-seeded berry or loculicidal capsule. — Stems from small 
perennial rootstocks and fibrous roots, ovate or lanceolate membra' 
naceous sessile or clasping leaves, and perfect flowers on solitary or 
1 -Jiuwcred peduncles. 

1. UVULARIA, Linn. Bellwort. 

Name "from the flowers hanging on the uvula, or palate." 

Perianth nearly bell-shaped, lily-like, the sepals spatu- 



MELANTHACE^ 385 



late-lanceolate, with a necteriferous groove or pit at the 
base of each. Stamens 6, with short filaments : anthers 
long and linear, adnate. Style deeply 3 -cleft Capsule 
triangular, 3-celled, 3-valved from the top, with a few obo- 
Toid seeds in each cell. — Perennial herbs from creeping root- 
stocks, alternate sessile or clasping leaves , and pale yellow nodding, 
mostly solitary flowers. 

• Leaves clasping, perfoliate* 

1. U. GRANDIFLGRA, Smith. Large-flowered Bellwort 

Leaves oblong or elliptical-ovate, pale and very slightly pubescent underneath; 
upals smooth within; anthers nearly pointless ; lobes of the capsule with convex 
sides. 

Rich woods, rare. May, June. Stem 12 to 15 inches high, passing through the 
porfoliate leaves near their bases, dividing into 2 brandies at the top, one of which 
bears a largo pendulous pale-yellow flower. Perianth 1% inch long. Anthers % 
isch long. 

2. U. PERFOLIATA, L. Perfoliate Bellwort. 

Leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, smooth, glaucous underneath; sepals granu- 
l&r-roughened inside ; anthers pointed ; capsule-lobes with concave sides. 

Moist woods and thiekets, common. May, June. Stem 8 to 12 inehes high, 
passing through the perfoliate leaves near the base, 2-branched at the top. Leaves 
2 to 3 inches long, % to 1 inch wide. Flowers pale-yellow, % to 1 inch long. 

* * Leaves sessile. 

3. U, sessilifolia, L. Sessile-leaved Bellwort 

Low, smooth; leaves oval or lance-oblong, pale, glaucous underneath; styles 
isnited to the middle, longer than the obtuse anthers ; capsule triangular ovate. 

Low woods, common. May. Stem 6 to 10 inches high, forked near the summit. 
Leaves 1 to V/ 2 inch long. Flowers 1 to 2 on a slender axillary peduncle, creaia- 
oolored, % inch long. 

4. U. puberula, Michx. Puberulent Bellwort. 

Leaves shining, ovate, green, minutely puberulent, as well as the branches; 
ilyles united below, as long as the short-pointed anthers; capsule ovate, sessile. 
Mountains, southern parts of the State. 

2. PROSAKTES, Don. Prosartes. 

tQr.prosartas, to hang from; in allusion to the suspended ovules or flowers. 

Perianth bell-form, 6-parted, much as in Uvularia. 
Stamens 6, the thread-like filaments inserted at the base of 
the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules suspended 
from the summit of each cell. Styles united into one : 
stigmas 3, short, recurved. Berry ovoid, pointed, 3 to 6- 
seeded, red. — Downy low herbs, widely branched above, with 
closely sessile, ovate leaves, and greenish-yellow drooping flowers on 
slender terminal peduncles, solitary or few in an umbel. 

P. lanuginosa, Don. Pale-flowered Prosartes. 

Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base 

£2 



S86 MELANTHACEJ!. 



closely sessile, downy underneath; flowers solitary or in pairs ; sepals lance-lincar, 
acuminate, soon spreading, twice as long as the stamens. (Streptopus, Michx.) 

Rich woods, rare. May. Stem 12 to 15 inches high, with 2 to 3 forks near the 
eummit. Flowers greenish-yellow, the sepals % inch long, marked with conspicu- 
ous cross-veinlets like the leaves. 

3. STREPTOPUS, Michx. Twist-Stalk. 

Gr. streptos, twisted, and pons, foot, or stalk. 

Perianth 6-parted, recurved spreading from a bell-shaped 
"base, the 3 inner sepals keeled. Stamens 6 : filaments 
short, flattened : anthers arrow-shaped. Ovary with 
many ovules in each cell : styles and even the stigmas 
united into one ! Berry red, roundish-ovoid, with several 
seeds in each cell. — Herbs with somewhat stout stems, di- 
vergently spreading branches, ovate and acuminate round clasping 
leaves, and small flowers on slender filiform peduncles. 

1. S. amplexlfolius, DC. (Mapping Tidst-Sialk. 

Leaves oblong-orate, closely clasping, very smooth, glaucous beneath; peduncle 
abruptly bent »r contorted near the middle; anthers acuminate, entire; stig.na 
entire, truncate. 

Low cold words, rare. June. Stem 2 to 3 fret high, rough at the base, forked. 
Flowers green:- h-w'aite, on a filiform peduncle, bent rouadthe clamping base of tho 
leaves, rarely 2-fiowered. 

2. S. roseus, Michx. Rose Twist- &aI7c. 

Leaves ovate-oblong, clasping, finely ciliate on the margin. gr^en on both s'dos ; 
Iraiichcs sparingly bent with short bristly hairs; anthers 2-hoxned; stigma minutely 
S-cleft. 

Cold dsmp woods, rare. Msy. June. Per. Stem 12 to 18 inches high. 2 or 3- 
forked at the upper part. Floivers rose- colored, 1 to 2 on filiform nodding pedunck>9. 

Sub-order ii. MELANTHIE^E. The True Colciiicum 
Family. 

Perianth mostly persistent, the sepals distinct or rarely 
their claws united. Styles 3, seperate. Fruit a 3-celled, 
3-parted capsule. — Herbs with acrid poisonous jrropertieSy 
and sometimes polygamous or dioecious flowers. 

4. MELAXTIIIUM, Gronov., L. 

Gr. melas, black, anthos, flower; the flower becoming black after blossoming. 

Polygamous. Perianth petaloid, rotate, deeply G-parted ; 
the segments somewhat cordate, raised on slender claws, 
with 2 glands at the base. Stamens 6, on the claws of the 
perianth. Styles short, awl-shaped, tipped witj timple 
minute stigmas. Capsule ovoid-conical, 3-lobed ; 3-eelied ; 



MELANTIIACE<£. 387 



many-seeded. — Tall perennials, with simple stems, lance- 
linear grcioS-like leaves, and an ample pyramidal panicle of cream- 
colored racemose flowers. 

1. M. VlRGlNrcUM, L. Virginian Melanthium. 

Leaves linear-lanceolate, long ; sepals ovate-hastate, at last oblong, flat, the glands 
distinct; filament cohering with the claws beyond the middle. 

Wet meadows, rather common. July. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, leafy. Leaves 9 to 
15 inches long, somewhat clasping at base. Flowers greenish-white, the perfect 
and sterile mixed, on short pedicels, in simple altersate racemes, together consti- 
tuting a pyramidal panicle 10 to 15 inches long. 

2. M. hybridum, Walt. IL/bred Melanthium. 

Leaves long-linear, nearly smooth, clasping the stem; sepals round-rhomboid or 
broadly ovate, wavy, the glands united; filaments involved in the lower part of 
the involute claws. 

Low and high grounds, rare. July — Sept. Stem 2 feet high, leafy. Leaves vary- 
ing frcm lance-linear to lanceolate. Perianth very open, yellowish-green. 

5. VERATRUM, Tourn. False Hellebore. 

Lat. vere, truly, atrum, black; in allusion to the color of the flowers or root. 

Flowers polygamous. Perianth of 6 spreading and 
separate sepals, more or less contracted at the base, without 
glands. Stamens 6, free from the sepals and shorther than 
they, recurving. Styles 3, short, awl-shaped. Capsule 
ovoid, membranaceous, 3-lobed, the carpels distinct at the 
summit. — Somewhat pubescent perennials, with simple stems, 
plaited 3 ranked leaves, and raceme-panicled dull or dark flowers, 

V. V1RIDE, Ait. White Hellebore. Indian Poke. 

Leaves broad-ovate, plaited ; panicle pyramidal, with compound racemes. 

Swamps and low grounds, common. June. Stem stout, very leafy to the top, 
2 to 4 feet high, Leaves large, sheathing the stein at the base. Flowers yellcwish- 
green, moderately spreading. Hoot very poisonous. 

6. AMIANTHEMUM, Gray. Fly-Poison. 

Gr. amiantos, pure, and cmMos, flower ; alluding to the unspotted glandless perianth. 

Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading, the dis- 
tinct petaloid sepals oval or obovate, sessile. Filaments 
capillary. Anthers kidney-shaped or heart-shaped. Styles 
filiform^ Capsule ovoid conical, 3-lobed. Seeds nearly 
wingless, 1 to 4 in each cell. — Perennial herbs, from a 
bulbous base, with simple scape- like stems, linear heeled grass like 
leaves, and handsome flowers in a simple or rarely compound dense 
raceme. 

A. musc.etoxicum, Gray. Fly-Poison. 

Leaves broadly linear, elongated, obtuse, as long as the scape; raceme simple, 
oblong or cylindrical; capsule abruptly 3-horned; seeds oblong with a fleshy red 
coat. 



388 juNCACE^r. 



Shady swamps, rare. June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves mostly radical', 10 
to 15 inches long, }/ 2 to I inch wide. Raceme 3 to 9 inches long, dense-flowered. 
Perianth and stamens white. 

7. HELONIAS, Linn. Unicorn. 

Gr. helos, a swamp ; the place of its growth. 

Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong per- 
sistent sepals. Stamens 6, longer than the sepals i anthers 
roundish-oval, 2-eelled, blue. Styles 3, revolute, stignxatic 
along the inner side. Capsule obcordately 3-lobed, locu- 
licidally 3-valved, the valves deeply 3-lobed, many-seeded. — 
A smooth perennial, with a hollow naked scape from a tuberous 
roohtock, numerous leaves, and a simple short dense raceme of pale* 
purple flowers* 

H. bullata, L. Purple-flowered Unicorn. 

Leaves inversely lanceolate or oblong-spatulate, flat, nerved ; tcape leafless. (H. 
latifolia, Michx.) 

Sandy swamps,, rare. May. Scape 1 to 2 feet high, thick and fleshy. Leaves 1& 
to 18 inches long, 1 to 1^ inch wide. Flowzrs purple, with obtuse sepals. 

8. CHAMiELIKIUM, WilhL Devil's-bit. 

$Jr. chamai, on the ground, and leirion, a lily ; of no obvious application. 

Flowers dioecious.. Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong 
sepals, persistent. Stamens 6, longer than tha sepals :. 
filaments thread-like : anthers yellow. Fertile flow- 
ers with rudimentary stamens. Styles 3, linear club- 
shaped, stigmatic along the inner side. Capsule ovoid- 
oblong, not lobed, loculicidally 3-valved from the apex, 
many-seeded. — A smooth perennial herb, with a slender stem 
from a thick premorse tuberous rootstock, clustered spreading leaves, 
and a long slender spiked 1 acame of yellowish- white flowers. 

C. LUTEUM, Willd- Unicorn Root Blazing-star. 

Leaves flat, lanceolate, the lowest spatulate, tapering into a petiole ; fertile scape- 
very leafy; sterile spike nodding ; stamens exserted. (Helonias dioica, Pursh.) 

Low moist grounds, rather common. June. SpUce at length 6 to 10 inches long 
showy. Root-leaves 4 to 8 inches long, % to 1 inch wide, somewhat whorled at the 
base of the scape. Flowers small, very numerous, yellowish-white. The fertile 
plants are taller, more erect, but with fewer flowers. Medicinal. 

Order 127. JUNCACEJR —Rush Family. 

Grass-like or sedge-like herbs, with jointed stems and a regular persistent perianth 
of 6 similar glumaceous sepals, 6 or rarely 3, stamens with introrse anthers, and a 1 
to Z-celled ovary, forming a Z-valved Z to many-seeded capsule. Style single. 8xed3. 
anatropous, with a minute embryo inclosed at the base of the albumen., 



JUXCACEJE. 389' 



1. LUZULA, DC. Wood-rush. 

Italian, lucciola, a glow-worm; from the dew glistening upon its flowers". 

Perianth persistent, 6 parted, spreading. Stamens 6. 
Stigmas 3. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 3 seeded. — Pe- 
rennials, with, flat and soft usually hairy leaves and spiked- 
crowded or umbelhd flowers. 

1. L. PILOSA, Willd. Pilose Wood-rush. 

Leaves lance-linear, hairy; peduncles umbelled, simple, mostly l-fiow«red; sepal* 
pointed, shorter than the obtuse capsule ; seeds tipped with a curved appendage. 

Woods and banks. April, May. Stem 6 to 12 inches hi^h, casspitose at the base. 
Radical leaves numerous, 2 to 4 inches long, veined, fringed with long white hiurg. 
Panicle 8 to 12-flowered, uuibjlled. Flowers reddish-brown. 

2. L. CAMPESTRIS, DC. Common Wood-rush. 

Leaves flat, linear, hairy ; spikes 4 to 12, somewhat unibelled, ovoid, straw-color, 
•om-j of them long-peduucled, others nearly sessile; sepils acuminate, awned, 
longer than the obtuse capgule; seeds with a conical appendage at the base.. 

Dry fields and woods. May. Stem 6 to 12 inches bi^h, caespitose at base. Leave* 
grass like 2 to 6 inches long, very hairy on the margins. Flowers roddish-broiv^a, 
la ovoid or oblong nearly erect spikes. 

2. JUSTOUS, Linn. Rush. Bog-Rush. 

■ The classical name, from jingo, to join, aliasing to their use for bands. 

Perianth spreading glumaeeous, 6-parted. Stamens 6, 
or sometimes 3. Stigmas 3, snbsessile. Capsuxe 3-celI§d, 
loculicidal, many-seeded. — Chiefly perennials, with pithy 
stems, and cymose } panided, or clustered small greenish or 
brownish flowers. 

* Leaves none. Scapes naked and simple from matted running rootstoeks. Stamens 3. 

1. J. EFFUSUS, L. Common or S]ft Rush. Bull-rush. 

Scape soft and pliant, finely striated ; panicle diffusely much branched, many- 
fiowered ; sepals green, lanceolate, very acute, as long as the obovate very acute 
capsule ; stamens 3. 

Marshy ground, very abundant. June. Scape 2 to 4 feet high, erect, terminating 
in a long tapering point. Panicle bursting from a fissure in the side of the acape 
above the middle, sessile. Flowers greenish, with white anthers. 

* * Scapes naked, some of the sheaths at the base leaf-bearing. Stamens 0. 

2. J. SETACEU3, Rostkow. Bristly Rush. 

Scape slendor, filiform; panicle loose, rather simple, few-flowered ; sepals lanceo- 
late, very acute, especially the 3 exterior, longer than the obovate pointed capsule. 

Swamps. June, July. A very slender species, growing in tufta about 2 feet 
high. Scapes sheathed at base, turning light chestnut-color. Panicle small, 20 to 
SO-flowered, bursting frem the side of the scape, below the summit. 

* * • Stems leaf-bearing. Leaves round or flattened laterally knotted, or jointed. 

3. J. SCRIPOIDES, Lam. Many-headed Rush. 

Bum erect, stout, round; leave* round; jwsicJs rath.es simple, bearing & to 8 

R2* 



390 juncace^:. 



pale-green densely many-flowered spherical heads ; sepals rigid, awl-shaped, and 
somewhat awned, especially the outer, as long as the triangular acuminate capsule ; 
seeds barely pointed at each end. 

Wet borders of streams, rather common. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, 
from a thickish creeping rootstock. Remarkable for its burr-like green heads,, 
■usually y s inch in diameter. 

4. J. paradoxus, E. Meyer, in Gray's Flora. 

Stem stout and round; leaves terete or somewhat flattened ; panicle decompound 
heads numerous, globular, 8 to 15-flowered; sepals lanceolate, somewhat awl-point 
ed, rigid; seeds conspicuously tailed at both ends. 

Wet places, common. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2% feet high. Heads less dense, 
fewer-flowered, and sometimes smaller than the foregoing. " Remarkable for the 
loose white seed-coat prolonged at both ends into a tail longer than the body of 
the seed."' 

5. J. acuminatus, Michx. Sharp-fruited Rush . 

Stem erect, terete; leaves slender, nearly terete ; panicle terminal, with rather 
slightly spreading branches; li&ads 3 to 8-flowered, chestnut-colored; sepals linear- 
lanceolate, very acute, shorter than the acutely triangular capsule ; seeds tail- 
pointed at both ends. - 

Peat bogs and borders of ponds. July, Aug. Stem 10 to 15 inches high. FUwert 
pale-green or purplish, mostly 3 in a head. Oapsuie turning deep chestnut-brown. 

* * * * Leaves jointless, flat and open. Stame}is 3, 

6. J. marginatus, Rostkow. Grass-leaved Rush. 

Stem leafy, erect, flattened ; leaves linear, grass-like, nerved; heads globose, 3 
to S-fiowered; sepals oblong, the 3 outer with the bracts slightly awned, the inner 
obtuse and pointless, as long as the globose capsule ; seeds minutely pointed at 
both ends. 

Moist sandy places, common. July. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, tuberous at the ba?e> 
with numerous root-leaves. Panicle simple or compound. &pals soft, chestnut- 
purplish, with a green keeL 

* * * ** Leaves channelled or involute, thread-form or almost setaceous. Stamens 6. 

7. J. TENUIS, Willd. Slender Rush. 

Stems slender, wiry, simple, leafy only near the base ; leaves setaceous-linear,, 
channelled ; cyme shorter than the involueral leaves ; flowers solitary one-sided , 
nearly sessile ; sepals lanceolate, very acute, a little longer than the obtuse capsule.. 

Low grounds and fields, very common. June, July. Stem caespitose, 10 to 13 
inches high. Flowers green, shining, somewhat racemose or one-sided on the 
branchlets, 

8. J. Gerardi, Loisel. Blade Grass. 

Stems simple, flattish, leafy, rigid; leaves linear-bristly, channelled; panicle- 
terminal, cymose, longer than the Involueral leaves, rather crowded; sepals ovate- 
oblong, obtuse, nearly the length of the obovoid obtuse capsule. 

Borders of salt-marshes, common. Aug. Stem 10 to 18 inches Ligh, slender. 
Foliage deep-green. Outer sepals deep chestnnt-brown, with a deep green keel. 

9. J. bufonius, L. Toad Rush. 

Annual ; stems diffuse, low and slender, leafy, often branched at the base ; pani- 
cle forking, spreading, the flowers remote; sepals lanceolate, awl- pointed, muck 
longer than the oblong obtuse capsule. 

Low grounds and roadsides, very common. June, Aug. Stem 3 to 9 inches high* 
tufted, divided towards the top. Panicle loose, spreading, few-flowered, pale-gre«a. 
Flowers greenish. 



PONTEDERIACE-E. 391 



****** Stems leaf-bearing ; leaves terete, short. Stamens 6. 

10. J. NODOSUS, L. Jointed Rush. 

Stem erect, slender, 3 to 5-leaved ; leaves terete, short ; he ads 1 to 2, or several 
and clustered, globose, 10 to 20-tiowered; sepals lanceolate, awl-pointed, nearly a* 
long as the slender 3-angkd capsule. 

Gravelly borders of stream?. &c, common. Aug. Jtootstocks slender. Stem 6 
to 20 inches high. Heads in a loosepankle, or in a dense cluster. Flowers brown- 
ish or greenish. 

Order 128. P0NTEDERIACEE1.— Pickerel-weed Family. 

Aquatic herbs, with perfect more or less irregular flowers from a spathe ; the pet^^ 
loid &-merous perianth free from the 3-celled ovary-, and the 3 or 6 mostly unequal or 
dissimilar stamens inserted in its throat. Periaxth-loees colored alike. Styles 1 : 
BsnaatA 3 to 6-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds numerous, with 
eomewhat mealy albumen. 

1. PONTEDEKIA, Linn. Pickerel- weed. 

Dedicated to Poniedera, Prof, at Padua at the beginning of the last century. 

Perianth funnel-form, 6-cleft, 2-lipped ; the 3 lower 
lobes spreading, and their claws, more or less seperate down 
to the base. Stamens 6, unequally inserted, 3 near the- 
base and 3 near the summit of the tube : anthers oval,, 
blue. Ovary 3-ceiled ; 2 of the cells empty, the other 
containing a single suspended ovule. Utricle 1-celled, 
filled with the single seed. — Stout herb", growing in shallow 
water, with thick creeping rootstocks, producing erect long- 
petioled mostly cordate leaves, and a ldeaved scape, termi- 
nated by a spike of violet-blue ephemeral flowers. 

P. CORD ATA, L. Common Pickerel-weed. 

Leaves arrow-heart-shaped, Hint; spike very dense, from a spathe-like bract.— 
Tar. a>"GU3TIFOLIa, Torr., has triangular-elongated and tapering leaves, scarcely 
cordate at base. 

Ponds, common. July— Sept. Stem.l to 2 feet high, bearing a single smooth 
glossy leaf, 4 to 7 inches long and 1]/, to 3 inches wide. Flowers aggregated by 2a 
and 3s, sessile bright blue, with a pair of small yellow spots on the upper lobe. 

2. HETERANTHERA, Ruiz & Pavon. Mud Plantain. 

Gr. hetera different, and aner, for anther; the anthers being dissimilar. 

Spathe several-flowered. Perianth salver-form, with a 
slender tube, the limb somewhat 6-parted. Stamens 3, 2 
of the anthers ovate, yellow, the 3d oblong or arrow-shaped, 
greenish. Capsule incompletely 3-eelled, many-seeded.— 
Creeping or floating low herbs, with mostly rounded long- 



392 COMMELYNACE.E. 



petioled leaves, and a 1 to few-flowered spathe bursting from 
the sheathing side or base of a petiole, with blue or white- 
flowers. 

II. reniformis, Ruiz & Pavoo. Mifil Plantain. 

Leaves round kidney-shaped ; spathe oblong-acumixate, 3 to 5-flowered. 

Muddy margins of streams. July, Aug. Stem prostrate and rooting in tha 
mud, partly floating. Leaves semicircularly nerved, on petioles 2 to 3 inches long. 
Floivers white. 

3- SCEIOLLERA, Schreber. Water Star-grass. 

Dedicated to Frederick A. Schdler, a German hotanist. 

Perianth salver-form, with 6 nearly equal lancet-linear 
spreading segments on a very long filiform tube. Stamens 
3, with similar oblong-arrow-shaped anthers (or rarely an 
abortive fourth one) : filaments nearly equal, subulate. 
Capsule oblong, invested by the withered perianth, 1-celled, 
many-seeded. — A grass-like herb, growing wlioVy under 
water, only the small pale yellow flowers expanding on the 
turface, tcith slender branching stems, clothed with linear 
translucent sessile leaves and 1-fowered spathe. 

S. GRAMINEA, Willd. Common Water Starwort. 

In flowing streams, common in the Susquehanna. July, Aug. Stern 2 to 3 font 
long. Lean is 3 to 6 inches long, very narrow. J/loivtrs yellow, with a tube \% 
Inch long an A a Xhick style. 

Order 129. COHHEELYNACEJE.— Soiderwort Family. 

Herbaceous plants, vrith jointed of ten branchingleofy stems, a7id mostly perfect and 
t-andtoui flowers, with the perianth free from the 2 to o-cclled ovary. Perianth ia 
2 r»ws ; outer row herbaceous, 3-leaved ; inner petal- like, ephemeral. Stamens 
6, hypogynous. Style 1 : stigma undivided. Capsule 2 to 3 celled, 2 to 3-valvet], 
loculicidal, 3 to several-seeded. 

1. COMMELYNA, Dill. Day-flower. 

Dedicated to the early Dutch botanists, J. & G. Contmelyn. 

Perianth in 2 rows ; outer one 3-leaved, calyeine ; inner 
3-leavod petal-like. Stamens 6, unequal, 3 of them fertile, 
one of which is bent inward : 3 of them sterile and smaller, 
with imperfect cruciform anthers: filaments naked. Gap- 
bule 3-celled, 2 of the cells 2-seeded, the other 1-seeded or 
abortive. — Herbaceous plants, with branching stems, lance- 
linear leaves contracted at the base into sheathing petioles, the 
floral one cordate and clasping, folded together or hooded 



XYRIDACEtf:. 393 



and forming a hind of spathe inclosing the blue or white 
ephemeral /lowers. 

1. C. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Michx. Narrow-leaved Day-flower. 

Stem usually reclining and rooting at the joints; leaves lanceolate or linear- 
lanceolate; spathe heart-shaped, folded together ; peduncles usually divided, the 
smaller braneh 1-fiowered or sterile;, petals jmsqu&l, the lawer one much smaller ; 
capsule 2-celled.. 

Damp rich woods and hanks, rare. July — Oct. Per. Plant nearly smooth, 12 
to IS inches high. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, % to 1^ inch wide, varying from 
lance-liuear to lanceolate. Spathe veiny, 3 to 5-flowered. Flowers deep blue, 
Stamens 2, perfect. 

2. C. Yirginica, L. Virginian Day-flower. 

Stems upright, smooth ; leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, the upper surface and 
margins rough backwards ; shcatlis fringed with rusty bristles; spathes crowded 
and nearly sessile, broadly dilated ; peduncle several-flowered ; petals nearly equal» 
capsule 3-ce-lled. 

Alluvial shaded river-banks. July, Aug. Per. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erest. 
Leaves 5 to 7 inches long, 2 inches wide. Spathe broadly funnel-shaped. Flower* 
blue, clustered at the top of the stem. Stamens 3. 

C- ccelestls, with blue or white flowers is sometimes cultivated. 

2. TRADESCANTIA, Linn. Spiderwort. 

Named for Tradescant, gardner to Charles the First. 

Flowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals all 
alike, ovate, sessile. Stamens 6, all fertile: filaments 
bearded. Capsule 2 to 3-celled, the cells 1 to 2-seeded. — 
Herbaceous perennials, with keeled linear or lance linear leaves, and 
ephemeral white purplish and rose-colored flowers in axillary and 
terminal umb&lkd clusters. 

1. T. Virginica, L. Common Spiderwort. 

Leaves lanee-linear, elongated, tapering from the sheathing base to the pointy 
ciliate ; umbels terminal, many-flowered ; calyx pubescent. 

Moist shady woods, common in cultivation. May — Aug.. Stems thick, round 1 ,, 
jointed, 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves numerous, 12 to 18 inches long, by % to 1 
inch wide. Flowers blue, in gardens often purplish or white;, soon fading. 

2. T. ROSEA, Vent. Rose-colored Spiderwort. 

Small and "slender, smooth; leaves linear, long, ciliate at the base; umbel simjlr 
©? sometimes a pair ; calyx smooth. 

Moist woods or sandy fields, common. May. Stem 8 to 12 inches high. Leave* 
grass-like, 6 to 8 inches long, about % inch wide. Flowers rose-colored, much 
emaller than in the preceding species- 

Order 130. XYRIDAOEJE— Xyris Family, 

RuthAike herbs, with equitant leaves sheathing the base by a naked scape, which <$ 
terminated by a head of perfect S-androus flowers, with extr or se anthers, aglumaceous, 
calyx, and a regular corolla. Fruit a 3-valved capsule containing many anatj od- 
ious seeds ; — chiefly represented by the genus.. 



391 ERIOCAULOXACE.E. 



XYIiXS, Linn. Yellow-eyed Grass. 

Gr. xyros, sharp, in allusion to the pointed leaves. 

Perianth in 2 rows ; outer row glumaceous, 2 of the 
segments boat-shaped or keeled; inner row petal-like, with 
claws, more or less coherent. Stamens 6, 3 fertile with 
linear anthers, and 3 sterile, plume-bearing. Style 3-eleffc. 
Capsule oblong, free, 1-celied, with 3 parietal placentae, 3- 
x&lxed.— Push-like herb$ } with narrowly linear rigid radical 
leaves, sheathing the scape, and yellow flowers in a terminal dense 
head. 

1. X. Caroliniana, Walt. Common Yellow-eyed Grass. 

Scape flattish. somewhat 2-edged at the summit. 1-angled below, smooth ; leaves 
linear-ensiform, flat; head globular-ovoid; lateral sepals obscurely torn-fringed 
above on the winged keel, rather shorter than the bract. 

Wet meadows, rare. July. Aug. Per. Scope 1 to 2 feet high, somewhat bulbous 
at the base, often spirally twisted. Leaves few flat, 6 to 12 inches loug, \$ to ^ 
inch wide. Petals rather large, yellow, the claws turning brownish. 

2. X. brevifolia, Michx. Short-leaved Yellow-eyed Gras?. 

Leaves subulate, ensiform, short ; head globose ; petals shorter than the sepals 
slightly notched. 

Wet meadows, rare. July. Per. Scape 12 to 18 inches high, compressed near 

the summit. Leaves much twisted. Flowers yellow. 

Order 131. ERIOCAULONACEiE.— Pipewort Family. 

Aquatic or marsh plants, usually aeotdescent, wiih linear cellular spongy leaves 
naked scapes sheathed at V of 'ous or dicecious 

minute flowers in the axils of minute tract?, with o. nttt, introrse anthers 

and a 2 to Z-celled 2 to o-scedef.' capsule ; principally represented by the genus 

ERIOCAULON, Gronov. Pipewort. 

Gr: erion, wool, and laulos, a stalk ; from the woolly scape of many species. 

Flowers chiefly monoecious ; the central ones of the 
head sterile, bearing 4 or G stamens, the exterior fertile. 
Sepals 2 or 3, the lateral ones boat-shaped. Corolla 
tabular and 2 to 3-lobed in the sterile flowers; of 2 or 3 
sepals in the fertile, each bearing a black- gland. Style 2 
to 3-parted. Capsule 2 too-celled, \ocuYiddal.— Herbaceous 
plants, tcith smooth often pellucid leaves, simple scapes bear- 
ing a single head, the bracts and perianth whitened at the 
summit with a clothing of dense fine wool and the outer bracts 
scarious, often empty and forming a kind of involucre. 

E. septangular E, Withering. Jointed Pipewort. 

Scape slender, 6 to 7-angled or furrowed; leaves subulate-ensiform, conspicuous* 
ly cellular, pellucid; outer tracts obovate, rounded; head small, round. 



CYPERACEiE. 895 



Ponds ami borders of swamps. An.?. Per. Ssape 2 inches to G feat long, ac- 
cording to the depth of the water, pall ucid and cellular. Leaves submersed, in a 
email tuft at the boltom, 1 to 3 inches by 1 to 2 lines, awl-pointed, tapering from 
a flattened base. Head lead-color, Yz t0 % i Utf ^ broad. Stamens i. 

Sub-class IV. GLUMACE.E, or aLUMACEOUS EN- 

DOGENS. 

Plants of the endogenous structure, with the flowers in- 
rested in an imbricated perianth of glumes instead of a 
calyx. Ovary with one cell containing a solitary ovule 
and becoming a 1-seeded achenium or caryopsis. 

Order 1S2. G¥PERAG£M— Sedge Family. 

Grass'Wce or rush-like herbs, with fibrous roots and solid stems (culms), closed 
$heaths, arid - . 3-androus flowers, one in the axil of each of the glume-W.e 

imbricated bracts, destitute of any perianth, or with hypogynous bristles or scales in 
its place, and a 1-ceUed ovary, with a single erect anatropems ovule, in fruit forming 
an achenium. Style 2-cleft, when the fruit is flattened or lenticular, or 3-cleft 
when it is 3-angular. 

1. DULICHIUM, Bichard. 

Gr. dvo, two, leiken, a scale; alluding. to the glumes in two rows. 

Stikelets 6 to 10 -flowered, linear, flattened, sessile in 2 
ranks on axillary -solitary peduncles emerging from the 
sbeatbs of the leaves. Scales 2-ranked, lanceolate. Pe- 
rianth of 6 to 9 downwardly barbed bristles. Stamens 
3. SiiLE 2 r cleft above. Achenium flattened, linear- 
oblong, Beaked with the long persistent style. — Perennial*, 
ear 3-ra;ikcd leaves, and round simple jointed 
culms, leafy to the sun 

D. spathaceum, Pers. Spathaceom DidicJiium. 

BonJfra of ponds-, corqmon. Jttly— Sept. Culm 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves flat, 
spreading almost horizontally in three directions. Spikeiet$% inch long, brownish, 
on a fiexuous raehis. Scales rusty-^eUow. 

2. CYPERU3, Linn. Galingale. 

The ancient Greek name. 

Spikelets many to few-flowered, disposed in a simple or 
compound terminal umbel. Scales 2-ranked, deciduous 
with age. Stamens 1, 2, or mostly 3. Perianth none. 
Style 2 to 3-cleft, deciduous. Achenium lenticular or 
triangular, naked at the apex. — Mostly perennials, with simple 



896 CYPERACE.E. 



modly triangular culms leafy at the bast, 1 to several leaves at the 
summit forming an involucre to the umbel, and unequal pedunclet 
sheathed at the base. 
Sec I. Ptcreus, Beauv.— Style 2-cIeft : achenium flattened. 

1. C. flavescens, L. Yellow Sedge. 

Stamens 3 ; spike linear, rather obtuse, 14 to 30-flowered, clustered at the end of 
the 2 to 4 rery short rays ; scales obtuse, 1 -nerved ; aclienium shining, orbicular. 

Low grounds, rare- Aug. Culms 4 to 10 inches high, Leaves narrow, as long 
as the culm. Spikeleta 5 to 8 inchas long, yellowish. Involucre 3-leaved, very 
unequal. 

2. C. dtandrus, Torr. Diandrous Gatingah. 

Stamens 2 ; spi7:cs lance-oblong, rather acute, 11 to 21-flowercd, scattered or clus- 
tered on the 2 to 5 very short or unequal rays ; scales oblong, rather obtuse, brown- 
margined ; achenium oblong-ovate. 

Low grounds. Aug., Sept. Culms 6 to 12 inches high, o^ten weak and somewhat 
decumbent, clustered. Stamens sometimes 3 iu Che upper axils. Tar. castanecs, 
Torr., has oblong-lanceolate, shining close chestnut-brown scales, and scarcely ex- 
Berted style. 

3. C. Cleaverti, Torr. Delicate Gating ale. 

Stamen 1 ; culm bristle-form, terminated by a single and similar erect invojucral 
leaf and a solitary lance-linear 10 to 12-flowered spike ; scales linear-oblong, rather 
acute, 3-nerved; atftenium oblong-obovate. 

Near Philadelphia, Dr. Cleaver. Culm 4 to 6 inches high, triangular. Spikt % 
inch long much compressed. 

Sec. n. Cipzrus proper- — Style 3-cleft. Spikes many-flowered. Achenium tri- 
angular. 

* Stamen 1 : umbel contracted or sessil-e. 

4. C. inflexus, Muhl. Odorous Galingah. 

Dwarf, io tufts; spikes oblong-liuear, about 8-flowered, collected in 2 or 3 ovate 
heads; scales oblong, tapering into a long recurved point; involucre 8-leaved, very 
long. 

Sandy shores. Aug. Ann. Culms 2 to 5 inches high, densely clustered. Leaves 
linear, as long as the culm. Umbel often sessile. Spikzlets yellowish. Plant 
•weet-secnted like Me [Hot iu drying. 

• * Stamens 3 : culm triangular. 

5. C strigosus, L. Tall GalingaJe. 

Culm mostly stout, tuberous at the base ; umbel simple or -compound, many- 
rayed; rays numerous, elongated; spikes linear-lanceolate, flat, 8 to 10-fiowered, 
very numerous: scales oblong-lanceolate, strongly nerved, acutish. 

Low and cultivated grounds, very common. Aug., Sept. Culm. 1 to 3 feet high. 
Spikes 1 to 2 inches long, consisting of 20 to 80 spikelets. Scales loosely imbricate, 
yellowish on the sides. 

6. C dentatus, Torr. Toothed Galingale. 

Culm slender; umbel 4 to 7-rayed, compound; spiles 3 to 6 on each partial ray, 
•clustered, oblong or ovate.lanceolate, flat, 6 to 30-flowered; scales strongly keeled, 
with very acute tips; joints of the axis naked; achenium obovate, minute. 

Sandy swamps. Aug. Rhizoma creeping. Culm 6 to 12 inches high. Leave* 
somewhat rigid, pale yellowish-green. Suties reddish brown on the sides, green on 
the back. 



GYPERAGBM. 397 



7. C. piliculmis, Vahl. Slender-stallced Galingale. 

Culm slender, wiry, often reclined; spikes aumerous and clustered in a dense 
head, or in 1 to 3 additional looser heads on spreading rays, 6 to 10-flowered ; scales 
.ovate, blunt, loose; achcniicrii obovate. 

Dry sterile soil. Aug. Culm 1 foot high, clustered, tuberous at base. Leavel 
linear, dull green. Scales yellowish-green, with a scarious margin. 

* * * Inner scales herbaceous, free. 

S 8. C. erythrohizos, MuM. Red-rooted Galingale. 

Culm obtusely triangular ; umbel ccmpounu, many-rayed ; involucre 4 to 5-leaved, 
very long; spikes very numerous, crowded in oblong-cylindrical heads, 10 to 18- 
flowered; scales lanceolate, mucronate. 

Wet alluvial bank?. Aug. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, smooth. Leaves shorter than 
theculm. Spikes bright chestnut. colored. Root fibrous, red. 

3. HEMICARPHA, Nees. 

Gr. -fom.i, half, and ZrarpAos, straw or chaff, in allusion to the single inner scaleleton 
one side of the nower. 

Spike many-flowered, ovoid, one or few in a lateral clus- 
ter, sessile. Scales imbricated in many ranks, ovate or 
obovate. Inner scale single behind the flower, very thin. 
Perianth none. Stamen 1. Style 2-cleft. — Low tufted 
■annuals ; the naked culms with bristle-like leaves at the base. 

H. subsquarrosa, Nees. Dwarf Hemicarpha. 

Dwarf; involucre 2-leaved, 1 long as if a continuation of the bristle-like culm, 
the other a minute leaf; spikes 2 or 3 ; scales tipped with a short-recurved point. 

Sandy shores. July. Ciilms 1 to 4 inches high, in dense tufts, leafy at base. 
Leaves setaceous. Spikes v /± inch long, sometimes solitary. Scales very numerous. 

4. ELEOCHARIS, R. Brown. Spike-rush. 

Gr. elos, a marsh, and charis, to delight in; being marsh plants. 

Spike single, terminating the naked culm, many to 
several-flowered. Scales imbricated on all sides in many, 
rarely -2 or 3 ranks. Perianth of 3 to 12 (usually 6) 
bristles, often rough or barbed downwards. Stamens 3-. 
Style 2 or 3 -cleft, bulbous at the base, jointed with the 
apex of the lenticular or mostly obtusely triangular aehem- 
ium. — Chiefly 'perennial leafless herbs, with tufted culms 
sheathed at the base, some of them often sterile from matted or creep- 
ing rootstocks. 

1. E. quadrangulata, R. Brown, Square-stalked 
Spike-rush. 

Culm even, sharply 4-angled, 3 of the sides coneave, the fourth wider and flat; 
tcales broad-ovate, very obtuse ; achenium smooth, crowned with a beaked tubercle 

Shallow water. Aug. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, with purple sheaths at base. 
£lpikc 1 to 134 inch long. Scales with a scarious margin, dotted with purple. 

S2 



898 CYPERACE.E. 



2. E. OBTUSA, Schultes. Obtuse Spike-rush. 

Culms nearly terete, tufted; spiJce globose-ovoid, many-flowered; scales very 
numerous (80 to 130), densely crowded in many rants; style 3-(rarely 2)-clcft 
achenium obovate, shining, tumid-margined, about half the length of the 6 bristles, 
crowned with a broad tubercle. 

Muddy places, very common. July. Culms 8 to 15 inches high. SpiJce thick 
and obtuse. Scales with a green midrib. 

3. E. palustris, R. Brown. Common Spike*rush. 

Culms nearly terete, striate, rising from running rootstocks; fptV.es oblong- 
lanceolate, pointed, many-flowered ; scales ovate-oblong, 1 oosely imbricated in 
several ranks; acheniufn obovate, somewhat shining, crowned with a flattened 
tubercle, shorter than usually 4 bristles. 

Marches and low meadows, common. June — Aug. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, stout 
and tall when growing in the water, or slender and lower when in grassy grounds. 
A very variable species. Spike x /± to % inch long. Scales reddish-brown, with a 
broad and translucent whitish margin and green keeL 

4. E. INTERMEDIA, Schultes. Intermediate Spike-rush. 

Culms capillary, wiry, striats-g rooved, densely tufted from fibrous roots, diffuse- 
ly spreading or reclining ; spike oblong ovate, acutish, loosely 10 to 18-flowcred; 
ScaUs oblong, obtuse, green-keeled, the sides purplish-brown ; achenium »mooth, 
obovoid, tubercled, nearly equalling the 6 bristles. 

Wet slope?, common. July. Culmsycvj numerous, 6 to 12 inches high, jlchen- 
turn light brown. 

5. E. TENUIS, Schultes. Slender Spike-rush. 

Calms almost capillary, erect, sharply 4-angular, the sides concave; spiJce ellip- 
tical, ncutish, 20 to 30-flowered; scales ovate, obtuse, chestnut-purple with a broad 
scaricug margin and green keel; achenium obovate, roughened; bristles 2 to 3, 
half the length of the achenium, or wanting. 

Wet, meadows and bogs, common. July. CulmS to 12 inches high, very slender, 
with 1 or 2 purple sheaths at b;*se. Spike x /± inch long. 

6. E. ACICULARIS, U. Brown. Capillary Spike-rush. 

Culms finely capillary, 4-angular; spike 3 to 8-fiowered ; scales ovate-oblong, 
rather obtuse, greenish with purple sides ; acftenium cbovatc-oblong, rather acuta 
at each end, tumid, with 3-ribbed angles, longer than the 3 or 4 very fugaceoua 
bristles. 

Muddy places, and margins of brooks, common. Juno — Aug. Culm 2 to 8 incha« 
long, clustered, slender. 

5- SCIRPUS, Linn. Bulrush. Club-rush. 

The ancient Latin name'of the Bulrush. 

Spikes many or several-flowered, terete, mostly clustered, 
often appearing lateral from the extension of the involucral 
leaf like a continuation of the culm. Scales regularly 
imbricate on all skies in several ranks. Perianth of 3 to 
G bristles. Stamens 3. Style 2 or 3-eleft, simple at base, 
deciduous. Achenium lenticular or triangular. — Chiefly 

f<erennials, with the culms sheathed at the base, sheaths usually leaf- 
caring, and solitary conglomerated or corymbose spikes. 



CYPERACEiF. 399 



Sec. i. SCBIPTJS proper.— Bristles rigid, mostly barbed downwards. 

1. S. PLANIFOLTUS, Muhl. F lat-leaved (Hub-rush. 

Culms triangular, loosely tufted, leafy at the base ; leaves linear, flat, as long &s 
the culm, rough on the edges and keel; spike ovate or oblong, 5 to 7-flowered, rusty 
color; scales ovate, with a strong green keel prolonged into an awned tip; bristles 
Mo 6, upwardly hairy, as long as the blunt achenium. 

Dry or moi~t woods, rare. June. Culms to 12 inches long, rough on the edges. 
Scales yellowish. 

2. S. PUNGENS,, Vahl. Pungent Cluh-rush. 

Culm sharply 3-angled throughout, with concave sides ; leives 1 to 3, elongated, 
keeled and channelled; spikss 1 to G, capitate, ovoid, long, overtopped by the point- 
el invclu era! leaf; scopes orate, sparingly filiate, 2-cleft at the apex; anthers tipped 
with a minute fringed appendage; style 2-cleft; bristles 2 to 6, shorter than the 
obovate smooth aeheriium. 

Borders of fresh ponds and streams. July. Aug. Culm 1 to 4 feet high. Leave* 
4 to 10 inches long. This is the species used for ru.-h-l uttcm chairs. 

3. S. LACITSTRIS, L. Bulrush. Tall Club-rvsJi. 

Culm large, cylindrical, gradually tapering at theapex; spikes ovate-oblong, nu- 
merous in a compound umbel-like panicle, turned to one side-, rusty brown; scales 
ovati, mueronate; bristles 4 to 0; nchenium obovate, rnucronate. 

Fresh water ponds and lakes. July. Culm 3 to 8 feet high, x / 2 i nca thick at the 
base, tipped with an erect pointed invoiucral leaf, shorter or longer than th« 
panicle. Scales brown, minutely pubescent. 

4. S. D-EBILIS, Pursh. Weak-stalked Club-rusk. 

Culms slender, tufted from fibrous roots, leafless, sometimes 1-leaved at the bpse 
spiJcts ovate, 1 to S in a sessile cluster; scutes round-ovate, greenish-yellow ; style 2 
to S-cleft; bridles 4 to 6, longer than the obovate shining achenium. 

Low grounds, and banks of streams. Aug. Ann. Culms 6 to 12 inches high, 
SpUxlets apparently bur-ting from the side of the culm 2 or 3 inches frern the top. 
Bristles retrorsely hispid. 

5. S. ATROVIRENS, Muhl. Darh-grecn Clul-rush. 

Culm rigid, obtusely triangular, very leafy; leaves broadly linear, flat, rough 
margined ; umbel cymose-decompound, irregular, tbe numerous spikes clustered 
15 to i-0 togethe* in dense heads ; bristles 6, scarcely exceeding the obovoid con~* 
pressed achenium. 

Low grassy ground, common. July. Culm about 2 fret high, leafy nearly to 
tbe top. smooth. Svi'ses ovoid, dark lead-colored or olive-green, turning brownish. 
Involucre of 3 principal leaves, dark-green. 

Szc ir. TRiCHOPHcrrcir, Richard. — Bristles 6, capillary, tortuous, smoothish. 
Stem leafy. « 

6. S. LINEATUS, -Michx. Loosc-ftbicercd Wool-grass. 

Culm triangular, leafy ; leaves linear, flat, rough cm.. ith& margins; umbels termi- 
nal and axillary, loosely cymose-paniclcd, drooping, the terminal with a 1 to 3-leaved 
involucre; spikes oblong, becoming cylindrical, on filiform pedicels-; scales ovate, 
pointed with a green keel. 

Low grounds. July. Culm 1 to 3 feet high. Bristles crisped, scarcely exceeding, 
the scales. 

7. S. Eriopiiorum, Michx. Wool-grass. 

Odni nearly terete, very leafy; leaves narrowly linear, long, rigid; panicle 
decom pound, large, loose; spikes ovate, clustered on the lateral pedicela, woolly 



400 CYPERACEiE. 

at maturity : bristles rusty-colored, much longer than the pointless scales; achen- 
ium short-pointed. 

Wet meadows, common. July, Aug. A somewhat Tariahle speeies 2 to 5 feet 
high, leafy near to the top. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, flat aboTe, rough en the mas- 
gin. (States with the sides brown and the keel green. 

6. EfllOPH ORTJM, Linn. Cotton-grass. 

Gr. enY>n,-woal or cotton, and phora, bearing. 

Spike many-flowered. Scales imbricated all round in 
several ranks. Perianth woolly, of numerous flat hairs, 
much longer than the scales, persistent and forming a silky 
or cotton-like usually white tuft in fruit. Stamens 3. 
Style 3-cleft. — Perennials, with mostly leafy stems, and 
mostly umbelled spikdets, finally clothed with long silky hairs. 

1. E. Virginicum, L. Virginian Cotton-grass: 

Culm rigid, nearly terete below, obtusely triangular above; leaves narrowly- 
linear, elongated, flat; spiles crowded in a dense cluster or head ; u-col rustjvcolor,. 
3 times the length of the scale; stamen 1. 

Bogs and low meadows, common. July, Aug. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, leafy.. 
Scales with pale sides and a green keel. Hairs very numerous, tawny. 

2. E. polystaghyon, L. Broad-leaved Cotton-grass. 

Culm rigid, obscurely triangular; leaves linear flat, or barely channelled below*- 
triangular at the point; involucre 2 or S-leaved; spiles several, on nodding pe- 
duncles, some of them elongated in fruit. 

Bogs and marshes, common. June, ripe in Aug. A variable species. Culm 1 
to 2 feet high, smooth. Scales green, at length brown. Hairs very nvrmercua r 
long, white with a reddish tinge, 1 inch long. 

7. FIMBKISTYLIS, Vahl. 

Lat. fimbria, a fringe, and stylus, a style; from the ciliate style. 

Spikes several to many-flowered. Scales regularly im- 
Bricated in several ranks. Bristles none. Stamens 1 to 
3. Style 2 or 3-cleft, with a thickened or bulb-like base,, 
deciduous. — Perennials with leafy culms, and cymose-um- 
helled spikes, as in Scirpus. 

Sec. i. Eimkristtlcs proper. — Style 2-cleft, mostly fiat and ciliate on the margin, 

» I.. F. laxa, Vahl. 

Culms grooved and flattish, slender; leaves chiefly from the base, narrowly linear, 
flat, channelled^ ciiiate-denticulate, glaucous; umbel simple or compound; involu* 
ere about 3-leaved ; spikes ovate, acute; stamen single; achenium 6 to 8-ridgedon 
each side. 

Low clayey soil. July, Aug. Culm 4 to 12 inches high. Umbel small, some of 
the rays divided. Spikes % inch long. 

Sec. n. Trichelosttlis, Lestib. Style 3-cleft, seperatmg from the triangular 
achenium. 

2. F. autumnal^, Roem. & Schultes. 

Low, tufted; culms flat, often diffusely spreading; leaves flat, very acute,;. in? 



CYPERACE2E. 401 



tiluere 2-leaved; umbel usually decompound ; spaces oblong, acute, single or 2 or 3 
together at the end of the rays ; stamens 2 or 3 ; achenium obovate-triangular. 

Muddy grounds. Aug. — Oct. Cidm S to 12 inches high. Leaves mostly radical. 
Scales rasty-brown with a green kaei. 

3. F. OAPILLARIS, Gray. Capillary Fimbristylis. 

Lotv, densely tufted : c.d.ns capillary, much longer than the bristle-form leaves; 
sheaths hairy at the throat; involucre 2 or Sf-leayed ; umlel compound or 
panicled; spikes OTOid-ohlong ; stamens 2; achenium very obtuse, tipped wi.h the 
minute bulb. 

Sandy fields, common. Aug. Culm 3 i& 8 inches high. Leaves mostly radical, 
rusty-brown vrich a gr^en keel. 

8. CERAT03CH(ENU3, Nees. Hosned Sush. 

Gr. 7:eras, a horn, and schoinos, a rush. 

Spikes 2 to 5-flowered, one perfect, and 1 to 4 staminate. 
Scales few and loosely imbricated, the lower emp^y. Pe- 
rianth of 5 or 6- rigid or cartilaginous bristles. Stamens 
3. Style simple, entirely hardening into a long beak with 
a narrow base, much exserted, and several times longer, than 
the flat and smooth achenium. — Perennials, with 

- 1 in simple or compound terminal 
and c ies. 

1. C. CORNICULATA, N 

id-shaped; stout, unequal, shorter thaiitha 
ash nium. 

Wet places. Aug. Culm 3 to 6 feet 1 uTar. Leaves 12 to 10 inches 

long, % inch wide. . tiling. 

9. KHYNCHOSPORA, Yahl. Beak-rush. 

Gr. rugchos, a snout, and spora, a seed; from the beaked acheniuat 

Spike ovate, few to several-flowered. Scales loosely im- 
bricate, the lower ones smaller and empty. Bristles Q, 
rarely more. Stamens mostly 3. Style 2-cleft. Achen- 
ium lenticular or globular, crowned with the persistent basa 
of the style. — Perennials, with more or less triangular leafy 
culms, and small spikes in terminal and axillary clusters, cymes or 
heads, 

1. R. cymosa, Ntttt. Tufted Bealc-rush. 

C.ilri triangular; leaves linear, fiat: cymes corymbose; spaces crowded and eiua» 
tared; achenium rou-nd-coovate, twice the length of the bristles. 

Low ground3, rare. July, Aug. Gulr.i 12 to IS inches high, slender. 

2. R. ALBA, Yahl. White Bealc-rush. 

Culm triangular aboye ; leaves nearly bristle-form; spiles eeTeral eorymJ)-clus= 
tered, lanceolate; stamens usually 2; achenium oyoid, narrowed $.£ the base, shpxt«3f 
than the 9 to 11 bristles. 
S2* 



402 CYPERACE.E. 

Bogs and swamps, common. July, Aug. Culm slendor, 12 to 20 inches high*- 
smooth. Spikelets about 2-flowered. Scales lanceolate, whitish, when old brownish* 

3. Pu. CAPILLACEA, Torr. Capillary, Beak-rush. 

Oulm triangular, slender; leaves bristle-form <; spiles 3 to 6 in a terminal cluster, 
and mostly Tor 2 on a remote axillary peduncle; achenium oblong-ovoid, stipit-ate,- 
about half the length of the 6 stout bristles.. 

Bogs and rocky river-banks. July. Culm 6 to 9 inches high. Spikelets 1 to 3- 
flowered. /Sbates'light-brown, oblong, mucronate. 

4. E. glomerata, Yahl. Clustered Beak-rush. 

Culm obtusely triangular ; leaves linear, flat; spikes very numerous in distant 
dusters or heads, ovoid-oblong; achenium obovate, margined, narrowed at tho 
base; hrisiles 6, downwardly barbed. 

Low grounds. Aug. Culm. I to. 2 feet high, smooth. Leaves flat, shorter than, 
the culm. Scales lanceolate, brownish. 

10. CLADIUaf, P. Browne. Twig-rush. 

Gt. llados, a twig or branch, application uncertain. 

Spikes ovoid or oblong. Scales few, imbricate in a 
somewhat trifarious manner ; the lowest empty. Bristles^ 
none. Stamens 2- Style 2 or S-cleft, deciduous. 
Achenium ovoid or globular. — Perennials, with leafy stems 

and terminal and axillary corymbs or panicles. 

G. MARICOIDES, Torr. Smooth Twig-rush. Bog^rush. 

Culm obscurely triangular; cysn.es small, compound ; spikes clustered in heads of 
S to S together en 2 to -1 peduncles ; style 3-cleft, with entire lobes. 

Bogs and pone's. July. Culm 2 f et high, nearly smooth. Leaves channelled;, 
with a long compressed point. Scales about 6, brown; 4 lower ones usually empty. 

XL SCLEETA> Linn. KuT-RUsm. 

Gr. slieria, hardness ; from the bony or crusted fruit. 

Flowers monoecious.. Fertile spikes 1 -flowered, usuall- 
ly intermixed with clusters of few-flowered staminate spikes, .. 
Scales loosely imbricated, the lower empty. Stamens li 
to 3. Style 3-cleft.. Achenium globular, seated in a^ 
shallow or saucer-shaped disk.: — Perennials, with triangular 
leafy culms r and fascicled or jmnicled spikes* 

Sec. I. SEOLEBI& proper,— Perianth lobed or a ring, oftan obscure. 

1. S. TRIGLOMERATA, Michx. Three-clustered. -Nut-rush'. . 

Culm broadly-linear leaves roughish ; fascicles of spikes few, terminal and axil- 
lary, in triple clusters, the lower pedancled ; stamens 3; achenium^ ovoid-glubular , ?» 
slightly pointed. 

Low grounds. June, July. Culm 2 ts 3 feet high, leafy. Leaves 2 to 3 linear 
wide, rough on the margin.. Scales purplish. Achenium large and white. 

2. S. PAUCIFLORA, Muhl. Few-flowered Nut-rush. 
Somewhat downy or nearly smooth; leaves narrowly linear; dusters fswrflowwed;. 



GYPBRACBJS. 403 



bracts ciliate ; scales smoothish ; tubercles ot I he perianth in 3 pairs at the base of: 
the shining roughened achenium. 

Swamps and hills. July. O'm. 9 to " inch i high, ronghish atove. Fascicles 
2 or 3; the lower lateral ones when lent pedunclecl. Achenium white, roughs 
■with elevated points. 

Sac. n. Hyroposcm, Nees. I. . : stamens 1 or 2. 

3. S. YERTIClLLATA, Mr.i.i Whorled Nut-rush. 

Smooth ; culm simple, slender an 1 with 1 linear leaves smooth ; fascicle, 4 to %. 
alternate, sessile, distant; Iract.; minute, setaceous;- scales smooth; achenium glo- 
bose, rough-wrinkled, short-pointed. 

Swamps. Ju le — A .v;. Culm 6 to 10 inches high, very slenler, termin&tsd by 
an interrupted spike cr fascicle of 4 to 6 rather distant sessile clusters. Ecj.U3 
purple. 

12. CAPJEX, Linn. Sedge. 

A classical name of obscure signification* 

Spikes one or seyeral, androgynous, monoecious or rare- 
ly dioecious. Scales 6f the spikes 1-flowered, equally im- 
bricated around the axis. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Style. 
single, included : stigmas 2 or 3, elongated, exserted,. 
Ovary inclosed in an inflated sac (perigynium). Achen- 
ium lenticular, plano-convex or, triangular, crowned with tho 
lower portion of the style.- — Perennial herbs, chiefly flower- 
ing in April or May, often growing in wet places, with tri- 
angular culms, grassy leaves usually rough on the margins 
and keel, and bearing the spikes in the axils of green and- 
leaf -I ike or scale- like bracts. 

Sec. i. Spikes staminate at the summit. 
* Stigmas 3, 

1. C. polytricholdss, Mulil. Bristle- stalked Sedge.. 

Culm slender ;. leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm ; spike very small, few-*- 
flowered ; perigynia erect, alternate, oblong, obtuse, slightly nerved, entire at the- 
apex, green, twice the length of the ovate scale. 

Low grounds and bogs, common. Culm a foot high, very slender. FertiU flou%'- 
srs 3 to 8. 

2. C. PEEUNGULATA, Muhl. Peduncled Sedge. 

Spikes about 4, on long peduncles, very remote ; shtaths with green tips much ; 
shorter than the stalks ; ptrigynia with along attenuated base, the orifice minute- 
ly notched, a little longer than the dark purple scale. 

Dry woods and rocky hillsides, rare. Culms 4 to 10 inches high, tufted, prostrate- 
tit maturity. 

3. C UMBELLATA-, Schk Umbe 7 led Sedge. 

Tufted; culms very short; staminate spike short, erect, sometimes with a few- 
pistillate flowers; fertile spikes 4 or 5, ovoid, few-flowered, the uppermost close to 
the sterile spike and sessile, the rest on radical peduncles of about an unequal 
height; perigynia ovoid, 3-angled, acuminate. 

Rocky hillsides. Culms in dense tufta 2 to 6 iuolies high. £eava radical, DAP? - 
low, rough, longer than the culm. 



404 CYPERACE.E. 



4. C. Pennsylvania, Lain. Pennsylvanian Sedge. 

Sterile spikes erect, commonly on a short stalk ; fertile splices usually 2, approxi- 
mate, nearly sessile, ovcid. 4 to C-Sowered ; perigynium roundi^h-ovoid, with a 
short and abrupt minutely-toothed beak about the length- of the ovat« pointed 
chestnut-colored scale. 

Dry -woods and hillsides, common. CvJsis tufted, 4 to 12 inches high, slender, 
Touch above. Laves short, somewhat glaucous. 

5. C. YESTITA, Willd. Short Woolly Sedge. 

Sterile spikes 1 or 2. the uppermost cylindrical, short-stalked : fertile spikes 1 or 
2, approximate, sessile, OToid or oblong ; perigynia QTcid, downy, nerved, short- 
beaked, a little longer than the ovate pointed scale. 

Sandy soils, rare. Culms about 2 feet high, tufted. Leaves flat, shorter than 
the culms, rough. 

6. C. tentaculatAj Mulil. Lortg-ppinted Sedge. 

Sterile spikes solitary ; fertile spiles 2 or 3, ovoid, oblong, or cylindrical, densely 
flowered, approximate and diverging horizontally: perigynia crowded, ovoid, in- 
flated, very long-beaked, 2- teethed at the r than the long-subulate 
6cale. 

Wet meadow?, common. Cnhn 12 to IS inches high, triangular, rough on the 
angles. Leaves bright green, longer than th«s culm. 

7. C. INTUMESCENS,' Rudge. Swollen Sedge. 

Sterile spikes oblong, peduncled"; fertile spikes 1 or 2, ovoid, loosely 5 to S-flowered,- 
elosely approximated, sessile, or the lower on a very shortly exserted peduncle; 
perigynia ovoid, erect-spreading, tapering into a long beak, much longer than the 
ovate cuspidate scale. 

Wet grounds, common. Culm slender, 15' to 20 inches high, with 1 to 3 fertile 
spikes closely crowded together, i . i-iin.-ar, rough on- the margin. 

8. C. FOLLieuLATA, L. Tall Yellow Sedge. 

Sterile spike solitary, small, short-stalked, or sessile : fertile *pil ; 3 r '-. n 
very remote, the lower on exserted peduncles ; perigynia erect-spreading, tapering- 
to a long point, exceeding the ovate white long 

Swamps. Calm 2 to -i i l high, leafy. Leaves flat, smooth, ^.inch wide, yellow- 
ish. Bracts long, foliaceous. 

9. C. ltjpulina, Mu lil. Hop-like Sedge.. 

Sterile sjrikes short-peduncled; fertile ?pi 7 :s 2 cr S, oblpng-ovt : h erect, the upper 
approximate, the lower on more or less exserted b( I : x erect, inflexed, 

long-beaked, much longer than the lanceolate awaed scale. Var. 1. psdunculata, 
Beck. Fertile spiles all peduncled, distant; the 3 iipper aubumbellate. 

Swamps and wet meadows, not common. A coarse robu-t species 2 to 3 feet high^ 
with very thick culms, long bright green leaves, and very thick spikes 2 or 3 inches 
in lengths 

10. C YESICARTA, L. 

Staminate spikes 2 or 3; fertile spikes mostly 2, oBIong; or cylindrical, stout, ap- 
proximate, the upper sessile, the lower on a short rough staik; perigynia obiong- 
ovoid, 17-nerved at base, 10-nerved above, with a short tapering beak, braadir 
than the long pointed scale. 

Marshes, rare. Chester County, Darlimrton. A bright green plant about 2 feet 
high. Culm sharply angled and" rough, shorter than the leaves. 

11. C. SCABRATA, Schweinitz. Rovgh Sedge. 

Ftriilt spikes 4. or 5, cylindrical, erect, rather. distant, densely flowered, the lotrer- 



GYPERACE^. 405 



on long stalks; bracts without sheath3; perigynia- ovoid*, contracted at the base, 
few-nerved, rough with an oblique notched beak, longer than the ovate brown 
6cale. 

Wet meadows and swamps. Culm IS inches high, and' with the dark green Agaves 
and bracts very rough. 

12. C. debilis, Miclix. Weak Sedge. 

Sterile sjnkes solitary, occasionally fertile at the apex ; fertile spikes with loos© 
alternate flowers, on a somewhat zigzag rachis; perigynia oblong, tapering at each 
end twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate awned scales. 

Maoist meadows. June. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, weak and 3lender, sometime* 
procumbent, leafy. Leaves narrow. 

13. C. ollgocarpa, Schk. Few-fruited Sedge. 

Sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes small, 3 to 8-flowered ; style rery 
short, thickened towards the base ; perigynium roundish-triangular, with a slightly 
oblique point. 

Woods. O'ulm 6 to 12 inches high, erect- Leaves longer than the culm, rough o& 
the edge, dark green. Sheaths smooth. 

14. C. plantaginea, Lam. Plantain-like Sedge. 

Sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes mostly 4, oblong, 5 to 8-flowered ; 
tracts very short, dark purple or the lowest greenish at the apex; perigynia oblong, 
acute at each end, recurved at the apex. 

Sbady woods- Culm 8 to 20 inches high, erect. Leaves radical, broad, strongly 
3-nervcd. 

15. C. granularis, Muhl. Round-fruited Sedge. 

Sterile spike sessile, or short-stalked, occasionally bearing a few fertile flowersr 
fertile spikes 3 or 4, cylindrical, densely flowered, remote, the 2 lowest peduncled ;: 
perigynia roundish-ovoid, nerved, minutely pointed; bracts longer than the culm. 

Wet meadows, common. Culm 10 to 15 inches high, erect or somewhat decumbent^ . 

16. C. ANCEPS, Willd. Pale Sedge. 

Sterile spike solitary, triangular; fertile spikes 2 to 4, slender, loosely flowered; 
perigynia ovoid, narrowed at each end. Var. 1. Stkiatula has the spikes oblong,, 
more densely flowered, and the perigynia obovoid with a shorter point. (C. blanda,. 
Dew.) 

Open woods, common. Culm 6 to T2 inches high, triangular, leafy near the base , . 
Leaves as long as the culm, pale-green and somewhat glaucous. 

17. C. bullata, Schk. Inflated Sedge. 

Sterile spikes 2 or 3; fertile spikes 1 or 2, mostly 1, approximated, oblong or cylin- 
drical, stout, sessile or on short, smooth stalks : perigynia spreading, ovoid, long- 
beaked, twice as Ion? as the lanceolate scale,. 

Wet meadows. Culm 1V£ to 2% feet high, triangular, rough above, leafy. 
Bracts and laves narrow, about as long as the culm. 

18. C. hysteriginAj Willd. Porcupine Sedge- 

Sterile spike solitary; fertile spikes % to 4, oblong-cylindrical, densely flowered,, 
the uppermost nearly sessile, the lower on long stalks, at length nodding; perigynia- 
ovoid, inflated, spreading, many-nerved, beaked, twice as long as the oblong awned 
ecalcs. 

Wet meadows. A pale or yellowish-green plant, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves long, . 
Unear-lan»eolate. Fertile spikes % to 1% inch long. 



406 cyperaceje. 



* Stigmas 2. Spikelets mostly iterik at the summit. 

19. C. bkomoides, Sclik. Brome-like Sedge. 

Splices 4 to 6, alternate, oblong-lanceolate; some of the central cues wholly fertile ; 
ptrigynia erect, narrow-lanceolate, with a tapering point, longer than the lanceo- 
late scale; style jointed at the base; 

Swampy grounds, common. Culm 12 t6 18 inches high, slender, rough above. 
Soak light brown. Occasionally di-jeeious. 

20. . C. vulpinoidea, Michx. Fox Sedge. 

Spike oblong and dense, or more or less interrupted, of 8 to 10 crowded clusters r 
ptrigynia ovate from a broad base, with a more or less abrupt beak, diverging at 
maturity ; scale ovate, cuspidate. 

Low grounds, common. Culm 18 to 2i inches high, obtusely triangular above/ 
leafy. Spikes V/^ to 2^ iucbes long. 

21. C. stipata, Muhl. Beaked Sedge. 

Spiles 10 to 15 aggregated, or the lower ones distinct and sometimes compound;: 
pcrigyma lanceolate, with a long beak tapering from a truncate base, longer than 
the scale. 

Swamps and low grounds, common. Culm 1 to 3 feet high, thick and succulent- 
Spike 2 inches long, straw-color. 

22.. C. ROSEA, Schk. Rose Sedge. 

Spikes 4 to 6, the uppermost approximate, the others all distinct and the lowest 
often remote ; ppiff&ma oblong, S to 10 in each spike, narrow at the base, rough 
©n the margin, twice as long as the ovate obtuse scale. 

Moist woods and m '.-adows, c—mmon. Culm 12 to 15 inches high. Spiles yellow- 
ish-green. Varies with weak slender 1 culms, and small 3 to 4 flowered spikes. 

23. C. RETHOFLEXA, Mukl. Retroflexed Sedge. 

Spikes 4 or c T all approximate r the 1 or Slowest distinct but not remote : ptrigynia 
about 5 to 7 in each spike, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, smooth on the margin, spread- 
ing or rcflexed, not much exceeding the ovate-lanceolate pointed scale. 

Mcist meadows and pastures. Culm 12 to 15 inches high, slender. 

24. C. CEPHALOPliO&A, Mulil. Oval-headed Sedge. 

Spiles 5 or 6, small, and densely aggregated into a short ovoid head; ptrigynia; 
broadly ovate, with 2 or 4 distinct nerves on the outer sid8, scarcely longer than* 
the ovate roughly-pointed scale; achenium roundish-ovate; style short tumid at 
the base. 

Woods and fields, common. Culm 1 to 2 &et high, leafy at base. "Whole plant 
green . 

25. C. CAESPITOSA, L. Smaller Bog. Sedge. 

Sterile npikes solitary or sometimes 2, cylindrical-oblong; fertile spikes mostly 3 
eylindric, obtuse, distant, the lower on a short exsert peduncle; perigynium ovoid 
or oval, scmewhat acute, smooth, mostly longer than the oblong obtuse blackish 
scale. 

Mountain bags* Culm 12 to IS inches high, slightly round above. Leaves flat,, 
light green. Beck. 

26. C. crinita, Lam. Fringed Sedge. 

Sterile spiles 1 or 2, often with fertile flowers variously intermixed; fertile rpike* 
8 to 5, long-cylindrical, densely flowered, on exserted nodding stalks ; bracts longer 
than the culm ; ptrigynia roundish-obovate, slightly inflated, obscurely neiredy 
shorter than the oblong light-brown scale.. 



crwBRACs.fi. 4-07 



Wet meadows and borders of rilla, common. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, sharply 
angied, with pale leaves abeut ^ inch wide. Fertile spikes 2 to 3 inches long. 

27. C. stricta, Lam. 

Sterile spikes 1 to 3; this fertile 2 to 4, cylindrical, slender, usually barren at the 
summit, sessile or the lower on a short stalk; lower bracts auricled, seldom ex- 
ceeding the culm; perigynia ovate acuminate or elliptical, with a short, entire, or 
slightly notched point, usually shorter and broader than the reddish-brown scale- 

Wet meadows and swamps, common. Culm 2 to 2j/£ feet high, slender sharply 
triangular, rough. Leaves shorter than the culms, narrow, rigid, rough and glau- 
cous. Grows inlarge thick tufts. 

28. C alopecoidea, Tuckerman. Fox-tail Sedge. 

Head of 8 to 10 aggregated spikes, oblong, dense : perigynia compressed, obscure- 
ly nerved, ovate, somewhat longer than the scale; achenium pyriform. 

"Woods not common. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, rough on the angles. Spike yellow- 
ish-green. 

Bsc. n. Spikes pistillate at the summit. 

•Stigmas % 

29. C. Fraseri, Simg. Fraser's Sedge, 

Sp&e simple, ovoid ; perigynium ovoid-subglobose, entire at the point, striate, 
longer than the oblong scale. 

Mountains. Calm about a foot high, sheathed at base. Leaves radical, broad, 
wavy. Beck. 

80. C STELLULATA, Good. Star-like Sedge. 

Spikes 3 to 5, distinct, obovoid or roundish at maturity ; perigynia ovate, acumi- 
nate, scabrous on the margin, at length spreading horizontally, longer than the 
ovate acute scale ; achenium oblong or ovate ; style slightly tumid at the base. (C. 
•scirpeides, Schk.) 

Swamps and wet meadows, common. Culm 8 to 18 inches high, stiff, leafy be- 
low. A variable plant embracing several nominal varieties, some of which occa- 
sionally bear dioecious spikee. 

31. C. scop aria, Schk. Broom-like Sedge. 

Spikes 5 to 8, club-shaped, at length ovate, more or less appi-oximate, sometimes 
forming a dense head; perigynia narrowly lanceolate, tapering into a long slender 
teak, longer than the lanceolate pointed scale. 

Low meadows, common. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, triangular rough above. Leaves 
long and narrow. Spike brownish or straw-colored when ripe. 

32. C. LAGOPODIOIDES, Schk. Hare's-foot Sedge. 

Sp-Jce 10 to 15, approximate, alternate and sessile; perigynia ovatedanceelate, 
twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate scale; achenium narrowly oval, on a short 
stalk. Var. cristata has the spikes closely aggregated, with the perigynia spreading. 

Wet fields, common. Culm 1 to iy % feet high, furrowed. SpUce sub-cylindrie 
when young. 

S3. C. 6TRAMINEA, Schk. Straw-colored Sedge. 

Spikes about 6, roundish-ovoid, approximate ; perigynia orbicular-ovate, much 
-compressed, broadly and membranaceous!/ winged, somewhat longer than the 
lanceolate scale ; achenium sessile, ovaL 

Wet meadows, borders of woods and fields. A variable species, including several 
aoaainal species. 



408 GRAMINE.E. 



** Stigmas 3. 

84. C. Shoetiana, Dew. Short's Sedge. 

Spikes about 5, cylindrical, erect, more or less distant, and the lowest rather re- 
mote, all androgynous and densely flowered-; perigynia broadly-obovate, abruptly 
contracted at the base into a short stalk, but little longer than the short-pointed 
gomewhat obovate scale. 

Marshes, Southern part3 of the State. 

35. C. miliacea, MuM. Millet-lihe Sedge. 

Sterile, spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes 3, slender, cylindrical, on filiform 
nodding peduncles; perigynia ovoid triangular, slightly beaked, entire at the 
orifice, as long as the ovate-lanceolate scale. 

Wet meadows. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, slender, leafy below. Leaves narrow, 
about as long as the culm, yellowish-green. 

36. C. squarrosa, L. Squarrose Sedge. 

Fertile spikes ovoid or oblong, obtuse and very thick, rigidly erect on short stalks; 
perigynia longer than the lanceolate pointed scales, which are nearly concealed by 
the crowded ba?es of the fruit. 

Low meadows. Culm 2 feet high, triangular, rough, leafy. Spike 1 to 2 inchas 
long, y A to % ineh in diameter, densely flowered. 

Order 133. GR IMMEiE — Grass Family 

Grasses, with usually hollow stems (culms) closed at the joints, alternate 2ranke& 
leaves, their sheaths split or open on the side opposite the blade ; the hypngynous flow- 
ers imbricated with 2 ranked glumes or bracts. Stamens 1 to 6, commonly 3: ak- 
thers versatile, 2-celled. Styles mostly 2 or 2-parted: stigmas feathery or hairy. 
Ovart 1-celled, forming a seed-like grain (caryopsis) in fruit. Flowers green, m 
amall spikelets, arranged in a spiked raceme or panicled manner. 

1. LEEESIA, Solander. White Grass. 

Named in honor of 7. D. Leers, a German botanist. 

SpfKELETS 1-flowered, perfect, flat. Glumes none. Pa- 
LEiE (outer perianth) conipressed-carinate, awnless, bristly 
ciiiate. Stamens 1 to 6. Stigmas feathery, the hairs 
branching. — Perennial marsh-grasses with jlat tcaves } which 
with the sheaths are rough upwards. 

1. L. orysoides, Swarta. Cut-grasz. False Rice. 

Panicle diffusely branched, often sheathed at the base ; flowers elliptical, with 3 
itamens; palcoz strongly bristly ciiiate. 

Wet places, common. Aug., Sept. Culm retrorsely scabrous, 3 to 5 feet high. 
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, very rough with hooked prickles. Panicle wiih 
many widely spreading and liexuous branches. 

H. L. Virginica, Willd. White Grass. 

Panicle simple, the lower branches spreading, the flowers closely appressed and 
gomewhat imbricated on the slender branches ; flowers oblong, with 2 atameni; 
jpakce sparingly ciiiate, greenish-White. 



GRAMINEyE. 409 



Wet wood?. Aug. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, slender, branched, erect or decumhent. 
Leaves linear-lanceolate, rough.. Panicle terminal, at length much exserted. 

2. ZIZANIA, Gronov. Wild Rice. 

Gt. Zizanion. the ancient name of some wild grass. 

^Flowers monoecious, the stauaijiate and pistillate in 1- 
flowered spikelets in the same panicle. Glumes none, or 
only rudimentary. Pale.e 2, herbaceous, concave, awnless 
in the sterile. Stamens 6. Stigmas pencil-form. — Large 
and oft m reed-like water-grosses, with the spikelets jointed with the 
clavate pedicels, very deciduous. 

1. Z. AQUATICA, L. Indian Rice. Water Oats. 

Panicle pyramidal; the lower branches spreading and stammate. the upper erect 
and pistillate; pedicels strongly club-shaped ; lower palece iong-awned, rough ; .styles 
distinct. 

Swampy borders of streams and in shallow water. Aag. Ann. Culm 3 to 9 
feet high, stout terete, smooth. Leaves 2 to 3 feet long, linear-lanceolate. Panicle 
terminal, a foot or more long. Grain lintar, slender, % inch long ; gathered for 
food by the North-western Indians. 

2. Z. miltacea, Michx. Millet-like Water-Rice. 

Pc.m&e diffuse, pyramidal; staminate and pistillate flowers intermixed; axons 
short; styles united; grain orate. 

Swamps, &c. Aug. Per. Culm ersct, 6 to 10 feet high. Leaves involute^ very 
Jong, narrow, glaucous. Panicle terminal, large. 

3. ALOPECURUS, Linn. Fox-tail Grass. 

Gr. alcpsx, a fox, and cura, tail; in allusion to the form of the spike. 

Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes % boat-shaped, and 
"keeled, nearly equal, united at the base, equalling or exceed- 
ing the lower paleae, which is awned ou the back below the 
middle ; uppor palese none. Stamens 3. Styles mostly 
united : stigmas long and feathered. — Panicle spiked, cylin* 
dricj terminal. 

A. ARISTULATUS, Michx. Wild Water-Foxtail. 

Glaucous; palece rather longer than the obtuse glumes, which are wedge-shaped 
at the base, and hairy on the back and margin ; awns twice as long as the flower; 
anthers oblong. 

Wet meadows, rare. June, Aug. Per. Culm 12 to 18 inches high, ascending, 
knee-jointed at the base, smooth, terete. Leaves linear-lanceolate, very acute. 
fjpike nearly 2 inches long, pale. 

4. PHLEUM, Linn. Timothy, 

An ancient Greek name. 

Glumes 2, much longer than the palese, distinct, equal, 
fcoat-sbaped, beaked or mucronate. PalejE 2 ; included in 
T2 



410 GR AMINE iE. 



the glumes, awnless, truncate. Styles distinct. — Sjpikt 
very dense, cylindric. 

P. PRATENSE, L. Timothy. Herd's- Grass. 

Spike cylindrical, elongated ; glumes eiliate on the back, truncate, tipped with a 
bristle less than half their length. 

Meadows, &c, naturalized, and much cultivated. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, simple, 
Bmeoth. Leaves fiat, smooth and glaucous. Spike green. Antlttrs purplish. 
Esteemed very valuable for hay. 

5. VILFA, Adans. Rush-Grass. 

Spikelets 1-flowered, in a contracted or spiked panicle. 
Glumes 1-nerved, carinate ; the lower one smaller. Paleje 
2, much alike ; the lower one 1-nerved, rather acute, longer 
than the glumes; the upper 2-keeled. Stamens mostly 2. 
Stigmas simply feathery. Grain oblong or cylindrical, 
deciduous. — Calms wiry or rigid: learns involute, their 
sheaths often enclosing the lateral panicle. F looser nearly sessile in 
the glumes. 

1. Y. VAGINiEFLORA, Torr. Hidden-flowered Rush- Grass. 

Culms slender, ascending; ?eare*involute-awI-shapei -.panicles simple and spiked, 
the lateral and often the terminal concealed in the sheaths; gbumts equal, abo*t 
as large as the paleas. 

Sandy soils. Sept., Oct. Ann. Culmi a^out a foot high, tuftvd. Leaves with 
a slender point. Punide oblong compressed, few-Ucwered. Anthers purple. 

2. V. ASPERA, Beauv. Rouj/i-hiiel Rush- Grass. 

Loved leaves very lonj. rigid, rough on, the edges, tapering to a long involute 
and filiform point; the upper ones short, involute; sJieaths partly inclosing the 
■contracted panicle; pal'ce mueh longer than the unequal glumes. 

Sandy fields and dry hills. Sept. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, simple, terete. Leave* 
1 to 2 feet long. Panicle lateral and terminal. Polos rough above, smooth o* 
hairy below, of greatly variable proportions. 

6. SPOROBOLUS, R. Brown. Drop-seed Grass. 

Gr. spora, seed, and ballo, to cast forth. 

Spikelets l-(rarely 2)-flowered, in a contracted or open 
panicle. Flowers nearly as in Vilfa ; the paleae longer 
than the unequal glumes. Stamens 2 or 3. Grain a 
globular utricle, containing a loose seed, deciduous. 

S. JUNCEUS, Kunth. Rush-like Drop-seed Grass. 

Leaves involute, narrow, rigid, the lowest elongated ; culm naked above, bearing 
a narrow loose panicle; glumes ovate, rather obtuse, the lower one half as long as 
- the upper one. 

Pry soil Aug. Culm 1 to 2 feet high. Spikelets 1 to 2 lines long ; shining. 



GEAMINE^. 411 



7. AGliOSTIS, Linn. Bent-Grass. 

Gr. agros, a field ; the place of growth. 

Spikelets 1-ilowered, in an open panicle. Glumes 
somewhat unequal, usually longer than the palese, pointless. 
Paleje very thin, pointless, naked * the lower 3 to 5-nerved, 
mostly awned on the back; the upper often minute or want- 
ing. Stamens mostly 3. Grain free. — Culms usually: 
tufted, slender, bearing a diffuse panicle. 

Sec. I. Trichoeium, Jlichx. — Upper palece none, or obsolete. 

1. A. SCABRUM, Muhl- Rough Thin-grass. 

Culm geniculate at base, assurgent ; leaves flat, linear-lanceolate, scabrous on 
the margin; panicle at length diffusely spreading, pale green, the branches short ;; 
glumes unequal, longer than the awnless palere. (A. perennans, Gray.) 

Damp 6haded places. July, Aug. Per* Culms \ to 2. feet high. Leaves I to 6 
inches long, 1 to 2 lines wide.. 

2. A. laxiplorum, Michx, Hair-grass. 

Culms very slender, erect: leaves short and narrow, lance-linear, the lower soon 
involute; panicle very loose and divergent, purplish ; glumes unequal acute, longer 
than the awnless or short-awned pale£e. 

Dry fields, common. May, June. Per. Calm 18 inches high. Lower leaves 3 
to 6 inches long, becoming filiform. Spilelets clustered at the extremeties of the 
branchlets. A somewhat variable species. 

Sec. ii. Aseostis proper.— Upper paleai manifest. 

3. A. VULGARIS, With. Red-top. Herd's-grast. 

Roottfoclis creeping; panicle. oblong,.with spreading short branches; ligulexeTj 
short, truncate ; lower palcas nearly equalling the glumes, chiefly awnless, 3-nerved . 
(A. hispida, Willd.) * 

Low meadows, introduced. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, mostly upright. Leaves linear 
Panicle purple, 4 to 6 inches long. A valuable grass. 

4. A. alba, L. White Bent- Grass. Fiar in- Grass. 

Panicle narrow, contracted after flowering, the branches rough; ligule oblong or 
linear; lower paleai rather shorter than the glumes 5-nerved, awnless, or rarely 
short-awned on the back. 

Moist meadows and fields, introduced ; native northward. July. Culm 1 to 2 
feet high, ascending, rooting at. the lower joints. Panicle greenish-white or. bare- 
ly tinged with purple. A valuable grass. 

8. CINNA, Linn. Wood Heed-Grass. 

Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened, crowded in an open 
panicle. Glumes lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, nearly 
equal. Paleje 2, nearly equal, compressed, shortly stipi- 
tate, naked at the base, the lower one longer than the upper, 
short-awned near the summit. Stamen 1, opposite the up- 
per palese. Grain linear-oblong, free. — Perennial, rather 
sweet-scented grasses, with simple upright culms, bearing a large 
compound, terminal panicle, and linear -lanceolate Jlat leaves.. 



412 GRAMINEJS. 



C. ARUNDINACEA, L. Common Wood Reed- Grass. 

Panicle spreadiug, mostly contracted in fruit; lower glume and the upper palem 
about % shorter than the lower paleae. 

Moist grounds. Aug. Culm sim pie, smooth, 2 to 5 feet high. Leaves a foot or 
more in length, linear-lance >lafe, rough on the margin. Panicle 8 to 12 inches 
long. Flowers gEcen or purplish. 

9. MUHLENBEEGIA, SchreBor. Drop-seed Grass.. 

Dedicated to the Rev. Dr. JHuhhiiburg , a distinguished American botanist. 

Spikelets 1-flowered, in contracted or rarely open pani- 
cles. Glumes mostly acute, persistent;, the lower rather- 
smaller, or minute. Flower very short-stalked or sessile in 
the glumes. Pale^ usually bearded at the base, deciduoug 
with the inclosed grain, often equal ; the lower 3-nerved, 
mucronate or awned at the apex. Stamens 3. — Chiefly 
perennials, with branched and often diffuse rigid culms and short 
narroiv leaves.. 

1. M. SOBOLIFERA, Gray. Shooting Muhlenberg ia. 

Culms ascending, sparingly branched ; panicle contracted, filiform, simple, with' 
oppressed alternate branches; glumesYtaxely pointed, almost equal, y± shorter than, 
the equal palere; lower pa'eai macronats at the tip.. 

Open rocky woods. Aug. . Cjrim 2 feet high, producing young, shoots from the 
roots. Leaves pale green, somewhat scabrous. Panicle with the flowers rather 
crowded^ 

2. M. MEXICANA, Trim Mexican Muhlenbcrgia. 

Culms ascending, much branched ; panicles lateral and terminal, often included' 
at the base, contracted, dense-flowered ; glumes acuminate awnless, unequal ; palm 
about as long as the glumes, equal, awnless. 

Moist grounds. Aug. Root creeping. Culms 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves broad- 
linear, flat. Panicles. numerous, terminating the branches, pale green or purplish*- 

3. M. sylvatiga, Ton*. & Gr. Wood Muldenbergia. 

Culms ascending, much branched and diffusely spreading; panicle slender, con- 
tracted, densely-m .ny-tlowered; glumes almost equal, bristle-pointed, nearly aa- 
long as the lower long-awned*paleee; 

Low or rocky woods, common. Sept. Root .creeping, Culm 2 to 4 feet high. 

4. M. WlLLDENpWII, Trin. 

Culms upright, slender, simple or sparingly branched; panicle contracted, slen- 
der, loosely flowered; glumes slightly unequal, short-pointed, half the length of 
the lower long awned paleae. (Agrostis tenuiflora, Wdld.) 

Rocky woods. A g. Boot creeping. Culm 3 fet high, with swelled and pube- 
scent joints. Leaves few, spreading, strongly nerved. 

5. M. diffusa, Schreber. Drop-seed. Nimble Will. 

Culms diffusely much branched ; panicles contracted, slender, rather loosely 
many-flowered, terminal and lateral; glumes very minute, the lower obsolete, the 
upper truncate; aw a about twice as long as the paleae. 

Dry hills and woods. Aug., Sept. Culm 8 to 18 inches high, compressed. Leavep 
jpugh. Bristle purplish. 



graminbjE. 418 



BO. BRACHYELYTRUM, Beauv. Short-husk Grass. 

Or. brachuS; short, and elytron, husk ; from the very short glumes. 

Spikelets 1 -flowered, with a filiform pedicel of an abor- 
tive second flower, few in a simple appressed raceme. Lower, 
glumes obsolete. Pale^ involute., inclosing the linear- 
oblong grain, somewhat equal, the lower 5-nerved, the upper-' 
2-poiuted. Stamens 2; 'the linear anthers and stigmas 
very long. — A perennial grass, with simple culms, rather 
downy sheaths, broad and fiat lanceolate pointed leaves, and large 
spikelets. 

B. aristatum, Beauv. 

Calm erect, from creeping rootstocksj panicle simple, loose. 

Rocky wood?, common. June. Culm 1 to 3 foot high, Vendor. Leaves i to 8 
inches long. Lowdr paleai with a Tory long awn. Spikelets y 2 inch long. 

11. CALAMAGROSTIS, Adans. Reed Bent-Grass, 

Gr. calamas, a reed, and agrosiis, a grass. 

Spikelets 1 -flowered, in an open, contracted, or spiked 
panicle. Glumes 2, keeled or boat-shaped, often acute, 
nearly equal. Paleje 2, mostly shorter than the glumes, 
surrounded with a copious tuft of wl ite bristly hairs; the 
lower one bearing, a slender awn on the back or below the 
tip, rarely awnless. Stamens 3. Grain free.— Perennials, 
with running rootstocks, and mostly tall and simple rigid flowers. 

1. C. Canadensis, Beauv. Canadian Reed- Grass. 

Panicle oblong, loose; lower pal wnexrly as long, as the lanceolate acute glumes, 
bearing an exceedingly delicate awn below the middle ; rudimentary pedicel minute. 
(Arundo Canadensis, Michx.) 

Wet grounds. July. Rather glaucous. Culm 3 to 5 feet high. Leaves a foot 
long, flat, narrow. Panicle erect, mach divided, at length spreading, often purplish. 

2. C. CONFINIS, Nutt. Close-flowered Reed- Grass. 

Panicle elongated, narrow, the branches appressed after flowering, pale ; lower 
paleoz nearly equalling the oblong lanceolate acute glumes, with a rather stout and 
slightly exjertad awn between the middle and the base ; pappus nearly as long aa 
the flower. 

Swamps. July. Culm erect, simple, about 3 feet high. Leaves about ^ iu«h 
wide, »mooth. Panicle 5 to 8 inches long. 

3. C. COARCTATA, Torr. Glaucous Reed- Grass. 

Panicle contracted, dense ; lower paleoz shorter than the acuminate tips of the 
lanceolate glumes, awned; pappus %, as long as the flower. 

Wet meadows. Aug. Culm 3 to 5 feet high, simple, somewhat glaucous. Leaves ■■ 
linear-lanceolate, scabrous and somewhat hairy. Panicle 5 to 6 inches long,. 

12. STIPA, Linn. Feather-Grass. 

Gr. stypa, tow ; in allusion to the flaxen appearance of the feathery awns of som» 
of the species * 

Spikelets 1-flowered: the flower gtipitate. Lower pa? 
T2* 



414 



GRAMINE.E. 



LEiE coriaceous, cylindric-involute, closely embracing the 
smaller upper one and the cylindrical grain, bearing a long 
and twisted simple aw r n r jointed with its apex. Stamens 
mostly 3. Stigmas plumose.— Perennials, with narrow in- 
volute leaves and a loose panicle. 

S. AVENACEA, L. Blach Oat- Grass. 

Culm slender, leafy at thsbase; leaves nearly bristle-form; panicle spreading 
somewhat one-sided; palccs. blackish, nearly a3 long as the pointed glumes; awn 
Tery long, naked. 

Dry or sandy wood?. July. Culm 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves mostly radical, 6 tp 
8 inches long. Panicle nodding. Awn 2 to 3 inches long. 

13. ARISTIDA, Linn. Triple-awned Grass. 

An ancient Latin name, from arista, a beard or awn. 

Flowers stipitate. Glumes unequal, often brisile- 
pointed. Lower PALEiE tipped with a triple awn ; the up- 
per much smaller. Scales 2, entire, smooth. — Annuals or 
perennials, with branching cuius, narrow, of ten involute leaves, ar.d 
racemed panicles, . 

1. A:. DICHOTOMA, MIchx. Poverty Grass. 

Culms in tufts, much fork-branched; tpiJcelets i:i sh'.rt contrac+cd racemes;: 
flower rather shorter than the glumes ; lateral awns very short, the middle not 
longer .than the paleas, beat down.. 

Sterile foils. Au^r. Ann. Cuhn 5 to 15 inches high. Leaves fiat, very slender, 
smoothiih. Eacem.es on club-sh;;pid peduncle 3. 

%, A. purfurascens, Poir. Purple Three-awncd Grass. 

Culms mostly simple, filiform, erect ; leaves very narrow, fiat; panicle spiked, 
densely flowered ; noons nearly equal, 3-.or 4 timas the length of the palese, the 
middle one rather longest. 

Sandy fields and woods. Sept. Per. Culm .2 to 3 feet high, clothed with long : 
smooth leaves below, I'anicle 1 foot long, purple. . 

14. SPABTINA, Schreber. Cord or Marsh Grass. 

Gr. pparlina, a cord; oa account of its long and tough leaves. 

Spikelets imbricate, 1-flowered, much compressed.. 
Glumes and pale^e unequal, awnless. Stamens 3. Styles 
long, mostly united below. — Perennials, icith simple and 
rigid reed likz culms, long, and tough leaves, very smooth sheaths, , 
and racemed spikes. 

1. S. CYNCSUROIDES, Willdi Fresh-water Gord- Grass: 

Leaves very long, filiform. at the end, keeled flat, at length convolute ; spikes& to • 
40, scattered, spreading; glumes awn pointed ; style 2-cleft at the summit. 

Banks of .streams and marshes. Aug. Culm 3 to 8 feet high, smooth, terete* 
Staves 2 to 4 ieei long, narrow. %»ike$ linear, % or 3 inches long, straw-cokw, - 



GRAMINE-E. 41& 



2. S. juncea, Willd. Rush-like Cord-Grass. 

Culms low and slender; lea ves narrow and rush-like, strongly involute; spikes 1 
to 5, short-peduucled ; glumes acu t c, rough-serrulate on the back ; palece rather 
obtuse; styles distinct nearly to the base. 

Bait marshes and river banks. July, Aug. Root creeping, forming thick tufts. 
Culm 1 to 2 feet high, rigid, smooth. Leaves 6 to 10 inches long, smooth. Spikn 
dually 3. 

15. ATHEROPOGON, Muhl: 

Gr. ather, a bristle, andpogon, a beard; the beards being bristle-liks. 

Spikelets one-sided, nearly sessile, alternate, 2 or 3-- 
flowered, the terminal flower abortive. Glumes 2, mem- 
branaceous, unequal ; the lower shorter. Lower TALYM 3- 
nerved, 3-toothed at the apex, the upper 3 -nerved and 2- 
toothed. Abortive flowers pedicellate, neutral. Sta- 
mens 3. — JSj)ikcs short, arranged in a -raceme. 

A. APLTJDOIDES, Muhl. Bristle-heard Grass. 

Culms erect, in tufts ; sheaths commonly hairy ; leaves narrow, acuminate; spikes 
linear-oblong, almost sessile, horizontal, numerous or rather remote, forming a. 
strict raceme ; rachts tipped with a slender naked point. 

Dry rocky banks, rare. Aug. Per. Culm 1 to 3 feet bigh. Leaves lanceolatj, . 
attenuate at the end. Spikes 20 to 40 on short flat peduncles. Anthers lilgki . 

16. CYNODON, Richard. Bermuda Grass, 

Gr. kuon, a dog, and oclcroS, a tooth. 

Spikelets 1 -flowered, with a naked rudiment of a second; 
flower, imbricate-spiked on- one side of a flattish rachis. 
Glumes keeled, pointless, somewhat unequal. Pale^e 
pointless and awnless, the lower larger, boat-shaped. Sta- 
mens 3. — Low diffusely-branched and creeping perennials, 
with short flattish leaves, and usually , digitate, spikes at the naked 
summit of the flowering culms. 

C Dactylon, Pers. Dog's-tooth Grass. 

Spikes digitate, 3 to 5; paleaz smooth, longer than the blunt rudiment. 
Sandy waste places; introduced. July, Aug. Calm creeping, a foot or nsop&i 
lOng, prostrate. Stigmas dark purple. 

IT. ELEUSINE, Gsert. Crab-Grass. Yard-Gras& 

Gr. Eleusin, the town where Ceres, the goddess of harvests, was worshipped. 

Spikelets sessile, 2 to 6-flowered, with a terminal naked" 
rudiment. Glumes membranaceous, pointless, shorter than 
the flowers. Palece membranaceous, awnless and pointless^ 
\he lower ovate, .keeled, larger than the upper; Stamps 3>. 



416 GR AMINE JE. 



Pericarp free from the oval seed. — Low annuals, with fiat 
leaves, and digitate or clustered 1-sided spikes. 

E. Indica, Gasrt. Dog's-tail Grass. Wire-grass. 

Oulms branched at the base, ascending, flattened; spikes 2 to fc; spikelets about 
5-flowered. 

Yards aud cultivated grounds; introduced. July — Nov. ^Culm 9 to 18 inches 
long. Leaves distichous, linear, somewhat pubescent. Spikes usually 2 to 4, 2 
Inches long, greenish. 

18. TRICUSPID Beauv. 

Lat. tricuspis, three-pointed; alluding to the lower j: i 

Spikelets nearly terete, 3 to 12-flowered, the terminal 
flower abortive. Glumes shorter than the flowers. Lower 
pale^e bifid at the apex, and tricuspidate by the projecting 
keel and marginal nerves, the base villous. Stamens 3. 
Stigmas dark purple, plumose. — Leaves acuminate ; sheaths 
bearded at the throat. Panicle compound, spreading ,• the spikelets 
purplish, often racemed. 

T. sesllrioldes, Torr. Tall Red-top. 

Panicle loose, spreading ; brandies fiexuous, smooth ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 
5 to 6-flomred, nearly terete, shining. 

Sandy fields. Aug. Per. Culm 3 to 5 feet high, erect, smooth. Leaves long, 
flat, ncrred. Pa?iicle very large, at length spreading and pendulous, usually 
purple. 

19. DACTYLIS, Linn, Orchard Grass. 

Gr. dalctylos, a fing ;r ; in allusion to the form of the spike. 

Spikelets 2 to 7-flowered, crowded in one sided clusters, 
forming a branching dense panicle. Glumes unequal; the 
larger keeled, mucronate \ the lower 5-nerved, with a fringed 
keel; upper bifid. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. — Pe- 
rennials, with keeled leaves, and contracted glomzratt panicles. 

D. GLOMERATA, L. Rough Orchard Grass. 

Rough and rather glaucous; leaves broadly linear; branches of the panicle naked 
at the base ; spikelets 3 or 4-flowered. 

Keldsand meadows; introduced from Europe. June. Culm 2. to 3 feet high, 
erect, Panicle glaucous. Good for hay. 

20. KCELEBIA. 

In honor of M. Rosier, a German botanist. 

Spikelets compressed, 2. to 7rflowered. Glumes 2, . 
shorter than the flowers; the lower much narrower, keeled. 
Balea membranaceous, unequal ; the lower acute or obtuse, 
uaawned or with a short awn below the tip ; the upper 2- 



GRAMINEJE. 417 



keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short. — Perennials, 
with simple and tufted culms, often downy sheatfis, and contracted 
or spike like panicles. 

Sec. i. Kceleria proper. — Spdcelets 3 to 7-flowered, crowded in a dense and nar^ 
row spike-like panicle. 

1. K. GRIST ATA, Pers. Crested Kceleria. 

Panicle narrowly spiked, interrupted at the base r spilcelet s 2. to 4-flowered; lower 
galea acute, often mucronate-pointed. 

Dry grounds or hills. June. Culm 20 to 30 inches high, smooth, leafy to one- 
half its height. Leaves fiat, erect, pubescent, 2 to 3 inches long; Sheaths smooth 
or downy. 

Sec. ii. Reeoclea, Kunth. — Spileleis usually 2-flowered, and with an abortive 
rudiment or pedicel, in a contracted or slender panicle. 

2. K. Pennsylvania, DC. Pennsylvanian Kceleria,. 

Panicle long and slender, rather loose, the racemose branches somewhat elonga- 
ted; upper glume obovate, barely obtuse; lower palea rough. 

Moist woods and meadows. May, June. Culm about 2 feet high, simple. Leaves* 
short, tlat. Panide 4 to 8 inches long, very sender with yellowish-green spikeletff, . 
faries with a larger and fuller panicle, with the asptctof Cinna. 

21. MELICA, Linn. BIelic-Grass^ 

An old name from meli, honey. 

Spikelets 2 to 5-flowered, the 1 to 3 upper flowers im,- 
perfect and dissimilar, convolute around each other. Glumes 
usually large, 2-valved, unequal, the upper 7 to 9-nerved.. 
Pale^e menibranaceeous, unarmed. Stamens 3. Stig- 
mas branched plumose. — Leaves flat and soft. Panide sirtir 
pie or sjpariiujli/ branched, 

M. speciosa, Muhl. Showy Melic- Grass. 

Smooth : panicle loose, erect, with a few spikelets on each branch, each spikelei 
containing 2 perfect flowers and a stalked rudiment composed of 3 abortive onee; ; 
glumes and palea very obtuse. 

Eich soil. June. Per. Culm 3 to 4 feet high. Spikelets % inch long. 

22. BRTZA, Linn. Quaking Grass. 

6r. brizo, to nod or hang down ; alluding to the pendulous spikelets. 

Spikelets many-flowered, ovate or heart-shaped. Glumes 
roundish, unequal, purple. Pale^e inflated ; lower one 
cordate at base, embracing the upper, which ig nearly round 
and much shorter. Stamens 3. Stigmas branched plur 
mose, Grain flattened. — Leaves flat. Panicle loose, with, 
the large and* showy spikelets often drooping on delicate spikelets. 

B. media, L. Common Quaking Grass. 

Panicle erect, the branches spreading; spikelets 5 to 9-flowered, heart-shapedl 
when old. 
Meadows; naturalized. June, Per. Culm 3 to 4 feet high. 



418 Gil AMINE JE. 



23. GLYOSRIA, R. Brown. -Manna-grass. 

Gr. glukeros, sweet; alluding to the sweet-tasted grain. 

Spikelets mostly terete, long, linear, many-flowered ; 
rachis jointed. Glumes 2, membranaceous, nearly equal, 
pointless. Paleje somewhat chartaceous, nearly equal,, 
naked, the lower rounded on the back, strongly 7-nerved, 
the upper 2-keeled. Stamens 3 or 2. Stigmas decom- 
pound. Grain oblong. — Perennial smooth marsh-grasses, 
witth simple culms pom running root-docks, Jiat leaves and nearly 
entire sheaths ,• the panicle loose and open. 

1. G. FLUITANS, R. Brown. Common Manna grass. 

Panicle 1-sided slightly branched ; spikelets 7 to 13-flowcred, appressed; lower 
palece oblong, obtuse. 

Shallow water, common. June. July. Culm thickish. 2 to 15 feet high, from a 
creeping root. Leaves short and rather broad, very smooth. Panicle 12 to lfr, 
inches long, slender, partly concealed in the upper sheath. 

2. G. OBTUSA, Trin. Obtuse-fioicered Manna-grass. 

Panicle dense, narrowly oblong; spikelets ovate, 6 to 7-nowered; glumes searious; 
lower palea; ovate, obtuse, the upper as long when old. 

Swamps, rare. Aug., Sept. Culm stout, 1 to 2 feet high, very leafy. Leaves 
linear, long, smooth. Panicle 3 to 4 inches long, many-flowered. 

3. G. ELONGATA, Trin. Long -pan icled Manna-grass. 

Panicle narrowly racemose, elongated, somewhat 1-sided, recurving; the branch- 
es appressed, bearing the 3 to 4 flowered spikelets nearly to the base ; lower palea 
oblong-ovate, obtuee, rather longer than the upper. 

Wet woods, common. July. Culm 3 to 4 feet high, simple. Leaves 1 foot or 
inore long, rough. Punide 1 loot long. /Spikelets pale, with short pedicelled flowers. . 

4. G. NERVATA, Trin. Nerved Manna-grass. 

Panicle diffuse, loose, the branches capillary, at length drooping; spikelets very 
numerous, ovate oblong, 3 to 7-flowered ; palea; oval, obtuse, nearly equal in length, 

Bloist meadows, common. June. Culm erect, 1 to 3 fc-t high. Leaves rather 
long, narrow-linear, flat, tmooth. Panicle large, broad and open, often purplish. 

24. POA ; Linn, Meadow-grass. Spear-grass.. 

An ancient Greek name for grass. 

Spikelets ovate or oblong, compressed, few-flowered, in ; 
an open panicle. Glumes 2, mostly shorter than the flow- 
ers. PaletE nearly equal, membranaceous, awnless, often, 
with a villous web at the base; the lower one keeled or con- 
cave; upper one 2-keeled. Stamens 2 or 3. Stigmas 
plumose. Grain oblong.— Grasses, with tufted culms,, 
smooth usually fiat and soft leaves } and the spikelets in diffuse 
or, contracted panicles. . 



GKAMINE.E. 419 



1. P. ANNUA, L. Low S/pear-grass. 

Culms spreading or decumbent, flattish ; panicle short and broad, often 1-sided, 
at length spreading: spUcdets crowded, very short-padicelled, 3 to 7-flowered. 

Cultivated and waste grounds, very common. April — Oct. Culms 3 to 8 incher 
high, very smooth. Leaves lance linear, short, bright brown. 

2. P. PUNGENS, Nutt. Vernal Spear-grass. 

Culm compressed; panicle somewhat simple, spreading; spilelets lanceolate, 3 or 
4-3owered, crowded at the extremeties of the branches ; flowers rather obtuse. 

Rocky places. April. May. Per. ddm sto'oniferous from the base. 1 to 2 feet 
4ugb. Leaves very short, cuspidate, the radical ones long, linear, those of the culm 
usually 2. lanceoiate,yery short. 

3. P. serotina, Ehrh. Red-top. 

Culm erect, smooth ; panicle diffuse, elongated, at length somewhat nodding at 
'the top, the branches mostly in pairs ; spikelets numerous ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 4- 
fiowered; glumes lanceolate, sharp pointed. 

Banks of streams and wet meadows, common. June, July. Per. Culm 2 to 3 
feet high. Leaves narrow-linear, flat, smooth. Panicle 6 to 10 inches long, the 
'branches mostly whoried. Spikelets green, or often tinged with dull purple. 

4. P. PRA.TEN3IS, L Spear-grass. Mia low grass. 

Culms from a creeping base, and with "the sheaths smooth ; panicle pyramidal, 
somewhat crowded, the branches commonly in fives, spreading; spikelets 3 to 5- 
flowered, oblong ovate"; flowers acute. 

Fields and meadows, very common in cultivation. May — July. Per. Foot 
* p eeping. Cubn J to 3 feet high. Leaves keeled, linear/abruptly acute, deep green, 
the lower very long. Highly prized as a pasture grass. 

5. P. compressa, L. Blue-grass. Wire-grass. 

Calm much flattened, obliquely ascending; panicle contracted, somewhat 1- 
taded; -pi'. elets 4 ro 9-fiowered, flattened; flowers linear- elliptical, rather obtuse, 
hairy below on the keel. 

Field- and pastures, common,; introduced. June, July. Per. Root creeping 
extensively. Cul.a 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves short, bluish, smooth. 

6. P. CONFERTA. EH. Clustered Meadow Grass. 

Vulm erect, geniculate; panicle termioaland axillary, erect ; spikelets about 8- 
fiowered, compressed; flowers clustered, smooth. 

Meadows, rare. Slhtoein&s. Per. Calm 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves smooth, serra" 
late on the margin. Panicle 4 to 8 inches long. 

25. ERACtPvOSTIS, Beauv. 

An early name, probably from era, the earth, and Agrostis. 

•Spikelets 2 to 70-flowered, nearly as in Poa, except that 
the lower palea is but 3-nerved, not webby at the base, and 
the upper is persistent on the rachis for some time after the 
rest of the flower is fallen. — Culms often branching : leaves 
linear, frequently involute, and the ligule bearded. PanicU 
various. 

1. E. PILOSA; Beauv. Pilose Eragrostis. 
Panicle loose, ample, with cap illary branches, all but ihe lower scattered asd 



420 GRAMLXEJE. 



naked in the axils, compound ; spikekls 5 to 12 flowered, nearly linear, flattish ■; 
flowers ovate acutish. 

Sandy soil. Aa?. Ann. Culms 5 to 12 inches high, tufted. Leaves flat or in- 
volute, bearded with long hairs at the throat. Sptkelets % to % inch long, pur- 
plish. 

2. E. capillaris, Nees. Capillary Eragrostis. 

Panicle expanding, very compound, delicate; the axils naked ; spikelets oblong 2 
to 4-flowered, on long capillary pedicels. (Poa capillaris, L.) 

Dry sandy places, common. August. Ann. Culms 12 to 18 inches high, tuftecL 
Leaves linear, flat, the sheaths fringed with long hairs- Panicle 8 to 18 inchei 
long, much branched. 

3. E. SPECTABILIS, G-ray. Showy Eragrostis. 

Panicle divergent!}' spreading, the rigid branches reflexed with age, and a beard- 
ed tuft in the principal axils ; spikelets oblong or linear 7 to 10 or 15-flowered ; flow- 
ers ovate, minutely ciliate. (P. spectabilis, Pursh.) 

Sandy fields. Auj. Sept. Ann. Culm and long feares rigid, mostly smooth-; 
lower sheaths often downy. Panicle 1 to 2 feet long, with purplish spikelets. 

26. FESTUCA, Linn. Fescue-grass, 

An ancient Latin name. 

Spikelets oblong, 3 to many-flowered • the flowers not 
webby at the base. Glumes unequal, mostly keeled. Pa- 
lea chartaceous or almost coriaceous, roundish on the back, 
acute, mucronate or awned at the summit, the upper mostly 
adhering at maturity to the inclosed grain. Stamens most- 
ly 3. Stigmas simply plumose. — F lowers and leaves rather 
dry and kur*h. Spikelets panicled or racemose. 

1. F. elatior, L. Tall Fescue- Grass. 

Panicle branched, loose, rather spreading; spikelets crowded, 4 to 6 flowered; lovf 
er palat nearly pointless : flowers cylindric. 

Moist meadows and pasture*. June. Per. Culm 3 to 5 feet hiih. Zearesbroad.- 
liuear. 9 to 15 inch s long. Panicle 6 to 10 inches long, mostly nodding. Spikelets 
% inch long. Introduced. 

2. F. pratensis, Hudson. Meadow Fescue- Grass. 

Panicle simple, or sparingly branched; spikelets 5 to 10-flowered; lower palm 
barely acute. 

Fields and meadows, common, naturalized. June, July. Per. Culm 2 to 3 feet 
high, without a creeping bise. Leaves bmal liuear, nerved, smooth, rough on 
the margin. Panicle 4 to 8 inches long, somewhat one-sided- 

3. F. NUTANS, Willd. Nodding Fescue-Grass. 

Panicle of several slender and spreading branches, mostly in pairs, drooping 
»vhen old, naked below, bearing near their extremity a few orate 3 to 5-flowerad 
Bpikelets; flowers ovate oblong, rather obtuse, close together. 

Rocky and open woods. July. Per. Calm 2 to 4 feet high, naked above. Leaves 
■broadly-linear, acuminate, dark green, often rather hairy. Panicle few-flowered. 

4. F. RUBRA, L. Red or Creeping Fescue- Gr ass. 

Panicle one-sided, erect, spreading; spikelets semaw'aat terete, 5 or 6flowerad{ 
fiwwri longer than their awns. 



GR AMINES. 421 



l>ry soils. June. Pet. Root extensively creeping. Culm 12 to 18 inches high, 
erect. Leaves long pubescent on the upper side. Panicle contracted. Introduced, 

27. BROMU8, Linn. Brome-grass. Cheat* 

Bromos, a name given by the Greeks to a kind of oats. 

Spikelets oblong, 5 to many-flowered, panicled. Glumes 
unequal, membranaceous, the lower 1 to 5-nerved, the upper 
3 to 9-nerved. Lower pale.e bifid at the apex, and usually 
awned a little below the tip; upper 2-keeled, at length ad- 
hering to the groove of the oblong or linear grain. Sta- 
mens 3. Stigmas simply plumose. — Coarse grasses, with 
large spikelets, at length drooping, on pedicels thickened at the apex, 

1. B. CILIATUS, L. Ciliate Brome-grass. 

Panicle compound, very loose, the elongated branches at length divergent, droop- 
ing; spikelets 7 to 12-flowered; lower glume 1-nerved ; flowers oblong-lanceolate, 
tipped with an awn, % to % their length ; upper pulcte bristly-ciliate ; the lower 
silky, with appressed hairs near the margins. (B. Canadensis, Michx. B.pube- 
Bccns, Muhl. B. purgans, L.) 

River banks and moist woodlands. July, Aug. Per. Calm, 3 to 4 feet high. 
Leaves large, y± to X A * ncn wide smooth or somewhat hairy ; the sheaths oftea 
hairy or densely downy near the top. Variable as to its pubescence, &c. 

2. B. secalinus, L. Cheat Chess, 

Panicle spreading, the drooping pedunclesbut slightly branched ; spikelets oblong- 
ovate, turgid, smooth, of 8 to 10 flowers overlapping each other, mostly longer 
than the awns; lower glumes o-nerved; upper 7 -nerved. 

Cultivated grounds, common in grain-fields. June. Ann. Culm 2 to 3 feet 
high, with swollen and pubescent joints. Leaves broad linear, hairy above. Pani- 
cle i to 6 inches long. Introduced from Europe. This troublesome grass is very 
common in wheat fields, especially when the grain is injured by frost; which has 
given risd to the common, but mistaken idea, that wheat is changed into this plant. 

3. B. MOLLIS, L. Soft Brome-grass. 

Panicle erect, close, compound ; spikelets ovate, flattish, the flowers closely iEi- 
brieat ;d, downy, as long as the awn. 

Fields and pastures, sparingly naturalized. June, Biennial. Culm 1 to 2 feet 
high. Leaves very soft, pubescent. Panicle 3 to -i inches long. Spikelets nearly 
erect, 5 to 10-nowered. 

4. B. arvensis, L. Field Brome-grass^ 

Panicle erect, spreading ; spikelets lanceolate, compressed, 7 to 8-flowered ; flower 
Imbricate, compressed, smoothish, about as long as the straight awn. 

Fields and meadows. West Chester. Darlington. June, July. Ann. Culm 
about 2 feet high, smooth, with dark-colored pubescent joints. Leaves lanes- 
linear, hairy on both sides. Panicle slender, spreading, at length drooping. 

28. UNIOLA, Linn. Spike-grass, 

An ancient name of some grass, 

Spikelets compressed, many-flowered} one or more of 
the lower flowers sterile, and consisting of a single palese. 
U2 



422 GRAMINE.E. 



Glumes keeled. Pale^e of the perfect flowers 2 j lower 
one boat-shaped; upper smaller, doubly keeled. Stamens 
mostly 1. — Upright perennials, in tufts from creeping root- 
itoclcSy with broad leaves and large spikelets in a panicle. 

U. LATIFOLIA, Michx. Broad-leaved Spike-grass. 

Spikelets on slender pedicels, drooping in an ample loose panicle, oblong-ovate, 
10 to 15-flowered; flowers nearly appressed, ovate-lanceolate and acuminate, some- 
what falcate; stamen 1. 

Mountains and shaded banks. Aug. Culm 3 to 4 feet high, somewhat branch- 
ing. Leaves flat, nearly 1 inch wide, Panicle 1 foot long, loose. Spikelets 1 inch 
long and y z inch wide. 

29, PHRAGrMITES, Trin. Reed. 

Gr. pltragmites, growing in, or forming hedges. 

Spikelets 3 to 7-flowered ; flowers surrounded by a 
tuft of hairs, all 3-androus and perfect, except the lowest, 
which is either neutral or with a single stamen, and naked. 
Glumes 2, lanceolate, unequal. Pale^e very unequal j the 
lowest one elongated, acuminate ; the upper 2-keeled. 
Styles long. — Tall and stout perennials, with numerous 
broad leaves, and a large terminal panicle. 

P. communis., Trin. Common Reed Grass. 

Panicle loose, diffuse when old ; spikelets 3 to 5-flowercd. ( Arundo Phragmites, L.) 
Edges of ponds and swamps. Aug., Sept. Culm 9 tol- feet high, Tery leafy, 

with numerous joints. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, linear-lanceolate, flat, glaucous. 

Panicle very large, loose. The largest grass in the Northern States ; resembling 

JSroom-corn at a distance. 

30. TRITICUM, Linn. Wheat. 

The classical name. 

Spikelets 3 to many-flowered, single at each joint, and 
placed with the side against the rachis. Glumes transverse, 
nearly equal aud opposite, herbaceous, nerved. Pale^s 
lanceolate ; the lower one concave, acuminate or awned at 
the summit^ the upper one flattened, bristly-ciliate on the 
nerves, free or adherent to the grooves of the grain. Sta- 
mens 3. — Flowers spiked. 

Ssc. I. Aq&optrum, G»rt. Perennials. Spikes 2-ranked; glumes acute a* 
pointed. 

1. T. REPENS, L. Couch-grass. Quitch-grass. 

Rootstocks creeping extensively; spikelets 4 to 8- flowered ; glumes 6 toT-nerredj 
Htchis rough on the angles ; awn none, or vory short. 

Fields and meadows, naturalized and troublesome. June — Aug. Culm 1 to t 
/&et higk. Laavu flat, rouguish or hairy above, lauce-liaoar. Spiks 3 to 6 inctaf 
IlPfr 



GR AMINE JE. 423 



2. T. caninum, L. Awned Wheat-grass.* 

Root fibrous, not creeping; spikdels 4 or 5-flowered; gluvtes 3-nerved; rachis 
Bristly on the edges; awn longer than the smooth flower. 

Woods and banks, introduced. July. Culm 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves flat, rough- 
ish on both sides. 

Sec. :i. Tkiticum proper. Annuals. Glumes ovate-oblong and ventricosa boat? 
shaped. 

3. T. sativum, L. Whea#. 

Culm round, smooth, with the internodes somewhat inflated; stipules truncate ; 
spike parallel, somewhat 4-sided; spikelets crowded, broad-oyate, about 4-flowered ; 
cnmu of the up;cr palefe generally longer than the flowers. Annual and Biennial. 
This is the most valuable plant of the order, and is universally cultivated. Many 
varieties are known to farmers. 

32. LOLIUM, Linn. Darnel. 

The ancient Latin name. 

Spikelets many-flowered, solitary, and placed edgewise 
on the continuous rachis. Inner glume mostly wanting. 
Lower pale.e lanceolate, mucronate or with a short bristle 
at the tip ; upper one 2-beaked. — Spike simple : rachis not 

jointed. 

1. L. perenne, L. Common Darnel. Rye-grass. 

Glume much shorter than the spikelet; floivers 6 to 9, awnless, sometimes awn- 
pointed. 

Meadows and fields; naturalized. June. Per. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, smooth. 
Leaves lance linear, smooth, shining. Spikelets 12 to 20 r alternate, forming a spike 
about 6 inches long. A good pasture grass. 

2. L. temulentum, L, Bearded Darnel. 

Glume fully equalling the 5 to 7-flowered spikelet ; awn longer than the flower. 

Old fields. July. Ann. Culm about 2 feet high, terete. Leaves lance-linear, 
rou/h on the margins. Spi'ceUts much compressed. The seeds are said to be 
poisonous. Introduced from Europe. 

32. ELYMUS, Linn, Ltme-grass. Wild Rye. 

Gr. Elymos, a Lull, also an ancient name for some grain. 

Spikelets 2 to 4 at each joint of the rachis, all fertile^, 
each 2 to 7-flowered ; the uppermost flower imperfect. 
Glumes nearly side by side in front of the spikelets, rarely 
wanting. Pale.^e coriaceous, the lower rounded on the 
back, usually awned at the apex. — Rye-like grasses^ with 
simple sj)ike^. 

1. E. Virginicus, L. Wild Rye. 

Spile rigidly upright, dense and thick, on a short peduncle usually included in 
the sheaths; spikelets 2 or 3 together, 2 or 3-flowered, smooth, short-awned ; glwnei 
"juweolate, strongly nerved. 



424 GRAMINE^E. 



River banks. Aug. Per. Culm. 2 to 3 feet high, smooth. Leaves broadly linear, 
fiat, rough, deep green. Spilce 3 to 5 inches long, stiffly erect, thick. 

2. E. Canadensis, L. Canadian Lyme^rass, 

Spike rather loose, curving, on an exserted peduncle ; spiJcelets mostly in pairs of 
8 to 5 long-awned rough or rough-hairy flowers ; glumes lance awl-shaped, tipped 
\rith. short awn?. 

River banks, in rich soil. Aug. Per. Boot creeping. Culm 3 to 4 feet higb, 
erect. Leaves broad-linear, flat, somewhat rough. Spilce 6 to 8 inches long, at 
length nodding. A variety (E. glaucifolius of Muhl.) is pale or glaucous through- 
out, with spreading awns V/ 2 mc h long. 

S. E. Hystrix, L. Bottle-brush Grass. 

Spilce erect, loose ; the spreading spikelets 2 or 3 together, early deciduous from 
the joints, abGut 3.-flowered ; flowers smoothish, or often rough-hairy, tipped with 
an awn thrice their length. 

Moist woodlands, common. July. Per. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, erect, smooth =- 
Leaves broad-linear flat, and with the sheaths smoothish. Spike 4 to 6 inches long,, 
at length spreading. 

4. E. striatus, Willd. Striated Lime-grass. 

Spike erect; spikelets in pairs, 2-flowered, awned, hispid ; glumes linear, nerved,, 
awned, nearly as long as the spikelets. 

Shady woods, June, rare. Per. Culm 8 to 12 inches high, erect, striate. Leav.es 
lanceolate, acuminate, rough above-; sheaths smooth. Leaves somewhat spreading „ 

S3. HORDEUM, Linn. Barley. 

The ancient Latin name. 

Spikelets I-flowered, with an awl-shaped rudiment on 
the inner side, 3 at each joint of the rachis, the lateral ones 
usually imperfect. Glumes side by side in front of the 
spikelets, slender, awn-pointed or subulate. Pale^e 2, the 
lower with a long awn, the upper 2-keeled, obtuse. Sta- 
mens 3. — Spike dense, simple, the rachis often scperating 
into joints. 

1. H. VULGARE, L. Common Barley.. 

Culm smooth, 2 to 3 feet high; leaves lance-linear, keeled, nearly smooth ; sheath $ 
auricled at the throat; spike thick, about 3 inches long; spikelets all fertile, 1- 
flowered, with an awn-like rudiment at the apex of the upper palea; ; glumes col- 
li, teral; flowers in four rows. Ann. Extensively cultivated. May. 

2. H. DISTICHUM, L. Two-rowed Barley. 

Culm 2 to 3 feet high ; leaves lance-linear, scabrous above ; sheaths auricled at 
the throat; spike 3 to 4 inches long, linear, compressed ; lateral spikelets abortive, 
awnless ; /nj# arranged in two rows. Ann. more common in. cultivation than 
$he former species. 

34. AIRA, Linn. Hair-grass. 

An ancient Greek name for Darnel. 

Spikelets 2-flowered, in an open diffuse panicle. Glumes 
2, unequal ; about as long as the flowers. J^ale^ ^thin an& 



GR AMINES. 4 : 25 



membranaceous, tlie lower one awned on the back below 
the middle, 3 to 5-nerved. Stamens 3. 

1. A. flexuosa, L. Common Hair-grass. 

Panicle loose, spreading, trichotornously branched ; brancJies sinoothish, flex- 
uous; flowers scarcely longer than tlie glumes; lower palece slightly 2-toothed. 

Dry rocky or s-indy places, common. Jane. Per. Culm.l to. 2 feet high, slender, 
from small tufts of Sjtaee0U3 involute leaves. Panicle whitish, the lower branch- 
es somewhat whorlud. 

2. A. CiESPITOSA, L. Tufted Hair-grassr, 

Panicle pyramidal or oblong; lower palece eroded-4-tcothed at the truncate &pex ; 
awn straight, short. 

Wot places. June, July. Per. Culms 2 to 3 feet high, in close tufts. Leaves 
fiat, linear, rougkish. Panicle du'.l purplish, the branches somewhat whorled. 

3. A. PRJECOX, L. Early Hair-grass. 

Panicle small, oblong, somewhat spiked; lower palco? with 2 awl-pointed tips; 
awn twist-r-.d, inserted below the middle, longer than the flowers. 

Sandy fields. June. Cuhns 3 to 4 inches high, tufted. Leaves short, smooth, 
setaceous. Panicle few-Howered. greenish. 



35. SECALE; Liun. Rye. 

Spikelets solitary on the teeth, of the rac-his, 2- or S- 
flowered ; the 2 lowest flowers fertile, sessile, opposite ; the 
upper one abortive. Glumes awl-shaped, opposita, shorter 
than the flowers. Lower paleje with a very long awn; 
upper often bifid at the apes. Scales abortive, hairy. 

S. Cereale, L. Rye. 

Culm hairy beneath the spike, 4 to 6 feet high; leaves lance-linear, rough edged 
rough above, glaucous: spike about 5 inches long, linear, compressed; pahjjt 
smooth; awas scabrons-ciliate, long. Ann. or Biennial. June. The rye has long 
Vesn cuUivaled and may be considered naturalized. 

36. TRISETUM, Persoon. 

Lat. tris, three, and seta, a bristle. 

Spikelets 2 to several-flowered, usually in a contracted! 
panicle. Lower pale^e compressed-keeled, awned below 
the sharply 2-cleft or 2-pointed apex : — -otherwise nearly as- 
in Aira. 

T. palustre, Torr. Meadow Trisetum. 

Smooth ; panicle rather long and narrow, loose, the branches capillary; spilcelets 
flat; glumes rather unequal, shorther than the 2 smooth lanceolate flowers; lowtr 
ffdLexB ending in 2 setose teeth. 

Wet meadows, rare. May— July. Per. Culm slender 2 to 3 feet high. Leave* 
flat, lance-linear, about 3 inches long. Spiktkts yellowish-white, tinged with green, 
U2* 



426 GR AMINES. 



37. DANTHONIA, DO.. Wild Oat-grass. 

In honor of Mi Danthoine, a French botanist. 

Spikelets 2 to 10-flowered;; the upper flower often im- 
perfect. Glumes nearly equal, mostly longer than the 
flower. Pale^e hairy at the base; lower one 2-toothed afc 
the summit, with a twisted awn between the teeth.; upper 
one obtuse, entire. — Flowers in a spifad ganicle. 

D. spicata, Beau?. Wild Oats., 

Panicle simple, raceme-like, rather 1-sided; spikelets few, appressed, 7-flow-ered; 
timer palfce broadly-ovate, loosely hairy on the back, about ^ the length of th©> 
awn. 

Dry and sterile or rocky soil. July. Culms tufted, 1 to 2 feet high, erect 
Leaves short somewhat myolute-awl-shaped ; sheaths bearded at the throat. 

3& ATENA, Linn. Oat. 

The classical Latin name. 

Spikelets 3 to many-flowered^ panicled, commonly large; 
Flowers rather remote, the upper oues often imperfect. 
Glumes loose and membranaceous, nearly equal. Palejb>. 
2; the lower one bifid at the summit, with a long twisted 
awn on the back below the tip. Stamens 3. Grain 
oblong-linear ; . grooved on one side. — Panicle compound^ 
hose. 

H. A. satita, L. Gommon Oat. 

Oulm 2 to 4 feet high ; leaves linear-lanceolate, veined, rough, with loose striato- 
sheaths; stipules torn; panicle loose ; spikelets pedunculate, pendulous, 2- flowered 
palecc somewhat cartilaginous, closely embracing the grain. Ann. A. highly, im* 
portant grain. 

2. A. STERIBIS, L. Animated Oat: 

Stem 3 to 4 feet high, and with the leaves smooth, the latter long, acute, flat 5- 
spikelets 5-flowered; outer flowers and awns hairy, inner flowers awnless. Ann, 
From Barbary. Cultivated as a curiosity. The awns are 2 inches long, .geniculate' 
and, twisted more or less according to the state of the atmosphere. 

39. HOLCUS, Linn. Soft, grass* 

An ancient name, of obscure application . 

Spikelets 2 or 3-flowered in a contracted panicle, poly- 
gamous. Glumes herbaceous, somewhat boat-shaped, mu= 
cronate. Lowest flower neutral,, small and. abortive, or 
obsolete ; the middle one perfect, 3-androus, awnless ; th e 
upper one staminate only ? 3 r androus ; bristle-awned towards- 
the tip. 



graminejK. 427 



H. LANATUS, L. Velvet-grass. White Timothy. 

Soft-downy, pale ; panicle oblong; upper glume mucronate under the apex ; aiof* 
©f the staminate flower recurved. 

Moist meadows. June. Per. Root fibrous. Culm 18 inches high. Leaves 2 tc 
6 inches long, flat. Glumes pubescent, whitish or tinged with purple. Introduced 
from Europe. 

40. ANTHOXANTHIXM, Linn. Vernal-grass, 

Gr. anthos, flower, and zanthos, yellow; from. the color. of the spikes. 

Spikelets 3-flowered, the two lower flowers- neutral and 
each consisting of a single awned paleae ; the upper flowers 
perfect, of 2 paleaa, diandrous, nearly equal, short, awnles. — - 
Panicle contracted or spike-like. 

A. ODORATUM, L. Sweet-scented Vernal-grass^ 

Panicle spiked, the spikelets spreading ; one of the neutral flowers with a ben^ 
iwn near its base, the other sbort-awned below the tip. 

Meadows and woods, completely naturalized. June — Aug. Per. Culm about s- 
foot high, erect. Leaves short. Panicle 1 to 2 inches long, yellow or brownish 
■jrhen mature. Very fragrant when about half dry. 

41. PHALARIS, Linn. Canary-grass. Ribbon- grass, 

Gr.phalos, shining ; in allusion to the smooth paleas. 

Spikelets 3 -flowered ; the two lower flowers mere neutral- 
rudiments at the base of the perfect one, which is flattish 
awnless, of 2 shining palese, shorter than the equal boat- 
shaped glumes. Stamens 3. — Leaves broad } flat. Panicle- 
dense and spike-like^ 

P. ARUNDINACEA, L, Reed Canary-grass. Ribbon-grass ;. 

Panicle more or less branched, clustered, a little spreading when old; glumet- 
obtusely keeled ; palece unequal ; abortive flowers hairy. 

Swamps. July. Aug. Per. Calm 2 to 5 feet high, ereot, a little branching-. 
Leaves deep green, sometimes variegated with white, when it is the "Ribbon- grass-" 1 " 
of. the gardens. Panicle 2 to i inches long,. 

42. PANICUM, Linn. Panic-grass. 

An ancient Latin name. 

Spikelets 2-ffowered, naked. Glumes 2, unequal, mem^ 
branaceous, concave. Lower flower of 1 or 2 palea^. 
Btaminate or neutral, membranaceous. Upper flower per- 
fect, closed, witb 2 palese* inclosing the free and grooveless- 
grain. Stamens 3, Stigmas plumose, usually purple. — - 
Spikelets ganicledy racemed, or sometimes &giked t not in*- 
lolucrate*. 



#28 GKAMINEiE. 



Sec. i. Digit akia, Scop. Finger- Grass. Spi!:elets crowded, 2 or 3 together in 
simple and mostly 1-sided clustered spikes or spike-like racemes. — Annuals* 

1. P. SANGUINALE, L. Finger-grass. Crah-grass. 
Spikes i to 15, digitate-clustered ; spikelets oblong, downy -margined ;.upper glume 

ehorter than the flower. 

Cultivated grounds, everywhere naturalized. Aug. — Oct. Culm 12 to IS inches 
high, spreading from the tufted base, then upright. Leaves linear-lanceolate, and 
with the sheaths rather hairy. Spikes and often the leaves purplish. 

2. P. GLABRUM, Gaudin, Smooth Finger-grass. 

Spiles digitate, somewhat alternate, spreading; spjkclets ovoid, rather hairy; 
upper glume nearly equr.lliug the flower. 

Sandy fields. Aug., Sept. Culm 6 to 12 s iuches high, procumbent or spreading. 
Spikes mostly 3 (2 to 6), about 2 inches long. 

3. P. FILIFORME, L. Slender Finger-grass* 

Spikes 2 to 8, alternate and approximated, thread-like ; spikelets all distinctly 
pedicelled, oblong, acute; lower glume none. 

Dry sandy soil. Aug. Culms extremely s-lender. 1 to 2~ feet high. Leaves nar- 
row, 1 to 2 inches long. Spikes mostly 3, 1 to 2 inches long; rachis rough, flexuous. 

Sec. h. Paxicem proper. Panic-Grass. Spikelets scattered, awnless.— Most ly 
perennials. 

4. P. ANCEPS, Micbx. Tico-edged Panic-grass. 

Panicle contracted, pyramidal; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, a little curved; 
upper ffVume 7-nerved; neutral jlowers ~% longer than the perfect, of 2 paleae. 

Wet soil. Aug. Culms flat, upright, 2 to -4 feet high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 
1 to 2 feet long, >£ to % inch wide, smoothish. 

5. P. AGROSTOIDES, -Sprang. Agrostis-lihc Panic-grass. 

Panicles terminal and often lateral, pyramidal; spikelets racemose, crowded and 
1-sided, on the spreading branches, ovate-oblong, acute, purplish; upper yluiat o- 
nerved, longer than the neutral flower, with 2 paleae. 

Wet meadows. Aug. Culm 2 to 3 feet hish, flattened, upright. Leaves long 
and with the sheaths smooth, tufted. Panicle 4 to 8 inches long, mostly dark 
jjurple. 

6. P. PROLIFERUM, Lam. Proliferous Panic-grass. 

Smooth throughout; panicles terminal and lateral, compound, pyramidal; 
spikelets appressed, lance-oval, acute; lower glume broad, }/. to % the length of the 
upper; neutral flower little longer than the perfect one, of a single pale*. 

Wet meadows and marshes. Aug., Sept. Ann. Culms thickened, succulent, 
branched, ascending from a procumbent base. Leaves 8 to 12 inches long; sheatht 
flattened. 

7. P. CAPIELARE, L. Hair-stalked Panic-grass. 

Panicle pyramidal, capillary, compound and very loose, with slender straight 
©ranches, reflexed when old-; spikelets scattered on long pedicels, oblong,. pointed ; 
lower glume half the length of the single paleae of the neutral flower. 

Sandy soil and cultivated fields, common. Aug., Sept. Ann. Culm upright, 
often branched at base and forming a tuft. Leaves flat, broad, and with th# 
flattened sheaths hairy. Panicle often purplish. 

8. P. LATIFOUUM, L. Broad-leaved Panic-grass. 

Panicle terminal, a little exserted, simple, pubescent; spikelets oblong-ovoid, 
tfowny; lower glume ovate, not % the length of the many-nerved upper one; tterili 
flower mostly with 3 stamens. 



GRAMINEJE. 429 



Moist woods and thickets, commou. June, July. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, smooth, 
the joints- and margins of the smooth sheaths bearded with soft woolly hairs. 
Leaves broadly oblong lanceolate from a heart-clasping base, often 1 inch wide. 
Panicle 2 inches long, with downy branches. 

9. P. CLANDESTINUM, L. Hidden-flowered Panic-grass. 

Sheaths hispid, enclosing the short lateral panicles ; spikelets ovoid, pubescent, 
the lower flower neutral, with 2 paleae. 

Low thickets and river banks. Aug. Culm 1 to 3 feet high, very leafy to the 
top. at length producing appressed branches. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, from a 
heart-clasping base, very acuminate. Panicles terminal and lateral, the former 
wholly concealed in the leaves, exserted, or oca long peduncle. Anthers and stig- 
mas purple. 

10. P. MICROCARPON, Muhl. Small-pointed Panic grass. 

Panicle soon exserted, very many-flowered, narrowly oblong: spikelets long, 
ovoid, smoothish; lower glume orbicular, very small. 

Thickets. July. Calm 1 to 2 feet high, smooth, the joints and the orifice of 
the throat of the sheaths bearded with soft woolly hairs. Leaves broadly lanceo- 
late, rough-margined, brist'.y-ciliatj. Panicle 3 to 7 inches lcag. 

11. P. PAUCIFLORU M, Ell. Small-flowered Panic-grass, 

Panicle open, nearly simple, bearing few tumid-obovate hairy or smoothish 
Bpikelets: lower glume ]/^ to *4 tb - e length cf the upper one. 

"Wet meadows and copses. June, July. Calm 1 to 2 feet high, at length much 
branched and reclining, rougbish. Leases lanceolate, 2 to 5 inches long, % to % 
inch wide, faintly 9-nerved, hairy or smooth, fringed on the margin. 

12. P. DICHOTOMUM, L. Variable Panic-grass. 

Panicle small, lateral, nearly simple; spikelets minute, on long peduncles, obo-- 
Toid, mostly pubescent ; lower glume l / s the length of the upper ; lower flower 
neutral, the upper paleae minute. 

Moist meadows and wood*. July — Sept. Calms 8 to 20 inches high, at first 
mostly simple, bearing a more or less exserted! compound spreading pauicle, 1 to 3 
inches long. Leaves lanceolate, flat, the radical tufted ones, ovate-lanceolate, very 
short, thickish. Panicle changing its form, often purplish. A very variable spe- 
cies, embracing P. ncdiiiorum, pabescens, laxifiorurn, and nitidum of Lam. P. 
barbulatum and ramulosum of Michx. 

13. P. depauperatum, Muhl. Few-flowered Panic-grass. 

PanicU simple, contracted, few-flowered, often over-topped by the narrowly 
linear upper leaves; spikelets oval-obovate, commonly poinied when young; lower 
glume ovate, x /s fc he length of the 9-nerved upper one. 

Dry woods and hills, common. June. Culms simple or branched at the base,, 
forming close tufts, 6 to 12 inches high. Leaves short, becoming longer above, 
narrow-linear, hairy beneath. Panicle i to 7 inches long. Varies with the leaves 
often involute. 

14. P. VERRUCOSUS Muhl. Warty Panic-grass. 

Smooth; panicle capillary, widely spreading, few-flowered; spikelets oval, acute,, 
warty-roughened, dark green; lower glume ]4, the length of the upper one. 

Sandy swamps. Aug., Sept. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, branching and spreading,, 
Tcry slender, naked above. Leaves narrow, smooth, spreading- 

15. P. Crus-GALLI, L. Barnyard-grass. 

Spikes alternate, crowded in a dense panicle; glumes ovate, abruptly pointed;. 
lower paletz of the neutral flower bearing a rough awn of variable length. 

"Wet places, near barn-yards. Aug., Sept. Ann. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, terete, 
empoth, stout, branching from the base. Leaves lanceolate, % inch or more wide, 
so ugh -margined. Spikes 1 to 3 inches long. 



430 6RAMIXEJE. 



43. SETARIA, Beauv. Bristle-grass. 

Lat. seta, a bristle ; in allusion to the bristly spikelets. 

Spikelets 2-flowered, invested with an involucre of 2 or 
more bristles. Glumes 2, unequal, herbaceous. Lower 
elower abortive j. PAEEiE 1 or 2, herbaceous. Upper 
flower perfect ■; pale^e cartilaginous. — Annuals, with lin- 
ear or lanceolate flat leaves, and the inflorescence in a dense spiked' 
panicle or apparently a cylindrical spike. 

1. S. VERTICILLATA, Beauv. Rough Bristle-grass. 

Spike subverticillate. cylindrisal, somewhat interrupted; bristles short ; galeae of" 
the perfect flower roughish-punctnte, 

Naturalized near dwellings. July. Culm about 2 feet high, smooth. Leaves* 
lanceolate, acuminate, rou^h on the margin. Spike 2 to 3uneh.es long, green. 

2. S. glauca, Beauv. Bottle-grass. 

Spike cylindrical, very dense ; bristles 6 to 11 in a cluster, much longer than the* 
spikelets ; perfect flower transversely wrinkled; 

Very common in stubble. July, Aug. Culm- 2tc 3 feet high: Leaves lanceolate,, 
hairy at base. Spike 2'to -A inches long, tawny or orange-yellow. Introduced. 

3. S. viridis, Beauv. 'Green Foxtail. 

Sjiike nearly cylindrical; more or less compound: bristles few in a cluster, longer' 
than the spikelets; perfect flower striate lengthwise and dotted, 

Gultivated grounds, common. July, Aug. 0«.'»i 2 to 3 feet high, erect. Leaves 
linear, flat, roughish. Spike 2 to 3 inches long, green. 

4. S. Italica, Kunth. Italian Bristle-grass. 

Spike compound, interrupted at the base, thick, nodding; bristles 2 or 3 in a 
cluster, either longer or shorter than the spikelets. 

Wet grounds, sparingly naturalized and sometimes cultivated under the name of 
Billet or Bengal Grass. Cuim 4 feet high. Spike b" to 9 inches long, yellowish or- 
purplish. 

44. TRIPSACUM, Linn. Sesame-grass. 

Gr. trilo, to rub; perhaps in allusion to the polished fertile spikes. 

Monoecious. Sterile spikelets above, in pairs on eacb 
joint of the rachis, collateral, 2-flowered : flowers each 
with 2 palese. Fertile spikelets solitary, as long as the 
joint, 2-flowered .'; the flowers with. 2 palea? y the outer or 
lower flower neutral, the inner or upper one fertile. Styles 
united : stigmas very long, hairy, purple. Grain ovoid, 
free. — Calms stout and tall. Leaves broad and flat. Spikes 
axillary and terminal, sepeixiting into joints at maturity. 

T. dactyloldes, L. Sesame- Grass. Gama- Grass. 

Spikes 2 or 3 together at the summit, and solitary from the upper sheaths. 

Meadows. July, Aug. Per. Culm erect or oblique, 4 to 6 f j et high. Leaves 
large, often 3 feet long, linear-lanceolate, smooth beneath, rough above. Spikes, 
&_U> S inches long. 



6KAMINEZE. 431 



45. ANDROPOGON, Linn. Beard Grass. 

Gr. aner^ a man, audpogon, a beard, in allusion to the hairy flowers. 

Spikelets in pairs upon each joint of the slender rachis, 
•spiked or racemed. Lower flower staminate or neutral, 
the glumes and palea very minute or wanting. Upper flow- 
er perfect. Glumes awnless. Palea 2, shorter than the 
.glumes ; lower one mostly awaed. Stamens 1 to 3. Grain 
free. — Coarse and rough perennial Grasses, v:itli lateral or 
terminal spikes commonly clustered or digitate, the rachis hairy or 
jplumuse bsarded. 

1. A. furcatus, Muhl. Forked Beard- Grass. 

Spikes digitate, mostly iu threes or fours; lower Sower stominate, awnless; awn 
of the perfect flower 4>ent. 

SLerile soils, common. Sept. Culm 3.to 4 feet high. Leaves flat, the lowervery 
long. Spikes 3 inches long, 3 to 5 at the naked summit of the culm. 

2. A. SCOPARLUS, Michx. Purple Beard-Grass. 

iSV;'f.e5-simple. lart ral and terminal, pedunculate, in pairs; lower flower neutral, 
-awneJ ; glumes of the perfect flower smooth ; awn twisted. 

Old fields and roadsides. Aug. Calm 3 to 4 feet high, slender, with many pan- 
iculate branches. Leaves flat, hairy. Spikes on a fiexueus raehis, often purple. 

3. A. Virginicus, L. Virginian Beard- Grass. 

Calm flattish below, sparingly short-branched above; sheaths smooth ; spilccs 2 or 
:3 together in distant appressc-d elusters. 

Sandy soil. Sept. Culms about 3 feet high, somewhat tufted. Leaves a foot or 
t3nr>rc long. Spikes 1 iuchlong, partly coucealed in sin.-atks. 

46. SORGHUM, Pers. Broom-Corn. 

The Asiatic name of a «ultivated species. 

Spikelets 2 or 3 together on the branches of an open 
panicle, the lateral ones sterile or often reduced merely to 
■their pedicels; the middle or terminal one only fertile, its 
glumes coriaceous or indurated, sometimes awnless. Pale^E 
•3, the upper one awned. Stamens 4L 

1. S. NUTANS, Gray. Indian Grass. Wood Grass. 

Panicle narrowly ob'.ong, rather crowded, the perfect spikelets at length droop- 
ing, clothed near the base with fawn-colored hairs, shorter than the twisted awn 
sterile spikelets small and very imperfect, or reduced to a mere plumose -hairy ped- 
icel. 

Dry soil. Aug. Per, Culm simp'e, 3 to 5 feet high, terete. Leaves linear-lance- 
olate, glaucous. Puiiide o to 12 inches long, the spikelets bright russet browu 
and shining. 

2. S. SACCHARATUM, L. Broom Corn, 

Culm 6 to 19 feet high, thick, solid with pith ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, pa- 
descent at base; y^ni^ large, dUose, with long YorticiUate at length drooping 



432 GK AMINE IE. 



branches ; glumes of the perfect spikclet hairy, persistent. Ann. From the East 
Indies. Much cultivated. 

3. S. VULGARK, L. Indian Millet 

An annual from the East Indies, is rarely cultivated us a curiosity; or for the 
seed for food for poultry. 

47. ZEA, L. Indian Corn, 

Gr. Zao, to live ; the seeds contributing eminently to the support of life. 

Monoecious. Staminate flowers in terminal paniculate 
racemes : spikelets 2-flowered : glumes 2, herbaceous, ob- 
tuse, subequal : palea membranaceous, awnless, obtuse. 
Pistillate flowers lateral, axillary, on a spadix enclosed 
in a spatbe of numerous bracts : spikelets 2-flowercd, 1 
flower abortive : glumes 2, very obtuse : palea awnless : 
style 1, filiform, very loDg, pendulous. Seed compressed. 

Z. Mays, L. Maize. Indian Corn. 

Hoot fibrous, often with aerial roots ; culm erect 5 to 15 feet high, channelled on 
one side, leafy ; leaves lance-linear, entire, 2 to 3 feet long. Annual. Native of the 
warm latitudes of America. Very extensively cultivated throughout the temperate 
and torrid zones. Varieties numerous. 

48. COIX, Linn. Job's Tear. 

Koix, a palm-leaved tree. 

Staminate flowers, in remote spikes ; glumes 2-flow- 
ered, awnless. Style 2-parted. Seed covered with the 
bone-like calyx. 

C. lachryma, L. Jol/s-Tear. 

Culm semi-terete above; flo\oer% naked; fruit ovate. June. Ann. A curieuj 
gr-a&B, cfUn cultivated for its seeds, which much resemble beeds. 



ADDITIONS 



To Obdeb 39. ROSACEA, after Dalibarda, page 103 ; add 

Tribe III. Fragarie^. — The Strawberry Tribe. 

POTEMTLLA, Linn. Ginque-foil. Five-Finger, 

Lat. potens, in allusion to its supposed medicinal virtues. 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets at the sinuses, ap- 
pearing 10-cleft. Petals 4 or 5, roundish or inversely 
keart-Bhaped, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Achenia 
many, collected in a head on the hairy receptacle.— Herbs, 
or rarely shrubs, with compound leaves, and solitary or cy- 
mose jlowers. 

* Leaves palmate : leaflets 3 to b': flowers yellow, 

1. P. Canadensis,!). Common Cinque-foil or Five-finger, 

Hairy or pubescent, procumbent and ascending, producing runners ; peduncles 
axillary, elongated, 1-flowered; leaflets 5, oblong or obovate-wedge-form, cut-toothed 
towards the apex ; petals longer than the calyx. 

Dry fields, among grass, very common. April — Oct. Per. Stems at length 12 
to 18 inches long. Leaves white villous when young. Fiowers .yellow. A very 
variable species, embracing several varieties. Var. 1. tumii.a'is a dwarf early 
flowering state in sterile soil. Tar. 2. simplex is a taller and greener state, with 
slender ascending stems. (P. simplex, Michx.) 

2. 'P. argentea, L. Silvery Cinque-foil. 

Low; sterns ascending, cymose at the summit, many-flowered, white-woolly; 
leaflets 5, wedge-oblong, almost pinnatifid, entire towards the base, with revolute 
margins, green above, silvery-white-woolly beneath; petals longer than the calyx , 

Dry barren fields. June — Sept. Per. Stems 4 to 10 inches long, somewhat 
■woody at base, at length with slender branches. Lea/lets % to 5iinch by %, with 
2 or 3 slender spreading teeth on "each 'Side; -upper ones linear entire. Flowers 
email, yellow. 

o. -P. Norvegica, L. Norway Cinque-foil. 

Hairy, ereet, forked above, many -flowered; leaflets 3, obovate-oblong, coarsely 
cut-serrate; calyx longer than tha petals;, achenia wrinkled or ribbed. 

Old fields and pastures. July— Sept. Ann. or Bien. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, 
hirsute, at length more or less branched. Lower leaves on petioles 1 to 4 inches 
long. Flowers pale yellow, in leafy corymbs at the top, and on long solitary pe- 
duncles below. 

'* * Leaves odd-pinnate : flowers yellow. 

4. P. arguta, Pursh. Cbse-flowered Cinque-foil. 

Stem erect, tall and stoat, brownish-hairy, clammy towards the summit; leatiS 
pi-cnate, the lowest 7 to 9, the upper 3 to 7-foliate; leaflets oval or ovate, incised or 
doubly serrate, downy underneath ; flowers cymosc-clustered. 

Rocky hills and banks. July. Per. Stem mostly simple, 2 to 4 feet high. 
Radical Leaves 1 foot or more long. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, ^3 as wide, sessile- 
■Flowers about %inch in dismeter. yellowish-whit*. 

V-2 






434 ADDITIONS. 



5. P. FRUTICOSA, L. Shrubby Cinque-foil. 

Stem, erect, very much branched, bashy ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5 to 7, crowded, 

■o 'long-lanceolate, entire, silky, especially ben9ath; stipules lanceolate, scale-like; 
:fi 'oerg numerous, terminating the branchlets. 

Margins of 6wamps, rare. June — Sept. A shrub 2 to 4 feet high, with a reddish 

bark, and numerous branches. Leaves numerous, on -short peticles. -Pl<neen 

numerous, large, yellow. Cultivated. 

FRAGrARIA, Tourn. Strawberry. 

Lat. fragrans, fragrant ; on account of its perfumsd ruit. 

Calyx concave, deeply 5-cleft, with an equal number of 
-alternate exterior segments or bracteoles. Petals 5, obcor- 
date. Stamens numerous. Styles deeply lateral. Re- 
ceptacle in fruit much enlarged and conical, becoming 
pulpy and whitish or scarlet, bearing the minute dryachenia, 
scattered over its surface. — Low perennials, with rwnier*, 
radical Z-foliate leaves, and white cymose flowers on scapes. 

1. F. VlRGlNlCA, Ehrh. Wild Strawberry. 

Leaflets broad-oval, emoothish above, the lateral ones distinctly petioled : pt- 

■ d ncles mostly shorter than the leaves; achenia imbedded in the deeply pitted 
o oid receptacle. 

Banks and rocky places. April, May, Fruit in June, July. Petiole* radical, 
2 to 6 inches long, with spreading hairs. Leaflets coareely toothed, 1 to 2 inches 
long, ^i as wide. 

2. F. VESCA, L. Common Strawberry. 

Leaflets folded, thin ; peduncles usually longer than the loaves ; achenia superfi- 
cial on the conical or hemispherical roceptacie (not sunk in pit?). 

Fields and tneadowe, common. April, May. Fruit June, July. Stolem often 

■ creeping several feet. Numerous varieties are cultivated, 

To Order 35. KHA^rNACEL&J, after Rhsnmus, p. 74, add 
.2. CEANOTHUS, Linn. New Jersey Tea. 

An ancient Greek name applied to this genus. 

Calyx 5-lobed, the lower part adhering with ths oifcry, 
'the upper separating across in fruit. Petals bood-form, 
on elender claws. Filaments elongated. Fruit 3-lobed, 
dry and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe. — Shrubby 
plants, with entire leaves, and small white flowers in little 
umbel-like clusters, which are crowded in dense panicles or 
corymbs at the summit of naked flower branches. 

C. AMERICANUS, L. New Jersey Tea. Red-root 

Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 3-ribbed, serr&t«, downy beneath, often heart- 
shaped at the base: common peduncles elongated, nearly leafless. 

Dry woodlands and fence-rows, common. July. An underehrnb 1 to 3 f«.«t 
high "from a dark red root, with dewny braitchse and numsreug small flowers, in 
ipretty white clUtteie. 






SEMES' IT 



GRYPTOGAMIA, OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS," 

Plants destitute of proper flowers (stamens and pistils), 
f»sd producing spores, instead of seeds. 

Class III; A€ROGEN8; 

Cryptogamous plants with a distinct axis- (stem and' 
branches), growing from the apex only, containing woody- 
fibre and vessels, (especially ducts), and usually with dis- 
tinct foliage. 

Order 134. EQUISETAGE2E.— Horsetail Family. 

Leaflets plants, ut&h rush-like hoU./ivo and jointed steim arising from running 
nsUtocks, terrain ited by the fructification in the form of a cont or fpike, w\ic\ ix 
*smp**td qf shield-shxped stalked scales, bearing the spyrt-cases unlsrntjtth. — Oo-fl- 

yrfessonlv ike genm Ecuis<;tum. (fig. l.) 

E 2: 






V&1. Summit of the stem of Equisetam fiylvaticum; a, part of tb« axi* of 
ihe cone of fructification ; b, soma of the fruit bearing orgaus, magnified; c, a 
atperate th a -cce mare magnified. 

¥:^. 2. Polypo liu.n va'gare; a, a division (pinna) of Schizsea puMlla, showing 
the sessile sporangia ocsup/iug itj lower surface: b, oaa cf the sporangia inor» 
aaaguified. 



436 tilices. 



EQUISETUM, Linn. Horsetail. Scouring Rush. 

The ancient name, from equus, horse, and teta, bristle. 

Spore-cases (sporangia, thecal) 6 or 7, adhering to the un- 
der side of the angled shield-shaped scales of the spike, 1- 
celled, opening down the inner side and discharging, the 
numerous loose spores. To the base of' these, spores are 
attached' 4^ thread-like and club-shaped' elastic, filaments 
(elaters), which roll up closely around them when moist; 
and uncoil when dry. — Stems simple, or with whorled 
branches, and furnished at the joints with toothed sheaths. 

* Fertile stems simple, discolored, appearing before the sterile ones. 

1; E. arvense, L. Field Horse-tail. 

Sterile sterna 10 to. 15 incheshigh, smoothish, 12 to 14-furrowed. producing 
ascending sharply 4 (S to 5)-angled long branches, with' 4 herbaceous lanceolate 
pointed teeth ; sheaths of the fertile stems 8 to 15 inches high, remote, large an»j 
loose; spikes oblong, obtuse. 

Damp places, common. April, May. 

* * Fertile stems at length branched, bearing the fructification with the branikex. 

2. E. sylvaticum, L. Wood Horse-tail. 

St-crile and fertile stems 1? to 1? inches high, about 12-furrowed, bearing nu- 
merous whorls of compound Tacemed branches ; sheaths loose, with 8 to 18 rather 
hlunt membraneous teeth, which are more or less united ; those of the branches 
bearing 4 or 5, c^the brauchlets 3, lance-pointed divergent ; teeth ; spike oblong. 

Wet shady places. June, July. 

3. E. limosum, L. Smooth Swamp Horse-tail. 

Stems tall, 2 to 3 feet high, smooth, slightly 14 to Ifc-furrowed, usually producing 
npright simple branches after fructification; sheaths appressed, rather short, with 
dark-brown and acute rigid short teeth : xpike. oblong, scarcely an inch long. 

Borders of swamps and ponds. June, July. 

* * * Stems simple or branched only at base; evergreen. 

4. E. iiyemale, L. Scouring Rush. Shave-grass. 

Ster.ig stout and upright, 2 to 3 feet, high, 14 to 26-furrowed, the ridgea r»ajrfr> 
with 2 rows of minute tubercles; sheaths close, whitish, with the top and bottom- 
Hack, with awl-shaped blnck teeth, which soon fall away, leaving a bluntly crenate- 
margin: spike ovoid, blackish. 

Wet hanks, common, well known for its use in scouring. June, July. 

5.. E. variegatum, Schleicher* Variegated Horsetail 

Stems ascending, 6 to 12 inches long, simple from a branched and tufted baee, » 
tc i>-furrowed, the ridges rougJ>, with 2 rows of tubercles wchich are seperated by 
a 8<<cndary furrow ; sheaths enlarged upwards, green variegated with black 
above; the teeth persistant, obtuse, tipped with a deciduous brittle; tpikc* ovoi»V 
Uackistn 

Wet sandy pla«es. 

Order 135. FILXCES.— Ferns, 

l$afy plants, with the leaves (fronts) usuclly rising from prottrateor .whterramam 
rooistocks, mostly srptraiely rolled up (circinate) in the bud, and bearing c« iks 
reins of their leuer surface or along the margins, the simple fructification, which 
eorsiris of 1-celled spore-eases (sporangia), opening in various ways, and. di«haef : 
lag theaumeroua minute spcree. (Fig, 2.) 



PILICES. 4 37." 



Sub-order I, POLYPODINE^E.— True Fj-rx^ 

Sporangia collected in dots, lif.es, or- 'variously- shaped 1 
clusters (sori) on the back or margins of the frond or it* di- 
vision. Fruit d-o tii (sori) often curved, at least when young, 
b^ a membrane called the involucre, or properly the iridimitm^ 

i: POLY POD [UM, Linn. Polypody. 

S». Jtlut, masjv,"- and pou», foot; from the numerous fc»t-like branches of f!>* 
root-.- toe k. : 

Fruit dots round, naked, variously or irregularly scat- 
tered over the back of the flat and expanded leafdike. frond 
Veins simple, forked or pinnate, free. — Root-:<t>ill\ often 
covered with wool-tike ^chajfij and with tufted branches. 

* Fronds simply und deeply pinna if.d;' 'evergreen : fruit-dois Uirg*.- 

1. P. VULG.are, L. Common Poly pod }/. 

Fronds oblong, smooth, ami er?en on both sides, 6 to 10 Indus High; [ha ,: 
visions linear oblong, obtuse, minutely and obscurely toothed. 
Rocks, common. July. 

« * Frc-nds-2 pinv.a'Jfdf triangular,- ar,&ip.d : ft ui-i-ilvts viinuti, 

2'. P. PlIEGOPTERIS, L. B^tciiFrnpod.^ 
Sielk sparingly chaffy end downy: /rfletf'lrijvngjjiar in on; l ine. longe.r than 
broad, 3 lo 6 inches long. hairy on the rfini'; pitrnate Ihiear-lsheeolate, tsipisrlj 
approximated, the lowet>t pair diticxed aid standing forwards: i in-ir division* 
linear-oblong, Obtuse, entire, eac-h bearing about 4 fruit-dots towaids tins i>as* ay i 
aear the mxrgin. 
1'amp woods, common. July. Rootstocks slender, blackish. 

3. P. iiexaqonopterum, Michx. Winged Polypody. 

Stalk fmooth; frond broadly triangular, the base 6 to 9 inches broad, usually 
exceeding the length ; pinner rather distant, the lower of the lanceolatt liruione ' 
torith< d, dtcurrent and forming a conspicuous wing to the racLi?. 

Moist woods. July. Sori very small, in 1 to 3 rows. 

** * Fronds termite, thi primary divisions twice pinnate. 

4. P. Dryopteris, L.^ Three-branched Puh/pody.- 

Stall- slerder and britt'e, smooth: 6 to 12 inches high ; fronds smooth, pale, lighi 
green, 4 to 6 inches wide ; the 8 principal divisions widely spreading, the ultimata 
ones oblong, obtuse, nearly entir.;: fruit-dots marginal, finally in contact. 

Deep rocky woods, common. July, Svri small, light brown. 

2. PTERIS, Linn. Brake. 

3r. pier&n, a wing, on accouut of the prevalent piumue fronds. 

Fruit-dots linear, confluont laterally in a line which tfc a 
divisions of the frond, the continuous indusium fixed at the 
very margin, the inner edge free. Veins forked and irt>\ . 
bearing the sporangia at their apex. — Fronds 1 to o-pinnott- 
or decompound, rather coriaceous, 
V2* 



438 FILICE8. 



11 P. AQUILINA, L. Common Brake. 

Frond temate at the summit of an erect stout stalk, 1 to 2 feet, the widely 
ppreading branches 2-pinnate; pinnules oblong-lanceolate, the upper undivided, 
lbs lower more or less pinnatifid, with oblong- obtuse-lobes, margined all round 
with the indusium. 

Thicket* and stony hills, common evary where, Atig. Whole frond 3 to 3 feefc 
ifide. 

2: P. ATROPURPUREA, L>. Purple-stalked Brake. 

Stalk of the simply or somewhat doubly pinnate pale frond 6 to 9 inches high, 
dark purple and shining; pinna; or their 3 to 7 divisions below, oblong or linear, » 
entire, obliquely truncate pr heart-shaped jat.tho stalked base. 

Limestone rocks, rare. July. Frond ± to 8 inches long, grayish-green* 

3; ADIANTUM, Einn. Maiden-hair. 

Qr.adianios, dry ; its surface repelling mpisture. 

Fruit-dots - roundish or crescent-shaped, occupying th* 
edge of the lobes of the frond, the indusium appearing as a, 
reflexed edge of it and bearing the sporangia on its under 
aide on the. free ends of several simply forking veins. Mid- 
KIR none, or- lateral.— SkiUs and- mcki$. hijack- and' polished, . 

A": fedatum-; L. Common Maidenhair. . 

Frond forked at the summit of the upright slender sta'k, t to IS inches high,- 
\hf forks pedately branching from one side into several slender spreading divi- 
sions, which bear numerous short stalked pinnules. 

83ch, moist woods, common. July. Axlelicafce and isoet graceful Fern.. 

4. ' CHEIL ANTHES; S vrartz.v Eip-FERm 

9r. cheilos, & lip, and anthos, a flower, iu allusion to the form of the indusiunt. , 

Fruit-dots roundish, solitary or contiguous on the mar- 
gins of the lobes; the usual kidneyrshaped indusium fixed' 
to-'tho margin » at -the. point where th©t sporangia arises, free 
along the inner edge, each. receiving but .ona (direct and free) 
vein or veinlet. — Fronds 2- or 3 -pinnate, .the pinnules or lobe» 
with a central midrib. 

(X VESTITA, Willd. Htiiry Cheilanthus: 

Fronds 2-pinnate, hairy all over. 6 to 9 inches high ; pinnules short, pinaatiikk 
tfee Iol>e3 roundish; stipe and rachis haii-y. 
Shady rocks. July. Fern covered, with long brownish hairs., 

5". WOODWARBIA, Smith: 

In honor of Thomas J. Woodward, an English botanist. 

Fruit-dots oblong or linear* approximate or contiguous, 
parallel to the midrib on either side. Indusium fixed to 
the outer margin of the veinlet, free on the side next, tks ' 
Tjatdrib— -JFronds pinnatifid or pinnate. 



JILICE8. 439 1 



1. W.ANQUSTiyOLlA, Smith. fVarrow-ltavedWoodtcardia. 

Sterile fronds 1 foot high, thin, bright green, doeply pinnatifid, with lanceolat* 
terrulatc divisions ; the fertile pimply pinnate ; pinna contracted, linear, with only 
I tow of cross veins, bearing the fruuVdote &s near the margins as the midrib. 

Btogs, rare. Aug. 

2. W. ViRQlNlCA, Willd. Virginian Woodwardia. 

SttriU and fertile, fronds similar, 2 f««t --high, pinnate ipinma lanc«©lnte, pin- - 
natifid, with numerous oblong lobes; fruit-dots contiguous or confluent with age, . 
snaking a row on each s:d« of the midrib, both of the pimxe and th* lobei. 

Swamps, not, rare. July. 

6. CAMPT030RUS, Link..- Walking Fjrn. 

Gr. hamptot, bant, and sjrot, for fruitrdot. 

Fruit-dots linear or oblong, irregularly scattered on the 
reticulated veins of the simple frond,, .which form mostly- 
hexagonal meshes, variously diverging, inclined to approxi- 
mate in pairs by their frea margins, especially those of tha* 
secondary retieulati^m, or- to become eo Diluent afrtheir ends, 
forming crooked dines.. 

(V RHIZ©PHYLLUS, Link. Walking Leo /'■ WuJhing Fern:, 

Fronds evergreen, growing in tufts, spreading-or procumbent. 4 to 9 inches long, . 
lanceolate from an auriclcd heart-shap«d base, entire or wavy on the margin, 
Upering above into a slender prolongation like a runner, which otten root-* at th» 
apex giving rise to new-fronds', and these. iu turn to others; hence tha.couimo£ ■ 
name. (Asplenium rhizophyllum, .L.) 

Ihaied niftiat rocks, near Lew-wburg, rare. . Jcly. 

7.; ASPLENIUM, Linn. Sblhenwort, 

Or: a, privative, aad spUne, the.gpleen ;. from its supposed r»m*di*l propertied •_ 

Fruit-dots linear of oblong,- oblique, seperate, not in 
pairs, all attached lengthwise to -the upper side of the sim- 
pb,. forked or pinnate, free veins; the indusium opening • 
along the side towards the midrib or axis of venation^ 

* Frond pinnatt-pinnatifid, or pinnaUJid. 

1$ A. PINNATIFIDUM, Nutt. Pinnatifid Spleenwort, . 

i*Vto?vZ*-3 to 6 inchealong, diffasely spreading, lanceolate, pinnatifid, sometimes i 
pionately. parted near the baae, tapering above into a slender prolongation, with 
the apex sometimes rooting; lobes roundish-ovate, obtuse, «u toothed or nearly . 
entire, the midrib evanescent by forking below the apex. 

Cliffs below the Schuylkill and Wissahicken, near Philadelphia. Nutt, very- 
rare. July. 

2. AX THELYPTEROIDES, Mtchx. Thelvpteris-Vtlce Spleen- - 
wort. 

Fronds pinnate; pinnoe deeply pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate. 8 to 6 inches long ; 
the lohts oblong, obtuse, minnutely toothed, crowded, each bearing 2 to 6 pairs of-i 
approximated oblong fruit-dot*. 

filch woods, not rare. July, A handsome. pale-grees and smooth T«rii, 

* * Frond pinnate* 



440 FiLrcES. 



3. A. TRICHOMANES, L. Common Rock Spleen wort. 

Frcr.dum dense Rprendinji tuffs, 3 to 8 inches high, linear in outline, pinnate; 
f.-fnva- numerous, roundish-oblbne or oval, V* inch 'Ion |t, rnieqa.*rl-«iel«i,"obliqn"lv 
wrdsre-truncate at. the bnse. attached by a narrow point; the thread-like ttalk and 
a-srhis purpie-bfowo and shibiug. 

Eocky open broods, common. Aug. 

4. A: ebeneum, Ait. Ebony SgUeiiwbrt. 

Frmds upright. 8 to 18 inches hiajh, pinnate. lance-linear in outline : p-nm? V$ 
In I inch long, numerous, lanceolate, or the lower or»'ong, slightly "cvthe-xhano.1, 
finely perrate, pessile, the diluted hase anricled on the unnc-r or both sides of th* 
tlr.nsrated nvdrib; stalk nnd racbis blackish-purple and shining. 

Eocky open woods, common. Aug*. 

9 9 ♦ Piond btjyinnaiel- 

5. A. MONTANUM, Will J. Mountain S/>!ccmcort.' 

Frond* 3 to 5 inches hi;rh. bright zv^n. ovrjt^-lanceolate or triangular-ohloft? in ■ 
tf'e outline pirn a c ; pwro ovi.tr, 3 to T ; aisted (or the upi er la rely cleft)', cut-toi th- 
ed : twins forking from a midrib. 

Mountain rock?, Allegheny mountain^ and 'Bethlehem, rare. July. Rjettii 
it ■en; stalk brownith; . 

6. A. FiLix-rcEMTNA, K. Brown; Female SpfeenworL 

Frond 2 pinnate, 1 to 3 feet hixh,. smooth. nlilonj or lanceolate in outline; phtrue 
lf*no*>olate. numerous; the narrowly oblohg pinnules confluent on the ractiis by a 
''-to* nawrgin. sharp'v pinnatifid- toothed ; fruit-doit oblong, at first straight, 4 '■- 
$*S pairs on <»ach pinnule. 

Mi. lit woods, common. July. Stipe ta^vny. . 

8. DTCKSONIA, L'lTerir. . 

In honor of Ja'me* Diclsen, an English cryptogam :>us botem-t. 

Fruit-dots small, globular, marginal-, each placed 'on the • 
apex of a free vein or fork, enclosed in a recurved little 
enp-shaped or 2-l:pparl sao, which consists of a reflexed or 
chariged lobclet or tooth of the frond united by its edges 
with those of a nearly similar proper indusium, which is 
fixed along its base on the inner side; receptacle elevated/., 
globular. 

D. PUNCTIEOBULA, Hook. Hairy Dlcksonia. 

Minutely glandular and hairy ; f rands 15 to 23 inches h-trh. ovate-lanceolate • 
»nd pointed in outline, pale creen and very thin, with strong stalks rising from 
((lender extensively creeping rootstock, pinnate: pinna lanceolate, twice vinna'ifi I 
snd cut toothed, the lobes oblong; fruit-dots minute, usually one at the upper 
2n«rein of each lobe. 

Moist shady places, common ; odorous. July. 

9. CYSTOPTERTS, Berahardi. Bladder-Pern. 

Gr. J;ustis, a bladder, an&pterig, Pern, from the sac like indusium. 

Fruit-dots roundish, borne on the middle of a straight 
fork of the free veins. Indusium oblong-kidney-shaped, . 
hood-like, attached by abroad inflated base on the inner ■ 
side partly- under the fstuit-dot, opening free at the outer 



FILICES. 44 1- 



»ide towards the apex of the lobe, somewhat jagged. — Tuft- 
ed Ferns T with dendir and delicate 2 to %-pinnate fronds, 
havivg cut-toothed lobes. 

1. C. bttlbifera, Bernh. Bulbous Bladder Fern. 

Frond lanceolate, elongated, 1 to 2 fept Irmsr. 2-pii>n.ite; pinna lanoe-oblonj, 
poinUd, horizontal. 1 to 2 inches long: rdchis often bearing hulblets uuderneati*j . 
wingless: pinnules crowded, ohloncr, obtuse, toothed or pinnate. 

Shaded moist rocks, common. July. 

2. C. FRAGILTS, Bernh. Weak Bladder-Fern. 

Frond oblong-lanceolate. 4 to 8 inches long, beside the stalk which is about th» . 
l»me length. 2 or 3-pinnate ; the pinna and pinnules-ovate or lanceolate in outline, 
irregularly pinnatifid or cut-toothed, mostly acute, decurront on the margined or 
wiDged ra< bit. 

Shaded cliffy common : tt-ry-- variable. July. 

10. WOODSIA, R: Brown. 

Dedicated to Joseph Wjods, an English botanist. 

Fruit-dots globular, borne on the back of simple forked 
free veins. Indusium tk'in, attached by its base all aroani 
the receptacle, open or early bursting through at the top or 
centre, the orifice or edge irregular or jigged, and usually 
eut-fringed with long hairs which involve the sporangia,-^ . 
Small and tufted jpinnattly-dioided Fernt. 

1. TV. obtusa, Torr. Obtuse Yfoodiia. 

Fr*ni& to 12 incheihish.broadlydftncsolat*,minutelTglandu!ar-hairy, p'nnate, : 
pinna rather remote, triapjjuiar^ovatefOjr obleag. 1'ineh or raone long Muntish, 
pinnately parb-d : pinn>/l-s oblone. verv obtuse, 'renately pinnntifid-toothed. w »th- 
s> single smooth fruit-dot on *aeh rounded minutel/ toothed lobe near the sinus; 
stalk and rr.chis a little chaffy. 

Rocky banks and cliffs. July. 

2. W. Ilyensis, R. Brown. Oblong-leaved WbodsxA* 

Frr+iil to 4 inches long. 1 inch wide, emonthisb andgrr-en above, oblong lan<*«v= . 
lite, thickly clothed underneath as well as the stalk with rnstv bri«tle-like cbaT, 
pinntde; pinntv crowded, obleng, obtusft, senile. pmnately parted, the rnumeroua . 
trowded pinnule* oblong obtuse, obscurely ereiiate, the fruit-ioU near the margin 
somewhat confluent when old. 

•xposed rocks frequent. June. 

11. DRYOPTERIS, Adana., Schott. Wood-Fer*. 

Or. drus, an oak, or tree in general, and pieris, Fern ; growing in wooda. 

Frtjit-dots round, borne on the back or near the apex ot 
the simple and free pinnate veins or their forks. Indusium. 
flattish, round-kidney-ekaped at the sinue, opening round the 
margin. — Fronds 1 to S-pi7inate } of thin or th'innish texturt, 

* Ytiru timpU and ttraighl or simply forled. 

1. P. Thelypterjs, Gray. 

Frond rinnate, lanceolate in outline ; the roreontal pinna gradually d'm'n'sb> 
i»£ inkegth from E«tr tie base to tbs »jcx. Ku^s^Iinw^-lapceolai*, ds^ply-^a- 



4-12 FILICES. 



natifid. the margins strongly rerolute in fruit; veins mostly forked, bearing tha 
•rowded fruit-dots near the middle. (I'olypodiuni Thelypt. L.) 

Marshes, common. Aug. Stalk 1 foot or im:-e long ; the fruit-dots soon cover- 
ing th« whole contracted iower surface of the pionae. . 



2. D. Noveboracensis, Gray. 



Frond pinnate, ohloner^anceolate in outline, taperine below from the lc-??«r ■ 
pinna 1 heinjz rradi allv shoftnr arid hent downwards: lores flat, broadly eblong 
with mostly-rfmple reins, hearing scattered fruit dots near the margin. 

Swamps acd moist thickets, common. July. Frond pale green. 

*• Fronds verging to %-pinnate, i~i: : 2-pinnaie, iht jjinnulet pinnatifid. 

3. D. intermedia, Gray. 

Frc.vl ovate-oblong in outline. 1 to 2 feet long, smooih, briebt green ; pinnvhs 
oJilrng-linenr. obtuse horizontal, crowded- the lower def-ply pinnatif d into linear- 
oblong obtuse lobes which are ehai-ply cut toothed, the upper eut-pinnatifid or 
ino-'-ei] ; fruit-dots ppar.'e: irtdwium fringed with stalked glands at ils margin. 

Very common, on hillsides in woods. July. 

4. D. cristata, Gray. 

Frwid linear-oliloTigin outline, \\-' 2 to C 1 ^ inob>s Toner, very long-rtalked : p-'nrm~ 
*hort. hianenlar-ol kmsr, from a some what heart-fbaped bast', acute, mostly al- 
t-mate, deeply pinnatifid; pinnules 8 to 13 pairs, oblong, very obtive, finely pf r- 
rate or cut-toothed; Jruitdots as near the midrib es the margin, large often ccn^ 
fluent. 

Swamps, kc, common; July. Variable. 

5; D. MARGTNALE. 

rrcrd 2] innate, evsteroblor* in cntbne. 1 -o2 fe»t icrg; pivrxr opr.i»ite. In tyre* 
Hate fr> m a \ ror c an est Fc^ile 1 n.«e ; jn^tfvha \ blong, obuue. };> in< h rr m< re-' 
jot i. crowded. oMuFely, cmu.te-tooti.cd: frvit-dott oonspicuc us, uekr the margin, . 
trtdu*ium smrx th. 

Reck; hilLides ynd ravines in moist woeds, very common. July. 

Sub-order II. OSMUNDINE.E. 

Sporangia variously collected, destitute of any proper 
ring, cellular-reticulated, opening lengthwise by a regular 
slit. 

12. LYGODIUM, Swart*. Climbing Fern. 

Gr. Ivgodes, flexik. . 

Fronds twining or climbing, bearing stalked and variously 
lobed divisions in pairs, with free veins, fruit-beiring on 
■operate contracted divisions or spike-like lobes, one side of 
which is covered with scale-like hooded indusia imbricated in- 
£ ranks, fixed by its lower edge, each inclosing a single spo- 
rangium, or rarely a pair. 

L. IALMATA, Swarfs. TaJmate CUmlivg Fern. 

Very smooth: ttutt* sbeder. EeSilR r<rd twinine. 1 to 3 feet Imp, from Mender 
running root-stock?: it« short alternate branches or p< tloles deeply 2-forlved. each 
fc^rk hearins a round heart shaped Daimately5to 7-lobcd sterile Irondlet; ftriil* 
Jrondletx above, all contracted and several times forking, forming & cenxjeund -tti- 
2T*inal panicle. 
Shaded- moiii banks,. July. . 



FILICES. 4 io 



13. 03MUNDA, Linn. Flowering Fern. 

O^munder, a Saxon name of Thor, a celiic divinity. 

Sporangia globose, shGrt-pedicelled, naked, entirely cov- 
ering the fertile fronds or pinnae (whieh are contracted to the 
mere raehis,) thin and reticulated, not striate-rayed at the 
apex, opening by a slit into 2 valves across the apparent top 
Spores green. — Fronds tall and upright } from thickened root- 
stocks, 1 to 2-pinnate) the veins forking and free. 

1. 0. Claytoniana, L. Clayton's Flowering Fern. 

Frond pinnate, 16 to 24 inches long, linear-oblong in outline ; pinnx mostly 
apposite piuuatifid, 2 or 3 of the central pairs contracted into pinnate clusters of 
dark brown spore-cas.-s. 

• Low wet grounds, common. June, 

2. G. sfectaeilis, Willd. Showy Flowering Fern. 

Very smooth, pale, 2 to 4 fjet high; sterile pinnules 20 or more, lance-oblong, 
rather oblique but not auricled at the base, 2 inches long; the fir tile, forming an 
obloug raestuncse pauicle at tne summit of the fronds. 

bwtuups, ctmmon. July. 

2. 0. cinnamomea, L. Cinnamon Fern. 

Sterile frond pinnate, smooth when fall grown; pinna elongated, pinnatifid; 
; Segments ovate-oblong, entire; fertile frond bipinaate, usually central less nu- 
merous than the sterile, with the pinnae muoh smaller, and covered with dense 
■ clusters of cinnamon-colored spore-cases. 

Swamps and low places, vey common. May. — Growing.in large bunches, 2 to * 
.feet high, at lengths or 5 feet, 

14. BOTRICHIUM, Swarts. Moonwort. 

Gr. bortus, a cluster of grapes, from the appearance of the fruitful froads. 

Spore-cases subglobose, 1-celled, 2-valvcd, distinct, 
smooth, sessile along the margin of a compound pinnate ra- 
ehis, opening transversely. Indusium nene. Sporangia 
sessile, clustered but distinct. 

B. VlRGlNlCUM, Swarts. Virginian Moonwort. 

Somewhat hairy, 10 to 20 inches high ; sterile frond, above the middle, broadly 
triangular U outline, spreading, 6 to 12 inches wide, ternately divided to the base, 
s ssile, thia ; the braucaes pinnate ; pinnce pmnately parted ; pinnules, lacee oblong, 
cut piuuatifid or sharply touched ; fructification 2-pinnate. 

liich woods, common. July. 

Sub-order XII. OPHIOGIiOSSE^J. 

Sporangia spiked, closely sessile, not reticulated, opening 
-by a transverse slit, — Fronds straight, never rolled in the bud. 

15. OPniOGLOSSUM, linn. Adder's-tongue. 

Gr. ophis. a serpent, and glosza, tonge. 

Spore-cases roundish, smooth, closely packed in 2 rank s 



444 



LYCOPODIACEJB. 



^>n the simple terminal spike, opening transversely. Spores 
•copious, sulphur color. 

"O. Vulg-attjm, L. Common Adders-tongue. 

Sterile frond I orne about the middle, ovate-oblong,- obtuse, seesife, about 3 incbfci 
icng, shorter than the spike: root fibrous. 
Moist woods, very rare. June. 

Order 136. LYC0P0BI&CE2E,— Club-Moss- Fern. 

.i^i Pl ^ S> usu ? l, y fMoss-Hl-e aspect, with the solid and often woody stems thickXy 
tMHea with sessile awl-shaped ' cr lanceolate persistent and simple leaves bearing the 
■s tc i-valved spore-cases sessile in their axils; chiefly represented by the typical 
genus, (rig. 3.^ * ' J 

3 A 




Tig. 3. Lyeopodium, nearly of the naf ural size ; a, a leaf from (he ppike of 
fructification, with the sporecases in its axils, and spores falling out ; b, a group of 
four spores magnified; c, the seme separated. 

Fig. 4. A Moss (Polytrichium) of the natural size ; a, a magnified theca, from 
•which the lid or operculum,-*?, has hean removed, showing the peristome; c,'a por- 
tion of the outer and inner peristome highly-magnified. 

LYCOPODIUM, L., Spreng. Cixb-Moss. 

Gr. lukos, a wolf, arid potts, fooi; from no obvious resemblance. 

FroRE-CASES of only one kind, coriaceous, flattened, usually 
•kidney shaped, l-celled ; opening by a transverge line rotund 



LYCOPODIACE^E. 445 



the margin, thus 2-valved ; discharging the subtile spores in 
the form of a very -eopious sulphur-colored inflammable pow- 
der.— Perennials, with evergreen 1-nerved leaves, imbricated 
■or crowded in 8 to 16, rarely in 4 ranks. 

* Spore-cases scattered in the axils cf the' dark green leaves.. 

1. L. LUCIDUM, Michx. Shining Club-Moss. 

Stems thick, 2 or 3 times forked, the branches asce nding, 6 to 12 inches higkj 
■leaves widely spreading or reflexed, linear-lanceolate, acute, minutely toothed. 
Cold damp woods. Aug. Leaves long, dark green and shining. 

* * Spore-cases borne erily in the axils c/ the upper (bracte al) leaves, thus forming 
■spikes or aments. 

2. L. alopecuroides, L. Fox-taU Club-Moss. 

Stents stcut, very densely leafy throughout; the sterile branches recurved-pro- 

nt and creeping; the fertile of the same thickness, 6 to 20 inches high ; leaves 

narrowly linear awl shaped, spinulose-pointed, spreading, conspicuously bristle- 

Ipaothed below the middie; those of the cylindrical spike with "long bristly tips. 

Pine barrens and swamps. Aug., Sept. Stems with the dense leaves 3^ indi 

the comoie spike with its longer spreading leaves % to 1 inch thick. 

3. L. dexdrgideum, Michx. Ground Pine. 

Stems upright, 6 to 9 inches high, from a subterranean creeping rootstock, sim= 
pie below, and clothed with lance-linear acute, entire leaves, appressed-erect in 4 to 
6 rows, bushy-branched at the summit ; the crowded branches spreading, fan-like, 
with the lower row ot leaves shorter and the lateral spreading, — iu var. obscurum 
appearing flat from the leaves of the upper side being also shorter and appressed. 

Moist woods. Aug. Remarkable for its tree-like growth, Spikes solitary, or 2 
•to J, cylindrical. 

4. L. CLAVATUM, L. Common Club-Moss. 

Stems creeping extensively, with similar ascending short and very leafy branch- 
es; the fertile terminated by a slender peduncle 4 to 6 inches long, bearing about 
2 or 3 (rarely 1 or i) linear-cylindrical spikes ; le ives linear-awl-shaped, iacurved- 
fipreadmg, light green, tipped as also the bracts with a fine bristle. 

Dry woods, common. J uly. 

5. L. COMPLANATUM, L. Flattened Club-Moss. 

Sterns extensively creeping (often subterranean), the erect or ascending branches 
several times forked above; branchlets equal, crowded, spreading, somewhat fan- 
like, flattened, all clothed with minute imbricated-appressed awl-shaped leaves m 
i ranks, with di-current-united bases, the lateral rows with slightly spreading 
tooth-like tips r those of the upper and under rows smaller, narrow, wholly ap~ 
pressed ; peduncles slender, bearing 2 to 4 cylindrical S23ikea» 

Dry woods and copses, common. July. 

2. SELAGINELLA, Beauv., Spring. 

Name a diminutive of Selago. 

Fructification of two kinds^ 1-celled, soms filled witfe 
minute powdery matter, and opening at the apex; others 
containing 1 to 4, rarely 6 globose angular grains ; the latter 
either intermixed with the former in the same axils, or soli- 
tary in the lower axils of the leafy 4-ranked sessile spike. 

1. S. rupestris, Spring. Small Rock Club-Moss. 

Much branched in close tufts. 1 to 3 inches high ; leaves densely apprised &&.•> 

W2 



446 ANOPHYTES AND THALLOPIIYTES. 

bricated, linear-lanceolate, comose and with a grooved keel, minutely ciliate, bris- 
tle-tipped; those of the strongly 4 angular spike rather broader; the sorts of spore* 
in the same axils. 
Exposed rocks, common. Grayish-green, resembling a rigid Moss. 

2. S. aptjs, Spring. Moss-like Sulaginella. 

Stems tufted and prostrate, creeping, much branched, flaccid; leaves pellucid, 
membranaceous, 4-ranked; those of the lateral rows spreading horizontally, ovate- 
oblique, mostly obtuse ; the other much smaller, appres.sed, acuminate; those of 
the short spikes nearly similar ; lui ger spore-cases at the lower part of the spike. 

4jOw shady places. July, Aug. 

137. The Order Hydropterides consists of aquatic cryp- 
togam ous plants of diverse habits, with the fructification borne 
at the base of the leaves, or on submerged branches, con- 
sisting of two kinds of organs, of dubious nature, contained 
in indehiscent ; or irregularly bursting involucres, Uporo- 
carps). 

ANOPHYTES, 

Anopitytes. Vegetables composed of parenchyma alose, 
w-ith acrogenous growth, usually with distinct foliage, some- 
times the stem and foliage is confluent into a frond. They 
embrace the following orders : Musci and Hepatice^e, 
(with four suh-evdavs Ricciacece } Anthocerotece, Merchantiacece 
and Junge r m a n a la cece. ) 

138. The Order Musci'(Mosses, Fig. 4,) consists of low 
tufted plants, always with a atom and distinct (sessile) leaves, 
producing sporecases which mostly open by a terminal lid, 
and contain simple spores alone. 

139. The Order Hepatice^ (Liverworts, Fig. 5,) con- 
sists of frondose or Moss-like phnts, of a loose cellular tex- 
ture, usually procumbent, and emitting rootlets from beneath ; 
the calyptra not seperating from the base, but usually rup- 
turing at the apex ; the capsule not opening by a lid, con- 
taining spores, usually mixed with elaters which consists -of 
thin thread-like cells, containing one or two spiral fibres, 
uncoiling elastically at maturity, 

THALLOPHYTES. 

Vegetables composed of parenchyma alone, or of co»« 
gcries of cells or even of seperate cells, often vaguely com- 
bined in a thallus, never exhibiting a marked distinction 
into root, stem, and foliage, or into axis and leaves. Fruc- 
tification of the most simple kinds coasisting of sporufa or 
4poridia. 



THALL0PI1YTLS. 



447 




Fi<r. 5. Fruit-stalk with a portion of the foliage of Jungermnnnia, magnified to-. 
fbov,- its entire cellular structure : a, one of the tubular spirally marked cells from 
Hie fruit; b. the spiral threads which re.-ult lmm its dhrirption. 

F,i<r. 6. a. a stone upon which a Lichen (Peruieliia conspersa) is growing;.?), 
CI in 1 on in coccinnea, hearing its fri ctiication in rounded red masses on the edges off 
a raised cup. 

140. The Order Ljchenes (Lichens, Fig. 6,) form the 
highest grade of this lowest series. They consist of flat ex- 
pansions, which are rather ci ustaeecus than foliaceous, grow- 
ing on the lmk of trees, rn the surface of rocks, and on tha 
gn ur.d, to which they cling by their lower surface. The 
fructification is in cups, or shields, (aeotdecia) resting on 
the surface of the thallus, or more or less immersed in its 
substance, or else in powdery spots scattered over the surface. 




Fig. 7. A gflrieus ormpestreFP. Fditle Mushroom in its various stages: a. ksd, 
ft-.ni the interior of Splsria rrsella. containing sp< ru'es highly magnified. Fig. 8. 
A Mc.uld (Pmnicillum glaucum); b, Bread-mould (Mucor). Loth highly magnified. 

141. [I he Order Fur*GJ, (Mushrooms, Moulds, &c, Fi>v 
7„ 8,) consists of j arasitic flowtrkss j lauts, either living 
bjcd LLd drLvirg tLcir nciuitLmtnt fum lhirg, though. 



448 



THALLOPHYTES. 



more commonly from languishing, plants and animals, or 
«lse appropriate the- organized matter of dead and decaying 
animal and vegetable bodies-. Rust, smut and mildew, (Fig. 
8,) are examples of the former, and mushroom, puff balls, 
&c, of the latter. Fungi (Fig. 7,) are entirely destitute of 
foliage and green matter, (chlorophyll,) which appears to be 
essential to the formation of .organic out af inorganic matter. 

142. The Order CHAitACE^E (Chara Family,) consists of 
a few aquatic plants, which have all the simplicity of the 
lower Algse, in cellular structure, being composed of simple 
tubular cells-, placed end to end, and often with a set of 
smaller tubes- applied to the surface of - tbe main one. Their 
fructification consists of two kinds of bodies (shown in Fig, 
9,) of which the smaller is probably a mass of antheridece). 
of curious structure, while the upper and larger is a sporo- 
carp formed of a budding cluster of leaves, wrapped around. 
a nucleus which is a spore cr. sporangium.. 

148. The next vast Order or rather. Class, Alge^e, con- 
fists mostly of aquatic plants-. Although they rise to forms- 
more simultatiag the higher grades of vegetation, and there- 
fore should have been placed before the Fungi, yet, as they 
descend to the very lowest point of the scale, they have been 
placed the last in the series, 



9. 



10. 





fig. 9. Branch of tbe common Chara, nearly the natural size; a, a portion? 
snagaitied, showing the lateral tubes inclosing a central one; also a spore, invested' 
lb} a, set of tubes twisted spirally around it, and with an autheridium borne at its' 
base; b, a portion rf tte lateral tubes more highly magnified. 

Fig. 10. a, summit of the freed of lucus vesiculous; b, one of the contained 1 
globules; c, spores and jointtd fikments of which the globules are composed: d r 
tV-nium glaucum, of I'-hrcnlcrg, v>l o thinks it a ccrgerics of animalcults, while- 
it is described as- an Alca? by Wejcri; e, Euastmm Crux Melitensis ; /, Mcridioa^, 
^rculaie ; g, Ethiuella f cbcllata, pciht ps a group of animalcules. 



THALLOPHYTES. 44£h 



144. The highest forms of the Algae are the proper Sea- 
weeds, '-'some of which have stems of enormous lengths,, 
and fronds that rival in expansion the leaves of the Palm." 
" Others again are so minute as to be invisible, except in 
masses to the naked eye." From those we descend by suc- 
cessive gradations to simple or branching cells placed end to 
end, such as the green Confervus of our pondsj and many 
marine forms, in which the organs of. vegetation and fructi- 
fication become at length perfectly indentical, both reduced 
to mere cells, and finally as the lowest term of possible vege- 
tation we have the plant reduced to a single cell, conaining 
granular matter which gives rise to new ones each of which- ^ 
at the destruction of its mother cell becomes an independent 
minium plant, and repeats in turn the same process." 

1 45. u The lowest group of the Alga), called Diatomac.e. 
presents peculiarities of the most striking resemblance to 
those of animals, so that they are claimed at the same time 
by the Zoologist as well as the Botanist. We see not how 
they are to be seperated from the vegetable kingdom, espc- _ 
eially if they evolve oxygen gas as they are said to do. But?. 
wherever the line be drawn, in reaching the borders of the 
vegetable kingdom, we make the closest possible approach 
t$ tha lowest epnfines of. the aninaal creation \" 



ERRATA,, 

Generic description of Nasturtium on page 29 should read.— Pod nearly terete, X?., 
««e Class 1$, Tetradynamia, Order 2, Siliquotte, in Analytical Tables. 
On page 36, 3d line, after Cleome for on, read or. 
Page 73, 6th line, from Exionymusfor5-sided, read 4-sided. 
Bage 87, for Lespedza, read Lespedeza. 
Page 103, 2nd line from bottom, for. stick, read di.<k. 
Page 112, 4th line after Decoden, for stamens 15, read stamens 10. 
Page 22C, 4th line after Chimaphila, for stamens 19, ( read stamens 1#« 
Page 232, 2nd line after Tecoma, for 6-toothed, read 5-tcothel; 
l\a$e 281. 4th line after Datura, for petioled, read pla^tsd* 



INDEX 



TO 



BOTANICAL NAMES 



"'The namrs of the 


Ordsrs and Suborders are in 


smam. CAPrrAL3, the -Gin 


;ra anl 


■SliJ-gauerj, in Roman, and the Synjnyous in Rah 








PAG S. PAG3. 


Pi'V- 


AV.03 


34 J AMYODAtSAS 


96 ASPARAQS* 


3f4 


Abietineae 


333 Amygdalus 


99 Asparagus 


•371 


Abrotanum 


190 ASACARDlACSfi 


67 A-iP'd )D£L3& 


377 


Abduthium 


19J Anigiilis 


-22S Asphkleius 


!;373 


Ah action 


5J ANAOALL'.DZS 


228 Aspleniuin 


459 


Acilypba 


317 Anehdsa 


270 Aster 


162 


JlCA^TUACaa 


234 A a Irduueda 


213 Asteroid s,b 


161 


Ac-r 


69 A.VDR0-W£D2^ 


212 Astragalus 


8^ 


ACERACBAB 


6J Andropogon 


431 Atheropogon 


415 


AcetOsella 


307 Anenijne 


2 Atropa 


284 


Achillea 


■18S ANGIOJPERMOX'S EiO- 


Arena 


426 


Acnlda 


299 GEN3 


1 Avicularia 


305 


Aeonitum 


I'J A.NONAC2JE 


14 Azalea 


216 


Ac;iog*.n3 


435 AN0PU1TE3 


446 




Actaea 


10 Atithemia 


187 BvL3AMlFMLS 


333 


AetiuGineris 


184 Anthoxauthum 


427 Balsaminac&b 


64 


Adenorachis 


110 Antt;unaria 


191 Baptisia 


93 


A t.antuin 


438 Antirrhimdeje 


2J5 Barlarea 


29 


Adlumia 


-24 Antirrhinum 


236 Bartouia 


287 


Ad )nis 


12 Anychia 


54 Batatus 


279 


iE-<chyuOmene 


84 AP./IALOU3 EXOGENOUS 


Benzoin 


308 


JEsculus 


71 PLANTS 


296 BfiRBKUlDACEJS 


16 


Agave 


365 Aphyllon 


232 Berberis 


1* 


AGLUMAC20CS EJfDO- .n.piOS 


82 Beta 


3UJ 


Gt.XS 


345 Apium 


18J BJtula 


327 


Agiimjnia 


101 Aplectrum 


35" B^tulac&e 


327 


A^rOstis 


4il AP.JLYXACr.iE 


289 Bidens 


ISO 


Agropyrum 


422 Apocj'uum 


2b9 BlG-\0.NlAC££ 


232 


.s.ira 


424 AQUlFOLlACfia 


221 BlG.VONE.S 


232 


Aletris 


367 Aquifolinm 


222 Biottia 


1d2 


Avg^ab 


448, 449 Aquilegia 


8 Blephilea 


253 


Alisina 


353 x^rabis 


30 Blitain 


299 


AUSMAC&fl 


352 Araci^b 


345 Bothmeria 


338 


AUSMEAS 


353 Arilia 


142 Boltonia 


6J 


Allium 


37 J ARALIACEjB 


142 Botrithium 


443 


Alnus 


328 Arehemura 


138 Boraginace^b 


266 


Aloiuefe 


384 Archaugelica 


184 Bor&go 


270 


Alopecilrua 


409 Arenaria 


52 Brachyelytrum 


413 


Alertness 


50 Are th iisa 


361 Brasenia 


17 


Althea 


58 Aigemune 


21 Brassica 


34 


Alyssum 


27 Aristida 


414 Biiza 


417 


Auialauchier 


109 Aristolochia 


297 Brum us 


421 


Amaraxihvcb^i 


300 Aristolochiac&S 


-297 Brou-sonetia 


33a 


Amaranth us 


300 Armeria 


225 Buehnera 


244 


AmARYLUDALEJB 


065 Armeniaca 


07 Bupleurum 


138 


Amaryllis 


365 —mica 


1*5 Buxus 


318 


Amber boa 


196 Artemisia 


190 




AmbrO&ia 


177 rum 


345 Cacomback^ 


IT 


Araiauthium 


3o7 ^..sarum 


297 Cacalia 


193 


AniOrpha 


90 A8CLEP1ADACBJB 


290 Cactace^ 


118 


Ampelopsis 


75 Asclepiaa 


290 CLBSLALP1NB.S 


04 


Anipbicarpa 


83 xxscyrum 


45 CalainagrostU 


413 


-JtinpLiiotid 


1SU Ae'ioina 


1» Calendula 


-186 



452 


INDEX TO BOTANICAL NAMES. 






PAGE. 




PAG2. 


page. 


'Cilia 


349 


Chrysospleniuni 


129 Cyperace.s 


395 


Calliastrum 


1(52 


Cicer 


80 Cypripedium 


3i3 


Callistephus 


170 


ClCIIORACEAE 


200 C^perus 


305 


CallitrlchaC&3 


313 


Cichdrium 


200 Cystjptaris 


410 


Callitriche 


314 


Cicdta 


126 




Calopjgon 


3J1 


Cimlcifuga 


11 Dictylis 


416 


Caltha 


•7 


Cinua 


411 Dahlia 


170 


Caltcaxthacejj 


:lll 


Circaea 


116 Dalibarda 


103 


Calyc'tnthus 


111 


Cirsiurn 


196 Dantbonia 


423 


Calystegia 


277 


ClSTACEAE 


40 Daphne 


30*> 


Caniellna 


26 


Cladiuoi 


402 Da lie us 


133 


Campanula 


208 


Claytonia 


56 Ditura 


28 1 


CaMPASULACEUB 


208 


Clematis 


2 Dl'coden 


112 


'Camptosorus 


433 


Cleome 


36 Delphlnura 


9 


Campylosperjub 


140 Clethra 


215 Dentaria 


28 


Canna 


364 Clintonia 


376, 207 Dcsmodium 


85 


Cannabis 


336 


Ciiuopjliuin 


258 Diinthus 


49 


Cax^abimk-5 


335 


Cnlcus 


19J Dianthera 


234 


Caxnacea 


364 


Cochlear ia 


26 Diceutra 


23 


CAFPARIDACE3! 


35 


Ocdosperaux 


141 Dicksonia 


440 


iCaprifoliuit 


145 


Coix 


432 Dihotyledoxs 


1 


eSpSelra 


25 


Colimsia 


237 Diervilla 


Ho 


■Capsicum 


281 


Collinsoaia 


252 Digitalis 


23S 


Cardauiine 


31 


Coaiandra 


310 Dioscdfea 


371 


Cnrdiospermum 


70 


Comaiell^na 


392 Dl-'WCOREACEJE 


371 


Cirex 


403 


COMMSLLTSACEJ! 


3j2 Di.>spyros 


228 


Carpinus 


325 


Couiptonia 


327 DlOXJMACEAE 


Ul 


Cartbamus 


199 


Composite 


155 Diplopappus 


168 


'Carum 


138 


COXIFERJS 


3GJ DiPSACSAE 


151 


Carya . 


319 


Ciiuium 


141 Dipsacus 


155 


Caryophyllacbjb 


47 


ConooliDum 


158 Diptericanthus 


2SS4 


Cassandra 


211 


Conopboiis 


231 Direa 


308 


Cassia 


94 


Con vail aria 


377 Dcdeca'heon 


22J 


iiiSsts 


94 


Convolvulus 


2TS Dracocephalum 


256 


Castanea 


323 


CONVOLVL'LACrjE 


277 Droicra 


42 


■Castilleja 


245 


CGptis 


8 DilOSERACEffi 


42 


Catananche 


206 


Coprosmaothus 


372 Dryal-eae 


lol 


Catalpa 


233 


Coral lorbiza 


357 Dryppteris 


4-U 


Cataria 


255 


Coreopsis 


1S2 Buiichium 


395 


■Caulinia 


350 


CoriandruBa 


142 




Cedronella 


255 


COKNACE« 


144 EbexacilE 


223 


Cklastracej! 


71 


Cornus 


114 Echiuocystis 


122 


Celastrus 


72 


Corydalls 


23 Ecbino.-pex-mum 


269 


Cetdsia 


302 


Cory 1 us 


324 Echiuodorus 


354 


Celtis 


312 


Cosuiantbus 


273 LcLiiuni 


2o6 


-Ceutaurea 


195 


Crantzia 


132 Eclipto 


175 


•CcutrGsenia 


S3 


Cbassulacjub 


125 ELATIKACEiE 


46 


Ceph&lanthus 


152 


Crataegus 


108 Elatina 


46 


Cerastium 


-51 


Crocus 


-373 Eleocbaris 


397 


•Cerassus 


97 


Crotalaria 


93 Elepbantopus 


156 


CeRATOPHYLLACE^E 


313 


CRLCFER.& 


24 Rleusine 


415 


Ceratoph^yilum 


313 


CRYPTOUAillA 


435 Ely m us 


423 


Ceratoschuenus 


401 


Cryptotasuia 


137 ElGdea 


46 


Cercis 


94 


Cucumis 


1*23 Lxdogexs 


345 


Cliaerophyllum 


140 


Cucurbita 


124 Eplgea 


213 


Charackae 


44S 


CUCURBITAC&B 


121 Epildbium 


113 


Chamaellrium 


388 


Cuuila 


252 Epiphegus 


231 


Cheilauthes 


438 


Cupbea 


113 Eqlisetaceae 


435 


Cheiranthus 


33 


CUPRESSIXEiB 


342 Equisetum 


436 


Oh<*lid6nium 


21 


Cupressus 


342 Eragrostis 


418 


•Cuelone 


237 


ClJi'Ll.I.FER.S 


320 Erechthites 


102 


UHENOPUDIACEae 


298 


Cl>Cu"lIXr~B 


279 Ekicaceae 


210 


Cbeuopodium 


298 


Cuscuta 


279 Ericixeab 


21-2 


Chimaphila 


220 


Cydonia 


111 Erigenia 


141 


ClNCHONE* 


152 


Cynoglussum 


269 Eiigeron 


167 


Chionanthes 


295 


CYNAR££ 


195 EriocaCilon 


3J4 


Cbrysopsis 


174 


Cyuthia 


201 Ekiocauloxacz>£ 


394 


Ciirjs^nUicmuia 


ISO Cynudon 


4J.5 Enopbola 


r^jA 





INDEX TO BOTANICAL NAMES. 


453 




« PAGE. 




PAGE. 


pagb. 


' "Sridphornm 


400 


Hamamelis 


■ 131 Jasmlnum 


294 


Erysimum 


32 


Hededma 


: 252 Jeffersonia 


17 


Erythraea 


• 286 


Hedera 


143 JUGLANDACES 


318 


Erythronium 


- 882 


Hedyotis 


153 Juglans 


318 


ESCALLONIEJS 


129 


HE-DYSARE.S 


■ 84 JUNCACE^ 


- 388 


Eseholtzia 


22 


Hedj^sarum 


84 JUNCAGINE^ 


352 


EUONYMEAE 


72 


Helianthejb 


384 Juncus 


3S9 


Eudnymus 


73 


Helenium 


1 186 Juniperus 


34S 


E 17PAT0RTACE.B 


157 


Helianthe^e 


178 Justicia, 


2S4 


Eupotorium 


159 


Heliiinthemum 


40 




Euphorbia 


315 


H el i an thus 


: 180 Kalmia 


- 217 


EuPHORBIACEfl 


315 


Heliopsis 


179 Koeteria 


- 416 


Eutdca 


273 


Helleborus 


12 Krigia 


201 


lixoaENa 


1 


Helonias 
Helxine 


' 388 KuhBia 
305 


158 


Faba 


80 


Hemiantbus 


- 241 Labiatjs 


249 


Fagopyrum 


S06 


Hemicarpha 


397 Lactuca 


204 


Fagua 


324 


Hemocorallis 


377 Lagenaria 


- 124 


Fedia 


154 Hepatica 


3 Lamium. 


261 


Festuca 


420 


HepaticEjB 


446 Lappa 


198 


Filago 


192 


Heracleum 


134 Lapathum 


306 


FlLl CES 


436 


Herpestis 


240 Laportea 


337 


Fimbristylis 


400 


Hesperis 


34 Larix 


341 


Fleerkia 


66 


Heteranthera 


391 Lathyrus 


78 


Fcenlculum 


139 


Heuchera 


127 Lauraceae 


307 


FrAxinus 


295 


Hibiscus 


58 Laurns 


308 


Fragaria 


434 


Hieraceum 


202 Lavandula 


264 


Frittillaria 


383 


Hippuris 


118 Lechea 


41 


Fumaria 


24 


Hcemodoraceai 


367 Ledum 


218 


FuMARlACEa 


22 


Hollcus 


426 Leersia 


408 


"FlNGl 


447 


Hordeum 


424 Legujiinos^ 


77 


Funkia 


-378 


Hottonia 


229 Lemna 


348 






HOTTONIEAJB 


229 LesiNACE^ 


348 


Galaetia 


" 82 


Houstunia 


153 Lentago 


149 


Galanthus 


' 366 


Hudsonia 


41 LENTIBTJLACEiB 


230 


' Galatella 


166 


Humulus 


336 Leontice 


17 


" Galeopsis 


'■ 262 


Hyacinthus 


380 Leontodon 


201 


Galium 


151 


Hydrangea 


- 130 Leonurus 


261 


Gailra 


115 


Hydrangeas 


1 180 Lepachys 


180 


Gaultheria 


212 


Hydrastis 


7 Lepidium 


26 


Gaylussacia 


210 


Hydroeotyle 


' 131 Leptandra 


243 


Gentiana 


287 


HydrocharidacEae 


: 354 Lespedeza 


97 


Gextianacob 


285 


Hydrophyllaceab 


271 Leucanthemum 


188 


'Geramcsjb 


62 


Hy drophyllum 


271 Leucojum 


367 


'Geranium 


62 


Hydropterides 


446 Liatris 


157 


Gerardia 


• 244 


Hyoscyamus 


- 281 LlCHENES 


447 


Geum 


102 


Hypericacae 


43 LlGULIFLORAE 


200 


'Gillia 


276 Hypericum 


44 Ligustrum 


294 


Gillenia 


100 


Hypophoria 


403 LlUACEAE 


374 


Glechoma 


- 256 


Hypoxis 


866 Lilium 


381 


Gledit&chia 


95 


Hyssopis 


: - 265 LlMNANTHACEAE 


66 


Glvmacee 


' 395 




Limosella 


241 


• ' Glumaceous £ndOS2NS 395 


Iberis 


27 Lin ace ae 


61 


I Glyeeria 


" 418 


Ilex 


222 Linaria 


23« 


• Gnaphalium 


191 


Ilysanthug 


241 Lindernia 


241 


Gomphrina 


• 302 


Impatiens 


64 Linnaea 


148 


• 'Gonolobus 


293 


Inula 


175 Linum 


61 


Goodyera 


362 


Iodanthea 


30 Liparis 


356 


Gkamineae 


-'408 


Ipomea 


278 Lippia 


249 


"Gratiola 


240 


Ipomupsis 


277 Liquidamber 


333 


'-Grossdlacejb 


119 


Iridace^ 


368 Liriodendron 


14 


Gymnadenia 


359 


Iris 


368 Listeria 


S63 


* GxmnospermoUS Exo- 


Isanthufl 


249 Liihospermum 


267 


GENS 


339 


Isatis 


28 Lobelia 


206 


R Gynandropsis 


35 


Isnarda 


116 Lobeliaceas 


266 






Itea 


129 Loganeas 


1§3 


| Halorage* 


116 




Lolium 


423 


*i-'H2M£gUA<;iM 


131 

-X2 


JaBMHUCHUI 


291 Lqx&g&z* 


-446 



454 


INDEX TO BOTANICAL NAMES. 






PAGB. 


PAGE. 


yxa* 


LOHICBREAB 


145 Myosdtis 


268 PA8SIPLORACEJI 


121 


Lophanthua 


256 Myrlca 


326 Pastinaca 


134 


LOKAMTHACJUl 


811 MYRlCACBAS 


826 Pauldnia 


23* 


L-OTBAB 


89 Myriopbyllua 


117 Pedicularia 


246 


Ludwlgla 


115 


Peltandra 


846 


Lunaria 


27 Nabulus 


202 Penthdrum 


126 


Luplnua 


93 Naiadacsas 


850 Pentstemon 


838 


LiUula 


£89 Naiaa 


850 PereiGa 


93 


Lychnla 


60 Narcissua 


866 Persicarla 


804 


Lycium 


284 Nardosmia 


161 Petunia 


285 


Lycopers3c*m 


283 Nasturtium 


29 i'baceiia 


172 


Lycopoducbji 


444 Negunda 


70 Phaxoqamu 


1 


Lycopddittffl 


444 .NliMlMiUAO&Al 


18 Phaiana 


42T 


Lycopsia 


267 Nelumbium 


18 Pharbltis 


«78 


Lycopua 


251 Nemopantha* 


223 Phaseolbab 


61 


Ly?6dium 


442 Nemdpbila 


273 Pbaseolua 


i 


Lydnia 


214 Nepeta 


255 PHILADeiPHM 


ISO 


Lj simaobia 


227 Nicandra 


282 Philadelphua 


ISO 


LTKHSyiCBAl 


112 Nicotiana 


280 Pbleum 


40* 




Nigella 


13 Phlox 


274 


Maolura 


S3fl Nyctaginacbab 


80i Phragmltea 


4iS 


Magndlia 


13 Nymphaea 


18 Phryma 


245 


MAqkolucsai 


13 A'YMPHABACajdl 


18 Phyllanthua 


31T 


M ai an them tun 


376 N&pbar 


19 Physalia 


281 


Mains 


110 Nyssa 


809 Physostegia 


201 


Maira 


67 Nyssac&b 


809 Phytolacca 


803 


Maxvaobji 


67 


Phyiolacoagbji 


303 


MoAaxit 


356 Obolaria 


289 Pllea 


S33 


Maria 


214 Oeynium 


264 Pknpinalla 


139 


Marrilbium 


863 (Enothera 


114 Plnua 


83* 


M*rt*~uia 


233 Olbaoba 


294 Pisum 


m 


WarCita 


187 Onogracejb 


113 PJLANTA9IKAG4I 


224 


Matthlola 


34 Onopordon 


198 Plantago 


224 


Meconopsia 


20 Onosinodium 


267 Platanacr* 


334 


Medeola 


874 Ophioglossb* 


443 Platanthdra 


35* 


Medicago 


92 OpbioglOssum 


443 Platanua 


oo4 


M&LAKTEflBAB 


886 Opulus 


150 Pluchia 


175 


Melantbium 


386 Opuutia 


119 PlumbaginaCSAB 


225 


Melampyruin 


247 ORcniDAOBJJ 


356 p oa 


418 


Mblastojuc&S 


111 Orchis 


358 Podophyllum 


16 


Melica 


417 Origanum 


251 PoDOSTBJiACKa 


314 


Melilutoa 


92 Ornitbogalum 


878 Podostemum 


814 


M«li£sa 


258 OROBANCiiACli^ 


231 Pogonia 


861 


Meldthria 


122 Orobanche 


231 Polan^sia 


31 


M«SNI§PEIlliACE.a 


15 Orontium 


347 PoLEMOKIACaa 


274 


Menispermum 


15 Oribumeris 


166 Polemonium 


276 


Montba 


250 Okthuspsrilh 


131 Polyantbos 


381 


Menyauthufl 


288 Osmorbiza 


140 PolygonaCB^ 


303 


Menziesia 


215 Osmunda 


443 Poiygala 


78 


Merle usia 


269 OsMU.NDixaa ( 


442 POLYGAT.ACE^ 


75 


Mikania 


158 Ostrya 


325 Polygonatum 


875 


Micrustylua 


856 OX\LIDACILfi 


63 Polygonum 


303 


Miinulna 


239 Oxalia 


63 Polymnia 


176 


Mirabilia 


802 Oxydendron 


214 POLYPEIALOUS EXOGEKa 1 


Mitehella 


152 Oxyooccus 


£12 Pr>LYP0DlNK,2B 


43T 


Mitell a 


128 Oxytripolium 


166 Polypodium 


43T 


Mohugo 


53 


PoMEae 


108 


Momordica 


123 Pseonia 


12 Pontederia 


391 


Monarda 


253 Panax 


143 PoNTBDBRIACta 


391 


MONOOIiLETMWTS 


345 Panic tun 


427 POpulus 


332 


MoN0PfirALOtsES0QENsl4:5 Papaver 


21 Portulaca 


56 


Monotropa 


221 Papaveracxb 


20 PuRTULACAC&B 


55 


HoNOTHOPjSAB 


220 PAPILIOXACKa 


77 Potentilla 


433 


Moreab 


334 Pardanthu8 


870 Poterium 


102 


Morua 


335 Parietaria 


338 Primula 


226 


Mubleubergia 


412 Pj.rna.ssia 


43 Prim u lacks 


226 


Mulgwdium 


104 PARNASSIEiB 


43 PiuaiOLBte 


226 


MuiCi 


4i0 Passindra 


121 Prinoidos 


.222 





INDEX TO BOTANICAL 


NAMES. 


455 




PAGE. PAGE. 


PAG&. 


Prlnos 


222 SaCRURACES 


313 Tagetea 


1S4 


Pros&rtea 


385 Saururus 


313 Tallnum 


57 


Proserpinaoa 


117- SaXiFRAGACES 


126 Tanacetum 


189 


Prunella 


259 Saxlt'raga 


127 Taraxicum 


203 


Primua 


96 Saxifrages 


127 Taxin£.e 


341 


Ptelea 


67 Scabiosa 


155 Taxodiam 


343 


Pteria 


437 Scheuchseria 


353 Taxus 


344 


P terospora 


220 Schollera 


392 Tecoma 


232 


Pulmonaria 


271 Schwalbea 


246 Tephrosia 


90 


Pycnanthemum 


257 Scirpus 


398. Teucrium 


264 


Pyrceus 


336 Scleranthas 


55 Thalictram 


3 


Pyre thrum 


189 Scleria 


402 Thallopuytes 


446 


Pyrola 


219 SCROPHULARIACZJI 


235 Thaspium 


135 


Pyroleae 


218 Scutellaria 


259 Thlaspi 


25 


Pyrularia 


310 Seeale 


425 Thunbergia 


235 


Pyrua 


109 Sedum 


125 Thuja 


342 




Selagiaella 


445 Thymeleaces 


308 


Quamocllt 


279 Senecio 


194 Thymus 


258 


Quercua 


330 Senicionoides 


176 Tiarella 


128 




Sericocarpua 


169 Tllia 


61 


BANuxcuLAcaa 


1 Sesames 


233 Tiliacejb 


60 


Ranunculus 


4 Setaria 


430 Tilljea 


1'25 


Raph&nus 


33 Slcyoa 


122 Tipularia 


353 


Reboulea 


417 Sida 


60 Tradescantia 


3.<3 


Reseda 


36 Silene 


47 Tragopogon 


205 


Rhamjtackji 


73 SlLENE-E 


47 Tricheloatvlus 


4'00 


Rhamuua 


73 SiLlCULOSS 


25 Trichodium 


411 


Rheum 


307 Siliquoss 


28. TricOphorum 


399 


Rh#xia 


111 Silphiuin 


- 177 Trichostenia 


263 


RHIXAIdHTDRfl 


241 Sinap a 


32 Tricuspis 


416 


Rhododendron 


217 Sisymbrium 


31 Trientiiis 


227 


Rhoddra 


215 Sisyrinchium 


369 TrifOlium 


93 


Rhodors 


215 Slum 


137 Triglochin 


352 


Rhus 


67 Smilaces 


371 TRILLIACE-B 


373 


Rhvnchosporft 


401 Smilaelna 


375 Trillium 


373 


Ribes 


119 Smilax 


372 Triosteum 


141 


Rlcinua 


318 Solaxactbje 


2S0 Trip=acum 


430 


Robinia 


89 Solanum 


283 Trisetum 


425 


Rosa 


-105 Sulea 


40 Triticum 


422 


ROdACUB 


96 Solidago 


171 Trollius 


8 


Rosaces, proper 


■ 99 Sonchus 


205 Tropjeolacsjb 


65 


Rosemarmua 


265 SOPHORES 


93 Tropaeclum 


65 


Rltbiacejb 


150 Sorbus 


110 Tuboliflors 


156 


Rubus 


)3 SGrgham 


• 431 Tiilipa 


3 S3 


Rudbl-'jkia 


179 Sparganium 


349 Tolipace.e 


3S1 


Rudlia 


' 234 Spartina 


414 TUSSILAGISES 


161 


R umex 


306 Specularia 


209 Tussilago 


161 




Spergula 


54 T^pha 


343 


Sabbatia 


285 Spergularia 


55 T'YPHACEJS 


348 


Saglna 


53 Spigelia 


154 




SagitUria 


354 Spiraea 


99 Udora 


354 


S-VLICAC.E-S 


329 Spires 


99 Ulmaceb 


311 


Salix 


329 Spiranthus 


362 Ulmus 


311 


Salvia 


254 Sporobolus 


410 Umbellieers 


131 


Sambuces 


148 Stachys 


- 262 Uniola 


421 


Sambueua 


148 Staphylea 


72 Urtica 


307 


Samolrs 


229 Staphtles 


72 UrticacEjS 


334 


Samolua 


229 Statice 


225 URTICEiE 


337 


Sanlcula 


133 Stellaria 


51 Uvularia 


384 


Sanguin&ria 


20 SiELLATS 


: 151 UVCiLARLB 


3S4 


Sanguisorba 


101 Scipa 


413 




Sa.S r ALICES 


310 Streptdrus 


386 Vaccines 


210 


Sapixoace^ 


70 Stylosanthes 


88 Vacclnium 


210 


Sapon&ria 


48 Symphoricarpus 


147 Valeria>acejs 


154 


Sarracenia 


19 Symphytum 


266 Vallisneria 


355 


Sarracmaob 


19 Symplocarpus 


346 Veratrum 


3ST 


-Sassafras 


308 Syringa 


295 Verbascum 


235 


SafruxSja 


- 2m 


Verbena 


W 



456 



INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 



" TERBENACEa 

Yerbesina 

Vernonia 

Vernonxacs^ 

Veronica 

Viburnum 

Vlcia 

VlOIKJ 

Vilfa 
Yinca 
Viola 

'. VlOLACB^ 

v > Ylacum 



PAGE. 

247 

186 

156 

156 

242 

149 

77 

77 

410 

290 

37 

-36 

: 311 



YlTACKB 

Vltis 

Waldstelnia 
Wistaria 
Woodsia 
Woodwaria 

Xknthium 

Xeranthemum 

Xyldsteum 

Xyridaces 

Xyris 



PAGE. 
74 
74 

103 
' 83 
441 
438 

178 
200 
146 
393 



Yucca 

Zannichellia 
Zanthoriza 

ZANTHOXYlACRa 

Zanthoxylum 

Zapania 

Zea 

Zinnia 

Zizia 

Zizaoift 



»Adm 
384 

3S9 
11 
W 
M 

248 

438 
183 

ise 

40t 



INDEX 



TO 



COMMON NAMES 





PAGE. 


PAGE. 


* Acanthus Family 


234 Aster, Tribe 


161, 162 


- Adam aud-Eve 


357 Av-ens 


102 


Adams needle 


384 




Adders-mouth 


356 Bald Cypress 


343 


Adder's- tongue 


443 Balm 


258 


Agrimony 


101 Balsam 


64 


Aider 


328 Baneberry 


10 


Alexanders 


136 Barberry 


16 


" Almond 


99 Barley 


424 


Almond Family 


96 Barn-yard-grass 


429 


> Aloe 


365 Baftonia 


' 287 


Amaranth 


■ 300 Basil 


258 264 


Amaranth Family 


300 Bastard Toad-Flax 


'310 


Amarj'llis 


365 Bayberry 


326 


■ Amaryllis Family 


365 Bay Family 


•■307 


American Aloe 


365 Bean Tribe 


81 


" Brooklime 


242 Beard-grass 


431 


" Broomrape 


231 Beard-tongue 


i 23S 


" Centaury 


285 Beak-rush 


401 


44 Cowslip 


227 Beech 


: 324 


« Laurel 


217 Beech drops 


5 231 


' Anise 


139 Beet 


300 


A pole Family 


108 Bell flower Family 


208 


Apple of Peru 


282 Bellwort, B. Famil 


/ 384 


.«..rbor Vltae 


3-1:2 Bent-grass 


411 


Arethusa 


361 Bermuda-grass 


415 


Arrow-Arum 


346 Bignonia Family 


233 


" Grass Family 


352 Bindweed Family 


- '277 


" Grass 


352 Birch Family 


327 


" Head 


354 Birds-nest 


££0, 221 


Arum 


346 Birth-root 


373 


Arum Family 


345 Birthwort Family 


297 


Asarabacca 


297 Blackberry-Lily 


370 


Ash 


295 Black-grass 


390 


Asparagus Tribe 


374 Bladder-nut 


72 


i Aspen 


332 Bladder Fern 


440 


Asphodel 


378 Bladderwort, B. Family 230 


^^gyhodelTtibe 


■377 Blazing-Star 


388 





»A<». 


Blite 


299 


Brake 


48T 


Bloodwort 


20 


Bloodwort Family 


S6f 


Blue-curls 


263 


Blue-eyed-grass 


369 


Blue-grass 


419 


Blue-hearts 


244 


Bog-rush 389, 402 


Borage, B. Family 266, 270 


Bottle-brush-grass 


424 


Bow-wood 


336 


Box-wood 


318 


Br acted Bihd-weed 


277 


Bramble, Br. Tribe 101, 103 


Bresic 


34 


Bristle beard-grass 


416 


Bristle-grass 


430 


Brook-weed 


229 


Broom-corn 


431 


Broom-grass 


421 


Broom-rape, Br. Fa- 




mily 231 


,232 


Buck- bean 


283 


Buck-thorn, B. Fa- 




mily 


78 


Buckwheat Family 


303 


Bug-bane 


11 


Bugle- weed 


251 


Bugloss 26C 


,270 


Bul-rush 


398 


Burdock 


198 


Burr Mary-gold 


185 


Burr-reed 


349 


Bush Honey-suckle 


147 


Butter-cup 


»4 


Button-bush 


162 


Button Snake-root 


-»r 



INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 



457 



Button- wood 



50, 



Cabbage 
Cactus Family 
Calamus 
Calopdgon 
Calico-bush 
Canary grass 
Cancer root 
Candy-tuft 
Caraway 
Cardinal-flower 
Carrion-flower 
Carrot 
Catmint 
Cat-tail Family 
Cat tail Flag 
Cayenne Pepper 
Celendine 
Centaury 
Chaff-seed 
Chamomile 
Cheat 
Cherry 
Chess 
Chestnut 
Chick Pea 
Chick-weed, Ch. Fa- 
mily 
Chives 
Cicily 

Cinchona Family 
Cinnamon Fern 
Cives 
Cleavers 
Climbing Fern 
Climbing Fumitory 
Climbing Hempweed 
Clintdnia 
Club Golden 
Club-Moss 
Club-rush 
Clover-tre oil 
Cockle-burr 
Cockscomb 
Columbine 
Colchicum Family 
Colts-foot 
Comfrey 
Coral-root 
Coriander 
Corn-salad 
Cord-grass 
Cotton grass 
Cotton-rose 
Cotton-thistle 
Cowbane 
Cow-parsnip 
' Cowslips 
Cow-wheat 
Crab-grass 

Crane-bill, Cr. Family 
Crane-fly Orchis 
Cress 
Crocus 

Crow-foot, Cr. Fa- 
mily 1 
Crown-beard 

T2 



PAGE. 

318 Crowspur 

Crown Imperial 
34, 346 Cucumber-root 

118 Cud-weed 

347 Cut-grass 

361 Cypress, C. Family 

217 Cypress Yine 

427 
31, 232 Daffodil 
27 Daisy 

138 Dandelion 

206 Darnel 

372 Day-flower 

133 Day-Lily 



255 Deadly Night-shade 
348 Dead Nettle 
348 Devils-bit 
284 -Diclytra 

21 Dielytra 
285, 2S6 Dittany 
246 Dock 

187 Dodder, D. Family 
421 Dog-bane, D. Family 

97 Dogs-tooth-grass 
421 Dogs-tooth-violet 



PAGE. 

233 Filbert 

383 Finger-grass 

374 Fir 

191 Fireweed 

40S Flax 

342 Fleabane 
- 279 Flowering Ferns 
Flower-de-Luce 

366 Flowering Plants 

188 Flowerless Plants 
• 203 Fly Poison 

423 Fog-fruit 

392 Forget-me-not 
377, 378 Four-o'clock 



284 Fox-glove 

261 Fox-tail 

388 Fox-tail-grass 

23 Fringe-tree 

23 Frog's-bit Family 

252 Fumitory 
306 

279 Gale Family 

289 Galingale 

416 Gall-of-the-earth 

382 Gama-grass 



323 Dragon-head 
80 Dragon-root 
Drop-seed-grass 



256,261 Garlic 



PAGE. 

324 

428 

340 

193 

£1 

167, 173 

443 

368 

1 

435 

387 

249 

268 

302 

239, 245 

409, 430 

409 

295 

354 

24 



205 
430 
379 



346 Gentia'n.G. Family 285, 2S7 



51 Duck-weed, D. Family 
380 Dutchman's Pipe 
140 Dutchman's Breeches 
152 

443 Ebony Family 
380 Eel-grass 
151 Elder, E. Tribe 
442 Elecampane 

24 Elephant's-foot 
158 Elm, E. Family 
Enchanters Night- 
shade 

444 Evening Prim-rose 
398 Everlasting 

90 Eye-bright 
178 
302 False Dragon-head 

8 " Flax 
386 " Gromwell 
Hellebore 
Indigo 9( 

Jessamine 
Nettle 
Orchis 
Pennyroyal 
Pimpernel 
Rice 
Rocket 

Solomon's Seal 
Sun-flower 
Wintergeen 
247 Fearin-grass 
415, 428 Feather-foil, F. Tribe 
62 Feathergrass 
58 Fennel 
29 Fern 
10 Ferns 

Fescue-grass 
4 Fever-few 



410, 412 Germander 



207, 376 
347 



161 

266 
£57 
142 
154 
414 
400 
192 
198 
138 
134 
226, 227 



264 
256 
143 
302 

8 
13Q 
174 
347 
171 

8 
293 
120 
298 



348 Giant Hyssup 
297 Ginseng 
23 Globe Amaranth 

Globe-flower 
223 Golden Alexanders 
355 " -Aster 
148 « Club 
17 5 « Rod 
156 Gold-thread 
311 Gonolobus 
Gooseberry 
116 Goose-foot, G. Family 

114 Grass Family 408 

191 Great Burnet 101 

207 Greek Valerian 276 

Green Tiolet 40 

261 Grien-brier 372 

• 26 Gromwell 267 

267 Ground Cherry 282 

387 « Laurel 213 

93 • " • Love . 273 

284 « -nut 82 

338 « Pine 445 
359 GroundseLG. Tribe 176, 194 
249 

241 Hairgrass 411,424 

408 Hawkbit 201 

30 Hawkweed 202 

375 Hawthorns 108 

186 Hazelnut 324 

219 Heal-all 259 

411 Heath Family 210, 212 

229 Hedge Bind weed 277 

413 •' hysup 240 

139 « mustard 31 

326,327 " nettle 262 

436 Hellebore 387, 12 

428 Hemicarpha 397 

189 Hemlock 126, 141 
341 



166 Figwort. F. Family 235, 237 Hemlock spruce 



458 


INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 






PAGE. 


PAGE. 


PAOB* 


H nip 


33C 


, 299 Lavender 


225, 264 Moulds 


447 
110 


Hemp Family 




836 Laurel 


213 Mountain Ash 


Hemp-nettle 




262 Leat blossom 


161, 317 ' « Fringe 
225 « Holly 
308 Morning Bride 


24 


Hemp- weed 




15S Leadwort Family 


222 


Henbane 


2S1 


, 282 Leatherwood 


155 


Herdsgrass 


41C 


.411 Leek 


380 Mudwort 


241 


Hickory 




319 Lettuce 


.204 Mulberrv 


335 


Hody, 11. Family 


221 


, 222 Lichens 


447 Mullein* 


235 


Hollyhock 




58 Lilac 


,295 Mullein Pink 


50 


H mewort 




137 Liiy 


874 Mushrooms 


447 


Honesty 




27 Lilly Family 


381 Musk Melon 


123 


Honey-locust 




95 Lily-of-the-valley 


877 Mustard 


32 


Honev-suekie 




146 Lim 'grass 


423 




Hop 




3 36 Linden,. L. Family 


60, 61 Narcissus 


366 


W op-hornbeam 




320 Lion's loot 


17 Nasturtion 


65 


Horebonndf 


2G1 


, 263 Lip-Fern 


438 Nectarine 


98 


Hornbeam 




825 Liverleaf 


3 Nettle 


3^7 


Horaed Pondweed 


250 Lizard's-tail, L. Family 313 Nettle-trea 


312 


Horned Rush 




401 Lobelia 


206 Nightshade 


283 J 84 


Hornwort. 11. Family 


313 Locust 


89 Nine-bark 


99 


1J irse-balm 




252 Loose Strife 


227 Nonesuch 


82 


•• nettle' 




283 Lopseed 


248 Nutmeg Flower 


13 


*' chestnut 




71 Louse wort 


246 Nut-rush 


402 


" mint 




253 Lungwort 


260. 271 




' ; -tu.il Family 




435 Lupine 


93 Oak 


320 


H lundstongue 




269 Lychindia 


274 Oak of J erusalem 


299 


Hyacinth 




380 Lymegrass 


423 Oat 


426 


Hyssup 


265 


256 


Oiluut 


311 






Madder Family 


150,151 Onion 


379 


Indian bean 




203 Maidenhair 


438 Orchard Grass 


415 


" chickweed 




53 Mallow, M. Family 57 Orpine 


126 


" cucumber-root 161, 074 Manna-grass 


418 Osage Orange' 


336 


'• corn 


1-1 


432 -Maple 


69 Osier 


329 


" fig 




119 Mare's-tail 


118 Ox-eye 


179 188 


" grass 




431 Marigold 184, 


185, 199 




1 ' nemp 




290 Majrjoram 


251 Ta;ony 


12 


" mallow 




58 Magnolia 


13 Paiuted-cup 


245 


« millet 




432 Mandrake 


16 Painted lpomopsis 


2^7 


« pine.l. Family 22C 


..'21 Mangel- Wurtzel 


300 Palnia Chris ti 


318 


** plantain 




193 Marsh Marigold 


7 Pansey 


40 


*' reed, I. Family 


364 Marvel-of-Peru 


303 Papaw 


13 


*' rice 




409 Matrimony Vine 


2S4 Pappoose 


17 


" turnip 




345 May Apple 


10 Parsley 


139 


Iri- Family 




368 Ma - 


187 Parsnip 134, 


135,1137 


lion weed . 




156 Meadow Bjauty 


111 Partridge Berry 


"152 


Iron wood 




325 '• Sweet 


99 Passion Flower 


121 


Ivy 




143 « Hue 


3 Paulonia 


238 






31 lilot 


92 Pea 


79, 80 


Jamestown weed 




2S1 Melon 


124 Peach 


93 


Japan day lilies 




87 8 Mermaid- weed 


117 Pear 


110, 119 


Jasmine, J. Family 


294 Mezcreum 


309 Pearlwort 


53 


J' ssamine 




2>4 Mi-niouotte 


SO Pellitory 


338 


Job's tear 




432 Milfoil 


117 Pencil Flower 


89 


Jonquil 




306 Milkweed 


290 Penny Cress 


25 


Judas Tree 




94 Milk-wort 


76 Pennyroyal 


252 


Juniper 


161 


343 Miik L'ea 


82 Pennywort 131.135,137,289 


Juue berry 




109 Miik Vetch 


89 Pepper-bush sweet 


215 






Mint 


250 Pepper-grass 


26 


Kidney bean 




81 Misslctoe 


311 Pepper-root 


28 


Kings spear 




278 Mist-flowei 


168 Peppermint 


250 


Knawcl 




55 Mitrewort 


1^9 Periwinkle 


290 


Knot weed 




303 Monkey Flower 


239 Per.-immon Tree 


2i3 






Mouk's-hood 


10 Pheasant's Fye 


18 


Labrador Tea 




212 Moon-seed 


15 rblox 


274 


L:iuies Tresses 




36^ Moon wort 


443 pi c k.eral-weed 


391 


Lady's Slippor 




363 Morning Glory 


273 Pigrney-weed 


1*5 


Larch 




341 Moss Piuk 


275 piuxpernell 
261 Pi™ 


228 


Larkspur 




9 Motherwort 


e..» 





INDEX TO COMMON 


NAMES. 


459 




PAGE. 


PAGE. 


pAGB. 


Pine-drops 

Pine-sap 

Pinks 


220 Sarsaparilla 


142 Strawberry 


434 


221 Sassafras 


308 Strawberry Blite 


291 


49 Saxifrage 


127 Straw Flower 


200 


Pink-root 


151 Savory 


205 Succory 


200 


Pink Grass 


362 Scorpion Grass 


268 Sumach 


67 


Pinweed 


41 Scouring Rush 


436 Sundew 


42 


Pipewort 


394 Scratch Grass 


305 Suudvops 


115 


Pipsissiwa 


220 Sedge 


403 Sunflower 


180 


Pitcher Plant 


19 Seed-box 


116 Susan Black- r>yed 


23a 


Plantain 


•224 Self-heal 


259 Sweet Alyssum 


27 


Pleurisy-root 


292 Seueca Snake-root 


76 " Brier 


106 


Pium 


96 Senna 


94 " Cicily 


140 


Poison Hemlock 


141 Sesame-Grass 


430 " Fern 


Zll 


Poison Oak 


68 Shadberry 


109 " Flag 


347 


Poke- weed 


303 Shepherd's Purse 


25 " Gale Family 


326 


- Polypody- 


437 Shinleaf 


219 " Gum. S. Family 333 


Pond Lily 


19 Sieklepod 


30 " Pepper bush 215 


Pond -weed 


351 Sida 


60 " -Scented Shrub 111 


Poor-man's Weather- Side-saddle Flower 


20 « Sultan 


196 


glass 


229 Silk-weed 


290 " William 


49 


Poplar 


332 Skull-cap 


259 Sycamore 


334 


Poppy 


21, 22 Skunk Cabbage 


346 Syringa 


130 


Potato 


279,283 Snail 


92 




Prickly Ash 


66 Snake-head 


,._ 237 Tamarack 


342 


Prim or Privet 


295 Shake-root • 1V**»> 297 Tanzy 


189 


Primrose 


226 Snap-dragon 


236 Tare-grass 


355 


Prince's. Feather 


301 Sneeze-weed 


187 Teasel, T. Family 


154, 155 


Prince's Pine 


220 Snow-ball 


ISO Thin-grass 


411 


Puccoon 


20 « berry 


148 Thistle, Th. Tribe 


195. 194 


Pumpkin 


124 « drop 


366 Thorn 


108 


Purslane 


56 " -Flake 


367 Thorough-wax 


138 


Putty-root 


■" -S58 Snowy Campion 


47 Thorough- wort 


159.160 




Soapwort 


48 Thread-foot 


'314 


Quaking Grass 


417 Solomon's Seal 


' 375 Thrift 


225 


Qqeen of the Prairie 100 Sorrel 


63. 306 Thyme 


258 


Queen Margaret 


170 Sorrel Tree 


214 Tickseed 


182 


* Quince 


111 Sow Thistle 


205 Tiger-flower 


370 




Spauish Needles 


18b Timothy 


409, 427 


Kaddish 


33 Spear Grass 


418 Toad-flax 


236, 310 


Bagged Robin 


50 Spearmint 


250 Tobacco 


280 


Rag-weed 


177 Speedwell 


242, 244 Tooth wort 


28 


Raspberry 


104 Spicewood 


308 Treacle Mustard 


32 


Rattle-box 


93 Spiderwort 


86. 393 Trefoil 


90 


Rattle-snake Plantain 362 Spikenard 


142 Trefoil Shrubby 


67 


Red-bud 


94 Spike- grass 


421 Trillium Famil r 


373 


Red Osier 


144 Spike-rush 


397 Triple-awned-Grass 414 


Reed 


422 Spindle-tree 


- 73 ' Trisetum 


425 


Rhubarb 


307 Spleenwcrt 


439 True Lily Tribe 


381 


Ribbon-grass 


--427 Spring Beauty 


56 True Colchicum Family 386 


River-weed 


314 « Cress 


31 Trumpet Creeper 


232 


Robin's Plantain 


■A67 Spruce 


340 " Flower 


232 


Rock Rose 


40 Spurge 


315 Tuberose 


381 


Rocket 


33j -34 Spurrey 


54 Tulip-tree 


14 


Rose 


105 Squash 


125 " Tribe, Tulip 381. 383 


Rose Acacia 


89 Squaw- root 


- 231 Tupelo, T. Family 


309 


Rose Campion 


50 Squirrel-corn 


23 Turtle-head 


238 


Rosebay 


217 Star-flower 


227 Turnip 


345 


Rosemary 


265 Star-grass 


367 Twayblade 


356, 363 


Rosin-plant 


177 Starry Campion 


47 Twig Rush 


402 


Rye 


425 Star-of-Bethlehem 


378 Twin-1 eat 


17 


Rush-grass 


410 Starwort 


162 " Flower 


148 




St. John's- Wort' 


44 Twist-stalk 


386 


Sacred Bean 
Saffron 


18 St. Peter's- Wort ^ 
199, 370 St. Andrew'-Croas 


45 Two-winged Acanthus 234 
45 


Sage 


254 Steeple-bush 


100 Unicorn 


388 


Sandwort 


52 Stick-seed 


269 " Root 


388 


Salsify 


205 Stickwort 


61 « Plant 


233 



460 



INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 





PAGE. 


Valerian 


276 


"Vegetable Oyster 


206 


Venus' LooKiug-glass 


209 


Vernal Grass 


4.-7 


Vervain, V. Tamily 


247 


Vetch, •¥. Tnbe 


77 


Vesciiiing 


• 78 


Vine, V. Family 


74 


Vioiets 37 


, 383 


Virgin's Bcwer 




Vir 6 iuia Speedwell 


244 


Yipt r s Bugloss 


206 


|fi fce Robin 


373 


A\ alliing i-'ern 


439 


^\ all Uress 


30 


Wail Flower 


33 


Wuinut 


31S 


Water Aram 


34(i 


" i'ox-tail 


409 


" Hemlock 


136 


'• Hemp 


299 


« Hore-hound 


251 


»• Leaf, W. Family 


271 


• «, r J4iy 


18 



Milfoil 
Oats 
Parsnip 
Pimpernel, W. 

Tribe 
Plantain, W. Fa- 



PAGE. 

188 
409 
137 



Winterterry 

" Cre.=s: 



PAGE. 

22^ 



?29 



mily 
" Rice 
" Shield 
" Star-grass 
" Starwort 
" Weed 
" ; Willow 
" Wort 

Wax 

Wiieat 

White Grass 

Whortle-berry 

Wild Oats 
'• Rice 
" Rye 

Willow 
" Herb 

Wind Flower 

Windsor Bean 



352,353 

4U9 

17 

392 

314, 392 

354 

234 

46 

138 

423 



" green 219 

vV ire-grass 416 

Woll's-bane iq 

Wood Fern ±±i 

Wood Grass 431 

" Retd-grasa 411 

" Rush 389 

" Sorrel, W. Family 63 

Wool-grass 399 



212 
426 
409 
423 
329 
113 
2 
€0 



Xyris 

Yam, Y. Family 
Yam Root 
Yard Grass 
Yarrow 
Yellow-eyed Grass 

" Root 

" Water-lily: 
Yew, Y. Family 
Yucca 



393 

371 
371 
415 
188 
394 
15 
• 19 
344 
384 



FLOML DICTIONARY. 



hk', represented by the Apple leat 
Acacia; Platonic or Chaste Love. 
Arabia (Yellow); Conot aled Love. 
Achil.-a Millefolia; War. 
African Marygold; Vulgar Minds. 
'A ^rimouy ; thankfulnr s i. 
Almond Tree; Indiscretion — Heedless- 
Almond Laurel ; Perfidy. [nes3. 
AIoh; Misplaced Devotion. 
A lth;ea Prutcx ; Persuasion. 
Alyssum (Sweet) : Worth beyond beauty. 
Amaranth : Immortality. 
Amaryllis: Haughtiness— Pride. 
Ambrosia: Love returned. 
American Cowslip ; You arensy Divinity. 
American Kim; Patriotism. 
American Linden; Matrimony. 
American Starwort ; Welcome to a stran- 
Anemone; Your Frown I defy. [Lger, 
Anemone (Kiel J); sickness. 
Anemone (harden): Forsaken. 
Anemone | Wood) ; Forsake me net. 
Angelica; Inspiration. 
Apocynum; Falsehood. 
Apple-Blossom ; Preference-Fame speaks 
-him great and good. 
Arbor Vibe; While I Live. 
Arrow-Head; Calm repose. 
Arum, or Wake-Robin; Ardor. 
A Roseleaf; 1 will not trouble yon. 
Aselepias; Cure for the Heartache. 
A-h ; Grandeur. 

Ash-leaved Trumpet-Flower; separation. 
Asppn-Tree; Lamentation. 
Asphodel ; My regrets follow you to the 
Auricula : Painting. (Grave. 

Azalea; Your blush has won me. 

B ; Beach Leaf. 

Bachelor's Button; I with the Morning's 
Love have oft made Sport. 

Balloon Yine ; You are puffed up. 

Balm of Gilead Fir; Healing — a Cure. 

Balm (Gentle); Pleasantry. 

Balsam; Impatieuce. 

Balsam Fir; Always smiling. 

Barberry; sharpness — sourness. 

Basil ; Hatred. 

Bay berry; Instruction. 

Bay-Leaf; I change but in dying. 

Bay- Wreath; Rewaid of Merit. 

Beech: Prosperity. 

BeMflower (Blue); Constancy. 

Oellflower (Carpatic); I Love my Moun- 
tain Home. 

Z2 



Belvidere ; I declare against you . 
Bell wort; Gracefulness. 
Bee-Ophrys; Krror. 
B 'tony; -surprise. 
Bilberry; Treachery. 

Birch; Gracefulness. 

Bindweed; Humility. 

Bird-Cherry; Hope. 

Bird's-Foct Trefoil; Revenge, 

Black Poplar; Courag.:. 

Black Thorn ; Difficulty. 

Bla Idernut-Tree; Frivolous Amusements, 

Blood-Root; Flattery's smile. 

Bhij-bottle Centaury; D dicacy. 

Blue- flower el Greek Valerian; Rupturu. 

Blue Canterbury Bell; Constancy. 

Blue-eyed Grass ; m ^kness. 

Blue Flag; A message. 

Blue Lobelia; Purify of heart. 
'B.mus Henricus ; Goodn sss. 
-Borage; Biuntness or Roughness of M:vn- 
*Box; stoicism. [nsrs, 

Bramble ; Envy. 

Branch of Currants; You please all. 

Branch of Thorns; severity — Rigor. 

Broken Straw ; Dissension — Ruptura. 

Broom; Mirth — Neatueas. 

Bryony; Prosperity. 

Eugloss; Falsehood. 

Bud of a White Rose; A heart ignorant 

Burdock; Importunity. [of Love. 

Bundle of Reels with their Panicles; Mu- 

Buttcr-cups; Ingratitude. [sic. 

Butterfly-Ophrys; Gayety. 

ButtertJy-Weed ; Let me gc. 

C; Cherry Leaf. 

Cabbage; Profit. 

Calla (JKthiopica) ; Feminine Mjdesty. 

Calycantbus; benevolence. 

Camellia Japohica; beauty and Elegance, 

Camomile; Energy in Adversity. 

Campanula; Gratitude. 

Candy-Tuft; Indifference. 

Canterbury -Bell (Blue); Constancy. 

Cardamine ; Paternal Error. 

Catesby's Starwort ; Afterthought. 

Cardinal's Flower; Distinction. 

Catalpa-Tree ; beware of the Coquette. 

Cat<hfiy; snare. 

Cedar of Lebanon; Incorruption. 

Cedar-Tree ; strength. 

Checkered Fritillary; Persecution. 

Cherry -Tree; Good Education. 

Cherry -Blossom; spiritual beauty, 



462 



FLORAL DICTIONARY. 



Chestnut-Tree ; Do me Justice. 

China- Aster; Variety. 

China or Indian Pink: Aversion. 

Chinaor Monthly Rose; beauty ever new. 

Chiue.se Chrysanthemum; Cheerfulness 
under Adversity. 

Clnquefoii; Parental Love. 

CUt us. or Rock- Rose; Popular favor. 

Circaea; fascination. 

Clematis; fillial Love. 

Clove-Gillyflower; Dignity. 

Coboea; Gossip. 

Cock's Comb; singularity. 

Coltsff)ot; Justice shall be done you. 

Columbine; Polly. 

Common Cactus, or Indian Fig; I buru. 

Common Fumitory; spleen. 

Common Reed; Complaisauee. 

Convolvulus M vjor. Extinguished Hopes. 

Convolvulus Minor; Night. 

Corehorus; Impatience of Absence. 

Cora ; Rich s. 

Cornelian Cherry-Tree; Durability. 

Coreopsis; Love at iirst sight. 

Coriander; Concealed Merit. 

Coronilia ; success crown your Wishes. 

Covshp; Pensiveness. 

Cow-lip American; You are my Divinity. 

Cowslip American White.; Angelic i'u- 

Cranberry; Hardiness. [rity. 

Cranesbill Geranium; 

Creeping Cereus ; II .rror. 

Crocus; smiles — Cheer fulness. 

Cross of Jerusalem; Devotion. 

Crowfoot-Bulbous; showy but not wel- 
come. 

Crown Imperial ; Majesty and Power. 

Cuckoo-Piuk ; Ardor. 

Cyclamen; DifSdence. 

Cypress; Mourning. 

Cypress and Marygold; "Despair. 

Cypress-Tree; Death and Eternal sorrow. 

Cypress- Vine ; My aiTections cling to you. 

D; Dandelion Leaf. 
Daffodil; Deceitful Hope. 

Dahlia; Heartless beauty— Instability. 
Daisy ; Iunocence. 

Daisy (Garden); I partake your senti- 
ments. 
Daisy (White) ; I will think of it. 
Damask Rose; Freshness of Complexion. 
Dandelion ; Oracle. 
DaDhue Odora; sweets to the sweet. 
Darnel, or Ray Grass; Vice. 
Dew-l'lant; A serenade. 
Dead Leaves ; sadness. 
Dittany; Birth. 
Dodder; Baseness. 

Dog's tooth Violet; Youthful Affection. 
Dragon -PJ ant; snare. 
Dried Flax ; Utility. 

Dutchman's Breeches; Domestic Happi- 
Dntchman's Pipe ; singularity. [ness. 

E ; Epigea Leaf. 
Ebony ; Hypocrisy. 
Elder ; Zealousness. 
Ehn; Dignity. 



E a '.banter's Niglittthale, fasjmation— 

Witchcraft. 
Endive; frugality. 
Eupatorium; Delay. 
Evergreen; Poverty. 
Evergreen-Thorn; solace in Adversity. 
Everlasting; Never-ceasing Rem 'inbrauce 
Everlasting Pea; Lasting Pleasure. 

F ; Fir Leaf. 

Fennei ; strength. 

Fern; sincerity. 

Fern (Flowering); Revery. 

Fig : Argument. 

Fig-Tree ; Prolific. 

Filbert; Reconciliation. 

Fir; Time. 

Fir-Tree; Elevation. 

Flax; 1 f-el your Kindness. 

Fl ax-lea v -d Goldly-Lo -ks; T vrdiness. 

Flora's Bell; You are without Pretension. 

Flower of an Hour; D -.licate b -a ity. 

Flowering Reel ; Oonni^nce in Hsaveu. 

Forget men >t; True Love. 

Foxglove; I am not changed— they 

wrong me. 
Fraukineense ; The Incense of a faithful 
Fraxinella; fire. [Heart. 

Freuch Honeysuckle; Rustic beauty. 
French Mary gold; Jealousy. 
Fringed Gentian; A late bit wolcoaie 

Guest. 
Fringe-Tree ; beauty in smiles. 
Frog-©phrys; Disgust. 
Full-blowu Eglantine; simplicity. 
Fullers' Teasel ; Austerity. 

G; Grass. 

Garden Chervil ; s r ncerity. 

Garden Marygold ; Uneasiness. 

Garden Ranunculus; Yoa are rich in At- 
tractions. 

Garden Sage; Esteem. 

Garland of Roses; Reward of Virtue. 

Gentiana Fritillaria; Virgin Pride. 

Geranium (Sorrowful); Melancholy spi- 

Gilly-Fiower; Lasting heiuty. [rat. 

Gory-Flower; Glorious beauty. 

Goat's Rue; Reason. 

Golden Cowslip; Days of Childhood. 

Goldeu Rod; Precaution. 

Goosefoot; Goodness. 

Grape (Wild); Reckless Mirth. 

Grass; Utility. 

Grass Pink (Callopogon) ; smile en me 
still. 

Great Bind wee .1 ; Dangerous Insinuation. 

Guelder Rose; Waiter or Age. 

II ; Hazel branch. 

Harebell; Delicate and lonely as this 

Flower. 
Hawkweed; Quicksigtodness. 
Hawthorn; Hope. 
Hazel; Reconciliation. 
Heath; solitude. 
Helenia; Tears. 
Heliotrope; Devotion. 
Hellebore; Calumny. 



FLORAL DICTIONARY. 



463 



Hemlock; You will cause uiy Death. 

&-Spvuce ; Honor, 
Henbane; ImperS etion. 
H-patiea; Confidence. 
Hibiscus ; Delicate beauty. 
Hickory : Glory. 
Hoar hound: frozen Kindness. 
Holly ; Am I forgotten ? 
Hollyhock; fecundity. 



Love lies a-Bleeding; Hopeless, not Heart- 
Lurerne; Life. [less. 

lungwort Blue: Heavenly Aspiration. 
Lupine : Voraciousness. 
Lupine Wild; Oh leave me not to di<s 

alone. 
Lychnis; Religious Enthusiasm. 
Ly thrum; Protection. 



Honeysuckle; bond of Lpvp. 
Honey* . -k!.- (Chinesej ; L^\ 
Hop; Injustice. 
Hornbeam; Ornament. 
H >r*e-Chestmut; Luxury- 
i;. ; i'.u are cold. 
Heustonia; Content. 
Hundred-leaved Rose; G-r&oea. 
Hyacinth ; i>'i- f. 
Hydrangea ; boaster. 

I ; Ivv Leaf. 
Iceland Moss: Health. 
lee-Plant: Your books freeze rne 
Resignation. 



M; Mint Leaf. 
Madder ; Calumny. 
unsought. Madwor! (Rock); t anqnilitv. 

M-i -Ten-Hair : Discretion — secrecy. 
M ize : Plenty. 

M ; lia: P- rl ps and Proutf. 
M.mo-v ; Mild or fw a 

Manchi iee!-Tree: Falsehood. 
Mandr ike; Rarity. 
M ip'e; Reserve. 
M vj ram blush- s. 
Mar-.hm-illcw ; Humnnity. 

v^i of Peru : 
Mary^old; Inquietude. 
Matrii . onnubiai Ties. 



Indian - attach myself to you auty : beauty in B 



Innocence'; Inn enee. 

-is Painted; A gay belle. 

J ; Jet ;amine T,eaf. 
Jacob' me down to me. 

Japan Rose ; beauty i> j our only Attrac- 
tion. 
Jessamine, or Jasmine; Amiability 

_ til of Qlj BOUl. 

Jonq n 

I :■: Unbelief. 
. Pr tection. 



Meadow-Ru< ; A b * m ., heurt. 

re past. 

Mercury; 

M semi : 1 ; Idlrn*\«s 

rectth. 
Mich • ■ il. 

Your ^ualit.cs surpass 

ft 

itlvcn^ss. fj ain. 

Mint; Virtue. 



Ju.-ticia.; The Perfect! m of female Lcv^- Mistlel : i surmoun all D 55 



llUtSS. 

K : K ; nr"s Pear. 
Kenuti.a: Mental bean fry; 

Kiag-Cup; I wish 1 wlu rich. 

L: Locust Leaf. 

Laburnum; l\u<ive beauty. 

Lalys S ipper; Win me and wear mo. 

Larch; Boldness. 

Laakspur; Levity. 

Laurel ; Glory. 

Laurustinus ; I die if neglected. 

L (.vender: Distrust. 

had Plant; tranquility. 

Leather-flowvr : Flexibility. 

Lettuce ; Cold'uearted. 

Lichen ; solitude. 

Lilac ; first Emotion of Love, 

Lilac ; White); Youth. 

Lily of the Valley ; Return of Happiness. Musk-Rose: Ca: ric-ious b.-auty. 

Lime or Linden-Tree; Conjugal Love. M-. osotis. or Mouse Ear; .Forget me- not. 

Live Oak: Li:, rty. Myrtle; Love. 

Lobelia (Red) ; splendor. 

Locust; Vieis.Mtude. N; Nightshade. Blac^-Tlowr-r. 

London-Pride ; Frivolity. Narcissus (False) ; Delusive Hopes. 

Loose Strife; akin . Narcissus (Poet's) ; Ecoti-m. 

Lotus-FJower ; silence. Nasturtium ; Patrioti . 

Love in a Mist ; Perplexity. Nettle ; Ci uelty. 

iwv*in-a Puzzle; Emhaxra^unent. Night- blooming Jessamine; Love'.- Tijil 



Mock : rf it. 

M • : -l Id. 

M >nk' 1 mtty. * 

M->onvri 

itwh ■ : :,z. 
Moss trnaiLove. 

M ik; Fraternal Lovp. 

Moss-Rose : Pleasure without AMoy. 
M ssy Saxifrage ; M-.terual Love. 
Motherwort-; secret Love. 
M uatain Ash; Prttd<*ne*. 
Mo sinruii Fringe ; Sfou are my snprorfrr. 
Mountain Laurel ; - my country's glory. 
Mou«e Ear- Chick weed ; Ingeuious b?to- 
Mbving Plant: Agitation. [piiuty. 

Mu'.b -Try-Tree (White): Wisdom. 
M11 'berry -Tree (Black) ; I will not sur- 
vive you. 
Mushroom ; su-picion. 
Musk-Cr^\» foot ; Weakness. 



464 



FLORAL DICTIONARY. 



Kight-blooming Cereus: Transient beauty 
Nightshade (bitter-sweet) ; truth. 
Nosegay ; gallantry. 

O ; Oak leaf. 

Oak : liospitality* 

Oats: the witching soul of music — hess. 

Oleander; beware. 

Olive : peace. 

Orchis: a belle. 

Orchis Pink ; seclusion. 

Orchis Yellow ;youT aspirations are high. 

Orange Flowers: chastity. 

' >range-Tree ; generosity. 

< >^ier; frankness. 

Ox-Eye; Obstacle. 

I* : Peach leaf. 

3'-ainted Cup ; you are proud.' 

3 'aim: victory. 

l'ansey. or Heart's-Ease ; think of me. 

pirsley : entertainment — feasting. 

J'-ss^n-Flower ; religious faith. 

Ptitience Dock ; patience. 

Papque Flower: you are without preten- 

3 r ;\nloni;i ; a foreigner. [sion. 

Tea: an appointed meeting. 

P -sch-Blosson ; I am your capjtive. 

J' unyroyal : flee away. 

Penny ; bashful sbauie. 

Pepper-PIanl ; satire. 

]• riwinklo: sweet rcmenrl rar.-'P. 

)«ereim< n; bury mo amid nature's bbau- 

Persicaria; restoration. [tics. 

PeruTisn Heliotrope; I trust in thee. 

Theasant's-F.ye. or FkaAdonis; sorrow- 
ful remembrance. 

Phlox: unanimity. 

Pimpernel ; assignation.- 

line: pity, 

Pine-Apple : you are perfect: 

Pink : lov. lv ana pure affection: 

Plane-Tree (W.id/; independence. 

1 olemonium : a declaration of war. 

Polyanthus ; confidence. 

F oaegranate; fbolisl neps: 

1 • nd Lilv White; ekquence — the fairest 
of theftir. 

P. nd Lily Yellow (Nuphar); much infe- 
rior. 

poppy; consolation of sleep. 

Potato; beneficence. 

Prairie Rose ; beauty withoutexoellenee. 

Prickly Pear; satire. 

Pride of China; discission-; 

p; im rose; early youth, - 

Primrose (Evening); inconstancy. 

Princes' Pine ; my affections are fixed." 

Privet; prohibition. 

J'ylmoiiariaBlue; heavenly aspiration. 

p-jrple Clover ; provident. 

Pyramidal Bell-Flower; gratitude* 

Pyrus Japonica; fairies fire. 

Q; Quince blossom. 
Qusmoclit; busybody. 
Queen's Pocket; you are the Queen of 
wqueUes. 



It; Rose leaf. 
Ragged Robin; wit. 
Ranunculus; you ar--> radiant with 
Red Bay ; lore's memory. [charm*. 

Red Mulberry; wisdom. 
Red Shanks ; patience. 
Rest Harrow; obstacle. 
Rhododendron ; danger; 
Rocket : rivalry. 

Rock Rose-; raiding and transitory, 
Rose; beauty. 
Pose ("Wild) ; simplicity. - 
Pose (Acacia) ; elegance. 
Rosebud: youthful charms. 
Roses (A Garland of): reward of virtue. 
Rosebay : dignity in misfortune. 
Rosebay -Willow Herb; celibacy. 
Rose Campion; you are without preten- 
sion. 
Rose (White) : I am worthy of ycu. 
Fosrmary; remembrance. 
Rose scented Geranium; preference. 
Rudbecki*-; justice. 
Rue: grace or purification, 
iiua-h; docility, 

S: Sagwlcaf.' 

Saffron Flower; exccsH is dacgerotu. 

Saffron-Crocus ; mirth. 

Sage : esteem. 

Sardrtny : Irony. 

Pcabiup; unfortunate attachment. 

Scarlet Fuchsia; taste. 

Scarlet Ipomeea, or /Vidian Jasmine; I'i 
attach myself to yoni 

Scotch Fir; elevation. 

Sensitive Plant; timi'lity-. 

Si rpo n t h: e Cactfl s : horror.- 

Service- Tree; prudenee. 

Shaking Saint foin ; agitation. 

Siberian Cr^b-Trec-BLosscm ; deeply in- 
teresting. 

SMe-saddlsi Flower Purple); eccentric*^, 

Pidesaddle Flower ; will you pledge me? 

Silvt r Fir: elevation. 

Skull cap : madness? 

Sirrall bindweed ; obstinacy. 

Small White Yiolet; candor and inno- 
cence. 

Snapdragon; You are dazzling, but dan- 
gerous: 

Snowball; thoughts of hc-aven-. 

Snowdrop ; consolation. 

Solomon's Seal (Small); mystery. 

Solomon's Seal (Large); let my name be- 
en graven on your heart. 

Sorrel; wiMll-timed. 

Southern- Wood ; jest or bantering. 

Spanish Jasmine: sensuality. 

Speedwell ; fidelity. 

Spider Ophrys ; skill — adroitness. 

Spiderwort; transient, happiness. 

Spindle-Tree ; your image is engrave© * 
on my heart.. 

Spiked Speedwell; resemblance. 

Spins Hpdericum Frutex : uselessnea*. 

Spring Beauty ; can you love. 

Squirting Cocumber; critic. 

gi, John's- wort ; superstitious sanctity 



SENTIMENTS. 



465' 



Star of Bethlehem 

Faith — follow me. 
Stock, or Gillyflower; lasting beauty. 
Stonecrop; perseverance. 
Stramonium (Common) : d ; sguise. 
Strawberry : perfect excellence. 
Striped Pink; refusal. 
Sumach.; splendor. 
Suuttower; smile on mo still. 
Pwallowwort ; medicine. 
S camp Pink ; the blush of modesty, 
8 veet-Brier, orElangtme; poetry, 
B«eet Flag; fitness. 
Sweet Pea: delicate pleasure. 
Sweet Sultan ; felicity. 
Sweet-scented Tussilage 

justice. 
Sweet Violet; modesty. 
S weet- William : craftiness. 
Sycamore ; woodland beauty. 
Syringa ; memory. 



the light of our Violet, pedate; I cannot forget. 
Virgin's Bower; artifice. 
Virginia Spider wort; momentary happi- 
ness. Lpj. 
YolkamenicaJaponica; may you be hap 



T : Tanzy leaf. 

Tamarisk; crime. 

Taosv ; resistance. 

Teasel ; misanthropy. 

Hm-Week's-Stock ; promptitude 

Thistle ; austerity. 

Thorn-Apple : deceitful charms. 

Thrift; sympathy. 

Throat wort; neglected beauty. 

Tin me; activity. 



W; Willow leaf. 

Wall-Flower; fidelitv :n adversity. 

Wnll-Speedwell : fidelity. 

Wuter-Lily ; eloquence. 

Walnut; intellect. 

Wulkiug-Leaf : how came you here ! 

Water Lily (White) ; eloqnenos — the 

fairest of the fair. 
Watermelon ; huikiness. 
you shall hare Water-Star; beauty combined with piety. 
Wax-Plant ; susceptibility. 
Wax Myrtle ; I will .enlighten you. 
Weeping-Willow ; melancholy. 
Wheat ; ri hes. . 

White Lily ; purity and modesty, 
Wiiite MulLin; goodnature. 
White O.tk; independence. 
White Pink; talent. 
White Poplar ; time. 
White Poppy; sleep of the heart. 
White Rose; silence. 
White Hose (Dried) ; death preferable to 

loss of innocence. 
White Rosebud; the heart that knows- 

net love-. 
Wiiite Violet ; candor. 



Trailing Arbutis; you have won my af- Wild or Dog Rose; simplicity. 
factions. Wild. Indigo: highly colored* 

Treniella Nostoc; resolve the riddle. Willow ; forsaken. 

Trillium ; solitary musiug3.. Willow Herb; pretension. 

Truffle; surprise. Wiutergrcen; send me in answer 

li j,er-F.ower; i'jr orcernay pride Befriend* Winter-Cherry ; deception. 
Tree of Life; old Age. ' [me. Witch-Hazel; a spell. 

Tuft of Moss; Maternal Love. 
Tulip; declerct'on of lo?e. 
1 urnip; charity. 
Twin Fiower (Mitchella} ; we are united. 



Woodbine ; fraternal love. 
Wocd-iorrcl; joy. 
Worm-wood; Absence. 



V ; Violet leaf. 

Valerian (11 d) ; accommodating dispnsi 

Various-colored Lantana ; rigor. [tion 

Verbena; sensibility. 

Vernal Grass ; poor, butshappy..- 

Vc-ivaiu; enchantr enfc. 

Venus's Car; fly with me. 

Venus's Flytrap; have I caught vou at Yew 

last. 

Venus's Looking-Glass ; flattery. Z; Zizia flower. 

Vine; intoxication. Zinnia; Absence. 

Violet; modesty. 



Y ; Yarrow leaf. 
Yarrow ; war. 

Yellow Carnation; disdain. 
Yellow-Day-Liiy ; coquetry. 
Yellow Gentian; ingratitude. 
Yellow Iris ; flame. 

Yellow Phlox (Erysimum) ; falie-hearted;- 
Yellow Rose ; infidelity, 
infidelity. 



SENTIMENTS 



Rose: — Ivy-. — Myrtle. 
To Beauty Friendship, and Lore. 

Jasmine.— Strawberry. -^Tulip, 

lfco« amiability, and the excellence of your character, hare compelled TfMHeMJjft 

dare my love. 



4G6 SENTIMENTS. 



Primrose. — LTuneysuclk.— Marygold. 
Ee not too early en tangku in the chains of Love, or yours wili be a life of inquietude. 

Forget-me-not. — Cypress.— Pimpernel. 
Forget me not, for, alas ! we may never meet again. 

Frarlei Geranium. — Snarlet Tpomora. — Laurustinm. 
In preference, I attach myself tc >ou. but shall die if neglected. 

Balsam. — White D<n*y. 
Be not impatient, I will think of it. 

Myrtle.— Sweetbrier .—Lncern. 
Love is the poetry of life. 

Blue Violet. — Daisy —Apple-Blossom. 
Tour modesty and innocencv secure you the preference. 

Crown Imperial and Turk's dp Lilies.— lily of the Valley. 
Yuu have tfcepuvvci lo restore me to happiness. 

Pansies. — Broom. 
My heart would be at ease, if my fo.iiude were blest wilb ycur scciety.- 

Miijniond'^. — LJeliotrope. — Pint. 
Tour qualities sur] a?s your chj rms ; I iust )iu with a pure and devoted lora; 

Purple and Ycllotc Iris.— Hawthorn. 
I fend you & message of lov* on the wiuga of hope. 



B. M. EYERHART, 
West Chester, Pa. 
188S. 



Not to be loaned on any condition. 



LB '07 



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